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Torpedoes and Torpedo Warfare TORPEDOES AND TORPEDO WARFARE. 33 The PRESIDENT introduced Lieut. O. L. A. Burford, C.N.F., to Members, and said that the lieutenant was the Commonwealth torpedo expert, and that in listening to his lecture on "Torpedoes, and Torpedo Warfare from its Earliest Inception" they would learn the views of one thoroughly sound in the theory and prac- tice of his subject. Lieut. O. L. A. BURFORD delivered the lecture, which was profusely illustrated by lantern slides and the exhibition of tor- pedo gyroscopes and their governing action, etc. The PRESIDENT, at the conclusion of the demonstration, said that at that late hour it was impossible to discuss the many points of vital import raised, however interested they might be in the matter. He moved that Lieut. Burford be accorded a very hearty vote of thanks for his informative lecture. The motion was carried by acclamation. Lieut. O. L. A. BURFORD briefly responded, and the meeting closed at 10.35. LECTURE. ABSTRACT OF LECTURE ON TORPEDOES AND TORPEDO WARFARE. Delivered by Lieutenant O. L. A. BURFORD, C.N.F. The torpedo as a weapon of practical utility first came prom- inently into notice during the American Civil War. They were in the form of casks and cases filled with gunpowder, and moored in such a position as to endanger any ship navigating in their vicinity, and they were fired by means of a chemical fuse or clock- work arrangement. In 1861 they were used with more or less success by the Southern States. During the course of the war, it was found these mines could be removed when not supported by guns on shore, so a further development was made by taking the mine to the enemy's ship by means of a boat. A charge of powder was placed on the end of a long pole fixed in the bow of the boat, and under dark- ness the boat sought its victim. The end of the pole was dipped in the water, and the charge put against the ship's side, and then fired by electricity. This arrangement acquired the title of the "Spar" torpedo. The danger of being sunk by gun-fire was so great that attention was turned in the direction of a torpedo which could be discharged from a vessel from a moderate dist- ance, and Whitehead then induced the naval authorities to test his invention. The board of officers appointed to carry out the trials reported that in their opinion maritime powers failing to adopt locomotive torpedoes would be neglecting a great source of 34 VICTORIAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS : power of defence and offence. On the strength of the board's re- port, Mr. Whitehead received £,15,000, and during the next few years experiments were carried out with torpedoes of different sizes, and in 1877 the 14 inch torpedo was the one adopted. The speed was 18 knots for boo yards. The charge was 26ibs. Dur- ing the same year it was found necessary to build special boats to carry the torpedoes, and these were built with low freeboard and high speed. They were adapted to be also carried by war- ships. The boats were fitted with a frame for carrying the tor- pedo, and when ready to fire the frame was topped out over the boat's side, and the torpedo was fired mechanically, its engines being started at the same time. In this year (1877), H.M.S. "Shah" fired a torpedo (one of the older 16 inch ones) at the "Huascar, The speed of the tor- pedo being only g knots, the "Huascar" was able to avoid it, as it could be seen coming through the water. Torpedoes were also used by the Russians against the Turks at Batoum. The result is not known, but in the following year (1878), the Rus- sians used torpedoes with more success, as they were supposed to have sunk a Turkish steamer at Batoum. The next record we have of torpedoes being used in active ser- vice was in 1891 (the speed of torpedoes had been increased by this time to 24 knots, and the charge had been increased also) in the Chilian Civil War, when the "Blanco Escalada" was attacked in Caldera Bay by two torpedo boat catchers, as they were then called. One of the torpedo boats fired three torpedoes, which missed the ship, the other torpedo boat then fired her first torpedo which missed, the torpedo passing under the ship. She then fired one from her port tubes at close range. This struck the ship, which sank in about six minutes. The size of the hole made by the torpedo was 15 ft. by 7 ft. The actual result of the above attack was four torpedoes lost without doing any damage to en- emy, at a cost of about £1000; on the other hand one torpedo exploded, sinking an enemy's ship valued at about £200,000, not counting the loss of life. In 1895 the Brazilian ironclad "Aquidaban" was struck by a torpedo fired from a torpedo boat. The torpedo struck the ship under her armour, making a hole to feet by 5 feet, and the ship sank in shallow water. Great advances had been made in the speed and range of tor- pedoes by 1881, and the 18 inch torpedo, with a range of loco yards, and charge of 2oolhs. of guncotton, and speed of 27 knots, was adopted for ships and torpedo boat destroyers, and although at the present time (lgog) we still have the 14 inch torpedo for torpedo boats, and the 18 inch for destroyers and ships, the speed (now 4o knots) and range has been greatly increased, and the direction made almost perfect. The range is increased by making the air chamber of stronger metal (nickel steel), thus enabling it to carry a charge at higher pressure, i.e., 2000lbs to the square inch. The direction of the torpedo is absolutely controlled after discharge by the introduction of the gyroscope, which steers the TORPEDOES AND TORPEDO WARFARE. 35 torpedo automatically. The advantage gained by the gyroscope is so great that it has increased the efficiency of the torpedo 75 per cent. The gyroscopes are standardised and interchangeable with any torpedo in British use. The speed of torpedoes can be re- duced, and a longer range in consequence attained. In trials carried out at Weymouth, in August, 1908, with the new 18 inch tor- pedo, it ran 4000 yards at 23 knots. Being fitted with a gyros- cope, the greatest error was only 19 yards to one side of the target in one case, and three shots out of five passed right under the target, which consisted of a canvas screen, 8 feet long and 6 feet high. The charge of guncotton is 20olbs. for such a torpedo. The 14 inch torpedo carries a charge of 77lbs. of wet guncotton, and has a range of i000 yards, at 27Z knots. They can all be ad- justed to go on the surface or down to 1 5 feet depth, and can also be made to float or sink at the end of their run. The means of firing torpedoes are by submerged tubes, fitted in ships, and by above water tubes (fixed), also fitted in ships, and in destroyers by above water tubes, which can be trained in a similar manner to a gun, and enables the torpedo to be fired on the bow, beam, or quarter. In torpedo boats of the harbour de- fence type, they are fired from dropping gear, which hangs over the boat's side, and are dropped mechanically. The torpedoes are discharged out of the tubes by a cartridge consisting of 42 ounces of powder for the 14 inch, and 72 ounces for the 18 inch, fired electrically from any desired position in the ship. When it is desired to hit a ship that is travelling at high speed, this speed must be allowed for, and the allowance is called "deflection." An instrument called a "director" is used. This consists of a segment of a circle marked in degrees, a radius bar, "speed of enemy" bar, and speed of torpedo bar. It is also fitted with sights in a similar manner to a gun. In use the speed of torpedo must be put on speed of torpedo bar, and the radius bar adjusted to the angle of fire required, then the speed of the enemy must be estimated, and put on "speed of enemy" bar, and this bar kept parallel to the course of the enemy. When the sight comes on the enemy, if within range, the torpedo is discharged. Great advances have also been made in torpedo boats ; their size has been increased and they are armed with light Q.F. guns. The larger types (torpedo boat destroyers) have a higher rate of speed than the earlier torpedo boats, and to meet them the torpedo gunboat was introduced in 1892. These were armed with Q.F. guns, and were of shallow draught. They were of about 1000 tons on a shallow draught, and had ,a speed of sixteen to eighteen knots. These were soon fund to be quite unsuitable to attack torpedo boats, as the latter had increased their speed so much that the torpedo gunboat could do very little in repelling the former, so in further VICTORIAN INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERS : 36 advance, out of the torpedo gunboat evolved the torpedo boat des troyer, now called "destroyer." The first of these were the "Havoc" and her class, 220 tons, and 20 knots speed, and each year saw increase of speed and tonnage.
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