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T. C. Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü T. C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENST İTÜSÜ SOSYAL ÇEVREB İLİMLER İ ANAB İLİM DALI ÇEVREC İ TOPLUMSAL HAREKET OLARAK GREENPEACE- TÜRK İYE HAREKET İ Doktora Tezi Hasan Hüseyin ÇALI ANKARA- 2006 T. C. ANKARA ÜN İVERS İTES İ SOSYAL B İLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ SOSYAL ÇEVREB İLİMLER İ ANAB İLİM DALI ÇEVREC İ TOPLUMSAL HAREKET OLARAK GREENPEACE- TÜRK İYE HAREKET İ Doktora Tezi Hasan Hüseyin ÇALI Tez Danı şmanı Prof. Dr. Can HAMAMCI ANKARA- 2006 2 İÇİNDEK İLER Şekiller ve Kısaltmalar Listesi…………………………………………..IX GİRİŞ ………………………………………………………………………………1 Tezin Amacı ve Önemi …………………………………………………...12 Varsayımlar……………………………………………………………….14 Veri Toplama Tekni ği …………………………………………………...14 BİRİNC İ BÖLÜM YEN İ SOSYAL (TOPLUMSAL) HAREKETLER 1.1. TEMEL KAVRAMLAR……………………………………………………16 1.1.1. Sosyal Hareket Kavramı ………………………………………….16 1.1.1.1. Hareket Kavramı ……………………..…………………16 1.1.1.2. Sosyal Hareketin Tanımı …………………………….…18 1.1.1.3. Sosyal Hareketlerin Özellikleri ……………….………...19 1.1.1.4. Sosyal Hareketlerin Sınıflandırılması ………………….20 1.1.1.5. Sosyal Hareketlerin Periyodik Ortaya Çıkı şı …………21 1.1.2. Yeni Sosyal Hareketler Kavramı ………….………………….…..23 1.1.2.1. Yeni Sosyal Hareketin Tanımı ..………………………...23 1.1.2.2. Yeni Sosyal Hareketlerin Özellikleri ……………….…..24 I 1.1.3. Çevre ve Çevrecilik Kavramları, Çevreci Toplumsal Hareketler..26 1.1.3.1. Çevre Kavramı ……………………………………..….…26 1.1.3.2. Çevrecilik, Çevreci Toplumsal Hareketler ……………...27 1.1.3.3. Yurtta ş İnisiyatifleri (Giri şimleri) ve Çevreci Hareketler 30 1.2. KURAMSAL ÇERÇEVE …………………………………….………….….31 1.2.l. Sosyal (Toplumsal) Hareket Teorileri ……………………………...31 1.2.1.1. Eski Sosyal Hareketler ……………………………………36 1.2.1.1.1. Marksist Teori …………………………………..36 1.2.1.1.2. Klasik Teori………………………………………41 1.2.1.1.2.1. Kitlelerin Özellikleri ……………………42 1.2.1.1.2.2. Kolektif Davranı ş Teorisi ……………..43 1.2.1.2. Yeni Sosyal Hareketler …………………………………..47 1.2.1.2.1. Kaynak Mobilizasyonu Teorisi ………………..47 1.2.1.2.2. Yeni Sosyal Hareketler Teorisi ……………….50 1.2.1.2.2.1. Aksiyon- Kimlik Teorisi, Alain Touraine ve Manuel Castells ……………………..….52 1.2.1.2.2.2. "Programlı Toplum" Alain Touraine .…54 1.2.1.2.2.3. Politik Süreç Teorisi …………………….55 II 1.2.1.2.2.4. Alberto Melucci, Claus Offe, Ernesto Laclau ve Chantal Mouffe’nin Görü şleri…………………………………....57 1.2.1.2.3. Yeni Sosyal Hareketlerde "Yeni" Olan Nedir?.................................................................59 1.2.2. Sosyal Hareketler Teorilerinin De ğerlendirilmesi ………………61 III İKİNC İ BÖLÜM GÜVENL İK AÇISINDAN TOPLUMSAL HAREKETLER 2.1. TEMEL KAVRAMLAR ……………………………………………………..72 2.1.1. Güvenlik Kavramı ………………………………………………….72 2.1.1.1. Türkiye'de Güvenlik Hizmeti Sunan Kurumlar ……...75 2.1.2. Toplantı Ve Gösteri Yürüyü şü Kavramları ……………………....78 2.1.2.1. “Gösteri” ve “Gösteri Yürüyü şü” Kavramının Tanımı 79 2.1.2.2. Toplantı ve Toplantı Hürriyeti Kavramı ……………...81 2.1.3. Di ğer Kavramlar: Protesto, Miting ………………………………..82 2.1.3.1. Protesto Kavramının Tanımı ………………………………82 2.1.3.2. Miting Kavramının Tanımı ………………………………..83 2.1.4. Güvenlik Açısından Toplumsal Hareketler ………………………85 2.2. TOPLANTI VE GÖSTER İ YÜRÜYÜ ŞLER İ İLE İLG İLİ YASAL VE YÖNETSEL ÇERÇEVE ………………………………………………....87 2.2.1. Toplantı Ve Gösteri Yürüyü şü Özgürlü ğü ……………………….89 2.2.1.1. Türkiye’de Toplantı ve Gösteri Yürüyü şü Özgürlü ğünün Tarihsel Geli şimi ………………………..…………….. 90 IV 2.2.1.2. Farklı Ülkelerde Toplantı Ve Gösteri Yürüyü şü Özgürlü ğü………….………………………….………...93 2.2.2. Yasalarımızda, Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözle şmesinde ve İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesinde Toplantı Ve Gösteri Yürüyü şü Hakkı ……………………………………………………….…..…95 2.2.3. Toplantı Ve Gösteri Yürüyü şü ile İlgili Bilgiler ………………….99 2.2.4. Toplantı ve Gösteri Yürüyü şlerinde Güvenlik Birimlerinin Görev ve Yetkileri ………………………………………………………103 V ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM ÇEVREC İ TOPLUMSAL HAREKET OLARAK, GREENPEACE- TÜRK İYE HAREKET İ ÜZER İNE B İR ALAN ARA ŞTIRMASI 3.1. ARA ŞTIRMAYA İLİŞ KİN GENEL B İLG İLER …………....……………101 3.1.1. Greenpeace Hakkında Genel Bilgiler …………………………….113 3.1.1.1. Greenpeace’in Amacı ve Tarihçesi ………………..……113 3.1.1.2. Greenpeace’in İlkeleri ve Çalı şma Tarzı ………………116 3.1.1.2.1. İlkeleri ……………………………………….…116 3.1.1.2.2. Çalı şma Tarzı ………………………………..…118 3.1.1.3. Greenpeace’in Küresel Bazdaki Faaliyetleri ………..…120 3.1.1.4. Greenpeace’in Türkiye’deki Faaliyetleri (Greenpeace Akdeniz Ofisi, İstanbul) ………………………………….122 3.1.1.4.1. Greenpeace Akdeniz Ofisinin Kampanyaları 126 3.1.1.4.1.1. Enerji Kampanyası …………….……127 3.1.1.4.1.2. Toksik Maddeler Kampanyası ……..129 3.1.1.4.1.3. Sava şa Hayır Kampanyası ………….132 3.1.1.4.1.4. “Genleriyle Oynanmı ş Organizmalara Hayır” Kampanyası ………………….133 3.1.1.4.1.5. Gemi Sökümü Kampanyası …………133 3.1.2. Ara ştırmanın Amacı ve Önemi ………………………….………..134 3.1.3. Ara ştırmanın Yöntemi …………………………………………….136 VI 3.1.3.1. Verilerin Toplanması ……………………………….…..136 3.1.3.2. Ara ştırmanın Uygulanı şı ………………………………..139 3.1.3.3. Ara ştırmanın Evreni ve Örneklemi ………………….…141 3.1.3.4. Ara ştırmanın Sınırlılıkları ……………………….……..146 3.1.4. Ara ştırmanın Hipotezi …………………………………….………147 3.2. ARA ŞTIRMA BULGULARININ DE ĞERLEND İRİLMES İ ………..….147 3.2.1. Greenpeace’in Kampanyaları ile İlgili Bulgular …………….….147 3.2.1.1. Enerji Kampanyası ………………………………….….148 3.2.1.2. Toksik Maddeler Kampanyası …………………………154 3.2.1.3. Sava şa Hayır Kampanyası………………………..….…162 3.2.1.4. “Genleriyle Oynanmı ş Organizmalara Hayır” Kampanyası …………………………………………..…..166 3.2.1.5. Gemi Sökümü Kampanyası ……………………………..169 3.2.2. Greenpeace’in İlkelerine Yönelik Bulgular ……………..………172 3.2.2.1. Greenpeace, kampanyalarla hedeflerine ula şmaktadır ...172 3.2.2.2. Greenpeace, şiddetten arınmı ş eylem tarzını benimsemi ştir……………………………………………..176 3.2.2.3. Greenpeace , çevre suçlarına ve olaylara, do ğrudan eylemlerde bulunarak, pasif direni ş yaparak ya da blokaj yaparak müdahale etmektedir …………………………184 VII 3.2.2.4. Greenpeace, çevre suçlarına tanıklık etmektedir………..189 3.2.3. Greenpeace’in Çevreci Toplumsal Hareketlerinin De ğerlendirilmesi ……………………………………………..……190 3.2.3.1. Güvenlik Açısından De ğerlendirilmesi ……………...…190 3.2.3.2. Greenpeace’in İlkeleri Yönünden De ğerlendirilmesi …196 GENEL DE ĞERLEND İRME VE SONUÇ ………….…………………………200 KAYNAKÇA …………………………………………………..…………………208 ÖZET …………………………………………………………..…………………221 Abstract ………………………………………………………..…………………223 Ek 1: Greenpeace Üyelerine Yönelik Soru Formu ……………………………225 Ek 2: Güvenlik Birimi Yöneticilerine Yönelik Soru Formu ……….…………227 VIII Şekiller Listesi Şekil 1 Sosyal Hareket Teorileri ………………………………………..…………34 Şekil 2 Sosyal Hareketler ………………………………………………………….35 Şekil 3 Çalı şmanın Evreni ………………………………………………...………142 Kısaltmalar Listesi ABD: Amerika Birle şik Devletleri a.g.e.: Adı geçen eser a.g.m.: Adı geçen makale a.g.k.: Adı geçen kaynak AKM : Atatürk Kültür Merkezi AİHS: Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözle şmesi AY. : Anayasa CFC : Cloroflorocarbon CO2 : karbondioksit Çev.: çeviren ÇHO: Çevre Hareketi Organizasyonları Ed.: Editör FEO : Friends of Earth IX GDO : Geneti ği De ğiştirilmi ş Organizmalar İHEB: İnsan Hakları Evrensel Beyannamesi İZAYDA Ş: İzmit Atık ve Artıkları Arıtma, Yakma ve De ğerlendirme A. Ş. KMT : Kaynak Mobilizasyonu Teorisi KOK : Kalıcı Organik Kirleticiler Md.: Müdür NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization yani Kuzey Atlantik Antla şması Örgütü'nün kısaltması NGO: Hükümet Dı şı Uluslararası Örgütler Pektim: Petrokimya Holding A Ş. ( İzmir) pg.: Page, sayfa PVC: Polivinil Klorid, geni ş kullanım alanı olan bir plastiktir STK : Sivil Toplum Kurulu şları Şb.: Şube TAEK : Türkiye Atom Enerjisi Kurumu TÇSV: Türkiye Çevre Sorunları Vakfı TGYK: Toplantı ve Gösteri Yürüyü şleri Kanununu V.: vekil. v.b.: ve benzeri YSHT: Yeni Sosyal Hareketler Teorisi X GİRİŞ Zamanımız toplumları, sosyal olaylar kar şısında tepkilerini de ğişik şekillerde ortaya koymaktadırlar. Her toplumun manevi de ğerleri ve toplumsal yapısı birbirinden farklı oldu ğu için, bazı toplumlar tepkisiz, bazıları az tepkili, bazıları da çok tepkili olabilmektedir. Az tepkili toplumlarda, bastırılan duygular genellikle bir sosyal patlama şekline dönü şebilmektedir. Bundan dolayı, demokratik, hak ve özgürlüklere inanan toplumlarda toplumun nabzını tutabilmek ve sosyal patlamalara yol açmamak için, kolektif hareketler ve protesto gösterileri serbest bırakılmı ştır. Çevre için yapılan bazı hareketler, Güvenlik Bilimleri ba ğlamında; “Gösteri”, “Gösteri Yürüyü şü”, “Protesto”, “Toplanma”, “Yürüyü ş”, “Toplantı” ve “Miting” olarak de ğerlendirildi ği halde, Sosyal Bilimler ba ğlamında ise; “Yeni Toplumsal (Sosyal) Hareketlerin Eylem Formları” olarak de ğerlendirilmektedir. Greenpeace’in çevreci toplumsal hareketlerinin, güvenlik açısından de ğerlendirilmesi, bu çalı şmanın temel sorun alanını olu şturmaktadır. Çalı şmanın konusu; Greenpeace’in Türkiye’deki çevreci toplumsal (sosyal) hareketlerinin ara ştırılmasıdır. Çalı şmada öncelikle Greenpeace’i ve Greenpeace’in çevreci toplumsal hareketlerini anlamak için, Greenpeace eylemcileri ve kampanya yöneticileri ile görü şülmü ştür. Çevresel amaçlarla yapılan kolektif hareketlerin, güvenlik anlamında de ğerlendirilmesi için güvenlik birimlerinin yöneticileri ile de görü şmeler yapılmı ştır. Bu çalı şma esnasında, Greenpeace’den 12 adet temsilci ile görü şmeler yapılmı ştır. Görü şme için seçilen ki şiler Greenpeace içindeki görevleri ve pozisyonları dikkate alınarak seçilmi ştir. Bunların içinde idareciler oldu ğu kadar, ses getiren kampanyaları tertipleyen koordinatörler de vardı. Söz konusu bireyleri tanıma aşamasında ise medya, organizasyonun yayınları
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