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What Makes Ngos Legitimate? an Analysis of Amnesty International UK’S, Greenpeace UK’S and Cafod's Legitimacy Claims in the UK National Context

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What Makes Ngos Legitimate? an Analysis of Amnesty International UK’S, Greenpeace UK’S and Cafod's Legitimacy Claims in the UK National Context What Makes NGOs Legitimate? An analysis of Amnesty International UK’s, Greenpeace UK’s and Cafod's legitimacy claims in the UK national context A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities 2012 Erla Thrandardottir School of Social Sciences/Politics Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Abstract ................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Declaration .......................................................................................................................................................... 6 Copyright Statement ....................................................................................................................................... 7 Dedication ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Legitimacy as a multidimensional concept ........................................................................................ 18 Legitimacy sources of NGOs’ agency ..................................................................................................... 20 NGOs as hierarchies: national versus international ....................................................................... 24 Outline of the thesis ..................................................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 2 Theoretical Framework .............................................................................................................. 28 Theories on NGOs and legitimacy .......................................................................................................... 29 Market model ............................................................................................................................................ 31 Social change model................................................................................................................................ 35 New institutional model........................................................................................................................ 42 Critical (development) model ............................................................................................................. 46 A Beethamite framework: towards a critical political analysis of NGO legitimacy ........... 51 Beetham's legitimacy criteria ............................................................................................................. 54 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 59 Chapter 3 Methods ............................................................................................................................................. 61 Research design ............................................................................................................................................. 61 Theory and data ....................................................................................................................................... 61 Operationalising Beetham .................................................................................................................... 62 Selecting the case studies ..................................................................................................................... 64 The data collected .................................................................................................................................... 66 Discussion of data sources ........................................................................................................................ 67 Documents .................................................................................................................................................. 67 Interviews ................................................................................................................................................... 69 Direct observations ................................................................................................................................. 71 A template for a Beethamite case study ......................................................................................... 72 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 73 Chapter 4 Regulation of NGOs in the UK: the political context of legal legitimacy ................. 75 The political context of NGO regulation ............................................................................................... 75 The Charity Commission and Companies House: the Regulators ............................................. 80 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 84 Chapter 5 A Beethamite assessment of Amnesty International UK's legitimacy claims: a case study of a membership NGO ................................................................................................................ 86 Historical context of Amnesty International’s legitimating principles ................................... 88 The justifiable content (moral persuasiveness) of Amnesty International's legitimating principles; individual freedom of opinion and religion and political impartiality ................................................................................................................................................. 89 Equating law with morality: the political mission of Amnesty International and the national context of regulating universal norms as charitable objectives ............. 93 2 ‘Ideas of a common interest’: The principle of political impartiality and Amnesty Appeal 1961’s relationship with the Foreign Office .............................................................. 98 The authoritative sources of Amnesty International's legitimacy claims: the research library and the members ................................................................................................. 103 The importance of differentiating between authoritative sources and justifiable content when assessing Amnesty International's legitimacy claims ............................... 107 Identifying the early organisational entities of the Amnesty International hierarchy ................................................................................................................................................... 111 Internal organisation of power in the Amnesty International hierarchy ............................ 115 The incorporated entities that comprise Amnesty International ...................................... 116 The incorporated entities that comprise Amnesty International UK and how they relate to Amnesty International ...................................................................................................... 124 Importance of members for Amnesty International UK ........................................................ 126 Amnesty International UK’s membership typology and the status of members ......... 130 Managing political and charitable objectives of the Amnesty International hierarchy: the symbiotic relationship between Amnesty International UK and Amnesty International ......................................................................................................................... 131 The internal process of legitimation in the Amnesty International hierarchy: the limits of representational legitimacy of a membership NGO .............................................. 136 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................... 139 Chapter 6 A Beethamite assessment of Greenpeace UK’s legitimacy claims: a case study of an environmental NGO .............................................................................................................................. 144 Historical context of Greenpeace’s legitimacy claims and institutionalisation ................. 146 Early Greenpeace campaigns: identifying Greenpeace’s legitimating principles ....... 149 Organisational consolidation of the Greenpeace hierarchy ................................................. 152 Claiming legitimacy for Greenpeace in the UK .......................................................................... 158 Internal organisation of power and Greenpeace UK's legitimacy claims: Greenpeace International and knowledge production as authoritative sources of legitimacy ........... 163 The Greenpeace Research Laboratories......................................................................................
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