Research Study on Open Road Tolling in Hong Kong

Statistical Analysis

Hong Kong Policy Research Institute Commissioned Researchers: Dr Hung Wing-tat & Master Alliance (China) Limited

4 October 2018

1 ANNUAL VARIATION

1.1 Overall Tunnel/Bridge

Annual Vehicular Flows

1.1.1 With reference to Annual Traffic Census 2016 (ATC 2016) and Annual Traffic Census 2017 (ATC 2017) published by Transport Department, the annual vehicular flows through main tunnels & bridge in Hong Kong (i.e. Aberdeen Tunnel, Crossing Harbour Tunnel, Eastern Harbour Crossing, Lion Rock Tunnel, Shing Mun Tunnel, Tate’s Cairn Tunnel, Tseung Kwan O Tunnel, Tai Lam Tunnel and Western Harbour Crossing) are summarized in Table 1.1, there was 248,528,280 vehicles in year 2016 and 248,008,938 vehicles in year 2017.

Table 1.1 – Annual Vehicular Flows Through Tunnel & Bridge Annual Vehicular Flows ATC (Year) Through Tunnel & Bridge (veh) 2016 248,528,280 2017 248,008,938

Payment Method

1.1.2 In nowadays, there are two tolls payment method could be used, which are 1) By Cash/Octopus/Contactless Credit Cards (Stop-and-go) or 2) Autotoll System (Autotoll). In 2016 and 2017, the proportion of Stop-and-go and Autotoll were around 52% : 48% and 51% : 49% respectively as shown in Figure 1.1.

Figure 1.1 – Toll Tunnel/Bridge Payment Method Proportions

Tunnel/Bridge Payment Method Propotions 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 52% 48% 51% 49% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% ATC 2016 ATC 2017

Stop-and-go Autotoll

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Vehicular Split

1.1.3 In ATC 2016 and ATC 2017, vehicle classifications are available only for time period of 0700-2300 at Monday to Friday, therefore, daily trips by vehicle classes for the mentioned time period are summarized in Table 1.2 and the corresponding proportions are shown in Table 1.3 and Figure 1.3.

1.1.4 As shown in Table 1.2a and Table 1.2b, the proportion of Stop-and-go and Autotoll for the period of 0700-2300 at Monday to Friday is around 51% : 49% in both 2016 and 2017, which is more or less the same with the proportion of annual trip as stated in Para. 1.1.2.

1.1.5 Table 1.2a and Table 1.2b also show that private car is the main user in both 2016 and 2017, which is around 51% for the overall trip, around 39-40% in Stop-and-go and around 61-62% in Autotoll. It also revealed that most public light bus is using Autotoll, while most motorcycle and taxi are using Stop-and-go.

Table 1.2a – Year 2016 Daily Trips by Vehicle Class (Mon to Fri) (07:00-23:00) Payment Method ATC 2016 Stop-and-go Autotoll Vehicle Class Proportion Proportion Proportion Daily Trip Daily Trip Daily Trip (by vehicle (by vehicle (by vehicle (veh/day) (veh/day) (veh/day) class) class) class) Motorcycle 15,409 3% 15,376 5% 33 < 1% Private Car 299,063 51% 117,585 39% 181,478 61% Taxi 94,743 15% 90,547 30% 4,197 1% Private Light Bus 4,320 1% 2,227 1% 2,093 1% Public Light Bus 6,412 1% 277 < 1% 6,135 2% Light Goods Vehicle 98,204 16% 59,807 20% 38,397 13% Medium/Heavy Goods Vehicle 38,375 6% 10,909 4% 27,466 9% Franchised/Non-franchised Bus 44,371 7% 7,343 2% 37,028 12%

Table 1.2b – 2017 Daily Trips by Vehicle Class (Mon to Fri) (07:00-23:00) Payment Method ATC 2017 Stop-and-go Autotoll Vehicle Class Proportion Proportion Proportion Daily Trip Daily Trip Daily Trip (by vehicle (by vehicle (by vehicle (veh/day) (veh/day) (veh/day) class) class) class) Motorcycle 16,881 3% 16,845 5% 35 < 1% Private Car 305,757 51% 122,174 40% 183,583 62% Taxi 90,855 15% 86,463 27% 4,391 1% Private Light Bus 4,459 1% 2,316 1% 2,143 1% Public Light Bus 5,814 1% 120 < 1% 5,693 2% Light Goods Vehicle 98,548 16% 60,406 19% 38,142 13% Medium/Heavy Goods Vehicle 38,929 6% 11,531 4% 27,397 9% Franchised/Non-franchised Bus 43,971 7% 7,357 3% 36,613 12%

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Table 1.2c –Year 2016 Proportion of Payment Method by Vehicle Class (Mon to Fri) (07:00-23:00)

Payment Method Vehicle Class Stop-and-go Autotoll Motorcycle 100% < 1% Private Car 39% 61% Taxi 96% 4% Private Light Bus 52% 48% Public Light Bus 4% 96% Light Goods Vehicle 61% 39% Medium/Heavy Goods Vehicle 28% 72% Franchised/Non-franchised Bus 17% 83%

Table 1.2d –Year 2017 Proportion of Payment Method by Vehicle Class (Mon to Fri) (07:00-23:00)

Payment Method Vehicle Class Stop-and-go Autotoll Motorcycle 100% < 1% Private Car 40% 60% Taxi 95% 5% Private Light Bus 52% 48% Public Light Bus 2% 98% Light Goods Vehicle 61% 39% Medium/Heavy Goods Vehicle 30% 70% Franchised/Non-franchised Bus 17% 83%

Figure 1.2a –Year 2016 Vehicle Classification (Mon to Fri) (07:00-23:00)

Year 2016 Vehicle Classification (Mon to Fri) (07:00-23:00) 100% 90% Franchised/Non-franchised Bus 80% Medium/Heavy Goods Vehicle 70% 60% Light Goods Vehicle 50% Public Light Bus 40% Private Light Bus 30% Taxi 20% Private Car 10% Motorcycle 0% Overall Stop-and-go Autotoll

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Figure 1.2b –Year 2017 Vehicle Classification (Mon to Fri) (07:00-23:00)

Year 2017 Vehicle Classification (Mon to Fri) (07:00-23:00) 100% 90% Franchised/Non-franchised Bus 80% Medium/Heavy Goods Vehicle 70% 60% Light Goods Vehicle 50% Public Light Bus 40% Private Light Bus 30% Taxi 20% Private Car 10% Motorcycle 0% Overall Stop-and-go Autotoll

Daily Profile

1.1.6 Table 1.3 and Figure 1.3a-1.3b summarized the daily profile of the toll tunnel/bridge flows in 2016 and 2017. It shows that the AM peak and PM peak occurred from 0800 to 0900 and 1800 to 1900 respectively.

Table 1.3 – Daily Profile (All Day) ATC 2016 ATC 2017 Time Period Payment Method Payment Method Overall Overall Stop-and-go Autotoll Stop-and-go Autotoll 0000-0100 2.7% 3.7% 1.6% 2.7% 3.6% 1.6% 0100-0200 2.0% 2.9% 0.9% 1.9% 2.9% 1.0% 0200-0300 1.4% 2.2% 0.7% 1.4% 2.1% 0.7% 0300-0400 1.1% 1.7% 0.5% 1.1% 1.6% 0.5% 0400-0500 1.0% 1.4% 0.5% 0.9% 1.3% 0.5% 0500-0600 1.2% 1.6% 0.8% 1.1% 1.5% 0.8% 0600-0700 2.4% 2.6% 2.2% 2.4% 2.6% 2.3% 0700-0800 4.8% 4.1% 5.5% 4.8% 4.1% 5.5% 0800-0900 5.9% 5.3% 6.6% 6.0% 5.4% 6.5% 0900-1000 5.9% 5.5% 6.3% 5.8% 5.4% 6.3% 1000-1100 5.5% 5.1% 5.9% 5.5% 5.2% 5.9% 1100-1200 5.3% 4.8% 5.7% 5.3% 4.9% 5.7% 1200-1300 5.1% 4.6% 5.5% 5.1% 4.7% 5.5% 1300-1400 5.1% 4.7% 5.5% 5.2% 4.8% 5.5% 1400-1500 5.3% 4.7% 6.0% 5.4% 4.9% 5.9% 1500-1600 5.4% 4.8% 6.0% 5.5% 4.9% 6.1% 1600-1700 5.5% 5.0% 6.1% 5.5% 5.0% 6.1% 1700-1800 5.9% 5.3% 6.4% 5.9% 5.4% 6.4% 1800-1900 6.3% 5.8% 6.7% 6.3% 5.9% 6.7% 1900-2000 5.5% 5.5% 5.5% 5.5% 5.6% 5.4% 2000-2100 4.4% 4.7% 4.2% 4.4% 4.7% 4.1% 2100-2200 4.3% 4.6% 4.0% 4.3% 4.6% 4.0% 2200-2300 4.3% 4.8% 3.9% 4.3% 4.7% 3.9% 2300-2400 3.6% 4.4% 2.8% 3.6% 4.3% 2.8%

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Figure 1.3a –Year 2016 Daily Profile in Veh Trip (All Day) Year 2016 Daily Profile in Vehicle Trip (All Day) 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 Veh 20000 15000 10000 5000

0

20-21 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 21-22 22-23 23-24 Time

ALL Stop-and-go Autotoll

Figure 1.3b –Year 2017 Daily Profile in Veh Trip (All Day) Year 2017 Daily Profile in Vehicle Trip (All Day) 50000 45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 Veh 20000 15000 10000 5000

0

20-21 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 21-22 22-23 23-24 Time

ALL Stop-and-go Autotoll

1.2 Individual Tunnel/Bridge

Annual Vehicular Flows

1.2.1 Table 1.4a-14.b and Figure 1.4a-14.b summarized the annual trips of individual toll tunnel/bridge and the corresponding trips under Stop-and-go and Autotoll.

1.2.2 The proportion of Stop-and-go and Autotoll for individual toll tunnel/bridge are also summarized in Table 1.4a-1.4b, which show a range of from 43% : 58% to 57% : 42% and 42% : 58% to 58% : 42% in 2016 and 2017 respectively.

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Table 1.4a –Year 2016 Annual Vehicular Trips (Individual Toll Tunnel/Bridge) Payment Method ATC 2016 Tunnel Stop-and-go Autotoll Annual Trips Annual Trips Proportion Annual Trips Proportion Aberdeen Tunnel 23,294,366 11,091,341 48% 12,203,025 52% Cross Harbour Tunnel 41,972,669 24,582,333 59% 17,390,336 41% Eastern Harbour Crossing 27,730,541 13,712,330 49% 14,018,211 51% Lion Rock Tunnel 33,900,734 18,460,674 54% 15,440,060 46% Shing Mun Tunnels 19,624,974 11,369,841 58% 8,255,133 42% Tate's Cairn Tunnel 21,670,436 9,483,650 44% 12,186,786 56% Tseung Kwan O Tunnel 33,345,029 17,733,251 53% 15,611,778 47% Tai Lam Tunnel 22,311,564 9,593,629 43% 12,717,935 57% Western Habour Crossing 24,677,967 10,790,573 44% 13,887,394 56%

Table 1.4b–Year 2017 Annual Vehicular Trips (Individual Toll Tunnel/Bridge) Payment Method ATC 2017 Tunnel Stop-and-go Autotoll Annual Trips Annual Trips Proportion Annual Trips Proportion Aberdeen Tunnel 21,931,321 9,939,740 45% 11,991,581 55% Cross Harbour Tunnel 41,527,796 24,273,739 58% 17,254,057 42% Eastern Harbour Crossing 28,173,747 14,060,379 50% 14,113,368 50% Lion Rock Tunnel 33,689,016 18,220,287 54% 15,468,729 46% Shing Mun Tunnels 19,800,392 11,487,141 58% 8,313,251 42% Tate's Cairn Tunnel 22,198,385 9,917,693 45% 12,280,692 55% Tseung Kwan O Tunnel 33,858,239 18,127,243 54% 15,730,996 46% Tai Lam Tunnel 22,163,195 9,415,750 42% 12,747,445 58% Western Habour Crossing 24,666,847 10,719,735 43% 13,947,112 57%

Figure 1.4a –Year 2016 Annual Autotoll Trips/ Annual Vehicular Trips (Individual Toll Tunnel/Bridge) 2016 Annual Vehicular Trips (Individual Tunnels/Bridge) 45,000,000 40,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 - Aberdeen Cross Eastern Lion Rock Shing Mun Tate's Tseung Tai Lam Western Tunnel Harbour Harbour Tunnel Tunnel Cairn Kwan O Tunnel Harbour Tunnel Crossing Tunnel Tunnel Crossing

ATC2016 Stop-and-go Autotoll

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Figure 1.4b –Year 2017 Annual Autotoll Trips/ Annual Vehicular Trips (Individual Toll Tunnel/Bridge) 2017 Annual Vehicular Trips (Individual Tunnels/Bridge) 45,000,000 40,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10,000,000 5,000,000 - Aberdeen Cross Eastern Lion Rock Shing Mun Tate's Tseung Tai Lam Western Tunnel Harbour Harbour Tunnel Tunnel Cairn Kwan O Tunnel Harbour Tunnel Crossing Tunnel Tunnel Crossing

ATC 2017 Stop-and-go Autotoll

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2 MONTHLY VARIATION

2.1 Overall Tunnel/Bridge

Monthly Vehicular Flows

2.1.1 Based on the ATC 2016 and ATC 2017, the monthly statistics have been analysed and summarized in Table 2.1a-2.1b and the monthly variation of daily trip have been summarized in Figure 2.1a-2.1b.

2.1.2 Table 2.1a-2.1b and Figure 2.1 a-2.1b show that there is no significant monthly variation for the overall toll tunnel/bridge trip.

Table 2.1a – Year 2016 Monthly Toll Tunnel/Bridge Trips (Overall) Payment Method ATC 2016 Stop-and-go Autotoll Month Monthly Trip Monthly Trip Monthly Trip Proportion Proportion (veh) (veh) (veh) Jan 20,966,938 11,211,920 53% 9,755,018 47% Feb 20,322,911 10,478,739 52% 9,844,172 48% Mar 21,208,213 11,170,982 53% 10,037,231 47% Apr 20,420,868 10,612,561 52% 9,808,307 48% May 21,117,161 10,788,801 51% 10,328,360 49% Jun 20,460,665 10,321,544 50% 10,139,121 50% Jul 20,774,509 10,662,646 51% 10,111,863 49% Aug 20,967,757 11,768,701 56% 9,199,056 44% Sep 20,721,555 10,131,384 49% 10,590,171 51% Oct 21,311,486 11,874,523 56% 9,436,963 44% Nov 20,943,152 10,851,803 52% 10,091,349 48% Dec 21,954,969 12,052,572 55% 9,902,397 45%

Table 2.1b –Year 2017 Monthly Tunnel/Bridge Trips (Overall) Payment Method ATC 2017 Stop-and-go Autotoll Month Monthly Trip Monthly Trip Monthly Trip Proportion Proportion (veh) (veh) (veh) Jan 21,475,169 11,720,151 55% 9,755,018 45% Feb 20,533,113 10,688,941 52% 9,844,172 48% Mar 21,201,044 11,163,813 53% 10,037,231 47% Apr 20,525,295 10,716,988 52% 9,808,307 48% May 21,022,828 10,694,468 51% 10,328,360 49% Jun 20,285,763 10,146,642 50% 10,139,121 50% Jul 20,800,003 10,688,140 51% 10,111,863 49% Aug 20,855,543 11,656,487 56% 9,199,056 44% Sep 20,642,405 10,052,234 49% 10,590,171 51% Oct 21,143,535 11,706,572 55% 9,436,963 45% Nov 20,952,509 10,861,160 52% 10,091,349 48% Dec 21,869,165 11,966,768 55% 9,902,397 45%

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Figure 2.1a –Year 2016 Monthly Variation of Daily Trips (All Day) Year 2016 Monthly Variation of Daily Trips (All Day) 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 - Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

ATC 2016 Stop-and-go Autotoll

Figure 2.1b –Year 2017 Monthly Variation of Daily Trips (All Day) Year 2017 Monthly Variation of Daily Trips (All Day) 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 - Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

ATC 2017 Stop-and-go Autotoll

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Vehicular Split

2.1.3 Figure 2.2a to 2.2c summarized the monthly trips by vehicle class for individual month.

Figure 2.2a - Monthly Trips by Vehicle Class (Mon to Fri) (0700-2300) – ATC Monthly Trips by Vehicle Class (Mon to Fri) (0700-2300) - ATC (2016 & 2017)

20,000,000 Franchised/Non-franchised Bus 18,000,000 Medium/Heavy Goods Vehicle 16,000,000 Light Goods Vehicle 14,000,000 Public Light Bus

12,000,000 Private Light Bus

10,000,000 Taxi Private Car 8,000,000 Motocycle 6,000,000

4,000,000

2,000,000

- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Remark: Bar charts on the left = figures in 2016, bar charts on the right = figures in 2017

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Figure 2.2b - Monthly Trips by Vehicle Class (Mon to Fri) (0700-2300) – Stop-and-Go Monthly Trips by Vehicle Class (Mon to Fri) (0700-2300) - Stop-and-go (2016 & 2017)

14,000,000 Franchised/Non-franchised Bus 12,000,000 Medium/Heavy Goods Vehicle Light Goods Vehicle 10,000,000 Public Light Bus Private Light Bus 8,000,000 Taxi

6,000,000 Private Car Motocycle 4,000,000

2,000,000

- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Remark: Bar charts on the left = figures in 2016, bar charts on the right = figures in 2017

Figure 2.2c - Monthly Trips by Vehicle Class (Mon to Fri) (0700-2300) – Autotoll Monthly Trips by Vehicle Class (Mon to Fri) (0700-2300) - Autotoll (2016 & 2017)

8,000,000 Franchised/Non-franchised Bus 7,000,000 Medium/Heavy Goods Vehicle Light Goods Vehicle 6,000,000 Public Light Bus 5,000,000 Private Light Bus Taxi 4,000,000 Private Car 3,000,000 Motocycle

2,000,000

1,000,000

- Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Remark: Bar charts on the left = figures in 2016, bar charts on the right = figures in 2017

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Daily Number of Trips by Autotoll Per User

2.1.4 Figure 2.3a to 2.3d summarized the daily number of trip by Autotoll per individual user in 2016 and 2017. The figures show that there is no significant change of the pattern of daily number of trip by Autotoll per individual user from 2016 to 2017.

Figure 2.3a – Daily Number of Trips by Autotoll Per User (Mon to Fri) – Private Car

Private Car (2016) 60000 60.9% 50000

40000

30000 27.9% 20000

10000 7.4% 2.4% 1.3% 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 >8

Private Car

Private Car (2017) 60000 60.7% 50000

40000

30000 27.8% 20000

10000 7.4% 2.5% 1.6% 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 >8

Private Car

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Figure 2.3b – Daily Number of Trips by Autotoll Per User (Mon to Fri) – Goods Vehicle

Goods Vehicle (2016) 9000 8000 50.4% 7000 6000 48.1% 31.3% 5000 4000 28.9% 3000 12.3% 2000 12.0% 5.3% 5.7% 1000 4.1% 1.9% 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 >8

Light Goods Vehicle Medium/Heavy Goods Vehicle

Goods Vehicle (2017) 9000 50.3% 8000 7000 6000 46.9% 31.3% 5000 4000 28.8% 3000 12.3% 2000 12.4% 4.1% 5.8% 6.0% 1000 2.0% 0 1-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 >8

Light Goods Vehicle Medium/Heavy Goods Vehicle

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Figure 2.3c – Daily Number of Trips by Autotoll Per User (Mon to Fri) – Scheduled Mass Transit

Scheduled Mass Transit (2016) 2000 30.0% 1800 1600 22.6% 1400 20.0% 1200 1000 13.8% 13.6% 800 600 400 29.2% 200 23.4% 12.6% 11.2% 23.6% 0 1-6 7-12 13-18 19-24 >24

Franchised/Non-franchised Bus Public Light Bus

Scheduled Mass Transit (2017) 2000 29.5% 1800 1600 22.9% 1400 20.1% 1200 1000 13.6% 13.8% 800 600 400 29.5% 23.6% 200 13.6% 11.2% 22.1% 0 1-6 7-12 13-18 19-24 >24

Franchised/Non-franchised Bus Public Light Bus

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Figure 2.3d – Daily Number of Trips by Autotoll Per User (Mon to Fri) – Others

Others (2016) 400 31.2% 54.2% 28.9% 350 300 35.3% 250 19.7% 200 11.4% 150 8.9% 100 7.8% 50 85.6% 2.2% 14.2% 0.2% 0.0% 0.6%0.0% 0 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 >12

Taxi Private Light Bus Motorcycle

Others (2017) 450 29.0% 400 52.4% 27.7% 350 300 19.9% 36.8% 250 200 12.5% 10.9% 150 100 7.9% 50 77.6% 2.1% 21.5% 0.6% 0.2% 0.7% 0.0% 0 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 >12

Taxi Private Light Bus Motorcycle

- End -

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