A Holocaust Education Program at Congregation Shaarey Tikvah FACE TO FACE With History, A Survivor & Hope THE BUTTERFLY The last, the very last, So richly, brightly, dazzlingly yellow. Perhaps if the sun’s tears would sing against a white stone... Such, such a yellow Is carried lightly way up high. It went away I’m sure because it wished to kiss the world good-bye. For seven weeks I’ve lived in here, Penned up inside this ghetto. But I have found what I love here. The dandelions call to me And the white chestnut branches in the court. Only I never saw another butterfly. That butterfly was the last one. Butterflies don’t live in here, in the ghetto. Pavel Friedmann Pavel Friedmann was born on January 7, 1921 in Prague and deported to Theresienstadt on April 26, 1942. His butterfly poem was written on June 4, 1942. He died in Auschwitz on September 29, 1944. A Holocaust Education Program For Middle and High School Students at Congregation Shaarey Tikvah Beachwood, Ohio http://www.shaareytikvah.org/face-to-face TABLE OF CONTENTS Definitions of the Holocaust 1 Judaic Vocabulary 2 Holocaust Vocabulary 3 Difficulty in Documenting Numbers 4 Total Deaths from Nazi Genocidal Policies 4 Estimated Number of Jews Killed in the Final Solution 5 Jewish Deaths by Location of Death 5 Deceptive Language Used by the Nazis 6 Poem: Indifference 6 Resistance During the Holocaust 7 Poem: Resistance is… 8 Righteous Persons During the Holocaust 9 Nationalities of Righteous Among the Nations 10 Poem: Righteous of the World 10 Holocaust Chronology 11 Reflections and Questions 15 Selected Annotated Bibliography Websites 16 Books 16 Videos 28 Sources for Art Work 32 Definitions of the Holocaust From Major Holocaust Museums Definition One. Under the cover of the Second World War, for the sake of their “new order,” the Nazis sought to destroy all the Jews of Europe. For the first time in history, industrial methods were used for the mass extermination of a whole people. This event is called the Holocaust. The Nazis enslaved and murdered millions of others as well. Gypsies, people with physical and mental disabilities, Poles, Soviet prisoners of war, trade unionists, political opponents, prisoners of conscience, homosexuals, and others were killed in vast numbers. Definition Two. The Holocaust refers to a specific genocidal event in twentieth century history: the state-sponsored, systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1933 and 1945. Jews were the primary victims—6 million were murdered; Gypsies, the handicapped, and Poles were also targeted for destruction or decimation for racial, ethnic, or national reasons. Jehovah’s Witnesses, Soviet prisoners of war, and political dissidents also suffered grievous oppression and death under Nazi tyranny. Definition Three. The Holocaust was the murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazis and their collaborators. Between the German invasion of the Soviet Union in the summer of 1941 and the end of the war in Europe in 1945, Nazi Germany and its accomplices strove to murder every Jew under their domination. Because Nazi discrimination against the Jews began with Hitler’s accession to power in January 1933, many historians consider this the start of the Holocaust era. The Jews were not the only victims of Hitler’s regime, but they were the only group that the Nazis sought to destroy entirely. Questions to consider: What are the similarities among the three definitions? What are the differences? The definitions are from the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (Washington, DC), Yad Vashem -- The World Holocaust Remembrance Center (Jerusalem), and the Imperial War Museum (London). Can you guess which definition goes with which organization? * Why do you suppose the differences exist? Does the mission/function of an organization affect how it chooses to define the Holocaust? Which definition would you choose if you had to choose one? Why? * 1. Imperial War Museum 2. USHMM https://www.ushmm.org/learn/students 3. Yad Vashem- https://www.yadvashem.org/exhibitions.html 1. JUDAIC VOCABULARY ARON KODESH (Holy Ark) — Located at the focal point of the synagogue, the ark at CST features two exquisite Stars of David. The Ark houses the Torah scrolls. CANDLESTICKS — Candles are lit on the eve of the Sabbath and festivals in Jewish homes. HAVDALLAH (Separation) — The Havdallah set contains a candle, aromatic spices, and a wine goblet. The Havdallah ceremony occurs on Saturday evening after dark and marks the end of the Sabbath. Havdallah means separation in Hebrew. The week is separated from the Sabbath. HOLOCAUST CANDLE — Each year on Holocaust Remembrance Day (Yom HaShoah), this yellow memorial candle is lit in homes throughout the world to remember the victims of the Holocaust. KIPPAH (Yarmulke) — Ritual head covering worn to express awareness of God's presence. The kippah comes in many different colors and styles. It is worn especially at worship, at study and during holiday meals. MEZUZAH (Parchment and decorative case) — Placed on the door posts of a Jewish home, as a reminder of the Commandments, and of the exodus from Egypt (Deuteronomy 6:8) MITZVAH (Commandment) – Commonly thought of as a good deed. It is a mitzvah to visit the sick, help people, give money to the needy, etc. NER TAMID (Eternal light) — This light, which appears above the Bima (stage), is a reminder of the ancient Menorah or candelabrum that stood in the Temple in Jerusalem. It is a visible symbol of God’s eternal presence. SHOFAR (Ram’s horn) — This “Jewish alarm clock” is sounded at Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year) and is a “Call to Conscience” for Jews. SHABBAT (Day of rest) — The Jewish Sabbath begins Friday at sundown and continues until three stars appear in the sky Saturday evening. On the Sabbath, traditional Jews light candles, recite special blessings over wine and bread, enjoy festive meals, worship, study, rest and rejoice. SIDDUR (Prayer book) — The prayer book is a collection of prayers, blessings, meditations and readings in Hebrew and English. The prayer book contains selections for weekday, Sabbath and festival services and is read from right to left. STAR OF DAVID/ MAGEN DAVID (Jewish Star) -- The Star of David is a six-pointed star that is used as a symbol of Judaism and the state of Israel. TALLIT (Prayer shawl) — The prayer shawl is worn during prayer and reminds the wearer of ritual and moral responsibilities. TEFILLIN (Phylacteries) — A part of prayer garb with leather straps which are wrapped around the head and arm during morning services on weekdays, in fulfillment of the Biblical teaching: “And you shall bind them (the Commandments) as a sign upon your arm and before your eyes.” (Deuteronomy, 6:8) TORAH (Teaching) — A scroll containing the first five books of the Hebrew Bible (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy). Dressed in an ornate cover, the Torah is the Jewish people’s most precious possession. The same portion of the Torah is chanted aloud each Sabbath in every synagogue around the world. TZEDAKAH (Justice/charity) — It is customary to contribute a portion of one’s earnings to assist the needy. This obligation is represented by the Tzedakah box. 2. HOLOCAUST VOCABULARY ANNIHILATION- complete destruction. ANTISEMITISM- hatred of Jews and Judaism. ARYAN- originally, a term for peoples speaking the languages of Europe and India. It was twisted by the Nazis, who viewed those of Germanic background as “racially superior” and Jews and other races as “inferior” and a threat to the purity of their “master race”. ARYANIZATION- the process whereby the Nazis hoped to remove Jews and “other inferior races” from Germany and ultimately, the world. CREMATORIUM- ovens used to cremate (burn) human corpses. GAS CHAMBER- room in Concentration Camps used to put human beings to death with poison gas. GHETTO- isolated area within a city, often walled, in which Jews were forced to live. JUDENFREI - German word meaning “free of Jews”. Nazi euphemism for ethnic cleansing of an area by deportation or murder. An alternate term was Judenrein (“cleansed of Jews”). JUDENRAT- a ghetto Jewish council set up by the Nazis and under their strict control. KINDERTRANSPORT- a program which brought 10,000 Jewish children from Germany, Austria, and Czechoslovakia to England without their parents in late 1938 and during the first eight months of 1939. KRISTALLNACHT- “Night of Broken Glass” -November 9, 1938 when 191 synagogues in Germany and Austria were burned and thousands more were vandalized or looted, thousands of Jewish businesses and homes were destroyed, 30,000 Jews were arrested, and more than 200 Jews were murdered. Now called Pogromnacht (see pogrom below) by German historians to reflect that much more than glass was broken. NAZI - A short term for a member of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, a right-wing political party formed in 1919. “The Nazi Party” was strongly anti-Communist, antisemitic, racist, nationalistic, imperialistic and militaristic. NUREMBERG LAWS- Nazi laws passed in September 1935 which revoked Jews’ German citizenship, defined Jews racially, and prohibited Jewish-Aryan sexual relations and marriages. PARTISAN- resistance fighter. POGROM-a violent riot against a minority group, especially Jews. RESETTLEMENT- term used by Nazis as a euphemism for deportation to concentration camps or death. RIGHTEOUS GENTILES- non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews. SWASTIKA- twisted cross, Nazi symbol. THIRD REICH -"Third Empire"- term given by Hitler to his regime (1933-1945). TOTALITARIANISM- a form of government in which the State exercises total control over much of its citizens’ lives. ZYKLON B- poison gas pellets used in the gas chambers. 3. THE DIFFICULT TASK OF DOCUMENTING THE NUMBERS OF VICTIMS OF THE HOLOCAUST AND NAZI PERSECUTION Calculating the numbers of individuals who were killed as the result of Nazi policies is a difficult task.