Quick Overview of the Territorial Particularities of the Sex Ratio In

Home , Astrakhan Oblast, Belgorod, Buryatia, Dagestan, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Mordovia

Centre de Recherche de l’Institut de Démographie de l’Université Paris 1 Urban and Rural Population, 1978

Chukchi aut onomous dist rict North Caucasus and some 8

101 Murmansk region bordering regions 10 3 Kaliningrad region Republic of Karelia St. Pet ersburg 13 Leningrad 12region11 Pskov region Nenet s aut onomous dist rict 84 Novgorod region 5 6 98 24 25 Arkhangelsk7 region Taimyr (Dolgano- Nenet z) aut onomous dist rict 98 Quick overview of the territorial Smolensk regionTver region 15 20 Vologda27 region 4 Magadan region 18 Yaroslavl regionIvanovo region Moscow citi 99 BryanskKaluga region region region region21 19 91 57 MiMoscow26 r eg ion 1 7 Republic of Komiof Komi 59 22 Kost16 roma region 78 97 Tula37 regionVladimir23 region Yamalo- Nenet z aut onomous dist rict Koryak aut onomous dist rict Kursk Oryolregion region38 Republic of Yakut ia Lipetzk35 Ryazanregion region39 29 32 Nizhny Novgorod region33 Kirov region 66 Kamchat ka region Belgorod region36 30Komi- Permyat31 zky aut onomous dist rict 77 TambovRepublic region of Mordovia45Republic of Mariy El Voronezh region Chuvash republic 62 85 100 particularities of the sex ratio in Penza region 48 Udmurt42 republicPerm region65Khant y- Mansi aut onomous dist rict 44 67 50 57 59 47 Republic of Tat arst an Sverdlovsk region Evenki autonomous dist rict Ulyanovsk region46 Volgograd regionSaratov regionSamara region Krasnodar50 t errit ory 61 43Republic of Adygeya 43 Rost58 ov region 76 Republic54Ast of rakhan Kalmykia region41 64 68 63 58 Tyumen region Krasnoyarsk region Sakhalin region Stavropol t errit ory OrenburgRepublic region of Bashkort ostKurgan an region Khabarovsk territory 54 41 53 52 & 56 75Tomsk region 100 Kabardian- Balkar republic52 55 56 Chelyabinsk region 74 Russia and at the North Caucasus Chechen andIngush Ingush republic republics Omsk r egi on 83 86 95 100 RepublicChechen of Nort hrepublic Osset51 ia Irkutsk region Republic of Dagest an Novosibirsk region 96 100 53 73 72 Amur region Kemerov region 80 88 100 52 & 56 87 Chit a region Altai territoryRepublic of Khakasia Republic of Buryat ia 92 55 Ust - Ordynsky Buryat aut onomous dist rict 52 Karachaev- Circassian republic 71 82 89 Republic of Alt ai Aginsky Buryat autonomous district Jewish aut onomous oblast 94 region in particular 81 Pr i mo r s k y k r ai 56 41 Republic of Kalmykia 70 43 Astrakhan Oblast (1.073) Republic of Tuva 51 0.951 to 1.020  5 regions by Alexandre AVDEEV 50 Republic of Adygeya 57 Krasnodar Kray 1020to10451.020 to 1.045  30 regions (IDUP Institut de démographie de l’Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne and Center 59 Rostov Oblast 1.045 to 1.065  43 regions 51 Republic of Dagestan 1.065 to 1.090  12 regions for population problems research at Faculty of Economics, Moscow State University) 52 Ingush Republic 53 Kabardino‐Balkar Republic 1.090 to 1.126  4 regions aavdeev@univ‐paris1.fr 54 Karachayevo‐Cherkess Republic 55 Republic of North Ossetia (1.071) 56 Chechen Republic 58 Stavropol Kray Centre for Population Problems Studies Faculty of Economics, Moscow State University 2

Urban and Rural Population, 2010 Urban and Rural Population, 2008 93

North Caucasus and some Chukchi autonomous district 8

101 Murmansk region North Caucasus and some bordering regions 10 3 Chukchi aut onomous 93dist rict Kaliningrad region Republic of Karelia 8 St. Petersburg 13 bordering regions Leningrad region12 11 Taimyr (Dolgano- Nenet z) aut onomous district Pskov region Nenet s aut onomous dist rict 101 Murmansk region 5 84 10 3 SmolenskNovgorod region 6 98 24 25 Arkhangelsk region Kaliningrad region Republic of Karelia Tver region 7 98 St. Petersburg 15 20 Vologda27 region 4 Magadan region 13 11 18 Yaroslavl region 99 Leningrad region12 BryanskKaluga region region 21Moscow citi 19 Pskov region Moscow26 region 17 Republic of Komi 91 Nenet s 5aut onomous dist rict 84 57 59 22 IvanovoKost16 region roma region Yamalo- Nenet z aut onomous dist rict 97 Novgorod region 6 98 Or yolTu r37 l aegi r eonVladimir g i o n 23 region Republic of Yakut ia 24 38 78 25 Arkhangelsk7 region Kursk region35 Ryazan region 29 32 Koryak aut onomous di st ri ct BryanskKaluga Tregionver regionregion Taimyr (Dolgano- Nenet z) aut onomous dist rict 98 Lipetzk regionNi zhny39 Novgorod regi33 on Kirov region 66 77 57 59 Smolensk region region 4 Belgorod region region36 30Komi Republic Permyatzky31- Permyatzky of Mariy El autonomous aut onomous district dist rict 15 20 VlVo27lo dgd a ire gi o n Magadan region Chuvash republic 100 18 Yaroslavl region VoronezhTambov regionRepublic region of Mordovia45 62 85 Moscow citi 19 99 Penza region 48 42 65 Moscow region21 17 Republic of Komi 91 Udmurt republicPerm regionKhant y- Mansi aut onomous dist rict 22 26 78 44 67 Kostroma16 region 97 50 47 Republic of Tat arst an Tu37 l a r e g i o n 23Ivanovo region Yamalo- Nenet z aut onomous dist rict 57 59 Sverdlovsk region Evenki aut onomous dist rict Oryol regionVladimir38 regi on Republic of Yakut ia Volgograd regiSaratov onUlyanovsk region region 46 Kursk regionLipetzk35 region 39 29 32 Koryak aut onomous dist rict Samara region RyazanNizhny region Novgorod region33 Kirov region 77 Kamchat ka region 43 Krasnodar t50 erritory 61 36 30Komi- Permyat31 zky aut onomous66 dist rict Republic of Adygeya 43 50 Belgorod region Republic of 58Kalmykia 41 64 76 Sakhalin region TambovRepublic region of Mordovia45Republic of Mariy El 100 Ast54Rost rakhan ov regiregion on 63 Voronezh region Chuvash republic 62 85 58 68 Tyumen region Krasnoyarsk region 48 42 65 54 41 Stavropol territory Orenburg region Kur gan regi on Khabarovsk territory Penza region Udmurt republicPerm regionKhant y- Mansi aut onomous dist rict 53 52 & 56 Kamchat ka regi100 on 43 44 67 52 Republic of Bashkort ost an 75 Tomsk region 47 Republic of Tat arst an Sverdlovsk region 57 59 Evenki aut onomous dist rict 55 56 74 83 58 Ulyanovsk region 46 Chechen andIngush Ingush republicrepublics 86 95 100 Volgograd regionSaratov regionSamara region Chechen republic51 Chelyabinsk region Omsk r egi on Irkutsk region 100 54 41 Krasnodar 50t errit ory 61 Republic of Dagest an Novosibirsk region 96 Republic of Adygeya 43 72 Amur regi on 58 76 53 RepublicAst54 Rostof rakhan Kalmykia ov region region41 64 63 Sakhalin region 73 68 Tyumen region 52 & 56 80 88 100 St avropol t errit ory Orenburg region Kurgan region Krasnoyarsk region Khabarovsk territory Kabardian- Balkar republic Kemerov region Chit a region 53 52 & 56 Republic of Bashkort ost an To m sk r e g i o n 100 41 Republic of Kalmykia (1.028; 4432 LB) Altai territoryRepublic of Khakasia 87 Republic of Buryat ia 92 Kabardian- Balkar republic52 75 55 52 Republic of Nort h Osset ia Ust - Ordynsky Buryat aut onomous dist rict Ingush55 republic56 74 83 100 89 Chechen and Ingush republics Chelyabinsk region Omsk r egi on 86 95 94 52 & 56 Republ icChechen of Nort hrepublic Osset51 ia Irkut sk region 100 43Karachaev- Astrakhan Circassian republic Oblast 71 Republic82 of Alt ai Aginsky Buryat autonomous dist rict 53 Novosibirsk region 96 56 Jewish autonomous oblastPrimorsky krai Republic of Dagest an 72 Amur region 81 52 73 Kemerov region 80 88 100 50 Republic of Adygeya (1.065; 5688 LB) 70 87 Chit a regi on 51 Altai territoryRepublic of Khakasia Republic of Buryat ia 92 55 Ust - Ordynsky Buryat aut onomous dist rict 57 Krasnodar Kray (1.058; 63624 LB) Republic of Tuva 89 0.805 to 1.020  8regions Karachaev- Circassian republic 71 Republic82 of Alt ai Aginsky Buryat aut onomous dist rict 94 Jewish aut onomous oblastPrimorsky krai 59 Rostov Oblast (1.08; 45876 LB) 51 81 1.020 to 1.045  21 regions 41 Republic of Kalmykia (1.082; 4354 LB)70 56 1.045 to 1.065 43 Astrakhan Oblast Republic of Tuva 51 Republic of Dagestan (1.07; 52075 LB)  37 regions 0.951 t o 1.020  9regions 50 Republic of Adygeya (1.1; 5601 LB) 52 Ingush Republic 1.065 to 1.090  23 regions  21 regions 57 Krasnodar Kray (1.075; 62383 LB) 1.020 t o 1.045 53 Kabardino‐Balkar Republic 1.090 to 1.144  6regions 51 Republic of Dagestan 59 Rostov Oblast (1.08; 45876 LB) 1.045 t o 1.065  28 regions 54 Karachayevo‐Cherkess Republic (1.009; 6139 LB) 52 Ingush Republic 1.065 t o 1.090  27 regions 55 Republic of North Ossetia 53 Kabardino‐Balkar Republic 1.090 t o 1.150  7regions 56 Chechen Republic (1.069; 37753 LB) In 2010, the SRB in the NCR was rather normal or even lower than the 54 Karachayevo‐Cherkess Republic (1.065; 6364 LB) 58 Stavropol Kray mean. Only Chechen republic and Dagestan have shown a little but not 55 Republic of North Ossetia exceptional increase. 56 Chechen Republic In 2088, the SRB was a little bit higher in the region bordering 58 Stavropol Kray The distribution of regions by the SRB level seems to be very symmetric, so there is no general tendency to the North Caucasus federal region. the SRB increase in Russia ? Is there some tendency to the SRB increasing in Russia ? 3 4

1 Distribution of Federal Territories of the Russia by the Geographical distribution of sex ratio at birth in Russia 2008 Sex Ratio at Birth in 2008 (total population) Capital city population Chukchi autonomous distr ict Total population 93 Simple distribution Weighted by number of live births 93 Chukchi autonomous district 8 8 SR: N = 89, Mean = 1.05557303, StdDv = 0.0266785953, Max = 1.148, Min = 0.987 101 Mur mansk r egion 101 Murmansk region 10 3 SR: N = 1713947, Mean = 1.05673412, StdDv = 0.0190374597, Max = 1.148, Min = 0.987 10 3 Kaliningr ad r egion 24 Kaliningrad region Republic of Karelia St. Petersburg Republic of Kar elia 500 000 St. Petersburg 13 25 13 12 11 Kor yak autonomous district Leningrad12 region11 5 Taimyr ( Dolgano- Nenetz) autonomous distr ict84 5 Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenetz) autonomous district 84 Leningrad region 6 98 Pskov region Nenets autonomous district6 98 24 Pskov r egion 27% 7 Magadan region 98 22; 25% Smolensk24 Novgorod region25 regionArkhangelsk7 region Nenets autonomous district4 98 15 20Novgor od27 r egion Tver region 4 18 22 15 20 27 Mosc ow citi 99 18 Magadan region Br yanskKaluga r egion region Arkhangelsk19 region 26 21 17 91 Moscow citi 99 BryanskKaluga region regionYaroslavl21 region 19 22 Tver16 r egion 97 Moscow26 region 17 91 37 Smolensk23 r egion 22 KostromaVologda16 region region Koryak autonomous district 97 Vologda region Yamalo- Nenetz autonomous distr ict 37 23 Yamalo-Nenetz autonomous district Tula r egion38 33 Republic of Yakutia Vladimir region Republic of Komi Republic of Yakutia Or y o l 35r e gRyazan i o n region 29 32 78 38 33 39 Yar oslavl r egion 66 Tula35 region Ivanovo region 78 Evenki autonomous district Kur sk Lipetzkr egion r egion 30 Kamchatka r egion Oryol regionRyazan region 29 32 77 36 31 Republic of Komi Kursk Lipetzkregionpet zkNizhny r regioneg3 9 iony NNovgorodo v go rod rregioeg io 66 TambovRepublRepublic region ic Moscowregion of Mordoviaof45 Morregion dov ia 20 36 30Kom i P31i-P erm t ky a tz tky au tonomous di t di s tr VVhior onez h reg ion Chuvash r epublic r epublic 62 77 85 Belgorod region KostromaUdmur48 t republic r egionKhanty- Mansi65 autonomous distr ict Li TambovRepublic region of 45RepublicMordovia of Mariy El62 Belgorod r egion Penza Vladimirr egionIvanovo region r egion42 Per m r egion67 Voronezh regionChuvash48 republic 85 44 Ulyanovsk region Nizhn 42 65Khanty-Mansi autonomous district 57 47 Penza region UdmurtKirov republic Permregion region67 59 Republic of TatarstanSverdlovsk region Evenki autonomous distr ict 44 46 100 57 59 47 Republic of Tatarstan Sverdlovsk region Kirov region 400 000 Ulyanovsk region46 50 Nizhny Novgorod region61 100 Volgograd43 Saratov r egion Samarregion a Komi-region Per myatzky autonomous distr ict Krasnoyarsk region Kamchatka region 58 76 61 Khabarovsk territory 54 Rostov 41r egion Republic 64of Mar iy El 18; 20% 50 Volgograd43 Saratov region region Kr asnodar ter r itory 68 63 18 Rostov41 region SamaraRepublic region of64 Bashkortostan 76 Republic53 of Adygeya Republic of Bashkor tostan 75 68 63 Tyumen region 52 & 56 83 100 Krasnodar58 territory 55 52 Tyumen region Republic54 of Adygeya Ingush republicOrenburgChelyabinsk region region 75 Chelyabinsk r egion Krasnoyarsk region 52 & 56 Kurgan region 100 56 Kurgan region 74 Khabar ovsk territory 100 52 Chechen republic Tomsk region 83 Sakhalin region Orenburg region 86 95 53 Irkutsk region Karachaev-Stavropol Cir51Republic cassian territoryAstrakhan rof epublic Kalmykia region 100 56 100 Tomsk region 96 Omsk74 region 86 Karachaev-Circassian55Stavropol51RepublicAstrakhan territory of republic Kalmykia region 95 100 Kabar dian- Balkar r epublic Om s k r e g io n 72 20% Amur region 96 Ingush r epublic Kabardian-Balkar republic Novosibirsk region Republic of Nor th Ossetia 80 72 Chechen r epublic 0.727 to 1.020 73 Irkutsk region Sakhalin r egion88 100 16 Chechen and Ingush r epublics 87 92 Republic of North Ossetia 73 Kemerov region Novosibirsk region Chechen and Ingush republics 0.987 to 1.020 Chita region 80 88 100 Republic of Dagestan 71 82 Republic of Buryatia87 92 81 Am ur r eg i on 89 15; 17% Republic of Dagestan Altai territoryRepublic71 of Khakasia82 1.020 to 1.045 94 Ust-Ordynsky Buryat autonomous district Jewish autonomous oblast 89 70 1.020 to 1.045 94 Kemerov region Chita r egion 70 81 Aginsky Buryat autonomous district 1.045 to 1.065 Republic of Bur yatia 14 300 000 Republic ofRepublic Altai of Tuva Al t a i t erRepublic r i t or y of Khakasia 17% 1.045 to 1.065 Primorsky krai Ust- Ordynsky Buryat autonomous district Jewish autonomous oblast 1.065 to 1.090 Aginsky Buryat autonomous district 1.065 to 1.090 Republic of RepublAltai ic of Tuv a 1.090 to 1.184 Primorsky krai 12 15% 1.090 to 1.149 No of obs No of obs

10 Other urban population 9; 10% 200 000 Rural population Chukchi autonomous district 8; 9% 8; 9% 8 93 8 Chukchi autonomous93 district 101 Murmansk region 8 10 3 84 9% Kaliningr ad region 101 Murmansk region St. Petersb urg Republic of Karelia 10 3 84 Leningr13 ad regio 11 n Kaliningrad region Pskov region 12 6 Republic of Kar elia 5 St. Petersburg Novgor od region Nenets autonomous distr ict 6 98 13 11 24 12 25 7 98 Leningrad region Arkhangelsk region 4 Kor yak autonomous distr ict 5 15 20 27 Taimyr ( Dolgano- Nenetz) autonomous distr ict Pskov r egion 6 98 Smolensk Tverr egion18 r egion 78 Mo s c o w c iti 99 24 25 Vologda21 region 19 100 000 Nenets7 autonomous district 26 17 Magadan r egion 91 Novgorod r egion 98 22 16 4 37 97 4; 4% 15 20 27 Yaroslavl23 region 18 Arkhangelsk region Kor yak autonomous distr ict Br yanskKaluga r egion region38 33 Republic of Komi 77 Mo s c o w c iti Taimyr (Dolgano-78 Nenetz) autonomous district 99 4 21 19 35 Moscow region39 29 32 4% Smolensk Tverregion r egion26 17 91 66 22 16 Kostr om30 a r egi on31 37 Vologda r egion 97 36VladimirIvanovo region r egion 23 Magadan region Tula region 45 Yamalo-62 Nenetz autonomous district 38 33 Oryol region Republic of Yakutia 85 35 Yar os l av l r egi on 77 48 42 65 3% Br yanskKaluga region region 39 29 32 Kur sk r egion 67 Moscow region 30 Republic of Komi 66 Ryazan44 r egion Kamchatka region 3% 36 31 57 59 Lipetzk Nizhnyr egion Novgor47 od regionKirov region Kostroma 45region Komi- Per myatzky autonomous distr ict VladimirIvanovo r egion r egion 62 85 Belgorod r egion 46 100 Tul a r egi on 48 Yamalo- Nenetz 65autonomous district Republic of Mariy El Or y o l r eg i o n 42 Republic of Yakutia 50 TambovRepublic r egion Chuvashof Mor dovia r epublic 61 2 44 67 Vor onezh r egion43 Kursk region 47 58 57 59Ryazan r egion 54 41 Penza r egion 64 76 Kirov region46 Kamchatka region Udmurt republicPerm Khanty-region Mansi autonomous distr ict Lipetzk Nizhnyregion Novgor od region 100 68 63 1; 1% 1; 1% 1; 1% 1; 1% 1; 1% Belgor od r egion Komi- Permyatzky autonomous distr ict 53 Ulyanovsk region 75 50 Republic of Mar iy El 61 52 & 56 Republic of Tatar stanSver dlovsk r egion Evenki autonomous distr ict 83 100 TambovRepublic r egion Chuvashof43 Mordovia republic 55 52 Voronezh region41 1% 58 64 76 56 Volgogr adSaratov r egion region 100 54 Penza region Per m Khanty-r egion Mansi autonomous68 63 distr ict 86 95 100 0% 0% 53 Udmurt republic Rostov51 region Samara region 74 0% 0% 0% 52 & 56 Ulyanovsk region 75 100 Kr asnodar terr itor y 96 0 0 55 52 Republic of TatarstanSverdlovsk region Evenki autonomous distr ict 83 Republic of Adygeya 72 56 100 Republic of Bashkor tostan Volgogr adSar region atov region 74 86 95 80 88 100 0.987 1.014 1.041 1.067 1.094 1.121 1.148 Ros t ov r egi51 on Samara region 100 0.945Tyumen to r egion1.020 73 0.987 1.022 1.056 1.091 1.125 96 Karachaev- Circassian republic ChelyabinskKurgan r egion region Kr asnoyar sk r egion Khabarovsk territory87 92 Krasnodar territory 72 StavropolRepublic territoryAstr of akhanKalmykia r egion Orenbur g region Republic of Adygeya Tomsk region 71 82 1.000 1.027 1.054 1.081 1.108 1.135 1.010 1.045 1.079 1.113 1.148 Republic of Bashkortostan Kabardian- Balkar republic 81 89 0.961 to 1.020 73 80 88 100 1.020 toOmsk 1.045 r egion 94 Tyumen region 87 Republic of Nor th Ossetia Karachaev- Circassian republic ChelyabinskKurgan region r egion Krasnoyarsk r egion Khabarovsk territory 92 Ingush republic StavrRepublic opol terAstrakhan of ritor Kalmykia y region Orenbur g r egion 71 82 ChechenChechen and Ingush r epublic r epublics Irkutsk70 region Sakhalin r egion SR SR Tomsk region Kabardian- Balkar r epublic 81 89 Republic of Dagestan 1.045 to 1.065Novosibirsk region 1.020Omsk to region 1.045 94 Republic Ingushof North r epublicOssetia 70 Amur r egion ChechenChechen and Ingush republic r epublics Irkutsk region Sakhalin region 1.065 to 1.090 Republic of Dagestan 1.045 to 1.065 Novosibirsk region Kem er ov r egion Chita r egion Amur region Republic of Buryatia Being enough close to the normal one, the both distribution are rather right sided 1.090 to 1.324Altai territoryRepublic of Khakasia 1.065 to 1.090 Ust- Ordynsky Buryat autonomous distr ict Jewish autonomous oblast Kemer ov r egion Chita r egion Republic of Buryatia Aginsky Buryat autonomous district 1.090 to 1.243Altai territoryRepublic of Khakasia Republic of RepublicAlt ai of Tuva (female dominance) 5 Ust- Ordynsky Buryat autonomous district Jewish autonomous oblast Primorsky krai 6 Republic of AltaiRepublic of Tuva Aginsky Bur yat autonomous district Pr im or sky kr ai

Is there any difference between Federal regions? Large diversification of variance, but no significant differences between the federal regions

Distribution of SR in Federal Regions (2008, total population, weighted by LB) 1.18

1.16

1.14

1.12

1.10

1.08

ANOVA ANOVA 1.06 SR SR SR Sum of Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1.04 Between Groups .006 7 .001 1.279 .271 Between Groups 113.914 7 16.273 54984.845 .000 Within Groups .056 81 .001 Within Groups 507.262 1713939 .000 1.02 Total .063 88 Total 621.177 1713946

1.00 Federal region as a factor of variance seems Federal region as a factor of variance to be not significant, if the number of live becomes significant (18% of variance), if 0.98 births is not taken into consideration the number of live births is taken into 0.96 Mean ±SE consideration 0.94 Central South Oural Far East ±SD North‐West Volga Siberia North Caucases

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2 The SR in 2008 by Type of Settlement and Federal region Still Birth Incidence and Infant Mortality Level (the higher in the South, the lower in the North Caucuses) as factors of the SRB dynamics Relation between the SRB and relative Relation between the SRB and relative risk of still birth incidence (females=1) risk of infant death (females=1) SRB SRB 1.062 1.060 Other town 2008 1.060 Other town 2008 1.058 Urban 2008 Cities 1978 Urban 2008 Cities 1978 2008 Cities 2008 1.058 1.056 1.056 Cities 2008 2008 1.054 1.054 Rural 2008 Rural 2008 1.052 Urban 1978 1.052 Urban 1978 1.050 1.050 1978 1.048 1.048 1978 y = ‐0.0693x + 1.1431 1.046 2 Other town 1978 1.046 y = ‐0.0586x + 1.1236 R = 0.3002 R2 = 0.8196 Other towns 1.044 1.044 1978 Rural 1978 Rural 1978 1.042 1.042 1.040 RR 1.040 RR 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40 1.20 1.22 1.24 1.26 1.28 1.30 1.32 1.34 1.36 1.38

1978 2008 1978 2008 Still birth incidence rate 9.9‰ 5.0‰ RR of Still Birth 1.13 1.25 Infant mortality rate 23.6‰ 8.5‰ RR of Infant Death 1.27 1.33 Apparently, the decrease of the perinatal mortality could be a factor of the sex ratio at birth increase; and the infant mortality may be considered as a proxy variable in further investigations. 9 10

There is a significant difference between different type of settlement, but it is very weak Some General Conclusions : The highest SRB (1.06  0.028)* is in the capital cities (more boys) • Apparently the situation with the SRB is not alarming The lowest SRB (1.054  0.032) is in the rural area in whole Russia and in the North Caucasus Region in (more girls) particular. * (mean  SD) AN O V A

SR Somme Moy enne • All over the recent years, the SRB in the North des carrés ddl des carrés F Signif ication Inter-groupes 7.931 2 3.966 5045.820 .000 Intra-groupes 1332.734 1695803 .001 Caucasus region was rather below the national Tot al 1340.665 1695805 average. thereby a standardisation by type of settlement is required for the further analysis of the SRN variance Tests of Between-Subjects Effects • It seems that with the decease of still birth incidence, Dependent Variable: SR Type III Sum Noncent. Obs erv ed a But the GLM (with two factors) Source of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Parameter Power the SRB has a tendency to grow. Intercept Hy pothesis 9833638222 1 9833638222 491055.3 .000 491055.271 1.000 shows a very weak effect of Error 40052 2. 000 20025.522 code_reg Hy pothesis 1138250 7 162607. 190 2.653 .057 18.572 .700 settlement type, an important Error 858073 14. 000 61289.218 (p<0.1) effect of FedReg area Hy pothesis 41448 2 20723.846 .534 .598 1.068 .121 • There is an important difference between level of SRB Error 543379 14. 001 38808.877 belonging and very powerful code_reg Hy pothesis 1100477 14 78605.518 20447.373 .000 286263.228 1.000 * area Error 6519068 1695782 3.844 effect of the interaction in the capital cities and other settlements. a. Computed using alpha = .05

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3 Some refinements upon sex selection possibilities : are these methods: available everywhere and for everybody ?

• Chorionoc villus sampling (an expensive invasive manipulation) ~100% efficiency  pregnancy = at least 9 –12 weeks, normally 15 weeks  complications = high risk of miscarriage • Amniocentesis or amniotic fluid test or AFT (enough expensive invasive manipulation) normally among women ~100% efficiency  pregnancy = at least 9 weeks, normally 15 –20 weeks  complications = serious and the risk of miscarriage (+ some legislative restrictions) • Cordocentesis or percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling (PUBS) (enough expensive invasive manipulation)  pregnancy = not early than 17 weeks  complications = infections, risk of miscarriage • Ultrasonography or obstetric sonography (not very expensive not invasive procedure)  pregnancy = since 16th week  complications = no complications • Some traditional methods… no scientific confirmation for their efficiency • Legally induced abortion = less than 12 weeks of pregnancy (by general definition an abortion is the interruption of pregnancy lasted less than 28 weeks)