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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00130-5 - Biotic Evolution and Environmental Change in Southeast Asia Edited by David J. Gower, Kenneth G. Johnson, James E. Richardson, Brian R. Rosen, Lukas Rüber and Suzanne T. Williams Index More information

Index

Abies, 86, 87, 89 anoas, 273 Acacia, 417 ANOSIM, 258 acanturids, 261 ANOVA, 256, 258 accretionary complex, 57 Antarctica, 155, 199 acid rain, 440, 444 Anthropocene, 131 acidic peat soils, 417 anthropogenic disturbance, 260, 262, 265, 391, acidification, 445 415, 422, 439, 447, 448 Acridotheres tristis, 447 anurans, 352 Acrocomia, 82 Ao Khoei, 254, 256, 258 Acropora, 251, 261 Apocynaceae, 82 Agathis, 139 Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC), Aglaia, 149 322 Aglaieae, 149 Aquifoliaceae, 82 agriculture, 248, 417, 422, 425, 437, 438, Arabian Peninsula, 180, 182 439, 440, 444 Arachnids, 421 Alangiaceae, 82 Archaean, 39 Alangium, 82 Archidendron clypearia, 411 algae, 228, 229, 232, 236, 237, 253, 263 Archontophoenicinae, 176, 179 alleles, 274, 284 arcs alligators, 391 intra-oceanic arc, 38, 39, 42, 56 allopatry, 221 plutonic-volcanic arc, 49 Alnus, 86 volcanic arc, 45, 49, 51, 52, 60, 62 Alor, 52 Areca, 174 Altingiaceae, 144 Arecaceae, 147 Amaranthaceae, 154 Areceae, 170, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180, 183, 184 Amazon, 21, 22, 119, 317 Arecoideae, 170 Amboyna, 19 arks, 49, 57, 65 amniotes, 391 Noah’s Arks, 4, 224, 225 Anacardiaceae, 95 Asem-Asem Basin, 59 Anacolosa, 82 assortative mating, 130, 304 Andaman Islands, 250, 251, 253 Astrochelys radiata, 394 Andaman Sea, 38, 250, 325 Astrochelys yniphora, 394 Andesite line, 223 astronomical cycles, 106. See orbital variations angiosperm, 7, 144, 148, 165, 180, 184 eccentricity, 89, 97 Anisophylleaceae, 144 tilt, 89, 106 Annonaceae, 149, 150, 191 Atherospermataceae, 144

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-00130-5 - Biotic Evolution and Environmental Change in Southeast Asia Edited by David J. Gower, Kenneth G. Johnson, James E. Richardson, Brian R. Rosen, Lukas Rüber and Suzanne T. Williams Index More information

464 i n d e x

Atlantic Ocean, 139 Blumeodendron, 95 atyid shrimps, 307, 331 Bombacaceae, 82, 148 Australasia, 8, 79, 84, 100, 139, 145, 148, 150, Bombinatoridae, 351, 355, 357, 359 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156 Bone, 50, 53, 56, 273, 292 Australia, 2, 7, 22, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 39, 42, 47, Borasseae, 170, 174, 181, 182 48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 58, 59, 63, 64–65, 140, Borassodendron, 174, 181, 182 143, 144, 145, 146, 148, 149, 151, 153, 155, Borneo, 5, 8, 22, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 174, 176, 177, 179, 180, 181, 182, 207, 225, 56, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 81, 82, 84, 91, 98, 100, 270, 304, 324, 327, 328, 330, 331, 333, 334, 101, 102, 104, 108, 115, 118, 119, 123, 126, 337 127, 128, 131, 140, 141, 145, 149, 151, 153, Australian Plate, 42, 45, 79, 93, 100, 105, 106, 165, 170, 172, 174, 176, 177, 178, 180, 204, 107, 108, 144, 155 205, 270, 277, 280, 281, 283, 284, 323, 325, Austrobuxus, 86, 91, 95 326, 331, 332, 335, 336, 350, 407, 411, 412, Austrobuxus swainii, 86 413, 416, 420, 424, 425, 439, 444 Brassiophoenix, 176, 183 Babyrousa, 273 breeding, 11, 333, 392, 393, 394, 397, 400, 438 backarc, 45 Brooks Parsimony Analysis, 192 bacon-slicer, 49 Brotia, 329 Balanopaceae, 154 Brunei, 60, 61, 93, 191, 415, 451 Bali, 144, 149, 152, 153, 326, 350 Bubalus, 273 Banda Arc, 47, 51, 52, 57, 64 Bufo celebensis, 272 Banda embayment, 37, 39, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, Bufonidae, 351 64 Bulbometopon muricatum, 263 Baram Delta, 408 bull’s-eye diversity, 7, 218, 221, 222, 224 Barat Formation, 87 Burma, 2, 38, 290, 349, 400, 435 Barbodes gonionotus, 335 Buru, 48, 273 Barbourula kalimantanensis, 444 Byblidaceae, 144 Barisan Mountains, 45, 62 Barito Basin, 44, 59 Caenogastropoda, 294, 328 barnacles, 253 Calameae, 170, 174, 176, 177 Barringtonia, 86, 148 Calamoideae, 170, 172, 174 Basseliniinae, 176, 179 Calcinus, 227 bats, 283, 317, 412 Cambodia, 86, 121, 126, 450 Beagle (Voyage), 16, 17, 19, 20 Camptostemon, 148 Beauprea, 82 Canning Basin, 39 beetles, 22, 328, 332, 333, 337 canopy, 86, 98, 129, 410, 414, 419, 423, 438 bekko, 392, 395, 398, 399, 400 Capitellidae, 257, 258 Benua Formation, 86 Caprifoliaceae, 144 Berberidaceae, 144 carangids, 261 Betta, 412 Carangidae, 263 Betulaceae, 86 carbon cycle, 89 Bihunichthys, 412 carbon dating, 61, 129 bioacoustic data, 352 carbon dioxide, 11, 415, 416, 417, 422, 423, 443 Bioclim, 141 carbon sequestration, 413, 416, 420, 422 biogeographic barriers, 118 carbonate platform, 45, 59 biogeographical ranges, 7 carbonates, 45, 49, 55, 59, 60, 61 biome, 144, 148, 154, 435, 438 Carboniferous, 37 Bird’s Head, 49, 50, 57, 58, 64, 147 Carettochelys insculpta, 393 bisaccates, 82, 86, 87 Caridea, 302 blackwater fish, 413 Caridina, 302, 317, 325, 331 Blechnaceae, 95 Caridina spongicola, 303

i n d e x 465

Caryota, 174 climatostratigraphic cycles, 84 Caryoteae, 170, 174, 175, 182 Clinostigma, 176, 179, 183 Cassuarina, 253 coalescence, 274, 275, 284, 321 Casuarina, 91, 95, 147 coconut, 165, 170, 182 Casuarina equisitifolia, 91 Cocos nucifera, 165, 170 Casuarina junghuhniana, 91 co-evolution, 9 Casuarinaceae, 91, 93, 147 collision catfishes, 336 arc–arc, 56 Cathaysian flora, 38 arc–continent, 52, 59 Celebes, 22, 50, 56, 60, 272, 273, 327 Australia–Sundaland, 36, 39, 50 Celtis, 86 colonisation, 9 Cenderawasih Bay, 58 colouration, 301, 304, 305, 308 Cenozoic, 5, 7, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39, 41, 42, Combretaceae, 86 43, 45, 49, 56, 57, 59, 79, 80, 201, 228, 234, Combretocarpus rotundatus, 419, 420 237 community composition, 116, 117, 121, 122, Central Range Mountains, 150 127, 219 Centre of Accumulation hypothesis, 224, 225, conifer, 84, 86, 89, 97 226, 228 conservation biology, 11, 14 Centre of Origin hypothesis, 223, 228 continental crust, 39, 40, 43, 49, 51, 56, 58, Centre of Overlap hypothesis, 223, 224, 228 62, 64 Centre of Survival hypothesis, 226 continental drift, 139 Ceratobatrachidae, 351 cooling, 80, 84, 97, 100, 105, 106, 108, 128, 181, Ceratolobus, 174, 177 228, 232 Ceratopteris, 95 coral triangle, 435 Cerberus, 332 corals Ceroxylon, 82 acroporid corals, 219 Chaetodontidae, 263 azooxanthellate corals, 219 chaetodontids, 261 bleaching, 443, 447 Chagos Islands, 253 branching corals, 250, 261 chameleons, 398 massive corals, 250 poritid corals, 219 Chelilinus undulatus, 263 scleractinian corals, 236 chelipeds, 303, 308 tabular corals, 250 Chelonia mydas, 392 Corbicula fluminea, 328 Chennai coast, 252 Corbicula javanica, 328 Cherax quadricarinatus, 334 corbiculids, 328 China, 2, 38, 39, 44, 45, 46, 47, 50, 59, 60, 61, corridor, 102, 105, 118, 123, 146, 172 80, 84, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 118, 121, 123, 126, 204, 328, 350, 392, 396, 399, 400, savanna corridor, 100, 104, 108, 118, 401, 442 146 Chlamydosaurus kingii, 393 Corynocarpaceae, 144 chloroplast markers, 198 Corypheae, 170, 182 Chondropython viridis, 393 courtship, 304, 305, 309 chronogram, 13, 14, 197, 201, 204, 207, 208 craton, 43, 64 cichlids, 290, 302, 307, 308 Cratoxylon glaucum, 420 Cicona stormi, 412 Cratoxylum arborescens, 419 Cirratulidae, 257 Cratoxylum glaucum, 419 CITES, 391, 393, 394, 400, 401, 441, 442 Cretaceous, 35, 38, 39, 40, 42, 45, 49, 150, 165, 172, 178, 181, 183, 199 cladogram, 12, 192, 319, 320, 324 Cretaceous/Tertiary (K/T) boundary, 236 climate change, 33, 79, 86, 97, 106, 115, 132, 172, 238, 323, 337, 391, 423, 424, 425, 443, Crocidura, 274 444, 447, 452 Crocker Fan, 44, 46, 59

466 i n d e x

crocodiles, 391 divergence time, 169, 172, 175, 177, 181, 182, Crocodylia, 391 183, 185, 272, 275, 280, 284 Crocodylus porosus, 399 principle of divergence, 25, 26 Crocodylus raninus, 412 taxonomic divergence, 25 Cromileptes altivelis, 263 diversification rates, 14 Crypteroniaceae, 191 diversity pump, 7 cryptic diversity, 324, 336 DNA, 10, 12, 13, 209, 272, 273, 277, 280, 283, cryptic species, 221, 230, 303, 359 294, 302, 305, 308, 320, 328, 332 Ctenolophon, 82 Draco, 272 Ctenolophonaceae, 82 Dransfieldia, 176, 179, 183 Cunoniaceae, 191 drought, 140, 409, 411, 418, 423, 424, 439 Cycas, 139 Durio, 82 cyclones, 155, 264 Durio carinatus, 411 Cyperaceae, 95 Duttaphrynus melanostictus, 350 cyprinid fishes, 335, 412 dwarfing,104 Cyrtostachys renda, 180 earthquake, 250 Cytinaceae, 154 Echitriporites schoutenioides, 91 cytochrome b oxidase I (COI), 294, 303, 328 eclogites, 54 Dacrycarpus imbricatus, 100 ecotypes, 300 Dacrydium, 91, 93, 95 El Niño, 409, 413, 439 Dactylocladus stenostachys, 411, 419 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), 121, 418, damselfishes, 219 423, 424, 439 Dangerous Grounds, 39, 59, 61 Elaeocarpaceae, 151 Darwin, Charles Elephas maximus, 105, 442 Descent of Man, 28 Emberizidae, 17 Natural selection, 26 Encheloclarias, 412 Orchids, 28 endemism, 8, 164, 176, 198, 200, 216, 230, 231, The Expression Of The Emotions, 28 237, 271, 272, 273, 274, 285, 294, 301, 305, The Origin of Species, 18, 19, 22, 23, 27, 28 316, 357, 360, 425, 435, 449 Variation of Animals and Plants, 28 area of endemism (AOE), 272 decapod crustaceans, 328 Enhydris, 332 deforestation, 407, 416, 423, 425, 426, 435, 437, Eocene, 35, 42, 43, 45–46, 49, 56, 59, 79, 80, 439, 440, 441, 444, 445, 452, 453 82–84, 86, 105, 139, 147, 155, 172, 174, 175, demographic models, 9, 275 178, 179, 182, 184, 232, 322 depositional cycles, 93, 94 Ephedra, 82, 87 detritivore species, 300, 301 epinephelinids, 261 Devonian, 37 Eretmochelys imbricata, 392 Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, 442 erosion, 50, 60, 61, 95, 252, 253, 255, 309, 440, 443 Dicolpopollis, 82 estuary, 253, 254, 255, 257 Dicroglossidae, 351, 355 Eucalyptus, 191 dipterocarp forests, 412, 439 Eugeissona, 82, 172, 182 Dipterocarpaceae, 144, 191 Eugeissoneae, 170, 172, 174 dispersal routes, 4 Eugenia rhizophora, 411 dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis (DEC), 199, Euphorbiaceae, 86, 95, 142 201 Eupomatiaceae, 144 Dissiliaria baloghioides, 86 Eurylaimidae, 412 DIVA, 192, 193, 194, 195, 206, 208 eurytherms, 145 divergence eustasy, 43, 60, 317, 322 divergence population genetics, 9, 275, 276, eustatic cycles, 97 277, 283 eutrophication, 444

i n d e x 467

event-based analyses, 192 glacioeustatic cycles, 104 everwet climate, 80, 82, 84, 92, 95 glacio-marine diamictites, 38 evolutionary models, 116 interglacial, 98, 102, 108, 116, 117, 120, 123, experimental biogeography, 196 127, 128 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 102, 104, 105, fanged frogs, 272, 274, 283, 333 108, 118, 119, 122, 123, 126, 127, 128, 333, 409 farming, 440, 444 global warming, 440 Felis bengalensis, 412 Gluta, 419 ferns, 95, 420 Gnetales, 82 Fiji, 176, 177 gobiid fishes, 293 finches, 16, 17, 18, 19 Gondwana, 12, 35, 37, 91, 138, 140, 147, 148, fisheries, 247, 252, 253, 266, 441, 452 150, 151, 172, 182, 183, 191, 225, 317, 336 flooding,132 , 407, 411, 413, 419, 421, 425, 426 Gonystylaceae, 82 Flora Malesiana, 142, 151 Gonystylus, 82 foraminifera, 80, 89, 94, 97, 98, 232, 234, 236 Gonystylus bancanus, 411, 417, 419 forearc, 45, 49, 51, 52, 62 Gorontalo, 50, 53, 55, 63, 271, 272 Forest Steward Council (FSC) certification,451 granites, 38, 51, 54 fossil fuel emissions, 423 Great Barrier Reef, 219 fossils, 17, 84, 140, 147, 149, 151, 154, 178, 192, greenhouse climates, 80 195, 197, 204, 208, 230, 231 greenhouse gas (GHG), 238, 407, 415, 426, 452 French Polynesia, 228 Gymnostoma, 91 Fringillidae, 16 habitat connectivity, 453 Galápagos, 3, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 28, 227 Haeckel, Ernst, 17 gateway, 4, 32, 33, 65 Haemulidae, 263 gavials, 391 haemulids, 261 Gecarcinucidae, 299 Halimeda, 228 gecarcinucoid crabs, 331 Halmahera, 45, 56, 57, 65, 180, 199, 323 geckos, 398 haplotypes, 328 Gelsemiaceae, 144 Heliconiaceae, 144 gene flow, 12, 117, 122, 194, 200, 229, 275, 276, Heliopora, 250 305, 321, 322, 324, 334, 336, 355 Hemerocallidaceae, 147 genetic diversity, 116, 120, 121, 122, 131, 318 Hemibagrus nemurus, 335 genetic drift, 274, 283 Heosemys spinosa, 400 genome, 275, 306 herpetologists, 358, 360 genomics, 116, 306 Heterospathe, 179, 183 genotypes, 321 Himalayas, 61, 180 Geoclemys hamiltonii, 394 Himantandraceae, 144 geological history, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 33, 34, 37, 65, historical biogeography, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 79, 154, 164, 184, 209, 234, 237, 321, 323, 116 327, 337, 348, 351, 355, 435 historical model, 119 geomorphology, 1, 5, 116 historical population, 5, 116, 120, 121, 122, 127, Geospiza, 17 128 glaciation, 95, 116, 117 Ho Chi Minh City, 392, 395, 398 glacial cycles, 80, 100, 115, 116, 119, 121, 123, 126, 127, 128, 132, 234, 357 Holocene, 104, 326, 407, 408 glacial events, 89, 155, 323 Homalopsidae, 332 glacial maxima, 324 Horsfieldia crassifolia, 411 glacial periods, 105, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, hummocks, 411, 422 123, 128, 270 hunting, 119, 439, 440, 441, 447 glacioeustasy, 228 Huxley, Thomas, 27, 270, 323, 351, 355

468 i n d e x

Huxley’s Line, 144, 333, 351 Ixonanthaceae, 82 hybridisation, 9, 130, 302, 303, 308 Ixonanthes, 82 introgressive hybridisation, 296, 303 hydrobiid gastropods, 293 Java, 22, 38, 39–40, 42, 44, 45, 50, 51, 62, 80, hydrobioids, 330 81–84, 89, 91, 98, 100, 102, 104–05, 107, 108, hydrocarbon, 5, 61, 80, 84 115, 118, 127, 131, 140, 142, 149, 152, 153, 174, 175, 182, 270, 325, 328, 331, 335, 350, 437 Hylidae, 351, 355, 357 Java Sea, 43, 44, 62, 82, 326 Hylobates, 411 Jetis Fauna, 104 Hylobates albibarbis, 421 Johora, 331 Hylobates klossii, 411 Jurassic, 38, 41, 48, 49, 50, 59 Hystrix brachyura, 399

icehouse climates, 80 K strategy, 123 Ichthyophiidae, 351, 355, 357, 359 Kachuga tecta, 394 Ichthyophis monochrous, 412 Kalimantan, 38, 39, 59, 84, 91, 151, 153, 407, 409, 411, 416, 417, 419, 420, 423, 424, 426, Iguanura, 174, 179, 182 438, 439, 451 Ilex, 82 Kapuas River, 326 IM, 276 karsts, 438 India, 42, 64, 93, 104, 138, 140, 147, 149, 170, Kayan Formation, 81, 82 172, 177, 179, 181, 182, 199, 331, 336, 400 Kedung Brubus Fauna, 104 Indian Ocean, 32, 33, 50, 65, 179, 225, 228, 250, 263, 265 kerangas, 91, 95, 102 Indian Ocean Dipole, 424 kerapah, 91, 93, 95, 102 Indian Plate, 62, 79, 82, 84, 93 Kho Khao Islands, 252 Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA), 216, Kinabalu, 60, 61, 141, 145 218, 219, 220–23, 224–28, 229, 230, 231, knee roots, 410 232, 234, 236–38, 316, 317, 322, 323, 324, Knema intermedia, 411 326–28, 330, 331, 332, 333, 335, 336, 337 Korthalsia, 147, 174, 175, 182 Indochina, 2, 10, 37, 38, 40, 79, 86, 100, 107, 126, Korthalsiinae, 174 128, 172, 174, 182, 325, 326 Kutai Basin, 60 Indonesia, 33, 35, 47, 62, 64, 191, 199, 219, 223, Kutei, 80 234, 250, 316, 351, 357, 391, 392, 393, 395, 397, 399, 400, 401, 407, 410, 415, 416, 417, Lagerstroemia, 95 419, 424, 437, 439, 440, 441, 442, 451 LAGRANGE, 194, 195, 196, 197, 199, 201, 204, Indonesian Ministry of Forestry (MoF), 393, 206, 207, 208 394, 397 Lake Carpentaria, 324, 334, 337 Indonesian Throughflow, 32, 65, 79, 93, 105, Lake Lanao, 290 106, 107, 322 Lake Matano, 292, 304, 305, 306, 307 Indotestudo forstenii, 274 Lake Poso, 272, 290, 292, 293, 294, 296, 300, Ingerophrynus kumquat, 412 301, 302, 303, 309 intra-island barriers, 355 Lake Tanganyika, 290, 301, 302 introgression, 302, 305, 308, 326 Lake Towuti, 292, 293, 304 intrusion hypothesis, 145 Lama Formation, 86 invasive species, 437, 442 Lamiaceae, 154 Investigator Ridge, 62 land bridge, 42, 62, 118, 139, 228, 324, 327, Irvingiaceae, 144 337, 357 Island Biogeography Theory,196 Laurasia, 107, 138, 140, 150, 169, 178, 191, 207, Isolapotamon, 331 317 isopangeneric lines, 218 Lecythidaceae, 86, 148 Isthmus of Kra, 331, 334, 336, 350, 351, 355 Leptoptilos javanicus, 412 Isthmus of Panama, 138, 156 Lesser Sunda Islands, 140, 143, 146, 153, 165, IUCN Red List, 437, 447, 449 175, 182, 184, 270

i n d e x 469

Licuala, 178 Malesia, 2, 6, 142, 145, 146, 154, 164, 165, 169, limestones, 44, 52, 56, 57, 59 170, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182, Limnonectes, 272 183, 184, 191, 192, 193, 194, 198, 201, 206, Limnonectes heinrichi, 355 207, 208, 209 Line Islands, 227 Malili, 290, 292, 293, 294, 296, 300, 301, 302, Linnean Society, 27 303, 304, 307, 308, 309 Linospadicinae, 176, 179, 183 Malthus, Thomas, 23 lithosphere, 43, 56, 59, 64 Malvacipollis diversus, 86, 91 Litsea, 419 Mangkalihat Peninsula, 84 littorinid snails, 253 mangrove forests, 127, 248, 251, 438 Livistona, 178, 180, 181 Manis javanica, 399 lizards, 9, 391, 396, 400 Markov chain Monte Carlo, 194, 275 clouded monitor lizards, 394, 395, 399, 400 Matano fault, 292 flying lizards, 272, 283 maximum likelihood, 7, 194, 206, 207, 280 monitor lizard, 392 Mayogynophyllum paucinervium, 150 Timor monitor lizards, 397 Mega Rice Project (MRP), 417, 426 logging, 416, 417, 418, 419, 420, 422, 424, 437, Megophryidae, 351 438, 439, 452 meiofauna, 252, 260, 266 Lombok, 144 Mekong River, 438 London Clay Flora, 150 Melanorrhoea, 95 Lord Howe Island, 176 Melastomataceae, 150 Lowiaceae, 144 Meliaceae, 149, 150, 153 Lujanidae, 263 Mentawai Islands, 62, 411 lujanids, 261 Merapi, 62 lungless frog, 451 Meratus Mountains, 39, 44, 59 Luzon, 146, 199, 204, 205, 332, 333 Mesozoic, 35, 38, 45, 49 Lydekker’s Line, 144 metamorphic rocks, 50, 51, 58 Lyell, Charles, 22, 24, 26, 28 Metroxylon, 176, 177, 183 Lythraceae, 95 Meyeripollis nayarkotensis, 84 microfossils, 84 Maastrichtian, 82, 175, 181 Microhylidae, 351 Macaca, 272, 277 microplates, 34, 64, 232 macaques, 9, 272, 273, 277, 280, 283, 285 Mid Domain Effect (MDE), 227, 228, 229, 237 Macaranga, 419 Migmathelphusa olivacea, 301 Macrobrachium, 317, 318, 325 Miliammina, 89 Macrobrachium rosenbergii, 333, 334, 336 MIMAR, 275, 276, 277, 280, 281, 283, 284, 285 macrofauna, 260 Mimosa pigra, 447 Macronius, 412 mineral soils, 411, 416, 420, 423 magmatism, 36, 40, 59 minimum-spanning trees/networks, 321 Makassar Straits, 43, 44, 46, 53, 54, 63, 80, 98, 184 Miocene, 33, 37, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50, 52–56, 57, Malay Basin, 84, 86, 87, 93, 94, 95, 98, 105 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65, 80, 93, 95–98, 108, Malay peninsula, 2, 38, 41, 43, 44, 45, 101–02, 139, 147, 175, 177, 178, 181, 182, 236, 325, 108, 140, 141, 149, 164, 172, 180, 325, 331, 331, 336, 337 334, 335 Mio-Pliocene, 139, 148 Malaya, 37, 38, 39, 141 Misool–Onin–Kumawa Ridge, 58 Malaysia, 111, 118, 128, 153, 191, 252, 350, 391, mockingbirds, 17 392, 393, 394, 395, 399, 400, 401, 407, 410, molecular biogeography, 10 412, 415, 416, 417, 440 molecular clock, 12, 169, 195, 207, 321, 332, 334 Malaysian Department of Wildlife and molecular dates, 172, 175, 178, 179, 181, 183 National Parks, 393 molecular dating, 165, 169, 172 Maldives, 251 molecular phylogeny, 12, 198, 296, 303, 335

470 i n d e x

molecular systematics, 227, 327 ocean currents, 32, 79, 139, 153, 229, 237 molecular trees, 6 ocean-atmosphere circulation, 34, 65 molluscivore species, 301 oceanic crust, 50, 56, 64 Moluccas, 19, 22, 23, 24, 57, 143, 145, 165, 175, oil palm, 417, 440, 451 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 328 Olacaceae, 82 Monimiaceae, 151, 191 Oligocene, 7, 45, 60, 79, 80, 84, 86, 89, 91, 92, 93, monocot, 165 97, 105–07, 146, 147, 148, 149, 156, 172, 175, monophyletic taxa, 169, 179, 180, 284, 302, 303, 177, 178, 179, 180 305, 321 oligotrophic lakes, 292 Monoporites annulatus, 91 ombrotrophic peatlands, 91, 407, 411, 413 monsoon, 100, 105, 106, 108, 140, 141, 257, 265 Oncosperma, 174, 175, 179, 182, 184 montane forests, 84, 89, 91, 123, 126, 127, 141 ophiolites, 49, 50, 56 Moraceae, 150 Oranieae, 170, 180 Morenia ocellata, 394 Orbiniidae, 257, 258 mountain building, 47, 50 orbital variations, 89. See astronomical cycles Muraenidae, 263 Oreophryne zimmeri, 355 mutation, 274, 275, 277, 280, 281, 283 organic matter, 147, 406, 413, 414, 415, 422 Myanmar, 2, 104, 350, 400, 401, 415 Oryzias, 332 Mycteria cinerea, 412 Oryzius celebensis species group, 332 Myrtaceae, 142, 147, 148, 151 Oryzius javanicus species group, 332 Oryzius latipes species group, 332 Nanggulan Formation, 83 overexploitation, 439, 442, 443, 452 Nartheciaceae, 144 overfishing, 441 Nasalis larvatus, 411, 438 oxidation, 416, 421, 422, 423, 424 natural selection, 3, 16, 17, 20, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 131, 274 Pachychilidae, 294, 328 Nautilothelphusa zimmeri, 300, 301, 302 pachychilids, 330 Neofelis diardi, 412 Pacific Ocean, 32, 33, 139, 225, 228, 323 Neogene, 4, 14, 36, 39, 49, 50, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, Pacific Plate, 79, 223, 224, 226 63, 80, 97, 98, 100, 146, 148, 149, 155, 172, Pacific Rim, 246 181, 184, 232, 234 Pacific Warm Pool, 93, 107 Neonauclea, 150 Paedocypris, 412 Neoscortechinia, 95 Paedocypris progenetica, 412 New Guinea, 2, 8, 22, 48, 56–58, 59, 61, 64, 100, Pak Mun Dam, 438 140, 141, 144, 145, 147, 150, 151, 153, 155, Palaeocene, 174, 178 156, 164, 165, 170, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, palaeoclimate, 5, 80, 81, 86, 89, 108, 118, 126 179, 180, 181, 182–83, 184, 191, 198–99, 204, 206–07, 225, 227, 270, 304, 324, 327, 330, palaeodrainage, 325, 334, 335, 336 331, 332, 333, 334, 337, 407, 410, 415 palaeo-elevation, 84 New Zealand, 59, 139, 145, 170, 178 palaeoforests, 119 Ngandong fauna, 104 palaeogeographic models, 7 niche, 2, 6, 131, 140, 154, 300, 302, 409, 420, 447 palaeogeography, 3, 33, 34, 37, 40, 43, 48, 52, 57, Nicobar Islands, 180, 250, 253 62, 64, 65, 223 nitrogen, 444 palaeoislands, 9, 271 nonparametric rate smoothing, 201 palaeomorphology, 117 North America, 64 Palaeozoic, 35, 37, 38, 39 Nothofagaceae, 144 Palaquium, 419 Nothofagus, 139, 148, 191 Palawan, 102, 149, 154, 176, 180, 323, 325, 333, 350, 351 Nypa fruticans, 170, 181 Paleocene, 40, 41, 42, 45, 79, 80, 81, 82, 105, 107, Nypoidae, 82 207, 208 Nypoideae, 170, 181 Paleogene, 63

i n d e x 471

Palmae, 148 Phylogenetic Niche Conservatism (PNC), 140, Palmaepollenites, 82, 83, 84 156 Palmaepollenites kutchensis, 179 phylogenetic tree, 12, 140, 148, 149, 150, 151, palms, 6, 21, 82, 164, 169, 170, 172, 174, 176, 181, 156, 169, 196, 319, 320, 321 182, 183, 184, 185 phylogeography, 10, 13, 14, 224, 320, 321 Palu-Koro fault, 273 Physokentia, 176, 183 palynological zones, 86, 89 Phytolaccaceae, 154 palynology, 81, 83, 84, 94 Picea, 86, 87, 89 palynomorph, 84, 91, 102 Pigafetta, 177, 183, 185 palynosequences, 148 Pinaceae, 84, 86 panbiogeography, 192 Pinanga, 174 Pandanus, 102, 410 pinnacle reefs, 55, 61 panmictic population, 276, 277, 281, Pinus, 86, 87, 95, 102 283, 284 Pittidae, 412 Panthera pardus, 399 Planorbidae, 330 Panthera tigris jacksoni, 442 plate margins, 36 Panthera tigris sumatrae, 412 continental margin, 39, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 120 paralogy-free subtree analysis, 198 subduction margin, 46 paraphyletic taxa, 177, 179, 300, 391 transform margin, 45 Parathelphusa, 300 plate tectonics, 4, 10, 12, 33, 34, 62, 64, 65, 232, Parathelphusa ferruginea, 302 234, 238, 323 Parathelphusa matannensis, 300 events, 49, 50, 232 Parathelphusa pantherina, 300 reconstructions, 37 Parathelphusa sarasinorum, 300 Plectocomiinae, 174, 182 parathelphusid crabs, 307 Pleistocene, 10, 14, 43, 59, 61, 63, 80, 97, 98, 100, 104, 146, 148, 154, 228, 317, 322, 323, 324, Paratherina, 304 325, 326, 333, 334, 337, 407, 408 Pardofelis marmorata, 412 Pleistocene speciation pump, 228 Parkeriaceae, 95 Pliocene, 14, 46, 50, 52, 54, 58, 80, 97–100, 104, Parosphromenus, 412 105, 108, 138, 140, 141, 146, 149, 156, 228, peat swamp forests, 11, 409, 412, 413, 415, 416, 292, 323 419, 424, 425, 426, 435 Plio-Pleistocene, 60, 80, 106, 141, 147, 182 Pelagodoxeae, 170, 176 pneumatophores, 410 Peraceae, 144 Poaceae, 84, 86, 87, 91, 92, 94, 98, 100, 102, 104 Permian, 38 Podocarpaceae, 84, 91, 147 petroleum exploration, 82, 97 podocarps, 105 petroleum industry, 80 montane podocarps, 84 Phang Nga, 254 Podocarpus, 100, 147 Phasianinae, 412 Pogonotium, 174, 177 phenotypes, 117, 130, 131, 296, 306 pollination, 130 phenotypic adaptation, 116, 117 pollution, 238, 309, 407, 444, 447 phenotypic composition, 122 Polyalthioxylon stelechocarpides, 149 Philippines, 2, 45, 56, 118, 142, 146, 153, 154, polychaetes, 255, 260, 266 156, 165, 172, 174, 178, 179, 180, 182, 183, Polygalaceae, 82 191, 199, 204, 274, 323, 327, 328, 331, 336, 349, 350, 351, 357, 358, 410, 415, 435, 441, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 12, 320 448, 449, 450, 451, 452, 454 polymorphism, 192, 274, 275, 283, 284, 296, 307 Phoeniceae, 170, 175 colour polymorphisms, 305, 307, 309 Pholidocarpus, 174, 175, 182 polyphyletic taxa, 296, 332 Phormium, 147 Pomacea canaliculata, 442 Phuket, 252, 253 Pongo, 104 Phyllocladus, 100, 147, 191 Pongo pygmaeus, 411, 438

472 i n d e x

population genetics, 13, 120 Red Sea, 219, 236 Porites, 237, 251, 261 Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and potamid crabs, 330 Degradation (REDD), 426, 452 Potamiscinae, 331 Reef Check, 261, 262, 263 Potomogeton, 95 reef fishes, 219, 220, 223, 224, 227, 229, 230, Potomogetonaceae, 95 232, 236, 250 predator-prey dynamics, 442 reforestation, 426, 453 predator-satiation processes, 121 refugia, 5, 116, 119, 120, 126, 127, 155, 317 pre-Mesozoic, 38 refugium hypotheses, 10, 317 Pre-Ngimbang Formation, 82 regional stratigraphy, 80 pre-Pleistocene, 237, 328, 330 Restionaceae, 83 Presbytis potenziani, 412 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism Presbytis rubicunda, 411 (RFLP), 335 Prionailurus planiceps, 412, 444 Retispatha, 174, 177 productivity, 81, 219, 248, 253, 409, 411, 445 Rhacophoridae, 351, 355, 360 Prosciurillus, 273 Rhantus, 332 Prosciurillus alstoni, 273 Rhipogonaceae, 144 Prosciurillus leucomus, 273 Rhizophoraceae, 148 Prosciurillus topapuensis, 273 Rhododendron, 7, 194, 199, 207 Prosobranchia, 438 Rhopaloblaste singaporensis, 180 Protancylus, 330 ricefishes, 332 Proteaceae, 82, 151, 191 rifting, 39, 43, 48, 84, 86 Proteacidites, 82 R-mode analysis, 192 Proterozoic, 38 rollback, 51, 52, 53, 56, 60, 62, 64 Proxapertites operculatus, 84 Roti, 52, 63 Pseudopotamis, 330 Roundtable of Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), 451 Pseuduvaria, 150 Rubiaceae, 142, 148, 150 Psychotria, 194 Sabah, 38, 39, 44, 47, 60, 61, 145, 440, 441 Ptychospermatinae, 176, 179, 180, 183 Sahul, 63, 142, 168, 169, 174, 175, 270, 317, 324, pull-apart basins, 79, 84 337 Punung Fauna, 104 sailfin silversides, 304, 305, 306, 308 Python reticulatus, 399 Salamandridae, 351, 355, 357 Pyxis arachnoides, 394 Salvin, Osbert, 18 Samoa, 176, 179 Q-mode analysis, 192 Sangihe Arc, 56 quarrying, 438 Sapindaceae, 82 Quaternary, 5, 52, 98, 102, 104, 115, 116–18, 119, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 146, 172, 181, 184 Sarawak, 22, 25, 26, 38, 39, 41, 44, 81, 93, 107, 108, 123, 335, 407, 409, 417, 419, 440 r strategy, 122 Sarawak paper, 22, 25, 26 radiations, 9, 290, 293, 294, 302, 305, 306, 307, Saururaceae, 144 308 Savu, 52, 63 adaptive radiation, 9, 13, 20, 274, 294, 301, scarine labrids, 261 302, 303, 304, 305, 308 Schoutenia, 91 Rafflesiaceae, 144 Schwaner Mountains, 44, 46 range expansion, 128, 196, 222, 228, 234 screw palms, 410 Ranidae, 351, 355, 360, 384 sea surface temperature (SST), 229, 237, 238 Ranong, 252, 253, 254 seagrass, 251, 254, 256, 260, 266 rattans, 82 sea-level changes, 7, 10, 14, 63, 100, 102, 107, Recent, 49 126, 127, 132, 228, 324, 326, 328, 331, 334, reciprocal monophyly, 321 407, 409

i n d e x 473

seasonality, 91, 95, 97, 98, 100, 104, 105, 108, stable isotopes, 80, 83, 89, 102, 106 118, 126, 128, 140, 219, 409, 415, 424 stack of pancakes model, 221, 224 seismicity, 43, 58, 61 stasis sequence biostratigraphic units, 95 morphological stasis, 359 sequence-biostratigraphic approach, 84 taxonomic stasis, 355, 357 Seram, 48, 51, 52, 57, 58, 65, 199 Stemonurus secundiflorus, 411 sexual selection, 9 Stenochlaena palustris, 95 Seychelles, 182 stenotherms, 145 SHIBA, 194, 195, 196, 199, 201, 204, 206, 207, stratigraphic record, 50, 83, 407 208, 209 strike-slip faulting, 42, 49, 59, 62, 292 Shorea, 87 subsidence, 43, 45, 50, 51, 53, 55, 56, 61, 62, 63, Shorea albida, 411, 417 65, 233, 417, 419, 421, 422 Shorea teysmanniana, 411 Sula Islands, 48 Sibumasu, 38 Sula leucogaster, 253 siganids, 261 Sula Spur, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 56, 58 Simias concolor, 412 Sulawesi, 8, 9, 10, 12, 39, 40, 42, 43, 45, 47, 48, Similan Islands, 250, 254, 260, 263 49–51, 52–56, 63, 65, 80, 82, 83, 102, 107, Singapore, 22, 28, 104, 191, 326, 350, 400, 401, 118, 140, 141, 143, 144, 145, 147, 152, 153, 440, 448, 451, 454 154, 165, 169, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 180, snakes, 324, 332, 337, 391, 398 182, 184, 199, 204, 205, 270, 271, 272, 273, solar forcing, 89 274, 277, 280–81, 283, 284, 285, 291, 292, 293, 294, 299, 300, 301–03, 304, 308, 309, solar irradiance, 219 323, 327, 328, 330, 331, 332, 336, 337, 350, Solenopsis invicta, 447 351, 352, 355, 359, 360 Solomon Islands, 165, 174, 176, 178, 179, 181 Sulcospira, 330 Sommieria, 176, 177, 183 sulfur, 444 Sonneratia, 148 Sumatra, 38, 40, 42, 43, 45, 62, 80, 91, 92, 93, Sorong Fault, 56, 57, 58 100, 101, 102, 105, 115, 118, 119, 126, 128, South Africa, 20 131, 140, 141, 145, 149, 153, 180, 246, 250, South America, 16, 17, 20 253, 270, 325, 326, 328, 331, 335, 336, 350, South China Sea, 39, 44, 45, 46, 50, 59, 60, 80, 407, 411, 412, 413, 416, 417, 419, 421, 423, 84, 104, 106, 107, 108, 118, 121, 123, 126 424, 437, 439 Southeast Asian biogeography, 6, 9, 10, 13 Sumba, 41, 42, 45, 50, 51, 52, 63 Southeast Asian Gateway Evolution (SAGE), 2, Sunda Shelf, 5, 38, 43, 44, 63, 64, 100, 102, 104, 8, 12, 13, 14 105, 106, 108, 121, 122, 128, 142, 326, 332, spatial ecology, 2 333, 335 spatial modeling, 5, 115, 116, 122 Sundadanio, 412 speciation Sundaland, 5, 35, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42–43, 44, 45, allopatric speciation, 196, 198, 205, 209, 224, 47, 49, 50, 51, 52, 56, 59, 62, 63, 64, 82, 92, 226, 294, 303 93, 100, 102, 104, 106, 107, 115–19, 120, 121, parapatric speciation, 226 123–27, 128, 130, 131, 132, 191, 199, 204, speciation rates, 7, 229 206, 325, 326, 327, 328, 331, 334, 335, 336, sympatric speciation, 9, 196, 197, 226, 272, 349, 350, 351, 352, 355, 410, 435 273, 274, 301, 302, 306 Sundathelphusa, 300, 301 species accumulation, 10, 351, 355, 357, 358, Sundathelphusa molluscivora, 301 359, 360 supra-annual mast fruiting (SMF), 121 species richness, 122, 165, 175, 177, 184, 185, Sus celebensis, 273 209, 219, 221, 223, 225, 227, 228, 229, 237, sympatry, 116, 130, 305, 308, 359 266, 316, 324, 409, 435, 438 Syntripsa, 301 Sphenodontia, 391 Squamata, 391 Talang Akar Formation, 91 Sri Lanka, 181, 251 Tarakan Basin, 98

474 i n d e x

tarsiers, 273, 283 transgression, 45, 49, 89, 106 Tarsius, 273 transgressive/regressive cycles, 97, 98 Tasmania, 145 transmigrasi, 437 tectonic, eustatic, climatic, oceanographic transmutation, 22 and geomorphological (TECOG) factors, transplantations, 359 223, 225, 238 transpression, 56 Telmatherina, 304, 305, 306, 307, 309 transtension, 56 Telmatherina bonti, 305 Trapa, 95 Telmatherina celebensis, 305 Trapaceae, 95 telmatherinid fishes, 307 treeline, 141 temperate forests, 81 Triassic, 37, 38 Ternate essay, 3, 23, 24, 25, 26 trichotomosulcate palm, 82 terrane, 4, 38, 39, 42, 64, 65, 192, 194, 199, 201, Trigoniaceae, 144 204, 206, 207, 208, 330, 337 Trinil Fauna, 104 Tertiary, 38, 79, 80, 93, 107, 146, 148, 149, 165, Trogonidae, 412 170, 172, 178, 183, 322 tropical rainforest, 115, 118, 129, 140 Testudines, 391 Tsuga, 86, 87, 89 Tethys Ocean, 79 tuataras, 391 Thailand, 8, 40, 86, 107, 118, 119, 121, 172, 180, turbidites, 38, 61 247, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 262, 264, 326, Turdoides striata, 412 336, 350, 355, 357, 391, 392, 393, 394, 399, 400, 401, 410, 415, 438, 441, 442 Turonian, 165, 181 Thalae Nok, 254, 255, 257 turtles, 391, 395, 398, 399, 438 green turtles, 394, 400 theory of evolution, 3, 16, 17, 27, 28 hawksbill turtles, 392, 394, 395, 400 Theory of Island Biogeography,195 marine turtles, 399 thermal maximum pig-nosed turtles, 400 Eocene, 84, 107 spotted pond turtles, 394 Late Oligocene, 89, 106, 107 stuffed marine turtles,392 , 399 Middle Miocene, 95 Tylomelania, 294, 296, 299, 308, 329, 330 Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 80, 150 typhoon, 247, 264 thermohaline flow, 32 Tyto alba, 399 Thoopterus nigrescens, 273 Ulmaceae, 86 thrusting, 61, 63 unconformity, 41, 49, 58 Tiliaceae, 91 uplift, 50, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 61, 62, 65, 105, 108, timber extraction, 416, 425, 438, 439, 451 121, 145, 232, 234 Timor, 48, 50, 52, 63, 65, 145, 152, 153 urbanization, 437, 444 Tioman Island, 331 toads, 272, 273, 283, 350 Valerianaceae, 144 Toba-scale caldera, 45 Vanuatu, 174, 176, 179 Togian Islands, 49, 55 Varanus nebulosus, 393 Tominanga, 304 Varanus prasinus, 393 Tomostoma schlegelli, 412 Varanus timorensis, 393 Toona, 153 Venezuela, 121, 126 Tor, 335 vicariance, 10, 13, 65, 139, 177, 193, 194, 208, Torres Strait Islands, 329 224, 226, 317, 321, 324, 330, 332, 335, 355 tortoises, 274, 391, 392, 393, 394, 398, 400 vicious positive feedback loop, 420 Trachycarpeae, 170, 174, 175, 178 Vietnam, 2, 39, 80, 86, 93, 95, 126, 127, 333, 350, TRAFFIC, 390, 392, 393, 401 357, 391, 392, 393, 394, 398, 399, 401, 410, trait utility, 307 441, 442, 450 transform boundary, 42 Vireya, 7, 194, 198, 199, 201, 204, 206, 207

i n d e x 475

viviparity, 330 Wallacea expedition, 293 volcanism, 40, 42, 43, 45, 49, 51, 52, 57, 59, 60, Wallace’s Line, 6, 12, 22, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 61, 62, 63 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 153, 155, 165, 169, 172, 174, 175, 176, 177, 179, 180, 182, 183, Walanae fault zone, 45 184, 192, 204, 223, 270, 323, 325, 332, 336, Wallace, Alfred Russel 337, 350, 351 A Narrative Of Travels On The Amazon And West Natuna, 84, 86, 87, 92, 93, 95, 106, Rio Negro, 21 107, 108 Darwinism, 28 Wetar, 51, 52 Malay Archipelago, 19 Palm Trees Of The Amazon, 21 Xenopoecilus, 332 Wallace Online project, 28 Xylopia coriifolia, 419