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To Volume Xix. Illustrations and Maps. Ventilation in the Iron Mines of the Lake Superior District

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To Volume Xix. Illustrations and Maps. Ventilation in the Iron Mines of the Lake Superior District PROCEEDINGS APPENDIX. OF THE The Early History of the Marquette Iron Ore Range, by Lake Superior Mining Institute George A. Newett ............................................................51 NINETEENTH ANNUAL MEETING History of Marquette Ore Docks, by D. H. Merritt ............54 MARQUETTE RANGE A Trip to Lake Superior in 1853 (Narrative by Robert Kelly) ................................................................................55 AUG. 31, SEPT. 1, 2, 3, 1914 ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS. VOL. XIX. Collinsville Furnace near Marquette, 1860.............................28 Locks at Sault Ste. Marie, 1855 .............................................28 ISHPEMING, MICH. PUBLISHED BY THE INSTITUTE. Cleveland Ore Dock, Marquette, 1873 ...................................28 AT THE OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY, Scene on the Ishpeming-Marquette Highway. .......................28 1914 The Ropes Gold Mine. ...........................................................28 PRESSES OF IRON ORE, ISHPEMING, MICH. New L. S. & I Railway Dock at Marquette. .............................28 Concentrating Plant at the American Mine, Diorite, Mich. (near Ishpeming) .....................................................................29 INDEX TO VOLUME XIX. Timber Tunnel, Negaunee Mine.............................................29 PAPERS. Approach to Hill Mine, Western End of Mesaba Range. Ventilation in the Iron Mines of the Lake Superior (Meeting 1913) ...............................................................29 District, by Edwin Higgins; with discussion ....................... 1 Group Picture taken at Wawanowin Golf Club, Ishpeming, Monday, August 31st, 1914............................................29 Follow-Up System and Method of Recording Injuries in Compliance With the “Workmen’s Compensation Law,” Picture taken at Marquette, Mich., November, 1863, of Crew of by Herbert J. Fisher......................................................... 10 Ste. Marie’s Canal Mineral Land Company Enroute to Houghton........................................................................29 The Electrification of the Mines of fhe Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company, by F. C. Stanford; with discussion.......... 14 Marquette Docks and Shipping; About 1861..........................29 Titaniferous Ores in the Blast Furnace—A Recent Map of a Portion of the Marquette Iron Range, Geological Survey of Michigan 1872................................................61 Experiment, by Dwight E. Woodbridge ........................... 26 Michigan Iron-Ore Reserves; Methods of Appraisal For Taxation, by R. C. Allen .................................................. 30 VENTILATION IN THE IRON MINES The Caving System of Mining in Lake Superior Iron OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR DISTRICT. Mines, by J. Parke Channing; with discussion................ 36 BY EDWIN HIGGINS, PITTSBURGH, PA.* MISCELLANEOUS. List of Iron Mining Properties of Michigan and Wisconsin, INTRODUCTION. compiled by Carl C. Brewer. ........................................... 38 The purpose of this paper is to set forth the general Report of the First Annual First-Aid Contest, by C. S. conditions existing in Lake Superior iron mines with Stevenson ....................................................................... 43 regard to ventilation, more especially those conditions which have an effect upon the health and efficiency of Past Officers of the Institute............................................ 47 the miner. Some remedies are suggested for the most List of Publications Received by the Institute.................. 47 serious conditions, those which undoubtdly affect the cost of producing ore through their ill effect upon the Producing Mines of Marquette Range. ........................... 48 miner. Idle Mines and Mines Being Developed in Marquette It may be well to state here that I am at present County. ............................................................................ 48 engaged, in collaboration with associated mining Abandoned Mines on Marquette Range. ........................ 48 engineers and chemists, in the investigaton of ventilation in the metal mines of the United States for the Bureau of Iron Ore Shipments from Marquette Range.................... 48 Mines. The field work for this investigation was started Lake Superior Iron Ore Shipments (1855 to 1913, in the Lake Superior district early in 1913. While the inclusive) ......................................................................... 49 notes on that district are approximately complete, it is probable that some further observations will be Biographical Notes .......................................................... 49 necessitated in the light of results from experimental Proceedings of the LSMI – Vol. XIX – August 31, September 1, 2, 3, 1914 – Page 1 of 61 work that has been carried on in the Pittsburgh Condition In Working Places. The working places near laboratories of the bureau. In the course of the field the main air courses, both in mines using little timber, work in the Lake Superior district visits were made to and in those using a great amount of timber, were found nearly all the mines in Michigan and Wisconsin, and to present no abnormal conditions. However, in the some of those on the Mesabi and Vermillion ranges in dead end such as are encountered in driving long cross- Minnesota. cuts or drifts or in sub-levels immediately under the timber mat, severe conditions were noted in many Although many air samples were taken, their analyses cases. In the heavily timbered mines temperatures in will be made use of only in pointing out general such working places were found to range from 75 to conditions. While it is not the purpose here to detail the 100° (humidity from 95 to 100 per cent). Many air results of these investigations, it has been thought that a samples taken from such places showed from 0.5 to as discussion of the more important phases of the subject high as 3 per cent. carbon dioxide. It was found that the might be of interest and value. It is hoped that this gases produced by blasting gave a great deal of trouble. paper, which is of a preliminary nature, will lead to The expedient of turning on the compressed air after discussion that will be of value for use in the bulletin on blasting was not always effective. ventilation to be issued by the Bureau of Mines. *Mining Engineer, U. S. Bureau of Mines, Pittsburgh, Pa. GASES FOUND IN THE MINES AND THEIR EFFECT UPON THE HUMAN SYSTEM. GENERAL CONDITIONS IN THE MINES. Atmospheric air may be considered as consisting of All the mines visited, with the exception of two, approximately 20.93 per cent. oxygen, 79.04 per cent. depended on natural ventilation for the supply of air to nitrogen, and 0.03 per cent. carbon dioxide. the working places. Of the two exceptions, one mine had a blower fan installed underground, and in the other Gases Produced Under Ordinary Operating Conditions. the air was kept in motion by means of compressed air With the exception of the combustible hydro-carbon jets. In a few cases booster fans were found in use in gases reported from time to time from some of the mines dead ends, especially m those immediately under the situated in the carbonaceous black slate area of the timber mat. The amount of air entering the mines per Menominee range, the only noxious gas that is man employed underground varied greatly, but in the encountered under ordinary operating conditions is majority of cases was between 50 to 100 cu. ft. per man carbon dioxide. No explosive gases occur. Reference is per minute. made further on to gases produced after blasting. Quality and Temperature of the Air in the Main Airways. In mines, carbon dioxide (CO2) is produced by the The analyses of many air samples showed that seldom breathing of men or animals, the combustion of timber in the main airways did the air contain any appreciable and explosives, the burning of lamps, and the decay of amount of noxious gases. The only exception to this timber or other vegetable matter. It is a colorless gas, statement might be said to be in reference to the “return” without odor, and has a slightly acid taste. Its specific air issuing from the mine after use therein; this showed a gravity (air equals 1) is 1.529 at ordinary temperatures, minimum of 0.2 per cent. and a maximum of 0.8 per Carbon dioxide, in the quantities in which it is ordinarily cent. of carbon dioxide. Invariably the heavily timbered found in mines, does not directly poison the person or mines showed a higher percentage of carbon dioxide in animal breathing it. When it is present in the air of mines the return air, than did those mines in which little timber there is usually a deficiency of oxygen. The first effect of is used. breathing air containing 2 to 3 per cent. carbon dioxide, is headache and dizziness; larger percentages cause As to temperatures, the fresh down-cast air varied, of extreme panting. When the human being breathes air course, according to the .season of the year. Summer containing about 10 per cent. of carbon dioxide life temperatures may be said to range from 500 (nights) to becomes imperiled. Candles in air are usually a maximum of 100° F. (days) in the shade; in the winter extinguished when the oxygen content decreases to 16 temperatures range from the vicinity of o to a maximum or 17 per cent. Carbon dioxide that may be present has of 30 to 40°F. below. At all times the humidity is but slight effect upon the extinguishment. Carbide lamps comparitively low. become extinguished when the oxygen decreases to In the
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