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EFECTO DE LA SENSIBILIDAD DE Mycosphaerella Fijiensis SOBRE LA EFICACIA BIOLOGICA DE FUNGICIDAS SISTÉMICOS UTILIZADOS CONTRA LA SIGATOKA NEGRA

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EFECTO DE LA SENSIBILIDAD DE Mycosphaerella Fijiensis SOBRE LA EFICACIA BIOLOGICA DE FUNGICIDAS SISTÉMICOS UTILIZADOS CONTRA LA SIGATOKA NEGRA EFECTO DE LA SENSIBILIDAD DE Mycosphaerella fijiensis SOBRE LA EFICACIA BIOLOGICA DE FUNGICIDAS SISTÉMICOS UTILIZADOS CONTRA LA SIGATOKA NEGRA JOHAN ENRIQUE MURILLO SALAS Trabajo Final de Graduación presentado a la Escuela de Agronomía como requisito parcial para optar al grado de Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Agronomía INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE COSTA RICA SEDE REGIONAL SAN CARLOS 2015 EFECTO DE LA SENSIBILIDAD DE Mycosphaerella fijiensis SOBRE LA EFICACIA BIOLOGICA DE FUNGICIDAS SISTÉMICOS UTILIZADOS CONTRA LA SIGATOKA NEGRA JOHAN ENRIQUE MURILLO SALAS Trabajo Final de Graduación presentado a la Escuela de Agronomía como requisito parcial para optar al grado de Licenciatura en Ingeniería en Agronomía INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE COSTA RICA SEDE REGIONAL SAN CARLOS 2015 EFECTO DE LA SENSIBILIDAD DE Mycosphaerella fijiensis SOBRE LA EFICACIA BIOLOGICA DE FUNGICIDAS SISTÉMICOS UTILIZADOS CONTRA LA SIGATOKA NEGRA JOHAN ENRIQUE MURILLO SALAS Aprobado por los miembros del Tribunal Evaluador: Ing. Agr. Mauricio Guzmán Quesada, M.Sc. __________________ Asesor Externo CORBANA Ing. Agr. Carlos Muñoz Ruiz, Ph.D. ___________________ Asesor Interno TEC Ing. Agr. Ricardo Villalta Bresciani, M.Sc. __________________ Jurado CORBANA Ing. Agr. Joaquín Durán Mora, M.Sc. __________________ Jurado TEC Ing. Agr. Carlos Ramírez Vargas, Ph.D. ___________________ Coordinador Trabajos Finales de Graduación Ing. Agr. Luis Alberto Camero Rey, M.Sc. ___________________ Director Escuela de Agronomía 2015 DEDICATORIA A mis padres Alvaro Murillo Ramírez y Rita Salas Salas por creer siempre en mí, por su apoyo y amor incondicional brindado día a día. A todas aquellas personas que nunca dejaron de creer en mí… AGRADECIMIENTOS A Dios todo poderoso por permitirme alcanzar esta meta. A la Dirección de Investigaciones de CORBANA S.A. por permitir la realización de esta tesis y las facilidades brindadas en el desarrollo de toda la investigación. A mi asesor principal, el Ing. Mauricio Guzmán Quesada que es un investigador ejemplar, por darme la oportunidad de realizar este trabajo, por sus excelentes consejos que me sirvieron para este trabajo y para toda mi vida, por estar dispuesto a escucharme y guiarme en la realización de este proyecto, fungiendo como mi principal soporte a lo largo de toda la investigación. A todo el personal del Laboratorio de Fitopatología de CORBANA S.A., porque siempre estuvieron dispuestos a colaborar, por brindarme su amistad y buenos consejos, especialmente a la Ing. Claudiana Carr, Sergio Duran, Donny Vargas y Carlos Quesada. Al Ing. Ricardo Villalta Bresciani por su amplia colaboración y disposición a escucharme en cualquier momento. Al señor Fabio Blanco por su colaboración y consejos en el desarrollo de los análisis estadísticos y al señor Jose Antonio Guzmán por la ayuda brindada. A todos los amigos y profesores con los que compartí buenos y malos momentos en mi paso por el TEC, especialmente a Javier Rojas, Fernan Paniagua, Gustavo Pereira, Carlos Cedeño, Oscar Castro, Marilyn Sánchez; Karla Chacón, Alfredo Zamora, Jacobo Solís, compañeros de generación y de muchas historias juntos. A los profesores Carlos Muñoz y Joaquín Durán por las revisiones realizadas al informe final. A todos los demás amigos y familiares que siempre me apoyaron. A Mariela Pizarro por apoyarme siempre y por su compresión en momentos difíciles. A todos muchas gracias… TABLA DE CONTENIDO DEDICATORIA ................................................................................... iv AGRADECIMIENTOS ......................................................................... v LISTA DE FIGURAS ......................................................................... vii LISTA DE CUADROS ......................................................................... x LISTA DE ANEXOS ......................................................................... xiii RESUMEN ....................................................................................... xiv ABSTRACT ...................................................................................... xvi 1. INTRODUCCIÓN ........................................................................... 1 1.1. Justificación .............................................................................................. 2 1.2 Objetivo General ....................................................................................... 4 1.3 Objetivos Específicos ................................................................................ 4 1.4 Hipótesis de investigación ........................................................................ 4 2 REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA ........................................................ 5 2.2 Generalidades del cultivo de banano ........................................................ 5 2.2.1 Importancia del cultivo del banano en Costa Rica y el mundo ............ 5 2.2.2 Subgrupo Cavendish ........................................................................... 7 2.3 Sigatoka negra .......................................................................................... 7 2.3.1 Distribución de la Sigatoka negra ........................................................ 9 i 2.3.2 Ciclo de vida de Mycosphaerella fijiensis ............................................ 9 2.3.3 Desarrollo de los Síntomas ............................................................... 11 2.3.4 Epidemiología .................................................................................... 14 2.3.4.1 Periodo de incubación ................................................................ 16 2.3.4.2 Periodo de latencia ..................................................................... 17 2.4 Diversidad genética de M. fijiensis .......................................................... 17 2.5 Combate de la Sigatoka negra ............................................................... 19 2.5.1 Combate cultural ............................................................................... 20 2.5.2 Combate Biológico ............................................................................ 22 2.5.3 Combate químico .............................................................................. 23 2.5.3.1 Fungicidas protectores ................................................................ 24 2.5.3.2 Fungicidas sistémicos ................................................................. 24 2.6 Principales grupos de fungicidas utilizados en el control de Sigatoka negra ................................................................................................................ 28 2.6.1 Benzimidazoles ................................................................................. 28 2.6.2 Inhibidores de la biosíntesis del ergosterol (IBE) .............................. 29 2.6.2.1 Inhibidores de la desmetilación (IDM) ......................................... 29 2.5.2.2 Morfolina ..................................................................................... 30 2.5.2.3 Spiroketalaminas ........................................................................ 30 2.5.3 Inhibidores del transporte de electrones en el sitio Qol ..................... 31 ii 2.5.4. Anilinopyrimidinas .............................................................................. 31 2.6. Resistencia a fungidas ............................................................................ 32 2.6.1. Tipos de resistencia ........................................................................... 34 2.6.1.1. Resistencia de un solo paso o disruptiva .................................... 34 2.6.1.2. Resistencia paso a paso o progresiva ........................................ 34 2.6.1.3. Resistencia cruzada .................................................................... 35 2.6.1.4. Resistencia múltiple .................................................................... 35 2.6.2. Mecanismos de resistencia ............................................................... 35 6.2.3 Estrategias para el manejo de resistencia a fungicidas en el cultivo de banano .......................................................................................................... 36 6.2.4 Monitoreo de resistencia de M. fijiensis a fungicidas sistémicos ....... 37 6.2.4.1 Benzimidazoles ........................................................................... 38 6.2.4.2 Inhibidores de la biosíntesis de esteroles ................................... 38 6.2.4.3 Estrobilurinas .............................................................................. 39 3. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS ....................................................... 40 3.1. Ubicación de los experimentos y periodo de estudio .............................. 40 3.1.1 Finca La Esmeralda del TEC sede en Santa Clara (SC) ................... 40 3.1.2. Finca experimental La Rita de CORBANA (LR) ................................ 40 3.1.3. Finca Comercial Palacios de DOLE (PAL) ........................................ 41 3.2. Fungicidas a evaluar ............................................................................... 41 iii 3.3. Material experimental .............................................................................. 42 3.4. Manejo agronómico ................................................................................ 43 3.5. Descripción de la investigación ............................................................... 44 3.6. Etapa I. Evaluación de la sensibilidad in vitro de M. fijiensis a diferentes fungicidas sistémicos ........................................................................................
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