Pdf/11/6/804/4873372/804.Pdf by Guest on 27 September 2021 MAO-HUI GE ET AL

Home , Hulin, Jiamusi, Mishan, Mudanjiang, Shangzhi, Tieli

RESEARCH

Ages and geochemistry of Early Jurassic granitoids in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, NE China: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications

Mao-Hui Ge1, Jin-Jiang Zhang2,*, Long Li3, and Kai Liu4 1INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY, CHINESE ACADEMY OF GEOLOGICAL SCIENCES, BEIJING 100037, CHINA 2KEY LABORATORY OF OROGENIC BELTS AND CRUSTAL EVOLUTION, SCHOOL OF EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCES, PEKING UNIVERSITY, BEIJING 100871, CHINA 3DEPARTMENT OF EARTH AND ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES, UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA, EDMONTON, ALBERTA T6G 2E3, CANADA 4INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, BEIJING 100029, CHINA

ABSTRACT

Early Jurassic granitoids are widespread in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, providing excellent targets to understand the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic tectonic framework and evolution of Northeast China, especially the Jiamusi block and its related structural belts. In this paper, we present new geochronological, geochemical, and isotopic data from the granitoids in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhang- guangcai Ranges to constrain the early Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Mudanjiang Ocean between the Jiamusi and Songnen blocks. Our results show that the granitic intrusions in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges are mainly composed of syenogranite, monzogranite, granodiorite, and tonalite, which have crystallization ages from 196 to 181 Ma. Their geochemical features indicate that these Jurassic intrusions are all high-K calc-alkaline I-type granites with metaluminous to weakly peraluminous compositions. These granitoids are characterized by enrichments in large ion lithophile elements (e.g., Ba, Th, U) and light rare earth elements and depletions in high field strength elements (e.g., Nb and Ta) and heavy rare earth elements, which are typical for continental arc–type granites. The sources of these granitoids were likely derived from juvenile Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic crustal materials (e.g., metabasaltic rocks). Inte- grated with data from regional coeval magmatism, metamorphism, metallogeny, and structure, our new data suggest that the granitoids in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges were probably formed in an active continental margin setting, which fits well in our previous model of Early Jurassic westward subduction of the Mudanjiang Ocean between the Jiamusi and Songnen blocks.

LITHOSPHERE; v. 11; no. 6; p. 804–820; GSA Data Repository Item 2019406 | Published online 4 November 2019 https://doi.org/10.1130/L1099.1

INTRODUCTION of these granitoids, there exists strong debate on blocks in the Early Permian, and its subduction the tectonic affinity of these granitoids, especially occurred during the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic Granitoid rock, one of the principal compo- for those in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai (Ge et al., 2016; Wu et al., 2011; W.L. Xu et al., nents of continental crust, plays an important Ranges (LXZR) (Ge et al., 2017, 2018; Liu 2013b). Such a large ocean with a life span of role in exploring the formation, evolution, and et al., 2017a; M.J. Xu et al., 2013a; Wu et al., more than 140 m.y. implies that the Mudanjiang reworking of continental crust (Hu et al., 2016; 2011; Zhao et al., 2018; Zhu et al., 2017). The Ocean was probably a branch of the Paleo– Wu et al., 2011). It has been evidenced that well-developed late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic Pacific Ocean (Dong et al., 2017; Ge et al., 2017, granitoid rocks formed at distinct evolutionary granitoids in the LXZR are some of the most 2018; Wu et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2018; Zhu et stages of an orogenic belt have different geologi- prominent products of the regional tectonic al., 2017). Consequently, increasing numbers of cal and geochemical characteristics (Barbarin, reorganization and amalgamation between the studies propose that the granitoids in the LXZR 1999; Pearce et al., 1984). Thus, the study of Jiamusi and Songnen blocks (Ge et al., 2017, were genetically related to the subduction of the granitoids can help to explore the related tec- 2018; Liu et al., 2017a; Wu et al., 2011). However, Mudanjiang Ocean (Dong et al., 2017; Ge et al., tonic environments and better understand crustal the formation mechanism of these granitoids is 2017, 2018; Wu et al., 2011; Zhao et al., 2018; growth and tectonic evolution on Earth (Maniar still controversial. On one hand, some previous Zhu et al., 2017). and Piccoli, 1989; Wu et al., 2011). views suggested that these granitoids could have The controversial tectonic affinity of the Northeast China (NE China) is characterized formed as a result of delamination following the LXZR granitoids further leads to ambiguity by exposure of large volumes of granitic intrusions orogenic collapse of the Central Asian orogenic in the early Mesozoic tectonic model of the with emplacement ages from the Paleozoic to belt (Meng et al., 2011; W.L. Xu et al., 2013b). contacting Jiamusi block at a regional scale. Mesozoic (Wu et al., 2011). Despite intensive On the other hand, more recent studies, with Several tectonic models have been proposed for geochronological and geochemical examinations evidence from the Heilongjiang Complex, reveal the Jiamusi block, including (1) postcollision that an ancient ocean, namely, the Mudanjiang extension of the southeastern Central Asian *Corresponding author: [email protected] Ocean, existed between the Jiamusi and Songnen orogenic belt (Guo et al., 2015; Meng et al.,

116˚ 120˚ 124˚ 128˚ 132˚ 136˚

40° 60° 80° 160° Kamchatka

A Russia XXS: Xinlin-Xiguitu suture B Siberia HHS: Heihe-Hegenshan suture East Europe MYS: Mudanjiang-Yilan suture Belt Central -Okhotsk SXCYS:Solonker-Xar-Moron-

Mongol China s Uzbekiastan Kazakhstan Changchun-Yanji uture Asian Mongolia Sikhote-Alin 52˚ Belt 52˚ N Kyrgyzstan Sea of 40° Japan F1: Jiamusi-Yilan fault Tajikistan Orogenic China Japan Xinlin - North China F2: Dunhua Mishan fault Tarim Craton F3: Nenjiang-Balihan fault

India Pacific Ocean F4: Songliao Basin Central fault F5: Yuejinshan fault Erguna Block XXS Heihe

Xiguitu Xing’an Block Lesser

Nenjiang Xing ' 48˚ an 48˚

Range Nadanhada Songnen Block terrane

MYS Range F5 an ' Jiamusi Block Yilan Xing Range F3 Mishan N Great F4 Songliao Basin HHS F1

44˚ Changchun 44˚ Zhangguangcai F2 Keshenketengqi 0 100 200km SXCYS Dunhua Yanji Kaiyuan Elevation (m) Chifeng 0 1000 2000

E116˚ 120˚ 124˚ 128˚ 132˚ 136˚

Figure 1. (A) Tectonic setting of the Central Asian orogenic belt (CAOB; modified from Şengör et al., 1993) and surrounding area. (B) Tectonic division of NE China, with the major blocks, sutures, and faults (modified from Liu et al., 2017b; Ryan et al., 2009).

2011; Xu et al., 2009), (2) a back-arc extensional Our new data not only put new constraints on the formed by collision of multiple microcontinents. setting resulting from bipolar subduction of age, source, and petrogenesis of the granitoids, These microcontinents (also called blocks or the paleo–Pacific plate beneath the Eurasian but they also provide important insights into terranes; e.g., the Erguna, Xing’an, Songnen, and continent in the east and the Mongol-Okhotsk the tectonic processes related to the subduction Jiamusi blocks and the Nadanhada terrane from Ocean plate beneath the Erguna Massif in the of the Mudanjiang Ocean to form the LXZR west to east) are currently separated by major north (M.J. Xu et al., 2013a; W.L. Xu et al., between the Jiamusi and Songnen blocks. faults (Fig. 1B; Ge et al., 2016; Wilde et al., 1997, 2013b; Yu et al., 2012), as well as long-lasting 2003; W.L. Xu et al., 2013a; Zhou et al., 2009). westward subduction of the Mudanjiang Ocean GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND SAMPLE The Songnen block primarily is composed beneath the Songnen block (Ge et al., 2016, DESCRIPTIONS of the southern Great Xing’an Range, Songliao 2017, 2018; Liu et al., 2017a; Zhu et al., 2017). Basin, and LXZR (HBGMR, 1993; Wu et To further constrain the tectonic model Geological Background al., 2011). The southern Great Xing’an Range of the Jiamusi block, we present whole-rock contains large volumes of Mesozoic volcanic geochemistry, zircon U-Pb dating, and Lu-Hf NE China, located in the eastern part of the rocks and granitoids (Wu et al., 2011), while isotope results of the granitoids from the LXZR. Central Asian orogenic belt (Fig. 1A), was likely the Songliao Basin (formed during the late

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 805

3 N124°-125° A B E128° 130° 132° 134°

Relative probability F3

2 Terrane Nadanhada Nadanhada 48° Number 1

N48° Yichun 0 N126°-127° Yuejinshan 4 Fig. 3a Complex belt Relative probability Hegang 3

Number 2 Jiamusi Tieli Fig. 3b F4 1

0 Jiamusi block 46° N128°-129° 6 Yilan

5 Relative probability 46° F1 Hulin 4 Mishan

Number 3 2 1 0 N130°-131° F2 0 50 100 km 4 3 Relative probability Songnen- Mesozoic Granitoids Zhangguangcai Mudanjiang Late Paleozoic Granitoids Number 2 Range Massif Heilongjiang Complex 44° 1 Mashan Group 44° Faults 0 160 200 240 280 (Ma) 128° 130° 132°

Figure 2. (A) Zircon U-Pb crystallization ages of granitoid rocks in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges (LXZR) and surrounding area (modified from Ge et al., 2018). (B) Distribution of magmatic rocks in the LXZR and surrounding areas, NE China (modified from Wu et al., 2011). The main tectonic boundaries include: F1—Jiamusi-Yitong fault, F2—Dunhua-Mishan fault, F3—Mudanjiang fault, and F4—Yuejinshan fault.

Mesozoic) possesses a basement of Paleozoic– whereas those in the west were mainly formed that were metamorphosed to granulite facies at Mesozoic granites and Paleozoic volcanic strata in the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic (Fig. 2A; ca. 500 Ma (Wilde et al., 1997, 2003). Among with localized Proterozoic granites (Gao et al., Ge et al., 2017, 2018; Liu et al., 2017a; Wei et the two episodes of Paleozoic granitoids, the 2007; Pei et al., 2007; Wu et al., 2001, 2011). The al., 2012; Wu et al., 2011). Recent studies also early episode was mostly formed between 530 LXZR contain large volumes of late Paleozoic to reported Early Paleozoic igneous rocks formed in Ma and 515 Ma from the late Pan-African early Mesozoic granitoids, with local occurrences an active continental margin setting (Wang et al., magmatism and experienced granulite-facies of Paleozoic volcanic-sedimentary rocks (Fig. 2B; 2016, 2017a) and some highly fractionated I-type metamorphism at ca. 500 Ma (Wilde et al., HBGMR, 1993; Meng et al., 2011; Wu et al., Jurassic granitoids in the LXZR (Wu et al., 2003). 1997, 2003); the late episode was mostly 2011). These granitoids mainly consist of alkali- The Jiamusi block is separated from the formed between 270 Ma and 254 Ma, with feldspar granite, syenogranite, monzogranite, and Songnen block to the west by the Mudanjiang- weakly deformed to undeformed structure granodiorite (Dong et al., 2017; Ge et al., 2017, Yilan suture and from the Nadanhada terrane (Dong et al., 2017; Ge et al., 2017; Wu et 2018; Liu et al., 2017a; Wu et al., 2011; Zhu et to the east by the Yuejinshan fault (Fig. 1B). al., 2011). Additionally, recent studies have al., 2017). These granitoids show a general north The Jiamusi block is predominantly composed identified some Neoproterozoic intrusive and to south distribution with a widespread westward of the Mashan Group and two episodes of sedimentary rocks indicating a ca. 560 Ma younging trend, with those in the eastern segment Paleozoic granitoids (Dong et al., 2017; Wilde high-grade metamorphic event in the Jiamusi of the LXZR being mainly formed during the et al., 1997, 2003; Wu et al., 2011; Yang et al., block (Luan et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2017), Late Permian to Early Triassic (Fig. 2A; Ge et 2015). The Mashan Group contains series of making the tectonic history of the Jiamusi block al., 2017, 2018; Wei et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2011), Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic khondalites more complicated.

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 806

TABLE 1. SIMPLIFIED GEOLOGICAL AND PETROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GRANITOIDS FROM THE LESSER XING’AN–ZHANGGUANGCAI RANGES Latitude Longitude Sample Lithology Texture/structure MMEs (°N) (°E) Modal mineral (vol%) Q Pl Af Bi Hb Accessory mineral H15-10-01 46°55′05″ 128°11′06″ Syenogranite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 35 15 45 4 1 H15-10-02 46°55′05″ 128°11′06″ Syenogranite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 33 17 44 5 1 H15-10-03 46°55′05″ 128°11′06″ Syenogranite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 35 15 43 4 3 H15-10-04 46°55′05″ 128°11′06″ Syenogranite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 31 19 42 6 2 H15-55-01 46°12′06″ 128°39′11″ Syenogranite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 25 20 48 5 2 H15-55-03 46°12′06″ 128°39′11″ Syenogranite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 21 22 50 4 3 H15-55-04 46°12′06″ 128°39′11″ Syenogranite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 24 21 48 5 2 H15-55-05 46°12′06″ 128°39′11″ Syenogranite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 25 20 46 6 3 H15-56-01 46°16′02″ 128°32′08″ Syenogranite Medium-grained granitic texture/Gneissic structure 25 20 45 5 5 H15-56-02 46°16′02″ 128°32′08″ Syenogranite Medium-grained granitic texture/Gneissic structure 23 22 47 5 3 H15-56-03 46°16′02″ 128°32′08″ Syenogranite Medium-grained granitic texture/Gneissic structure 25 18 45 7 5 H15-57-01 46°25′23″ 128°31′32″ Tonalite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure √ 22 43 10 8 15 2 H15-57-02 46°25′23″ 128°31′32″ Tonalite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure √ 20 46 9 7 16 2 H15-57-03 46°25′23″ 128°31′32″ Tonalite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure √ 24 43 8 8 13 4 H15-57-04 46°25′23″ 128°31′32″ Tonalite Medium-grained granitic texture/Massive structure √ 22 43 12 8 13 2 H15-58-01 46°26′30″ 128°32′15″ Granodiorite Porphyritic texture/Massive structure √ 30 35 17 8 6 4 H15-58-03 46°26′30″ 128°32′15″ Granodiorite Porphyritic texture/Massive structure √ 32 34 14 11 5 4 H15-58-04 46°26′30″ 128°32′15″ Granodiorite Porphyritic texture/Massive structure √ 30 37 17 7 6 3 H15-59-01 46°33′42″ 128°40′37″ Monzogranite Fine-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 23 27 45 3 2 H15-59-02 46°33′42″ 128°40′37″ Monzogranite Fine-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 21 28 45 4 2 H15-59-03 46°33′42″ 128°40′37″ Monzogranite Fine-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 25 22 47 3 3 H15-59-04 46°33′42″ 128°40′37″ Monzogranite Fine-grained granitic texture/Massive structure 23 26 44 3 4 Note: MMEs—mafic microgranular enclaves; Q—quartz; Pl—plagioclase; Af—K-feldspar; Bi—biotite; Hb—hornblende.

Located between the Jiamusi and Songnen for zircon U-Pb dating, and two or three samples as Hercynian granites (HBGMR, 1993). The blocks, the Heilongjiang Complex is primarily were used for whole-rock major- and trace- tonalites showed a medium-grained granitic exposed in the Mudanjiang, Yilan, and Luobei element analyses. texture with massive structure and consisted of areas along a rough north-to-south strike Samples from the Tieli area (H15–10–01, quartz (22%–24%), plagioclase (43%–46%), (Fig. 2B; HBGMR, 1993; Zhou et al., 2009). H15–10–02, H15–10–03, H15–10–04) were K-feldspar (8%–12%), amphibole (13%–16%), The Heilongjiang Complex is composed of predominately medium-grained syenogranites biotite (7%–8%), and minor (2%–4%) zircon, ultramafic rocks, amphibolite, blueschist, from a pluton previously mapped as Hercyn- apatite, titanite, and chlorite (from alteration of greenschist, mica schist, quartzite, and marble, ian granite (HBGMR, 1993). The pluton was biotite; Fig. 4D). Abundant mafic microgranular which is a rock assemblage similar to tectonic emplaced into the sandstone of the Late Perm- enclaves were preserved in the tonalite intrusion. mélange. Thus, the Heilongjiang Complex likely ian Tumenling Group (Fig. 3A) and was later The mafic microgranular enclaves showed round represents the suture belt resulting from the intruded by a mafic dike (Fig. 4A). The syeno- or elliptical shapes with centimeter to decimeter closure of the Mudanjiang Ocean between the granite samples contained quartz (31%–35% by dimensions (Fig. 4E). The enclaves displayed a Jiamusi and Songnen blocks (Ge et al., 2016; volume), plagioclase (15%–19%), K-feldspar transitional contact with host rocks, and some Zhou et al., 2009). The Heilongjiang Complex (42%–45%), biotite (4%–6%), and some acces- contained plagioclase phenocrysts, which sug- underwent blueschist-facies metamorphism at sory zircon and apatite (1%–3%; Fig. 4B). gest the possible transfer of phenocrysts from 900–1100 MPa and 320–450 °C (Zhou et al., Samples from the Sanzhancun area included host granitoid rocks to the mafic microgranular 2009). Blueschists, including both oceanic- syenogranites (H15–55–01, H15–55–03, enclaves (Fig. 4E; Pietranik and Koepke, 2014). island basalt (OIB)– and enriched mid-ocean- H15–55–04, H15–55–05, H15–56–01, H15– In contrast, the granodiorites showed porphyritic ridge basalt (E-MORB)–like sources, are the 56–02, and H15–56–03), tonalites (H15–57–01, texture and massive structure. They contained most significant components in the Heilongjiang H15–57–02, H15–57–03, and H15–57–04), substantial K-feldspar phenocrysts and were Complex (Ge et al., 2016, 2017; Zhou et al., granodiorites (H15–58–01, H15–58–03, and composed of quartz (30%–32%), plagioclase 2009; Zhu et al., 2015). H15–58–04), and monzogranites (H15–59–01, (34%–37%), K-feldspar (14%–17%), amphi- H15–59–02, H15–59–03, and H15–59–04). bole (5%–6%), biotite (7%–11%), and some Sample Description Among these, the syenogranite samples showed accessary zircon, apatite, and titanite (3%–4%; medium-grained granitic texture, with weak Fig. 4F). Mafic microgranular enclaves were In this study, the samples were collected gneissic to massive structures. Their mineral also observed in the granodiorite intrusion in from six plutonic outcrops in the LXZR assemblage included quartz (21%–25%), pla- the field outcrop (Fig. 4G). The monzogran- (Table 1), where one pluton (H15–10) was in gioclase (18%–22%), K-feldspar (45%–50%), ites showed fine-grained granitic texture (Fig. the Tieli area (Fig. 3A) and the other five (H15– biotite (4%–7%), and some accessory zircon, 4H) and consisted of quartz (21%–25%), pla- 55, H15–56, H15–57, H15–58, and H15–59) apatite, and magnetite (2%–5%; Fig. 4C). The gioclase (22%–28%), K-feldspar (44%–47%), were in the Sanzhancun area (Fig. 3B). In each tonalite and granodiorite samples were both col- and biotite (3%–4%) with minor zircon and pluton, one representative sample was selected lected from the plutons previously determined apatite (2%–4%).

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 807

E128°30′ E128°40′ A B

H15-59

N 46° 30′

N 47° H15-58 00′ H15-57 Tielishi Yuanmodingzi Shenshuzhen H15-10

Taoshanzhen 46° 20′

46° H15-56 ′ 50 Fengshanzhen Daqingdingzi N N H15-55

0 10km 0 10km

Legend Cenozoic strata Mesozoic strata Paleozoic strata Mesozoic pluton

Late Paleozoic Dike Sample location pluton Fault

Figure 3. Detailed geological map of the (A) Tielixian and (B) Sanzhancun areas with sample locations (modified from the 1:200,000 scale Tielixian and Sanzhancun geological maps). Note: the sample number in the map, such as H15–10, is a location number; multiple samples from the same location are marked by extra numbers, such as H15–10–1 and H15–10–2.

ANALYTICAL METHODS including GSR-1, GSR-3, GSR-10, and DZå-1, The laser spot was set to 32 µm in diameter. were used for quality control. The analytical Zircon 91500 (ca. 1064 Ma) and Plešovice Whole-Rock Major and Trace Elements precision was better than 5% (relative). (ca. 337 Ma) were used for quality control of zircon U-Pb isotope data. NIST 610, NIST Samples were first washed and trimmed to Zircon U-Pb Laser-Ablation ICP-MS 612, and NIST 614 were used as standards for remove altered surfaces. Fresh portions were Dating trace element (U, Th, and Pb) analyses. The selected and crushed to less than 200 mesh 207Pb/206Pb, 206Pb/238U, and 207Pb/235U ratios were in an agate mill for whole-rock geochemical Zircon grains were extracted from pulverized calculated using the GLITTER program (Van analyses. Analytical procedures for whole-rock rock samples using combined heavy liquid and et al., 2001), and common Pb was corrected major and trace elements have been described magnetic techniques and were further purified following Andersen (2002). The U-Pb ages and in detail in Ge et al. (2016). In brief, major by handpicking under a binocular microscope. concordia diagrams were obtained using the elements were determined by an automatic For each sample, over 200 grains were cast in an Isoplot 3.0 program (Ludwig, 2003). X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectrometer at epoxy mount and polished to expose the grain the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, centers. Prior to analyses, cathodoluminescence Zircon Lu-Hf LA-ICP-MS Analyses Chinese Academy of Sciences. International (CL) images were taken by a Quanta 200 rock standards BCR-1, BCR-3, and repeated FEG scanning electron microscope at Peking Zircon Lu-Hf isotope compositions were analysis of one of every 10 samples were used University to understand the internal structures measured by a 193 nm LA system coupled with for quality control. The analytical precision and guide the selection of spots for U-Pb dating. a Neptune Plus multicollector (MC) ICP-MS was better than 3% (relative). Trace elements, Zircon analyses of U-Th-Pb isotopes were at the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy including rare earth elements (REEs), were carried out using an Agilent 7500ce ICP-MS of Geological Science. The laser spot size was determined using an Agilent 7500ce inductively equipped with a GeoLas 193 nm laser-ablation 44 μm in diameter for most of the samples, but coupled plasma–mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) (LA) system at the Key Laboratory of Orogenic it was reduced to 32 μm for one sample with at Peking University. International standards, Belts and Crustal Evolution, Peking University. smaller grains. Helium was used as a carrier gas

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 808

A B C Q Figure 4. Representative field photographs and photomicro- Pl graphs of the granitoids from Kfs the Lesser Xing’an–Zhang- Kfs guangcai Ranges showing Syenogranite field relationships and tex- Mafic dike tures: (A) syenogranite (sample Pl Q H15–10–1) intruded by a mafic 1mm 1mm dike; (B) syenogranite (sample H15–10–1; crossed polarized Chl D E light); (C) syenogranite (sample H15–55–1; crossed polarized Pl phenocrysts light); (D) tonalite (sample H15– MMEs 57–1; plane polarized light); Hb Bi (E) tonalite (sample H15–57–1) containing mafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs); (F) granodiorite (sample H15–58–1; crossed Granodiorite 0.5mm polarized light); (G) granodiorite (sample H15–58–1) with Ttn F G H mafic microgranular enclaves MMEs and K-feldspar phenocrysts; Bi (H) monzogranite outcrop Hb (sample H15–59–1). Mineral Q abbreviations: Bi—biotite; Chl—chlorite; Hb—hornblende; Pl—plagioclase; Kfs—K-feldspar; Ttn—titanite; Q—quartz.

1mm

to transport the ablated samples to the ICP-MS Zircon Geochronology 6B). The other three analyses yielded apparent torch. Zircon 91500 was used to monitor the 206Pb/238U ages of 211 ± 2 Ma (n = 2) and 237 ± stability and reliability of the instrument. The U-Pb isotopic results of all analyzed 3 Ma, respectively, which are considered to be Detailed descriptions of analytical procedures grains are listed in Table DR1 (see footnote 1), ages of inherited/captured zircons. and calculations have been provided by Hou et but only the grains with concordant ages are Sample H15–56–01 (syenogranite from al. (2007) and Wu et al. (2006). plotted in Figure 6. The results of each sample ~5 km northwest of Fengshanzhen; Fig. 3B): are briefly described below. Twenty-five zircon grains were analyzed, from RESULTS Sample H15–10–01 (syenogranite from the which two analyses fell below the concordia Taoshanzhen pluton; Fig. 3A): Twenty-three curve, indicating possible Pb loss (Fig. 6C). Zircon Morphology of the 25 valid analyses yielded concordant Three grains captured older apparent 206Pb/238U ages, which defined a weighted mean ages of 218 ± 2 Ma, 228 ± 2 Ma, and 248 ± 3 Ma. The CL images of representative zircons 206Pb/238U age of 190 ± 2 Ma (mean square of The remaining 20 analyses yielded a weighted are shown in Figure 5. All zircon grains have weighted deviates [MSWD] = 3.5). This age mean 206Pb/238U age of 196 ± 1 Ma (MSWD = similar morphological characteristics, defined is considered to represent the crystallization 0.19), which represents the crystallization age by subhedral short prisms or euhedral columnar age of this syenogranite (Fig. 6A). The other of this sample. shapes, with lengths between 60 and 200 μm two older ages (212 ± 2 Ma and 227 ± 2 Ma, Sample H15–57–01 (tonalite from ~55 km and length/width ratios of 1:1–4:1. The grains respectively) are considered to be ages of north of Fengshanzhen; Fig. 3B): Twenty-three have clear oscillatory zoning structure in the inherited/captured zircons. valid 206Pb/238U ages obtained from 25 analyses CL images. These features, integrated with Sample H15–55–01 (syenogranite from defined a weighted mean206 Pb/238U age of the contents of Th (15.84–1246.63 ppm) and ~25 km southeast of Fengshanzhen; Fig. 3B): 186 ± 1 Ma (MSWD = 0.23), representing the U (30.63–3206.8 ppm), and Th/U ratios (0.2– Twenty-two of the 25 analyses gave consistent crystallization age of the tonalite. 1.7; Table DR1 in the GSA Data Repository1), concordant ages with a weighted mean 206Pb/238U Sample H15–58–01 (granodiorite from ~50 indicate that the zircons were magmatic in origin age of 196 ± 1 Ma (MSWD = 0.60), which is km northwest of Yuanmodingzi; Fig. 3B): The (Corfu et al., 2003; Wu and Zheng, 2004). considered to be the crystallization age (Fig. 206Pb/238U ages from all 25 analyses yielded a

1GSA Data Repository Item 2019406, Table DR1: LA-ICP-MS U-Pb data for the early Mesozoic granitoids in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, NE China; Table DR2: Hf isotopic data of zircons extracted from the early Mesozoic granitoids from the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, NE China; Table DR3: Major- and trace- element compositions of the early Mesozoic granitoids from the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, NE China; Table DR4: Geochronological data for the Early Jurassic igneous rocks in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, is available at http://www.geosociety.org/datarepository/2019, or on request from [email protected].

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 809

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/lithosphere/article-pdf/11/6/804/4873372/804.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021 MAO-HUI GE ET AL. | Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Jiamusi block RESEARCH a a a #21 #23 183M #24 186M 196M a a a #18 #12 #19 182M 186M 196M a a a #14 #2 #3 183M 183M 197M a a a 1 #1 #1 #1 184M 197M 186M m m m H15-55-1 H15-59-1 μ μ μ H15-57-1

D 100 100 F B 100 a a a #13 #13 #20 197M 187M 186M a a a 1 #1 #17 #6 296M 186M 199M a a a #7 #12 #4 197M 188M 190M a a a #4 #1 #1 296M 188M 191M m m m μ H15-56-1 μ μ H15-10-1 H15-58-1

100 E A 100 100 C Figure 5. Representative cathodoluminescence (CL) images of zircons from the early Mesozoic granitoids in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, NE China. Red and yellow circles circles Red and yellow NE China. in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, granitoids Mesozoic the early from of zircons images cathodoluminescence (CL) Representative 5. Figure respectively. U-Pb and Lu-Hf analyses, spots for represent

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 810

on 27 September 2021

by guest Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/lithosphere/article-pdf/11/6/804/4873372/804.pdf MAO-HUI GE ET AL. | Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the Jiamusi block RESEARCH

0.041 240 0.038 A B 250 0.039 H15-10-01 227±2 Ma H15-55-01 0.036 27 analyses 25 analyses 0.037 220 230 0.034 237±3 Ma 0.035

212±2 Ma 238

238

0.032 200 210 Pb/ U 0.033 Pb/ U 211±2 Ma

206

206 0.030 0.031 190 180 0.028 Mean=190±2 Ma 0.029 Mean=196±1 Ma n=23,MSWD = 3.5 n=22,MSWD = 0.60 0.026 0.027 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.25 0.27 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 207Pb/ 235 U 207Pb/ 235 U 0.043 270 C D 0.041 194 H15-56-01 0.0305 250 H15-57-01 0.039 25 analyses 25 analyses 248±3 Ma 190 0.037 230

238 0.0295

238 186 0.035 228±2 Ma

Pb/ U Pb/ U ± 210 218 2 Ma 206 206 0.033 182 0.0285 0.031 190 178 0.029 Mean=196±1 Ma Mean=186±1 Ma n=20,MSWD = 0.19 n=23,MSWD = 0.23 0.027 0.0275 0.14 0.18 0.22 0.26 0.30 0.34 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24 0.26 0.28 207Pb/ 235 U 207Pb/ 235 U 0.031 196 0.0304 E F 192 192 H15-58-01 0.030 H15-59-01 0.0300 25 analyses 25 analyses 188

188 0.0296 0.029 184

238

180

Pb/ U

0.0292 Pb/ U

206 0.028 184 206 176 0.0288

172 0.027 0.0284 180 ± Mean=181±1 Ma 168 Mean=182 1 Ma n=25,MSWD = 0.20 n=24,MSWD = 5.2 0.0280 0.026 0.175 0.185 0.195 0.205 0.215 0.225 0.13 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.25 207Pb/ 235 U 207Pb/ 235 U Figure 6. Laser-ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) zircon U-Pb concordia diagrams for the early Meso- zoic granitoids from the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges, NE China. MSWD—mean square of weighted deviates.

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 811

20 10 Depleted A B mantle 10 0.7 Ga Ga 5 1.8 Crust Chondrite 2.5 Ga )

0 t ( (t) 3.0 Ga Hf Hf ε ε 0 Crust -10 Crust -5 -20 group #1 monzogranite group #1 tonalite and granodiorite group #2 syenogranite -30 -10 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 Age (Ma) Age (Ma)

Figure 7. (A) Correlations between εHf(t) and ages of zircons in the early Mesozoic granitoids. (B) Close-up of εHf(t) vs. age of zircons in A.

weighted mean age of 181 ± 1 Ma (MSWD = the primitive mantle–normalized multi-element features (A/CNK = 1.01–1.07; Fig. 8C). Group 2 0.20; Fig. 6E). This age is considered to be the patterns (Figs. 8 and 9). samples show a relatively flat REE pattern with

crystallization age of the granodiorite. Group 1 consists of tonalite, granodiorite, strongly negative Eu anomalies, e.g., (La/Yb)N Sample H15–59–01 (monzogranite from ~55 and monzogranite, which contain 62.58–74.64 = 5.96–8.59 and Eu/Eu* = 0.23–0.60 (Fig. 9C),

km north of Yuanmodingzi; Fig. 3B): Twenty- wt% SiO2 and 6.46–8.46 wt% Na2O + K2O positive Rb, Th, U, and K anomalies, negative four valid 206Pb/238U ages out of 25 analyses and fall across the tonalite, granodiorite, and Nb-Ta anomalies, and strongly negative Sr, P, defined a weighted mean age of 182 ± 1 Ma granite fields of the TAS diagram (Fig. 8A). and Ti anomalies (Fig. 9D). (MSWD = 5.2; Fig. 6F). This age is considered These samples also contain 13.56–16.27 wt%

to represent the crystallization age of the Al2O3, 0.67–4.69 wt% CaO, 0.21–0.81 wt% DISCUSSION

monzogranite. TiO2, 0.06–0.25 wt% P2O5, 2.65–4.41 wt% K2O,

and 3.79–4.34 wt% Na2O, belonging to high-K Ages of the Granitoid Rocks from the LXZR

Zircon Lu-Hf Isotopes calc-alkaline rock series in the SiO2 versus K2O diagram (Fig. 8B). Their Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O Previous studies, mainly based on litho- Ten representative zircon grains from each + K2O) ratios, abbreviated A/CNK, range from stratigraphic relationships with country rocks of the six dated samples were chosen for in situ 0.91 to 1.07, indicating metaluminous to weakly or whole-rock K-Ar and Rb-Sr ages (HBGMR, Lu-Hf isotopic analysis. The results are listed peraluminous composition (Fig. 8C), while their 1993), suggested that the widely distributed

in Table DR2 (see footnote 1) and plotted MgO and TFe2O3 contents range from 0.32 to granitoids (including the granitic intrusions in Figure 7. 2.50 wt% and 1.36–5.76 wt%, respectively, studied here) throughout the LXZR were Zircons in syenogranites (H15–10–1, H15– corresponding to Mg# values of 35.4–50.3 (Figs. early Paleozoic in age. However, recent high- 55–1, and H15–56–1) had initial 176Hf/177Hf 8D–8F). These samples show enrichments in precision zircon U-Pb studies revealed that

values of 0.282687–0.282864, with ɛHf(t) from large ion lithophile elements (LILEs; e.g., Ba, some intrusions previously classified as early + 1.2 to + 7.6 and depleted mantle model ages Rb, Th, U, and K) and light rare earth elements Paleozoic were actually generated during the

(TDM2) ages from 753 to 1158 Ma. Zircons in (LREEs), but depletions in high field strength late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic (Ge et al., tonalites and granodiorites (H15–57–1 and H15– elements (HFSEs; e.g., Nb, Ta, Ti, and P) 2017; Wei et al., 2012; Wu et al., 2011). Our 58–1) had initial 176Hf/177Hf values of 0.282771– and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), with new results here provide further evidence that

0.282827, with ɛHf(t) from + 3.9 to + 6.0 and weakly negative to no Eu anomalies: (La/Yb)N the ages of some Paleozoic rocks in the LXZR

TDM2 ages from 844 to 975 Ma. Zircons in = 11.55–22.89 and Eu/Eu* = 0.81–1.06 (Figs. have been misclassified. monzogranites (H15–59–1) has initial 176Hf/177Hf 9A and 9B). The six studied granitic plutons have crys-

values of 0.282736–0.282795, with ɛHf(t) from Group 2, composed explicitly of syenogran- tallization ages in a limited range from 196 to

+ 2.7 to + 4.8 and TDM2 ages from 919 to 1053 Ma. ites, shows higher SiO2 contents of 75.05–80.0 181 Ma, indicating that Early Jurassic magma-

wt% and Na2O + K2O contents of 7.22–9.55 tism occurred in the LXZR. Moreover, abundant Whole-Rock Geochemistry wt% and plots in the granite field (Fig. 8A) coeval intrusive and volcanic rocks have also and high-K calc-alkaline rock series (Fig. 8B). been reported in the LXZR (Fig. 10; Table DR4 The major- and trace-element data for 16 Compared with group 1, these group 2 syeno- [see footnote 1]; Ge et al., 2017, 2018; Gou et

granitoid samples are listed in Table DR3 (see granites have lower Al2O3 (10.64–14.45 wt%), al., 2013; Guo et al., 2018; Hu et al., 2014; Qin

footnote 1). These geochemically variable CaO (0.09–0.64 wt%), TiO2 (0.10–0.24 wt%), et al., 2016; Tang et al., 2011; M.J. Xu et al.,

samples can be divided into two groups based P2O5 (0.01–0.06 wt%), MgO (0.07–0.17 wt%), 2013a; W.L. Xu et al., 2013b; Wu et al., 2011;

on the total alkali-silica (TAS) classification, TFe2O3 (0.60–1.37 wt%), and Mg# (15.2–28.4) Yang and Wang, 2010; Yu et al., 2012; Zhu et the chondrite-normalized REE patterns, and values (Figs. 8D–8G), with weakly peraluminous al., 2017). These Early Jurassic igneous rocks

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 812

3 14 Foid A group #1 monzogranite B C Syenite group #1 tonalite and granodiorite 6 Foidolite Syenite group #2 syenogranite Foid Metaluminous Peraluminous 12 Monzosyenite

Quartz 2 10 Foid monzonite Monzodiorite Monzonite 4 Shoshonite 8 Alkaline O(wt.%) O

2 Foid Monzo- Gabrro diorite 2 Subalkaline K 6 Monzo- A/NK

O+K gabbro 2 Granite 1 High-K calc-alkaline Peralkaline Na

Tonalite 2 4 Diorite

Gabbro- (Medium-K) calc-alkaline 2 Gabbro diorite Granodiorite Low-K tholeiitic 0 0 0 40 50 60 70 80 40 50 60 70 80 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.7 1.9 SiO2 SiO2 A/CNK 9 60 7 D E F 8 6 50 7 5 6 LSA 40 3

5 O 4 2

Mg# 30 MgO 4 TFe 3

3 PMB HSA 20 2 2 10 1 1

0 0 0 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 60 65 70 75 80 60 65 70 75 80 SiO2 SiO2 SiO2 0.3 600 1.5 G H I 500

0.2 400 1.0 5 O Eu/Eu* Sr

2 300

P 0.1 200 0.5

100

0.0 0.0 0.0 60 65 70 75 80 60 65 70 75 80 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 SiO2 SiO2 Sr 40 100000 100 J Hb K L 35 Pl

30 10000

Kfs A 25 Bt

Th 20 1000 10 Ba FeOt/MgO FG 15

10 100

5 OGT

0 10 1 0 50 100 150 200 10 100 1000 10000 100000 100 1000 Rb Sr Zr+Nb+Ce+Y Figure 8. Petrochemical classifications for the early Mesozoic granitoids from the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges and their geochemical charac-

teristics. (A) Total alkali vs. SiO2 diagram (TAS; Middlemost, 1994); (B) SiO2 vs. K2O diagram (Peccerillo and Taylor, 1976); (C) A/CNK vs. A/NK diagram,

where A/CNK is Al2O3/(CaO + Na2O + K2O), and A/NK is Al2O3/(Na2O + K2O) (Maniar and Piccoli, 1989); (D) MgO vs. SiO2 diagram (Martin et al., 2005);

(E–H) Harker diagrams; (I) Eu/Eu* vs. Sr diagram; (J) Th vs. Rb diagram (Li et al., 2007); (K) Ba vs. Sr diagram (Li et al., 2012); (L) FeOt/MgO vs. (Zr + Nb

+ Ce + Y) diagram (Whalen et al., 1987). Abbreviations: LSA—low-SiO2 adakite; HSA—high-SiO2 adakite; PMB—melts obtained by experimental melting of basalts or amphibolites; A—A-type granite; FG—fractionated granite; OGT—unfractionated M-, I-, and S-type granite; Hb—hornblende; Pl—plagioclase; Kfs—K-feldspar; Bi—biotite.

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 813

1000 1000 A B

100 100

10 10 Rock/chondrite

1 mantle Rock/primitive 1 group #1 monzogranite group #1 tonalite and granodiorite

0.1 0.1 Ce Nd Eu Tb Ho Tm Lu Ba U Ta La Pr P Zr Eu Ti Y Lu La Pr Sm Gd Dy Er Yb Rb Th Nb K Ce Sr Nd Sm Gd Dy Yb

1000 1000 C D

100 100

10 10 Rock/chondrite

1 mantle Rock/primitive 1

group #2 syenogranite

0.1 0.1 Ce Nd Eu Tb Ho Tm Lu Ba U Ta La Pr P Zr Eu Ti Y Lu La Pr Sm Gd Dy Er Yb Rb Th Nb K Ce Sr Nd Sm Gd Dy Yb

Figure 9. (A, C) Chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns and (B, D) primitive mantle–normalized trace-element patterns for the early Mesozoic granitoids in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges. Chondrite and primitive mantle values are from Sun and McDonough (1989).

14 vary from mafic to felsic in composition and (0.32–2.50 wt%) contents, are consistent with

12 are distributed in a roughly N–S direction in the experimental results derived from partial melt- LXZR (Fig. 2B; Wu et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2012; ing of either pure crustal materials or basalts 10 Relative probability W.L. Xu et al., 2013b). All these factors suggest and amphibolites (Fig. 8D; Martin et al., 2005). that Early Jurassic (rather than early Paleozoic) Although these granitoids exhibit linear correla- 8 magmatism was widespread in the LXZR. tions between SiO2 and some major and trace

Number 6 elements on the Harker diagrams (Fig. 8), frac- Petrogenesis tional crystallization processes may not have 4 been predominant due to the limited occurrence 2 Group 1 granitoids, consisting of tonalite, of coeval mafic and intermediate igneous rocks granodiorite, and monzogranite, are I-type in the field (Gao et al., 2016). Moreover, these 0 165 175 185 195 205 215 granitoids, as suggested by their relatively low granitoids have relatively high Eu/*Eu values Age/Ma A/CNK values (<1.1), negative correlation (0.81–1.06) and no obvious positive correla-

Figure 10. Compilation of existing geochrono- between P2O5 and SiO2, and positive correlations between Sr and Eu/*Eu ratios (Fig. 8I), logical data for the Early Jurassic igneous rocks tion between thorium and rubidium (Figs. 8G suggesting that the fractional crystallization of in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges and 8J; Chappell, 1999; Li et al., 2007). The plagioclase was not significant (Hu et al., 2016, (data sources: Ge et al., 2017, 2018; Gou et al., mineral assemblage of hornblende, biotite, and 2017). Thus, the observed geochemical features 2013, 2018; Hu et al., 2014; Qin et al., 2016; Tang titanite in this group is typical in I-type gran- of the granitoid rocks were more likely con- et al., 2011; M.J. Xu et al., 2013a; W.L. Xu et al., 2013b; Wu et al., 2011; Yang and Wang, 2010; ites (Barbarin, 1999). The common geochemical trolled by partial melting processes. Yu et al., 2012; Zhu et al., 2017, and references signatures in this group, such as medium to Multiple source materials could have been

therein). high SiO2 (62.68–74.64 wt%) and low MgO responsible for the group 1 granitoids. The

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 814

500 A 150 B 400 100 Adakite

)N Adakite 300 Sr/Y (La/Yb 200 50

100 Typical ARC Rocks Typical ARC Rocks Figure 11. Tectonic discrimination dia-

grams: (A) Sr/Y vs. Y; (B) (La/Yb)N vs. Yb (Drummond and Defant, 1990); (C) 0 0 N 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 5 10 15 20 25 Ta vs. Yb; (d) Rb vs. (Y + Nb) diagrams YbN Y (Pearce et al., 1984). VAG—volcanic arc granitoids, ORG—ocean-ridge 100 granitoids, WPG—within-plate gran- C 1000 D itoids, syn-COLG—syncollisional syn- COLG granitoids. Symbols are the same as WPG those in Figure 7. 10 WPG 100

Ta syn-COLG Rb

1 10 VAG ORG VAG ORG

0.1 1 0.1 1 10 100 1 10 100 1000 Yb Y+Nb

monzogranites exhibit higher Sr/Y and (La/Yb) the tonalite and granodiorite samples lie in field of partial melting of metagraywackes (Fig.

N ratios (29.9–35.1 and 21.4–22.9, respectively) the field of partial melting of metabasaltic to 12B; Patiño Douce, 1999). Experimental studies and lower Yb and Y contents (0.83–0.95 ppm metatonalitic sources, while the monzogranite have shown that partial melting of basaltic and 7.47–9.22 ppm, respectively) than those samples fall in the field of partial melting of rocks can generate melts with relatively low of tonalites and granodiorites (Sr/Y = 17.8– metagraywackes (Fig. 12A; Altherr et al., Mg# values (<40), irrespective of the degree of

30.6 and [La/Yb]N = 11.6–12.8; Yb = 1.68– 2000). Similarly, the tonalite and granodiorite partial melting (Rapp and Watson, 1995). Thus, 2.48 ppm and Y = 14.1–21.7 ppm; Figs. 11A samples all fall in the field of partial melting of variably higher Mg# (42.8–50.3) values of the

and 11B; Martin et al., 2005). In addition, in amphibolites in the CaO + FeOt + MgO + TiO2 tonalite and granodiorite samples suggest the

the AMF (molar Al2O3/[FeOt + MgO]) versus versus CaO/(FeOt + MgO + TiO2) diagram, involvement of various (but generally small)

CMF (molar CaO/[FeOt + MgO]) diagram, while the monzogranite samples all fall in the amounts of mantle-derived material, which has

15 2.0 Dehydration melting A of felsic pelites B ) 2 12 Dehydration melting of metagraywackes molar 1.5 ) t

9 Dehydration melting +MgO+TiO Partial melts t of amphibolite from metapelitic 1.0 sources 6 /(MgO+FeO

3 Partial melts from

O metagraywackes 2 0.5 CaO/(FeO Al 3 c sources Partial melts from metabasaltic to metatonaliti Dehydration melting of mafic pelites 0 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1 1.3 0 5 10 15 CaO/(MgO+FeOt)molar CaO+FeOt+MgO+TiO2

Figure 12. Source composition discrimination diagrams for the early Mesozoic granitoids from the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai

Ranges. (A) Molar Al2O3/(FeOt + MgO) (AFM) vs. CaO/(FeOt + MgO) (CFM) diagram (Altherr et al., 2000). (B) CaO + FeOt + MgO + TiO2

vs. CaO/(FeOt + MgO + TiO2) molar diagram (Patiño Douce, 1999). Symbols are the same as those in Figure 7.

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 815

a high Mg# value of >72 (Ramsay et al., 1984). we conclude that the group 2 syenogranites could have originated from partial melting of This is also supported by the occurrence of mafic were mainly derived from partial melting of a depleted mantle wedge metasomatized by microgranular enclaves within the tonalite juvenile Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic slab-derived melts during the subduction of and granodiorite outcrops (Figs. 4E and 4G). crustal materials that underwent a relatively the Mudanjiang Ocean between the Jiamusi

Nevertheless, the relatively small ranges of ɛHf(t) high degree of fractional crystallization. and Songnen blocks (Yu et al., 2012).

values (+3.9 to +6.0) and TDM2 ages (844–975 (2) Metamorphic evidence: The Heilongjiang Ma) of the magmatic zircons suggest that the TECTONIC SETTING AND IMPLICATIONS blueschist belt, which is distributed along a tonalites and granodiorites were mainly derived nearly north–south direction subparallel to the from juvenile crustal materials, which could Our results provide strong evidence that early LXZR granitic belt studied here, is a strong have been Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic Mesozoic granitoids are widespread in the LXZR evidence indicative of subduction and final crustal materials with minor input of mantle- in NE China. This has important implications closure of the Mudanjiang Ocean between the derived materials. for the regional tectonic model. Previous Jiamusi and Songnen blocks. The blueschists Group 2 granitoids, all composed of syeno- studies have proposed that the granitoids in the show either an OIB or E-MORB affinity. The

granite, have higher contents of SiO2 and Na2O LXZR were a result of delamination during the protolith ages from 288 to 186 Ma of the

+ K2O and exhibit significant negative Ba, Nb, postcollision stage of the eastern Central Asian blueschists (Fig. 13B; Ge et al., 2016; Zhou et Sr, Eu, Ti, and P anomalies, similar to the highly orogenic belt following the closure of the Paleo- al., 2009, 2013; Zhu et al., 2015) suggest that fractionated I-type granites widespread in NE Asian Ocean (Meng et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2009, the Mudanjiang Ocean existed between the China (Fig. 9D; Wu et al., 2003). A highly 2013; Yu et al., 2012). However, increasing Jiamusi and Songnen blocks during the Early fractionated I-type origin for the syenogranite numbers of studies suggest that the closure of Permian to Early Jurassic. Moreover, published was also supported by their high TFeO/MgO the Paleo-Asian Ocean and the final collision Ar-Ar metamorphic ages (202–145 Ma; Fig. ratios and (Zr + Nb + Ce + Y) values (Fig. 8L; of the Central Asian orogenic belt in this area 13B) of the Heilongjiang blueschist suggest Whalen et al., 1987; Wu et al., 2003). As such, occurred before the late Paleozoic, recorded by that westward subduction of the Mudanjiang non-negligible fractional crystallization should a roughly west-east magmatic belt along the Ocean beneath the Songnen block occurred have taken place during the formation of these Changchun-Yanji suture (Li et al., 2014; Wu et during the latest Triassic to Late Jurassic (Ge granitoids. For example, a negative P anomaly al., 2007a; Xu et al., 2014; Zhao et al., 2013). et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2007b; Zhao and Zhang, suggests fractionation of apatite; negative These contrasting results make it difficult to 2011; Zhou et al., 2013; Zhou and Li, 2017). Nb-Ta-Ti anomalies require separation of explain the formation of the early Mesozoic These data exclude the possibility of an early Ti-bearing phases (e.g., titanite and/or ilmenite); granitic belt along a south-north strike in the Mesozoic postcollisional delamination of the strong Eu depletion indicates fractionation of LXZR. Here, we propose that the Early Jurassic Central Asian orogenic belt (Liu et al., 2017a). plagioclase; in the Ba versus Sr diagram (Fig. granitoids in the LXZR were likely formed in (3) Metallogenic evidence: Large numbers 8K), a coupled decrease in both Sr and Ba an active continental margin setting related of porphyry copper and molybdenum deposits contents indicates fractionation of plagioclase to the subduction of the Mudanjiang Ocean. occur in the LXZR. Geochronological and K-feldspar. In addition, the MgO and This proposal is supported by multiple lines of dating, including Re-Os isochron ages from Mg# values of these highly fractionated I-type evidence, including early Mesozoic magmatism, molybdenite and zircon U-Pb concordant ages granites are much lower than the group 1 rocks, metamorphism, metallogeny, and structure, as from ore-bearing granitoids, has yielded Early– suggesting that fractionation of mafic minerals detailed below. Middle Jurassic ages (197–161 Ma; Fig. 13C; largely influenced their major elements (Fig. 8D; (1) Magmatic evidence: The early Mesozoic Chen et al., 2019; Guo et al., 2018; Hou et al., Martin et al., 2005). Compared with group 1 granitoids with ages from 250 to 160 Ma are 2018; Tang et al., 2011; Wang et al., 2017b, rocks, the group 2 granitoids have lower (La/ distributed along a nearly north–south trend in and references therein), coinciding with the

Yb)N and Sr/Y ratios (5.96–8.59 and 0.95–4.96, the LXZR (Figs. 2 and 13A). They are mainly magmatic activity in the LXZR. Furthermore, respectively) and higher Yb and Y values (1.92– I-type granitic rocks and belong to high-K calc- the LXZR metallogenic belt also displays a 3.70 ppm and 13.2–31.4 ppm, respectively; Figs. alkaline series with enrichments in LILEs (e.g., roughly north–south distribution (Fig. 13C), 11A and 11B), again reflecting the influence Ba, Th, and U) and LREEs and depletions in consistent with the subduction direction of the of fractionation of feldspar (Hu et al., 2018; HFSEs (e.g., Nb and Ta) and HREEs (Ge et Mudanjiang Ocean. Thus, combined with the Martin et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2015). In the al., 2017, 2018; Liu et al., 2017a; Zhu et al., regional geological history, these porphyry AMF versus CMF diagram (Fig. 12A), the 2017; Zhao et al., 2018), which are similar to copper and molybdenum deposits were likely syenogranite samples correspond to metapelitic continental arc–type granitic rocks (Wang et formed in an active continental margin setting,

sources. Consistently, the CaO + FeOt + MgO + al., 2018). Tectonic setting discrimination (Fig. related to the subduction of the Mudanjiang

TiO2 versus CaO/(FeOt + MgO + TiO2) diagram 11; Drummond and Defant, 1990; Pearce et Ocean beneath the Songnen block during the (Fig. 12B) indicates the samples could have al., 1984) indicates that these granitoids have early Mesozoic (Chen et al., 2019; Zhang et originated from felsic pelites. In fact, these volcanic arc field (VAG) affinity, which is al., 2013). geochemical features can also be explained consistent with an active continental margin (4) Structural evidence: Deformation struc- by high fractionation of feldspars (Hu et al., setting. Additionally, the coeval mafic- tures are very well developed in the LXZR, and 2018). The chemical evolutionary trends of ultramafic intrusions (e.g., hornblendite, they provide insights into related orogenic pro- these samples (Fig. 8) suggest that they likely gabbro, and gabbro-diorite) and volcanic rocks cesses. Abundant faults associated with drag underwent fractional crystallization from a melt from the LXZR also show arc geochemical folds in the LXZR have strikes of NNE 20° to similar to the monzogranite in group 1, which is features of LILE (Ba, K, and Sr) enrichment 40° (HBGMR, 1993; Shao et al., 2013). Shao

further supported by their similar ɛHf(t) values and HFSE (Nb, Ta, Zr, and Hf) depletion et al. (2013) found a large sinistral ductile shear

(+1.2 to +7.6) and TDM2 ages (753–1158 Ma) to (Wang et al., 2015; Yu et al., 2012). These zone with a strike similar to the main fault in those of monzogranites (Fig. 7). Accordingly, signatures imply that their magma sources this area, as well as many asymmetric folds

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 816

30 E128° 130° 132° 134° 183 Ma A C

25 Gaogangshan Relative probability (250) Jiayin 20 Huojihe (182)

15 Nadanhada N48° Terrane Number Cuiling (178) 10 Luming (178) Raohe 251 Ma Mudanjiang Fault Mudanjiang

Songliao Block Fault Yuejinshan 5 163 Ma Jiamusi Block Yilan

0 46° 6 Harbin Mishan Khanka Protolith ages Block 186-288 Ma B Metamorphic ages

5 145-202Ma Relative probability Shangzhi

4 Chang’anpu (167) Fu’anpu (167) Mudanjiang Jidetun (168) Dashihe 3 44° (187) Number Daheishan(171) Dunhua 0 50 100 km 2 Jiapigou (189) Xingshan(167) Baosha(172) Heilongjiang Complex Belt Houdaomu Liushengdian (222) (169) Yuejinshan Complex Belt 1 Key outcrops of the blueschist Fault Porphyry Mo-Cu deposit 0 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 (Ma) Figure 13. (A) Compilation of published geochronological data for the Mesozoic igneous rocks from the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Ranges (data sources: Wu et al., 2011; Yu et al., 2012; W.L. Xu et al., 2013b; Zhu et al., 2017; Ge et al., 2018; Zhao et al., 2018, and references therein). (B) Published protolith and metamorphic ages for the Heilongjiang Complex (data sources: Zhu et al., 2015; Ge et al., 2016; Zhou and Li, 2017, and references therein). (C) Simplified tectonic map of eastern NE China, showing the current positions of the Heilongjiang Complex and Raohe Complex and the distribution of the porphyry Cu-Mo deposits in the LXZR (modified after Zhang et al., 2017; Zeng et al., 2018).

and ocular structures. Combined with detailed suggesting that the subduction of the paleo– CONCLUSIONS geochronological studies, Shao et al. (2013) Pacific plate took place in the Late Triassic to proposed that these structures were caused by Early Jurassic. This is also supported by the (1) LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotopic dating oblique shear compression during the subduc- occurrence of north–south distributed arc-type revealed that the granitoids from the LXZR have tion of the Mudanjiang Ocean in the Early to calc-alkaline volcanic rocks with Early Jurassic crystallization ages ranging from 196 to 181 Ma. Middle Jurassic. This is consistent with the ages (187–174 Ma) in the Raohe Complex (2) These Early Jurassic granitoids are all oblique subduction of the mid-oceanic ridge (Wang et al., 2017c). I-type granitoids and can be divided into two between the Farallon and Izanagi plates toward Based on these observations and discussions, groups: Group 1 is composed of the tonalite, Eurasia in the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic we propose that, during the early Mesozoic, the granodiorite, and monzogranite samples, and (Maruyama et al., 1997). In addition, a deep Jiamusi block was located within the paleo- group 2 is composed of syenogranites with highly seismic reflection profile from Suihua to Hulin Pacific realm, not influenced by the Paleo-Asian fractionated I-type characteristics. Country in NE China found a dipping reflec- realm. In the Early Jurassic (Fig. 14), the paleo– (3) The magmas of the Early Jurassic granit- tion in the upper mantle under the eastern edge Pacific plate was subducted along the eastern oids were mainly derived from partial melting of of the Songliao Basin, which corresponds to a margin of the Jiamusi block and produced the three distinct Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic low-angle westward sunk oceanic slab between Yuejinshan Complex, while the Mudanjiang source materials: (i) basaltic rocks with a minor the LXZR and the Jiamusi block (Wang, 2011). Ocean was subducted westward beneath the addition of mantle component for group 1 tonal- In the eastern part of the Jiamusi block, Songnen block and produced the Heilongjiang ites and granodiorites; (ii) metagraywackes for previous studies have shown the early Mesozoic Complex. The subduction of the paleo–Pacific group 1 monzogranites; and (iii) metapelites for influence of the Paleo–Pacific Ocean in NE plate and Mudanjiang Ocean further induced group 2 syenogranites. China. For example, Zhou et al. (2014) proposed partial melting beneath the Jiamusi and (4) The studied granitoids are high-K calc- that the accretion of the Yuejinshan Complex Songnen blocks, respectively, resulting in the alkaline series with arc geochemical features, and along the eastern margin of the Jiamusi block emplacement of voluminous igneous rocks thus they were likely generated in an active con- probably occurred between 210 and 180 Ma, along these active continental margins. tinental margin setting related to the westward

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 817

Early Jurassic

Songnen Block Heilongjiang Complex Jiamusi Block Yuejinshan Complex OIB Mudanjiang Ocean Paleo-Pacific Figure 14. Schematic plate-tectonic Lithosphere model illustrating the early Mesozoic subduction system in the eastern and western Jiamusi block. OIB—oceanic- island basalt. Asthenosphere

subduction of the Mudanjiang Ocean between Sciences, v. 50, p. 995–1004, https://doi.org/10.1007 Hu, F., Liu, S., Ducea, M.N., Zhang, W., and Deng, Z., 2017, /s11430-007-0019-7. The geochemical evolution of the granitoid rocks in the the Jiamusi and Songnen blocks during the Gao, P., Zheng, Y.F., and Zhao, Z.F., 2016, Experimental melts South Qinling belt: Insights from the Dongjiangkou and Early Jurassic. from crustal rocks: A lithochemical constraint on granite Zhashui intrusions, central China: Lithos, v. 278, p. 195– petrogenesis: Lithos, v. 266, p. 133–157, https://doi .org /10 214, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2017.01.021. .1016/j.lithos.2016.10.005. Hu, F., Liu, S., Ducea, M.N., Zhang, W., Chapman, J.B., Fu, J., ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ge, M.H., Zhang, J.J., Liu, K., Ling, Y.Y., Wang, M., and and Wang, M., 2018, Interaction among magmas from We thank Libing Gu and Fang Ma (Peking University) for Wang, J.M., 2016, Geochemistry and geochronology of various sources and crustal melting processes during help with trace element and zircon U-Th-Pb isotopic analyses, the blueschist in the Heilongjiang Complex and its im- continental collision: Insights from the Huayang intru- Zheng Wang (Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences) for plications in the late Paleozoic tectonics of eastern NE sive complex of the South Qinling belt, China: Journal help with zircon Lu-Hf isotopic analyses, and Hongyue Wang China: Lithos, v. 261, p. 232–249, https://doi.org/10.1016 of Petrology, v. 59, p. 735–770, https://doi.org/10.1093 (Chinese Academy of Sciences) for help with the whole-rock /j.lithos.2015.11.019. /petrology/egy042. major-element analyses. Max Lukenbach is acknowledged Ge, M.H., Zhang, J.J., Li, L., Liu, K., Ling, Y.Y., Wang, J.M., Hu, X., Ding, Z., He, M., Yao, S., Zhu, B., Shen, J., and Chen, for improving the English of this manuscript. The manuscript and Wang, M., 2017, Geochronology and geochemistry B., 2014, A porphyry-skarn metallogenic system in the benefited from constructive comments from Editor Damian of the Heilongjiang Complex and the granitoids from Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China: Implications from U-Pb Nance, Wenjiao Xiao, and two anonymous reviewers. This the Lesser Xing’an–Zhangguangcai Range: Implications and Re-Os geochronology and Sr-Nd-Hf isotopes of the research was financially supported by the National Key for the late Paleozoic–Mesozoic tectonics of eastern NE Luming Mo and Xulaojiugou Pb-Zn deposits: Journal of Research and Development Project of China (grant number China: Tectonophysics, v. 717, p. 565–584, https://doi .org Asian Earth Sciences, v. 90, p. 88–100, https://doi .org/10 2017YFC0601301), the National Natural Science Foundation /10.1016/j.tecto.2017.09.004. .1016/j.jseaes.2014.04.020. of China (grant numbers 41730210 and 41830216), and Proj- Ge, M.H., Zhang, J.J., Li, L., and Liu, K., 2018, A Triassic–Juras- Li, K., Zhang, Z.C., Feng, Z.S., Li, J.F., Tang, W.H., and Luo, ect of China Geological Survey (grant number DD20190004). sic westward scissor-like subduction history of the Mu- Z.W., 2014, Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb dating and the geo- danjiang Ocean and amalgamation of the Jiamusi block logical significance of the late Carboniferous to Early in NE China: Constraints from whole-rock geochemistry Permian volcanic rocks in Bayanvula area, central Inner REFERENCES CITED and zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes of the Lesser Xing’an– Mongolia: Acta Petrologica Sinica (Yanshi Xuebao), v. 30, Altherr, R., Holl, A., Hegner, E., Langer, C., and Kreuzer, H., Zhangguangcai Range granitoids: Lithos, v. 302, p. 263– p. 2041–2054 [in Chinese with English abstract]. 2000, High-potassium, calc-alkaline I-type plutonism in 277, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2018.01.004. Li, S., Wang, T., Wilde, S.A., Tong, Y., Hong, D.W., and Guo, the European Variscides: Northern Vosges (France) and Gou, J., Sun, D.Y., Li, R., Wei, H.Y., Wang, T.H., Liu, X.M., and Q.Q., 2012, Geochronology, petrogenesis and tectonic northern Schwarzwald (Germany): Lithos, v. 50, p. 51–73, Hu, Z.C., 2013, Geochronology, geochemistry and pet- implications of Triassic granitoids from Beishan, NW https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00052-3. rogenesis of the early Mesozoic granites in the Sunwu- China: Lithos, v. 134, p. 123–145, https://doi.org/10.1016 Andersen, T., 2002, Correction of common lead in U-Pb anal- Jiayin area, Heilongjiang Province: Journal of Jilin Uni- /j.lithos.2011.12.005. 204 yses that do not report Pb: Chemical Geology, v. 192, versity [Earth Science Edition], v. 43, p. 119–133. Li, X.H., Li, Z.X., Li, W.X., Liu, Y., Yuan, C., Wei, G.J., and Qi, p. 59–79, https://doi .org /10 .1016 /S0009 -2541 (02)00195 -X. Guo, F., Li, H.X., Fan, W.M., Li, J.Y., Zhao, L., Huang, M.W., C.S., 2007, U-Pb zircon, geochemical and Sr-Nd-Hf iso- Barbarin, B., 1999, A review of the relationships between and Xu, W.L., 2015, Early Jurassic subduction of the Pa- topic constraints on age and origin of Jurassic I- and A- granitoid types, their origins and their geodynamic en- leo–Pacific Ocean in NE China: Petrologic and geochemi- type granites from central Guangdong, SE China: A major vironments: Lithos, v. 46, p. 605–626, https://doi .org/10 cal evidence from the Tumen mafic intrusive complex: igneous event in response to foundering of a subducted .1016/S0024-4937(98)00085-1. Lithos, v. 224–225, p. 46–60, https://doi.org/10.1016/j flat-slab?: Lithos, v. 96, p. 186–204, https://doi .org /10 .1016 Chappell, B.W., 1999, Aluminium saturation in I- and S-type .lithos.2015.02.014. /j.lithos.2006.09.018. granites and the characterization of fractionated haplo- Guo, Y.P., Zeng, Q.D., Yang, J.H., Guo, F., and Liu, J.M., 2018, Liu, K., Zhang, J.J., Wilde, S.A., Zhou, J.B., Wang, M., Ge, granites: Lithos, v. 46, p. 535–551, https://doi .org /10 .1016 Zircon U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of Early– M.H., Wang, J.J., and Ling, Y.Y., 2017a, Initial subduc- /S0024-4937(98)00086-3. Middle Jurassic intrusions in the Daheishan ore district, tion of the Paleo–Pacific oceanic plate in NE China: Chen, X., Liu, J.J., Carranza, E.J.M., Zhang, D.H., Collins, A.S., NE China: Petrogenesis and implications for Mo mineral- Constraints from whole-rock geochemistry and zircon Yang, B., Xu, B.W., Zhai, D.G., Wang, Y.H., and Wang, J.P., ization: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 165, p. 59–78, U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes of the Khanka Lake granitoids: 2019, Geology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.04.033. Lithos, v. 274, p. 254–270, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos Cuihongshan Fe-polymetallic deposit, Heilongjiang Prov- Heilongjiang Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (HB- .2016.12.022. ince, NE China: Geological Journal, v. 54, p. 1254–1278, GMR), 1993, Regional Geology of Heilongjiang Province: Liu, Y., Li, W., Feng, Z., Wen, Q., Neubauer, F., and Liang, C.Y., https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3224. Beijing, Geological Publishing House, 734 p. [in Chinese 2017b, A review of the Paleozoic tectonics in the eastern Corfu, F., Hanchar, J.M., Hoskin, P.W., and Kinny, P., 2003, Atlas with English abstract]. part of Central Asian orogenic belt: Gondwana Research, of zircon textures: Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochem- Hou, K.J., Li, Y.H., Zou, T.R., Qu, X.M., Shi, Y.R., and Xie, G.Q., v. 43, p. 123–148, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.03.013. istry, v. 53, p. 469–500, https://doi.org/10.2113/0530469. 2007, Laser ablation–MC–ICP–MS technique for Hf iso- Luan, J.P., Wang, F., Xu, W.L., Ge, W.C., Sorokin, A.A., Wang, Dong, Y., Ge, W.C., Yang, H., Bi, J.H., Wang, Z.H., and Xu, tope microanalysis of zircon and its geological appli- Z.W., and Guo, P., 2017, Provenance, age, and tectonic im- W.L., 2017, Permian tectonic evolution of the Mudanjiang cations: Acta Petrologica Sinica (Yanshi Xuebao), v. 23, plications of Neoproterozoic strata in the Jiamusi Massif: Ocean: Evidence from zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes and geo- p. 2595–2604 [in Chinese with English abstract]. Evidence from U-Pb ages and Hf isotope compositions chemistry of a NS trending granitoid belt in the Jiamusi Hou, X.G., Sun, D.Y., Gou, J., and Yang, D.G., 2018, Geo- of detrital and magmatic zircons: Precambrian Research, Massif, NE China: Gondwana Research, v. 49, p. 147–163, chronology, geochemistry, and zircon Hf isotopes of the v. 297, p. 19–32, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.precamres.2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2017.05.017. Mo‐bearing granitoids in the eastern Jilin‐Heilongjiang .05.012. Drummond, M.S., and Defant, M.J., 1990, A model for trond- Provinces, NE China: Petrogenesis and tectonic implica- Ludwig, K.R., 2003, User’s Manual for Isoplot 3.0: A Geochro- hjemite-tonalite-dacite genesis and crustal growth via tions: Geological Journal, v. 53, p. 877–898, https://doi nological Toolkit for Microsoft Excel: Berkeley Geochro- slab melting: Archean to modern comparisons: Journal .org/10.1002/gj.2932. nology Center Special Publication 4, 71 p. of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 21,503–21,521, https:// Hu, F., Liu, S., Zhang, W., Deng, Z., and Chen, X., 2016, A Maniar, P.D., and Piccoli, P.M., 1989, Tectonic discrimination of doi.org/10.1029/JB095iB13p21503. westward propagating slab tear model for Late Triassic granitoids: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 101, Gao, F., Xu, W., Yang, D., Pei, F., Liu, X., and Hu, Z., 2007, Qinling orogenic belt geodynamic evolution: Insights p. 635–643, https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1989)101 LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating from granitoids in south- from the petrogenesis of the Caoping and Shahewan in- <0635:TDOG>2.3.CO;2. ern basement of Songliao basin: Constraints on ages trusions, central China: Lithos, v. 262, p. 486–506, https:// Martin, H., Smithies, R.H., Rapp, R., Moyen, J.F., and of the basin basement: Science in China, ser. D, Earth doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2016.07.034. Champion, D., 2005, An overview of adakite, tonalite-

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 818

trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG), and sanukitoid: Rela- Van, A.E., Ryan, C.G., Jackson, S.E., and Griffin, W.L., 2001, baddeleyites used in U-Pb geochronology: Chemical tionships and some implications for crustal evolution: Data reduction software for LA-ICP-MS, in Laser-Abla- Geology, v. 234, p. 105–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j Lithos, v. 79, p. 1–24, https://doi .org /10 .1016 /j .lithos .2004 tion-ICPMS in the Earth Sciences—Principles and Ap- .chemgeo.2006.05.003. .04.048. plications: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Wu, F.Y., Zhao, G.C., Sun, D.Y., Simon, A.W., and Yang, J.H., Maruyama, S., Isozaki, Y., Kimura, G., and Terabayashi, M., Course 29, p. 239–243. 2007a, The Hulan Group: Its role in the evolution of the 1997, Paleogeographic maps of the Japanese Islands: Wang, F., Xu, W.L., Xu, Y.G., Gao, F.H., and Ge, W.C., 2015, Central Asian orogenic belt of NE China: Journal of Asian Plate tectonic synthesis from 750 Ma to the present: The Late Triassic bimodal igneous rocks in eastern Heilongji- Earth Sciences, v. 30, p. 542–556, https://doi.org/10.1016 Island Arc, v. 6, p. 121–142, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440 ang Province, NE China: Implications for the initiation of /j.jseaes.2007.01.003. -1738.1997.tb00043.x. subduction of the paleo–Pacific plate beneath Eurasia: Wu, F.Y., Yang, J.H., Lo, C.H., Wilde, S.A., Sun, D.Y., and Meng, E., Xu, W.L., Pei, F.P., Yang, D.B., Wang, F., and Zhang, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 97, p. 406–423, https:// Jahn, B.M., 2007b, The Heilongjiang Group: A Juras- X.Z., 2011, Permian bimodal volcanism in the Zhang- doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.05.025. sic accretionary complex in the Jiamusi Massif at the guangcai Range of eastern Heilongjiang Province, NE Wang, M., Zhang, J.J., Zhang, B., Liu, K., Chen, Y.X., and Zheng, western Pacific margin of northeastern China: The Is- China: Zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopes and geochemical evi- Y.R., 2018, Geochronology and geochemistry of the Bo- land Arc, v. 16, p. 156–172, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440 dence: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 41, p. 119–132, rohoro pluton in the northern Yili block, NW China: Im- -1738.2007.00564.x. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.01.005. plication for the tectonic evolution of the northern West Wu, F.Y., Sun, D.Y., Ge, W.C., Zhang, Y.B., Grant, M.L., Wilde, Middlemost, E.A.K., 1994, Naming materials in magma/igne- Tianshan orogeny: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 153, S.A., and Jahn, B.M., 2011, Geochronology of the Pha- ous rock system: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 37, p. 215–224, p. 154–169, https://doi .org /10 .1016 /j .jseaes .2017 .03 .024. nerozoic granitoids in northeastern China: Journal of https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(94)90029-9. Wang, X.F., 2011, Tectonic Research of Crust Transect of Sui- Asian Earth Sciences, v. 41, p. 1–30, https://doi.org/10 Patiño Douce, A.E., 1999, What do experiments tell us about hua-Hulin Deep Seismic Reflection Profile, Northeast .1016/j.jseaes.2010.11.014. the relative contributions of crust and mantle to the ori- China [Ph.D. thesis]: Beijing, China University of Geo- Wu, Y.B., and Zheng, Y.F., 2004, Genesis of zircon and its gin of granitic magmas?, in Castro, A., Fernández, C., and science, 124 p. [in Chinese with English abstract]. constraints on interpretation of U-Pb age: Chinese Sci- Vigneresse, J.L., eds., Understanding Granites: Integrat- Wang, Z., Xu, W., Pei, F., Guo, P., Wang, F., and Li, Y., 2017a, ence Bulletin, v. 49, p. 1554–1569, https://doi .org /10 .1007 ing New and Classical Techniques: Geological Society Geochronology and geochemistry of early Paleozoic /BF03184122. [London] Special Publication 168, p. 55–75, https://doi igneous rocks from the Zhangguangcai Range, north- Xu, B., Zhao, P., Bao, Q.Z., Zhou, Y.H., Wang, Y.Y., and Luo, .org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1999.168.01.05. eastern China: Constraints on tectonic evolution of the Z.W., 2014, Preliminary study on the pre-Mesozoic Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B., and Tindle, A.G., 1984, Trace el- eastern Central Asian orogenic belt: Lithosphere, v. 9, tectonic unit division of the Xing-Meng orogenic belt ement discrimination diagrams for the tectonic inter- p. 803–827, https://doi.org/10.1130/L639.1. (XMOB): Acta Petrologica Sinica (Yanshi Xuebao), v. 30, pretation of granitic rocks: Journal of Petrology, v. 25, Wang, Z.G., Wang, K.Y., Konare, Y., Yang, T.N., and Liang, Y.H., p. 1841–1857 [in Chinese with English abstract]. p. 956–983, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/25.4.956. 2017b, Metallogenesis and hydrothermal evolution of Xu, M.J., Xu, W.L., Wang, F., Guo, F.H., and Yu, J.J., 2013a, Peccerillo, A., and Taylor, S.R., 1976, Geochemistry of Eocene Middle Jurassic porphyry Mo deposits in the southern Geochronology and geochemistry of the Early Juras- calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, Zhangguangcai Range, NE China: Evidence from fluid sic granitoids in the central Lesser Xing’an Range, NE northern Turkey: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrol- inclusions, H-O-S isotopes, and Re-Os geochronology: China, and its tectonic implications: Acta Petrologica Si- ogy, v. 58, p. 63–81, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00384745. International Geology Review, v. 59, p. 1391–1412, https:// nica (Yanshi Xuebao), v. 29, p. 354–368 [in Chinese with Pei, F.P., Xu, W.L., Yang, D.B., Zhao, Q., Liu, X., and Hu, Z., doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2016.1250126. English abstract]. 2007, Zircon U-Pb geochronology of basement metamor- Wang, Z.H., Ge, W.C., Yang, H., Bi, J.H., Ji, Z., Dong, Y., and Xu, W.L., Ji, W.Q., Pei, F.P., Meng, E., Yu, Y., Yang, D.B., and phic rocks in the Songliao Basin: Chinese Science Bulletin, Xu, W.L., 2017c, Petrogenesis and tectonic implications Zhang, X.Z., 2009, Triassic volcanism in eastern Heilongji- v. 52, p. 942–948, https://doi .org /10 .1007 /s11434 -007 -0107 -2. of Early Jurassic volcanic rocks of the Raohe accretion- ang and Jilin Provinces, NE China: Chronology, geo- Pietranik, A., and Koepke, J., 2014, Plagioclase transfer from ary complex, NE China: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, chemistry, and tectonic implications: Journal of Asian a host granodiorite to mafic microgranular enclaves: Di- v. 134, p. 262–280, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2016 Earth Sciences, v. 34, p. 392–402, https://doi.org/10.1016 verse records of magma mixing: Mineralogy and Petrol- .09.021. /j.jseaes.2008.07.001. ogy, v. 108, p. 681–694, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710 Wang, Z.W., Xu, W.L., Pei, F.P., Wang, F., and Guo, P., 2016, Xu, W.L., Pei, F.P., Wang, F., Meng, E., Ji, W.Q., Yang, D.B., -014-0326-6. Geochronology and geochemistry of early Paleozoic ig- and Wang, W., 2013b, Spatial-temporal relationships of Qin, J.F., Lai, S.C., Li, Y.F., Ju, Y.J., Zhu, R.Z., and Zhao, S.W., neous rocks of the Lesser Xing’an Range, NE China: Im- Mesozoic volcanic rocks in NE China: Constraints on tec- 2016, Early Jurassic monzogranite-tonalite association plications for the tectonic evolution of the eastern Central tonic overprinting and transformations between multiple from the southern Zhangguangcai Range: Implications for Asian orogenic belt: Lithos, v. 261, p. 144–163, https://doi tectonic regimes: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 74, paleo–Pacific plate subduction along northeastern China: .org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.11.006. p. 167–193, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2013.04.003. Lithosphere, v. 8, p. 396–411, https://doi .org /10 .1130 /L505 .1. Wei, H.Y., Sun, D.Y., Ye, S.Q., Yang, Y.C., Liu, Z.H., Liu, X.M., Yang, C.J., and Wang, Y.C., 2010, LA-ICPMS zircon U-Pb age Ramsay, W.R.H., Crawford, A.J., and Foden, J.D., 1984, Field and Hu, Z.C., 2012, Zircon U-Pb ages and the geological and the geological significance for Yichun Mesozoic gran- setting, mineralogy, chemistry, and genesis of arc pic- significance of the granitic rocks in the Yichun-Hegang ites in southeast Lesser Khingan Range: Jilin Geology, rites, New Georgia, Solomon Islands: Contributions to region, southeastern Xiao Hinggan Mountains: Earth Sci- v. 29, p. 1–5 [in Chinese with English abstract]. Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 88, p. 386–402, https://doi ence Journal of China University of Geosciences, v. 37, Yang, H., Ge, W.C., Zhao, G.C., Yu, J.J., and Zhang, Y.L., 2015, .org/10.1007/BF00376763. p. 50–59 [in Chinese with English abstract]. Early Permian–Late Triassic granitic magmatism in the Rapp, R.P., and Watson, E.B., 1995, Dehydration melting of me- Whalen, J.B., Currie, K.L., and Chappell, B.W., 1987, A-type Jiamusi-Khanka Massif, eastern segment of the Central tabasalt at 8–32 kbar: Implications for continental growth granites: Geochemical characteristics, discrimination and Asian orogenic belt, and its implications: Gondwana and crust-mantle recycling: Journal of Petrology, v. 36, petrogenesis: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrol- Research, v. 27, p. 1509–1533, https://doi.org/10.1016/j p. 891–931, https://doi .org /10 .1093 /petrology /36 .4 .891. ogy, v. 95, p. 407–419, https://doi .org /10 .1007 /BF00402202. .gr.2014.01.011. Ryan, W.B., Carbotte, S.M., Coplan, J.O., O’Hara, S., Melko- Wilde, S.A., Dorsett-Bain, H.L., and Liu, J.L., 1997, The iden- Yang, H., Ge, W.C., Zhao, G.C., Bi, J.H., Wang, Z.H., Dong, Y., nian, A., Arko, R., Weissel, R.A., Ferrini, V., Goodwillie, A., tification of a late Pan-African granulite facies event in and Xu, W.L., 2017, Zircon U-Pb ages and geochemistry Nitsche, F., Bonczkowski, J., and Zemsky, R., 2009, Global northeastern China: SHRIMP U-Pb zircon dating of the of newly discovered Neoproterozoic orthogneisses in multi‐resolution topography synthesis: Geochemistry Mashan Group at Liu Mao, Heilongjiang Province, China, the Mishan region, NE China: Constraints on the high- Geophysics Geosystems, v. 10, Q03014, https://doi.org in Xianglin, Q., Zhengdong, Y., and Halls, H.C., eds., Pro- grade metamorphism and tectonic affinity of the Jiamusi- /10.1029/2008GC002332. ceedings of the 30th International Geological Congress: Khanka block: Lithos, v. 268, p. 16–31, https://doi.org/10 Şengör, A.M.C., Natal’in, B.A., and Burtman, V.S., 1993, Evolu- Precambrian Geology and Metamorphic Petrology: .1016/j.lithos.2016.10.017. tion of the Altaid tectonic collage and Palaeozoic crustal Utrecht, Netherlands, VSP, p. 59–74. Yu, J.J., Wang, F., Xu, W.L., Gao, F.H., and Pei, F.P., 2012, Early growth in Eurasia: Nature, v. 364, p. 299–307, https://doi Wilde, S.A., Wu, F.Y., and Zhang, X.Z., 2003, Late Pan-African Jurassic mafic magmatism in the Lesser Xing’an–Zhang- .org/10.1038/364299a0. magmatism in northeastern China: SHRIMP U-Pb zircon guangcai Range, NE China, and its tectonic implications: Shao, J.A., Li, Y.F., and Tang, K.D., 2013, Restoration of the evidence from granitoids in the Jiamusi Massif: Precam- Constraints from zircon U-Pb chronology and geochem- orogenic processes of Zhangguangcailing Range: Acta brian Research, v. 122, p. 311–327, https://doi .org /10 .1016 istry: Lithos, v. 142–143, p. 256–266, https://doi.org/10 Petrologica Sinica (Yanshi Xuebao), v. 29, p. 2959–2970 /S0301-9268 (02)00217–6. .1016/j.lithos.2012.03.016. [in Chinese with English abstract]. Wu, F.Y., Sun, D.Y., Li, H.M., and Wang, X.L., 2001, The na- Zeng, Q., Wang, R., Cheng, G., and Yang, Y., 2018, Zircon Sun, S.S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic ture of basement beneath the Songliao Basin in NE U-Pb ages and Hf isotope of the granitoids from the Xin- systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle China: Geochemical and isotopic constraints: Physics gwen porphyry molybdenum deposit in the Xiaoxing’an composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, and Chemistry of the Earth, Part A: Solid Earth and Ge- Range–Zhangguangcai Range metallogenic belt, NE M.J., eds., Magmatism in the Ocean Basins: Geologi- odesy, v. 26, p. 793–803, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1464 China: Geological Journal, v. 53, p. 304–315, https://doi cal Society [London] Special Publication 42, p. 313–345, -1895(01)00128-4. .org/10.1002/gj.2892. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19. Wu, F.Y., Jahn, B.M., Wilde, S.A., Lo, C.H., Yui, T.F., Lin, Q., Ge, Zhang, Y., Sun, J.G., Chen, Y.J., Zhao, K.Q., and Gu, A.L., 2013, Tang, J., Xu, W.L., Wang, F., Gao, F.H., and Cao, H.H., 2011, W.C., and Sun, D.Y., 2003, Highly fractionated I-type gran- Re-Os and U-Pb geochronology of porphyry Mo deposits Petrogenesis of bimodal volcanic rocks from Maoershan ites in NE China (I): Geochronology and petrogenesis: in central Jilin Province: Mo ore-forming stages in north- Formation in Zhangguangcai Range: Evidence from geo- Lithos, v. 66, p. 241–273, https://doi .org/10.1016/S0024 east China: International Geology Review, v. 55, p. 1763– chronology and geochemistry: Global Geology, v. 30, p. -4937(02)00222-0. 1785, https://doi.org/10.1080/00206814.2013.794915. 508–520, https://doi .org /10 .3969 /j .issn .1004 -5589 .2011 .04 Wu, F.Y., Yang, Y.H., Xie, L.W., Yang, J.H., and Xu, P., 2006, Zhang, Y., Sun, J., Xing, S., Wang, Y., Zhang, Z., Ma, Y., and Li, .002 [in Chinese with English abstract]. Hf isotopic compositions of the standard zircons and C., 2017, Early Jurassic porphyry copper mineralization

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 819

in NE China: A case study of the Yanghuidongzi deposit: China: Journal of Geophysical Research–Solid Earth, v. 118, Evidence from geochemical and U‐Pb zircon dating of the Ore Geology Reviews, v. 91, p. 573–587, https://doi .org p. 1873–1894, https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrb.50198. Nadanhada accretionary complex, NE China: Tectonics, /10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.09.001. Zhou, J.B., and Li, L., 2017, The Mesozoic accretionary com- v. 33, p. 2444–2466, https://doi .org /10 .1002 /2014TC003637. Zhao, D., Ge, W.C., Yang, H., Dong, Y., Bi, J.H., and He, Y., plex in Northeast China: Evidence for the accretion his- Zhu, C.Y., Zhao, G.C., Sun, M., Liu, Q., Han, Y.G., Hou, W.Z., 2018, Petrology, geochemistry, and zircon U-Pb-Hf iso- tory of Paleo-Pacific subduction: Journal of Asian Earth Zhang, X.R., and Eizenhofer, P.R., 2015, Geochronology topes of Late Triassic enclaves and host granitoids at the Sciences, v. 145, p. 91–100, https://doi .org /10 .1016 /j .jseaes and geochemistry of the Yilan blueschists in the Hei- southeastern margin of the Songnen–Zhangguangcai .2017.04.013. longjiang Complex, northeastern China, and tectonic Range Massif, Northeast China: Evidence for magma Zhou, J.B., Wilde, S.A., Zhang, X.Z., Zhao, G.C., Zheng, C.Q., implications: Lithos, v. 216, p. 241–253, https://doi.org mixing during subduction of the Mudanjiang oceanic Wang, Y.J., and Zhang, X.H., 2009, The onset of Pacific /10.1016/j.lithos.2014.12.021. plate: Lithos, v. 312–313, p. 358–374, https://doi .org/10 margin accretion in NE China: Evidence from the Hei- Zhu, C.Y., Zhao, G., Sun, M., Eizenhöfer, P.R., Han, Y., Liu, Q., .1016/j.lithos.2018.05.018. longjiang high-pressure metamorphic belt: Tectono- and Liu, D.X., 2017, Subduction between the Jiamusi and Zhao, L.L., and Zhang, X.Z., 2011, Petrological and geochro- physics, v. 478, p. 230–246, https://doi .org /10 .1016 /j .tecto Songliao blocks: Geochronological and geochemical con- nological evidences of tectonic exhumation of Heilongji- .2009.08 .009. straints from granitoids within the Zhangguangcailing ang complex in the eastern part of Heilongjiang Prov- Zhou, J.B., Han, J., Wilde, S., Guo, X., Zeng, W., and Cao, orogen, northeastern China: Lithosphere, v. 9, p. 515–533, ince, China: Acta Petrologica Sinica (Yanshi Xuebao), J., 2013, A primary study of the Jilin-Heilongjiang high- https://doi.org/10.1130/L618.1. v. 27, p. 1227–1234 [in Chinese with English abstract]. pressure metamorphic belt: Evidence and tectonic impli- Zhao, P., Chen, Y., Xu, B., Faure, M., Shi, G., and Choulet, F., 2013, cations: Acta Petrologica Sinica (Yanshi Xuebao), v. 29, Did the Paleo‐Asian Ocean between North China block and p. 386–398 [in Chinese with English abstract]. MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED 1 MAY 2019 Mongolia block exist during the late Paleozoic? First paleo- Zhou, J.B., Cao, J.L., Wilde, S.A., Zhao, G.C., Zhang, J.J., REVISED MANUSCRIPT RECEIVED 12 JULY 2019 magnetic evidence from central‐eastern Inner Mongolia, and Wang, B., 2014, Paleo‐Pacific subduction‐accretion: MANUSCRIPT ACCEPTED 10 OCTOBER 2019

Geological Society of America | LITHOSPHERE | Volume 11 | Number 6 | www.gsapubs.org 820

Downloaded from http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/lithosphere/article-pdf/11/6/804/4873372/804.pdf by guest on 27 September 2021