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Aboriginal 'resistance war'tactics-'The Black War'of southern Queensland Journals Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal HOME ABOUT LOGIN REGISTER SEARCH CURRENT ARCHIVES ANNOUNCEMENTS Aboriginal ‘resistance war’ tactics – ‘The Black War’ of southern Queensland Raymond Constant Kerkhove ABSTRACT Frontier violence is now an accepted chapter of Australian history. Indigenous resistance is central to this story, yet little examined as a military phenomenon (Connor 2004). Indigenous military tactics and objectives are more often assumed than analysed. Building on Laurie’s and Cilento’s contentions (1959) that an alliance of Aboriginal groups staged a ‘Black War’ across southern Queensland between the 1840s and 1860s, the author seeks evidence for a historically definable conflict during this period, complete with a declaration, coordination, leadership, planning and a broader objective: usurping the pastoral industry. As the Australian situation continues to present elements which have proved difficult to reconcile with existing paradigms for military history, this study applies definitions from guerilla and terrorist conflict (e.g. Eckley 2001, Kilcullen 2009) to explain key features of the southern Queensland “Black War.” The author concludes that Indigenous resistance, to judge from southern Queensland, followed its own distinctive pattern. It achieved coordinated response through inter-tribal gatherings and sophisticated signaling. It relied on economic sabotage, targeted payback killings and harassment. It was guided by reticent “loner-leaders.” Contrary to the claims of military historians such as Dennis (1995), the author finds evidence for tactical innovation. He notes a move away from pitched battles to ambush affrays; the development of full-time ‘guerilla bands’; and use of new materials. FULL TEXT: PDF HTML REFERENCES A = The Australian BC = Brisbane Courier BFP&MJ = Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal BFP&MJ = Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal C = The Courier (Brisbane) Cap = Capricornian (Rockhampton) CC = Cornwall Chronicle (Launceston) CM = Courier Mail CQH = Central Queensland Herald CQH = Central Queensland Herald (Rockhampton) CQH = Central Queensland Herald (Rockhampton) CT = Coburg Leader CT = Colonial Times (Hobart) CT = Colonial Times (Hobart) E = Empire (Sydney) FJ = Freeman’s Journal (Sydney) GAA = Geelong Advertiser & Intelligencer MB = Morning Bulletin (Rockhampton) MBC = Moreton Bay Courier MM&HRGA = Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser NT = Northern Times NT = Northern Times (Newcastle) NWC = North Western Courier Q = The Queenslander QH = Queensland Herald (Rockhampton) QT = Queensland Times (Ipswich) RRHNDA = Richmond River Herald & Northern Districts Advertiser RRHNDA = Richmond River Herald and Northern Districts Advertiser SM = Sunday Mail (Brisbane) SMH = Sydney Morning Herald WCGACWD = Western Champion & General Advertiser for the Central-Western Districts (Barcaldine) Bartley, N., 1892, ‘Blackfellow Criminals,’ The Queenslander (Brisbane), Saturday 11 June 1892 p. 1130 _________, 1896, Australian Pioneers & Reminiscences, Brisbane: Gordon & Gotch Behnke, S., 2010?, The Savage Kaldadoons, http://www.gattonmurders.com/thekalkadoons.pdf, accessed30/6/2014 Berndt, RM & C H Berndt, 1989, The Speaking Land: Mythology and Story in Aboriginal Australia Ringwood: Penguin Blomfield, G., 1986, Baal Bellbora: The End of the Dancing Chippendale: APCOL Bond, A., 2009, The Statesman, The Warrior and the Songman Nambour: Alex Bond Bottoms, T., 2013, Conspiracy of Silence: Queensland’s Frontier Killing Times London: Allen & Unwin Campbell, J., 1936, The Early Settlement of Queensland, Brisbane: Bibliographic Society of Queensland Campbell-Praed, R, 1902, My Australian Girlhood : Sketches and impressions of bush life, Fisher Unwin, London Cassidy, Lieutenant Colonel Robert M. Winning the War of the Flea Lessons from Guerrilla Warfare, Military Review Sept-Oct 2004, 41-46 Cilento R., & Clem Lack, 1959, Triumph in the Tropics- An Historical Sketch of Queensland Brisbane, Smith & Patterson Clark, W., 1912, Explorer Walker – Organiser and First Commandant of the Native Police, The Brisbane Courier 28 December 1912 p 10 Collins, P., 2002, Goodbye Bussamarai: The Manandanji Land War, Southern Queensland 1842-1852 St Lucia: Uni of Qld Connor J., 2002, The Australian Frontier Wars 1788-1838 Sydney: UNSW Darragh T A & Roderick J Fensham (eds), 2013, The Leichhardt diaries Early Travels in Australia during 1842-1844, Memoirs of the Queensland Museum Culture Vol 7 (1) Brisbane Dennis, P., Heffrey Grey, Ewan Morris, Robin Prior, John Connor, 1995 ‘Aboriginal Armed Resistance to White Invasion’, The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History Melbourne: Oxford Uni Dutton, G., 1985 The Squatters, Ringwood: Viking O'Neal Eckley W., ‘Guerrilla Warfare,’ 2001, John Powell, ed., Magill’s Guide to Military History Vol 2 Salem: Corunna-Janissaries Salem, 636-9 Evans, R., 2002, ‘Against the Grain: Colonialism and the Demise of the Bunya Gatherings, 1839-1939,’ Queensland Review No.9:2, Nov 2002, 47-64. Evans, R & Bill Thorpe, 2001, ‘Indigenocide and the Massacre of Aboriginal History,’ Overland 1993: 21-39. Foley, D., 2007, ‘Leadership: the Quandary of Aboriginal Societies in Crisis 1780-1830, and 1966,’ in Ian Macfarlan, & Mark Hannah, Transgressions: critical Australian Indigenous Histories, Canberra: ANU Aboriginal History Monograph No.1 Grey, J.,A, 1999,‘The Military and the Frontier, 1788-1901,’ in Jeffery Grey, A Military History of Australia New York: Cambridge University Grill, J.P.H., 2001, ‘Military intelligence,’ Ed John Powell, Magill’s Guide to Military History Vol 2 Corunna-Janissaries Salem Pasadena 2001 info 742-6 Guthrie M., 1927, "By the Pleasant Watercourses." 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The Birth and Growth of Brisbane and Environs. Bold Speculators, The Queenslander 27 February 1892 p 402 ________, In the Early Days, The Brisbane Courier 10 November 1892 p 2 Kohen, J. L., 2005, 'Pemulwuy (1750–1802)', Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/pemulwuy-13147/text23797, published in hardcopy 2005, accessed online 14 June 2014 Kolberg, n/d Early Brisbane History Vol. 1, Zillmere Library (Local Studies) mss Lack, C., 1938, ‘When Black Men Routed the Whites: A Pitched Battle of the Early Days, and something about ‘Tinker’Campbell’s Adventures’, The Courier Mail, 16 April 1938, 7. Langevad, G., 1982,. (ed.),‘Some Original Views around Kilcoy, Queensland Ethnohistory Transcripts Bk 1:The Aboriginal Perspective Vol1:1, p. 5 Lergessner J. G, 2007, Death Pudding: The Kilcoy Massacre Kippa Ring: James Lergessner Laurie, A., 1959, 'The Black War in Queensland, ' Royal Historical Society of Qld Journal Vol.1: No.1, September 1959, 157f ________, 1959, The Black War in Queensland mss, Fryer Library, Brisbane, Lowe, D., 1994, Forgotten Rebels: Black Australians who Fought Back Sydney: ICS & Associates McConnel, A J ‘On Blacks’ MSS 89/206, Fryer Library ____________, 1932, Some Old Stations No 2 Brisbane Courier, 30 Jan 1932 p 19 McNab, C, 2010, The Native America Warrior 1500-1890 (Warriors of the World series) London: Amber McKinnon, F., 1933, Early Pioneers of the Wide Bay and Burnett, Read at a meeting of the Historical Society of Queensland, on June 27, 1933, 90-97 Nut Quad The Contemplation of Contrasts, The Brisbane Courier 8 July 1911, p 13 Parry, N., ‘Hanging no good for blackfellow: Looking into the life of Musquito, 2007, in Ian Macfarlan, & Mark Hannah, eds, Transgressions: critical Australian Indigenous Histories, ANU Aboriginal History Monograph No.16, 153-174 Petrie, CC., 1904, Tom Petrie’s Reminiscences of Early Queensland Brisbane: Watson, Ferguson & Co Prentis, M., 1975, A Study in Black and White: The Aborigines in Australian History Sydney: Metheun Australia Reynolds, H., 1982 The Other Side of the Frontier Melbourne: Penguin __________ 2013, Forgotten War Sydney: New South Richards, J., 2008, The Secret War: A True History of Queensland’s Native Police, St Lucia: University of Queensland Press Roberts, J., 1981, Massacres to Mining: The Colonisation of Australia Dove Russell, H., 1888, The Genesis of Queensland, Sydney: Turner & Henderson Ryan, L., 1981, The Aboriginal Tasmanians St Lucia: Uni of Qld Schmidt,
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