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Treatment of Latin Americans of Japanese Descent, European Americans, and Jewish Refugees During World War Ii

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Treatment of Latin Americans of Japanese Descent, European Americans, and Jewish Refugees During World War Ii TREATMENT OF LATIN AMERICANS OF JAPANESE DESCENT, EUROPEAN AMERICANS, AND JEWISH REFUGEES DURING WORLD WAR II HEARING BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, REFUGEES, BORDER SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED ELEVENTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION MARCH 19, 2009 Serial No. 111–13 Printed for the use of the Committee on the Judiciary ( Available via the World Wide Web: http://judiciary.house.gov U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 48–322 PDF WASHINGTON : 2009 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov Phone: toll free (866) 512–1800; DC area (202) 512–1800 Fax: (202) 512–2104 Mail: Stop IDCC, Washington, DC 20402–0001 VerDate Aug 31 2005 10:22 Jul 15, 2009 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 5011 Sfmt 5011 H:\WORK\IMMIG\031909\48322.000 HJUD1 PsN: 48322 COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY JOHN CONYERS, JR., Michigan, Chairman HOWARD L. BERMAN, California LAMAR SMITH, Texas RICK BOUCHER, Virginia F. JAMES SENSENBRENNER, JR., JERROLD NADLER, New York Wisconsin ROBERT C. ‘‘BOBBY’’ SCOTT, Virginia HOWARD COBLE, North Carolina MELVIN L. WATT, North Carolina ELTON GALLEGLY, California ZOE LOFGREN, California BOB GOODLATTE, Virginia SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas DANIEL E. LUNGREN, California MAXINE WATERS, California DARRELL E. ISSA, California WILLIAM D. DELAHUNT, Massachusetts J. RANDY FORBES, Virginia ROBERT WEXLER, Florida STEVE KING, Iowa STEVE COHEN, Tennessee TRENT FRANKS, Arizona HENRY C. ‘‘HANK’’ JOHNSON, JR., LOUIE GOHMERT, Texas Georgia JIM JORDAN, Ohio PEDRO PIERLUISI, Puerto Rico TED POE, Texas LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois JASON CHAFFETZ, Utah BRAD SHERMAN, California TOM ROONEY, Florida TAMMY BALDWIN, Wisconsin GREGG HARPER, Mississippi CHARLES A. GONZALEZ, Texas ANTHONY D. WEINER, New York ADAM B. SCHIFF, California LINDA T. SA´ NCHEZ, California DEBBIE WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Florida DANIEL MAFFEI, New York [Vacant] PERRY APELBAUM, Majority Staff Director and Chief Counsel SEAN MCLAUGHLIN, Minority Chief of Staff and General Counsel SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, REFUGEES, BORDER SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW ZOE LOFGREN, California, Chairwoman HOWARD L. BERMAN, California STEVE KING, Iowa SHEILA JACKSON LEE, Texas GREGG HARPER, Mississippi MAXINE WATERS, California ELTON GALLEGLY, California PEDRO PIERLUISI, Puerto Rico DANIEL E. LUNGREN, California LUIS V. GUTIERREZ, Illinois TED POE, Texas LINDA T. SA´ NCHEZ, California JASON CHAFFETZ, Utah ANTHONY D. WEINER, New York CHARLES A. GONZALEZ, Texas WILLIAM D. DELAHUNT, Massachusetts UR MENDOZA JADDOU, Chief Counsel GEORGE FISHMAN, Minority Counsel (II) VerDate Aug 31 2005 10:22 Jul 15, 2009 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 0486 H:\WORK\IMMIG\031909\48322.000 HJUD1 PsN: 48322 C O N T E N T S MARCH 19, 2009 Page OPENING STATEMENTS The Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in Congress from the State of California, and Chairwoman, Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law ........................................... 1 The Honorable Steve King, a Representative in Congress from the State of Iowa, and Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law ........................................... 4 WITNESSES Mr. Daniel M. Masterson, Professor of Latin American History, U.S. Naval Academy Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 6 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 8 Ms. Grace Shimizu, Director, Japanese Peruvian Oral History Project (JPOHP) Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 11 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 12 Ms. Libia Yamamoto, former Japanese of Latin American Descent Internee Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 14 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 16 Mr. John Christgau, author of ‘‘Enemies: World War II Alien Internment’’ Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 25 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 27 Ms. Karen E. Ebel, President, German American Internee Coalition Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 31 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 33 Ms. Heidi Gurcke Donald, Board and Founding Member, German American Internee Coalition Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 40 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 42 Mr. John Fonte, Director of Center for American Common Culture and Senior Fellow, Hudson Instutute Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 48 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 49 Mr. David A. Harris, Executive Director, American Jewish Committee (AJC) Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 62 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 64 Mr. Leo Bretholz, author of ‘‘Leap Into Darkness’’ Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 67 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 68 Mr. Valery Bazarov, Director of Location and Family History Service, Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 70 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 72 Mr. Michael Horowitz, Senior Fellow, Hudson Institute Oral Testimony ..................................................................................................... 81 Prepared Statement ............................................................................................. 83 (III) VerDate Aug 31 2005 10:22 Jul 15, 2009 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 5904 H:\WORK\IMMIG\031909\48322.000 HJUD1 PsN: 48322 IV Page APPENDIX MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING RECORD Prepared Statement of the Honorable Zoe Lofgren, a Representative in Con- gress from the State of California, and Chairwoman, Subcommittee on Immigration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law ........................................................................................................................ 93 Prepared Statement of the Honorable John Conyers, Jr., a Representative in Congress from the State of Michigan, and Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary ......................................................................................................... 93 Prepared Statement of the Honorable Sheila Jackson Lee, a Representative in Congress from the State of Texas, and Member, Subcommittee on Immi- gration, Citizenship, Refugees, Border Security, and International Law ....... 94 Additional Material submitted for the Record ...................................................... 95 OFFICIAL HEARING RECORD MATERIAL SUBMITTED FOR THE HEARING RECORD BUT NOT REPRINTED ‘‘Last Man Out: Glenn McDole, USMC, Survivor of the Palawan Massacre in World War II,’’ by Bob Wilbanks ‘‘The Misplaced American,’’ based on the memoirs of Elsie, Karl, Henry, Marta, Lisbeth, Armin and Ursula Vogt, by Ursula Vogt Potter ‘‘We Were Not the Enemy: Remembering the United States’ Latin-American Civilian Interment Program of World War II,’’ by Heidi Gurcke Donald ‘‘From the Heart’s Closet,’’ A Young Girl’s World War II Story, by Anneliese ‘‘Lee’’ Krauter ‘‘Magic: The untold story of U.S. Intelligence and evacuation of Japanese Residents from the West Coast During WWII,’’ by David D. Lowman ‘‘Enemies: World War II Alien Internment,’’ by John Christgau VerDate Aug 31 2005 10:22 Jul 15, 2009 Jkt 000000 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 5904 Sfmt 6621 H:\WORK\IMMIG\031909\48322.000 HJUD1 PsN: 48322 TREATMENT OF LATIN AMERICANS OF JAPA- NESE DESCENT, EUROPEAN AMERICANS, AND JEWISH REFUGEES DURING WORLD WAR II THURSDAY, MARCH 19, 2009 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION, CITIZENSHIP, REFUGEES, BORDER SECURITY, AND INTERNATIONAL LAW COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, Washington, DC. The Subcommittee met, pursuant to notice, at 12:15 p.m., in room 2237, Rayburn House Office Building, the Honorable Zoe Lofgren (Chairwoman of the Subcommittee) presiding. Present: Representatives Lofgren, Sa´nchez, Waters, King, and Lungren. Also present: Representative Wexler. Staff present: Ur Mendoza Jaddou, Majority Subcommittee Chief Counsel; Andre´s Jimenez, Majority Professional Staff Member; and Andrea Loving, Minority Counsel. Ms. LOFGREN. The Subcommittee will come to order. This
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