NAVAL WEAPONS OF WORLD WAR ONE PDF, EPUB, EBOOK

Norman Friedman | 320 pages | 15 Dec 2011 | Pen & Sword Books Ltd | 9781848321007 | English | Barnsley, United Kingdom List of naval guns by caliber - Wikipedia

Between and weapons development was both rapid and complex, so this book has two functions: on the one hand it details all the guns, torpedoes, mines, aerial bombs and anti-submarine systems employed during that period; but it also seeks to explain the background to their evolution: how the weapons were perceived at the time and how they were actually used. This involves a discussion of tactics and emphasizes the key enabling technology of fire control and gun mountings. In this respect, the book treats the war as a transition from naval weapons which were essentially experimental at its outbreak to a state where they pointed directly to what would be used in World War II. Based largely on original research, this sophisticated book is more than a catalogue of the weapons, offering insight into some of the most important technical and operational factors influencing the war at sea. Reviews Review Policy. Published on. Flowing text, Google-generated PDF. Best for. Web, Tablet, Phone, eReader. Norman Friedman is a prominent naval analyst and the author of more than thirty books covering a range of naval subjects, from warship histories to contemporary defense issues. He is a longtime columnist for Proceedings magazine and lives in New York City. Naval Weapons of World War One. Norman Friedman. Although the Great War might be regarded as the heyday of the big-gun at sea, it also saw the maturing of underwater weapons the mine and as well as the first signs of the future potency of air power. Naval Weapons of World War One: : Norman Friedman: Books

In the , the allied fleet blows up a disabled ship that interfered with navigation. For the first two years of the war the Allies accordingly concentrated their naval efforts on a defensive strategy of protecting trade routes, developing anti-submarine devices and maintaining the blockade rather than actively seeking direct confrontation. Defence was a vital strategy but it was also gruelling, repetitive and unglamorous. Many in the navy longed for decisive action and a great naval victory to recall the Battle of Trafalgar and gratify the general public. The minor battles of the Heligoland Bight and Dogger Bank and the disastrous Dardanelles campaign did little to ease the tension. Converted from an ocean liner, the Argus could carry aircraft. Commissioned at the very end of WWI, the Argus did not see any combat. The Battle of Jutland was to be the only major naval battle of the First World War, and the most significant encounter between warships of the dreadnought era. During the night the High Seas Fleet made its escape and by the early hours of 1 June the battle was over. Both sides claimed the battle as a victory. Germany had inflicted greater losses on the Allies than it had suffered itself and yet the High Seas Fleet was incapacitated while the Grand Fleet remained the dominant naval factor. After the Battle of Jutland the High Seas Fleet never again attempted to engage the entire Grand Fleet, and German naval strategy refocused on covert underwater operations. A mine is dragged ashore on Heligoland, in the North Sea, on October 29, U-Boats attacked merchant vessels, hoping to disrupt Allied trade and similarly weaken Britain, an island nation dependent on its imports. The result was huge loss of life in the Merchant Navy and a shortage of British shipping with which shipbuilders could not keep pace. Neutral ships were not immune and neither were passenger liners. The renewed threat to civilians caused the USA to declare war in April , a month in which , tons of Allied shipping was sunk. The first time an aircraft was ever launched by catapult from a warship while underway was from the North Carolina on November 5, The Allied response was a system of convoys. Warships escorted merchant and passenger vessels, protecting them from U-Boat attack by virtue of strength in numbers. The concentration of shipping into small clusters in vast seas made ships harder rather than easier to find; evasive zigzag courses made it difficult for U- Boats to predict convoy routes and target torpedoes; and the accompanying warships were able to counter-attack using depth charges. Shipping losses dropped and by the time of the Armistice in , the loss rate in the convoys was less than 0. The war at sea was not characterised by monumental battles, glorious victories and haunting landscapes as was the war on land. The Battle of Jutland was the only full-scale direct action to occur between opposing navies and even this was indecisive. Yet the blockade of supplies to Germany weakened the country, directly contributing to the end of the war, as indeed the U-Boat campaign would have done in reverse had the convoy system not eventually succeeded in saving Britain from starvation. Control of the North Sea meant no less than the difference between independence and invasion. The war at sea was a test of nerves and ingenuity. Both sides had to master technologies and ways of fighting unimaginable just a few years earlier. It was a marathon of endurance and persistence, often thankless but always critically important. Men on deck of a ship removing ice. The Rocks of Andromeda, Jaffa, and transports laden with war supplies headed out to sea in This image was taken using the Paget process, an early experiment in color photography. Landing a mm gun at Sedd-el Bahr. Sailors aboard the French Amiral Aube pose for a photograph at an anvil attached to the deck. British submarine HMS A5. The A5, however, suffered an explosion only days after its commissioning in , and did not participate in the war. Navy Yard, Washington, D. A cat, the mascot of the HMS Queen Elizabeth, walks along the barrel of a inch gun on deck, in Navy transport ship, photographed in Dazzle camouflage, in The ship was originally a German passenger liner named the Prinzess Irene. She was docked in New York at the start of the war, and seized by the U. Last minute escape from a vessel torpedoed by a German sub. The vessel has already sunk its bow into the waves, and her stern is slowly lifting out of the water. Men can be seen sliding down ropes as the last boat is pulling away. The Burgess Seaplane, a variant of the Dunne D. This involves a discussion of tactics and emphasises the key enabling technology of fire control and gun mountings. In this respect the book treats the war as a transition from naval weapons which were essentially experimental at its outbreak to a state where they pointed directly to what would be used in World War Two. Based largely on original research, this sophisticated book is more than a catalogue of the weapons, offering insight into some of the most important technical and operational factors influencing the war at sea. In this respect it is more broadly significant than its title might suggest. Read more Read less. Special offers and product promotions Amazon Business : For business-exclusive pricing, quantity discounts and downloadable VAT invoices. Create a free account. Customers who viewed this item also viewed. Page 1 of 1 Start over Page 1 of 1. Norman Friedman. Only 7 left in stock more on the way. Jeffrey Judge. Only 6 left in stock more on the way. In stock on November 20, British of the Victorian Era. Only 5 left in stock more on the way. British Submarines in Two World Wars. Only 15 left in stock. Customers who bought this item also bought. British Secret Projects 3: Fighters Tony Buttler. Only 1 left in stock. See all free Kindle reading apps. Start reading on your Kindle in under a minute. Don't have a Kindle? Review This is a superb piece of work, and an invaluable addition to the library of anyone interested in during the First World War. Seaforth has recently published his well-received history of British in two volumes, with a similar volume on British in production. Customer reviews. How are ratings calculated? Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyses reviews to verify trustworthiness. Top reviews Most recent Top reviews. Top reviews from United Kingdom. There was a problem filtering reviews right now. Please try again later. Verified Purchase. I an actually reading the first few pages of "GUNS" part and i must say that nowhere else i read so much details about guns manufacturing. Galland5 P. One person found this helpful. Considering this book was first published in , this book isn't as well illustrated as it should have been, looking something akin to a book published in the 80's with no colour illustrations and not as many photos as you'd like. I think too much information has been crammed into one book with 11 nations weapons being described. Books with individual nations weapons would have been a much better proposition making more room for artwork and a lot more photos. Useful information but badly laid out i. Pen and Sword Books: Naval Weapons of World War One - ePub

It greatly limited the freedom of action of fleets, particularly the British fleet, in the North Sea; mining also killed the campaign in the Dardanelles in I had been only dimly aware that the British deployed magnetic mines in and nearly deployed acoustic ones. Library of Congress photo. Another interesting example was the North Sea Barrage, a mass of mainly U. It was probably the supreme contribution U. Of course one should include the beginnings of naval air power. I do discuss the beginnings of air- launched torpedoes, both British and German. Had the war continued a bit longer, the British would have launched a mass air torpedo strike against the German fleet in harbor, and I would be writing a lot more about such weapons. What reality? Most of the naval story of World War I is about the big ships fighting it out in the North Sea, with Jutland by far the biggest story. The British did rather well at Jutland; the Germans learned not to come out again. But at the time it did not feel much like a victory, because the British lost more ships, including three which blew up spectacularly. Our picture of what happened and, importantly, of why, comes from the postwar writing of various British authors, including Winston Churchill and the various commanders. Each seems to have been interested mainly in showing that he, or his hero whoever that may have been was not at fault in the Jutland disaster. It was never, ever, that one of them was the hero who won the battle, even though it looks in retrospect like a real victory. I had to dig rather hard to get what I did, and access to U. The biggest is that the pre Royal Navy was obsessed with new technology to the point of neglecting tactics. The trouble is that they did a great deal of tactical experimentation — you just have to look hard to find it. Then there is the claim that Jellicoe was too obsessed with gunnery at the expense of torpedoes — except that before the war he was instrumental in torpedo development, and he kept pushing it rather hard in wartime. That turns up when you look closely at cruiser and documents. The documents, which have been buried and forgotten, include the business of mass torpedo tactics — which Jellicoe attributed to the Germans. Then there is the famous business of stupidly light armor on battlecruisers — but it turns out that they exploded because of remarkably bad magazine practices, which were probably adopted because of changes in tactics. After the battle, the ships were given more deck armor — I think as a way of saving morale, not as a solution to a non-technical problem. The Royal Navy was better prepared than any other in , but it was still lacking important pieces of its puzzle. Tactics had been devised with great care, but they generally had not been tested to make sure that nothing was missing — and command and control were not at all good. Much of the postwar critique of limited initiative and too little aggressiveness ignored the realities of a mass fleet tightly packed together like an army , in which too much initiative would have been disastrous. Imperial War Museum photo. The Royal Navy could have done better, but it did rather well. There was no real need for scapegoats — but the navy tore itself up finding them. The only upside was that the interwar Royal Navy emphasized what it thought the prewar navy lacked — the initiative and aggressiveness — which proved invaluable in the next war. Ironically, the fleet which fought that war was spread out enough that exactly these qualities worked wonderfully — which means that a key to understanding is to see the difference between large numbers packed together in the Grand Fleet and the thinned-out fleets which followed. The Germans of course also needed excuses. Their navy had eaten far too many resources but it had achieved almost nothing. How come? The Germans worked hard to claim that Jutland had been a great victory for them, because that helped justify their expensive surface fleet. Working hard included the claim that it was their superior shells which had worked wonders at Jutland, and minimizing the reason they had to run for it afterwards. I have not been in German archives, but I also have not seen much depth in German accounts, e. I suspect the answer would be uninspiring. There is of course much more, such as the way in which navies interpreted the lessons of the only modern naval war, the Russo- Japanese fight in The Russians in particular drew rather different conclusions from those of the Western navies, and in they had a rather different idea of where they were going. Total production of Most German torpedoes designed before used three-cylinder radial engines based upon the Brotherhood system, which used compressed air as a power source. Later versions used a Brotherhood four-cylinder central crank engine which had increased power. After , German designs used wet-heater motors. These pre-heated the air being fed into the engine, significantly increasing the range of the torpedo. As noted above, during World War II submarines generally carried electric motor torpedoes, as these made little noise and were essentially wakeless. Surface ships did not use these as it was felt that the shock of the torpedo hitting the water would rupture the batteries. Instead, surface ships used wet-heater engines notable for using Decalin decahydronaphthalene instead of kerosene for fuel. Much research was performed upon hydrogen peroxide fuels during World War II, but no torpedo using this fuel ever entered service. This was first manufactured in and was very resistant to shock. The Magnetic Pistol was withdrawn in and did not reappear until However, Italian aerial torpedoes with a different kind of magnetic pistol were used by the Germans throughout the war. It was basically a metal detector with two coils. Naval Weapons of World War One: Who Was Doing What, and Why | Defense Media Network

Some giant guns could hurl projectiles so far that crews had to take into account the rotation of the earth when plotting their fire. French 75 mm field guns also saw action in the Second World War, during which some were modified by the Germans into anti-tank guns with limited success. A pair of German soldiers and their mule wear GMs, Germany's first gas mask. These helped prevent inhalation of mustard gas and other potential biochemicals. Poison gas. On April 22, , German artillery fired cylinders containing chlorine gas in the Ypres area, the beginning of gas attacks in the First World War. Other nations raced to create their own battlefield gases, and both sides found ways to increase the severity and duration of the gases they fired on enemy troop concentrations. Chlorine gas attacked the eyes and respiratory system; mustard gas did the same but also caused blistering on any exposed skin. Comparatively few men died from gas. Most returned to active service after treatment, but the weapon incapacitated large numbers of troops temporarily and spread terror wherever it was used. The use of poison gas was outlawed by international law following the war, but it has been used in some later conflicts, such as the Iran- Iraq War — The long-sought weapon became reality during the First World War. Improved tanks were deployed during the war, but breakdowns remained a significant problem that led many commanders to believe the tank would never play a major role in warfare. The Germans developed an armored fighting vehicle only in response to the British and French deploying tanks. The only German design of the war, A7V, was an awe-inspiring but cumbersome beast that resembled a one-story building on treads. Initially, tanks were doled out in small numbers to support infantry attacks. The Battle of Cambrai , November 20, , is generally regarded as the first use of massed tank formations; the British deployed over of them for that battle. Top charts. New arrivals. Between and weapons development was both rapid and complex, so this book has two functions: on the one hand it details all the guns, torpedoes, mines, aerial bombs and anti-submarine systems employed during that period; but it also seeks to explain the background to their evolution: how the weapons were perceived at the time and how they were actually used. This involves a discussion of tactics and emphasizes the key enabling technology of fire control and gun mountings. In this respect, the book treats the war as a transition from naval weapons which were essentially experimental at its outbreak to a state where they pointed directly to what would be used in World War II. Based largely on original research, this sophisticated book is more than a catalogue of the weapons, offering insight into some of the most important technical and operational factors influencing the war at sea. Aviation was primarily focused on reconnaissance, with the being developed over the course of the war, and bomber aircraft capable of lifting only relatively light loads. Naval mines were also increasingly well developed. Defensive mines along coasts made it much more difficult for capital ships to get close enough to conduct coastal bombardment or support attacks. Suitably placed mines also served to restrict the freedom of movement of submarines. The North Sea was the main theater of the war for surface action. Britain's larger fleet could maintain a , cutting it off from overseas trade and resources. Germany's fleet remained mostly in harbor behind their screen of mines, occasionally attempting to lure the British fleet into battle one of such attempts was the bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft in the hopes of weakening them enough to break the blockade or allow the High Seas Fleet to attack British shipping and trade. Britain strove to maintain the blockade and, if possible, to damage the German fleet enough to remove the threat to the islands and free the Grand Fleet for use elsewhere. In the U. Though British tactical success remains a subject of historical debate, Britain accomplished its strategic objective of maintaining the blockade and keeping the main body of the High Seas Fleet in port for the vast majority of the war. The High Seas Fleet remained a threat as a fleet in being that forced Britain to retain a majority of its capital ships in the North Sea. The set-piece battles and maneuvering have drawn historians' attention; however, it was the naval blockade of food and raw material imports into Germany which ultimately starved the German people and industries and contributed to Germany seeking the Armistice of The primary threat to the British forces in the Channel was the German High Seas Fleet based near Heligoland; the German fleet, if let out into the North Sea, could have destroyed any ship in the Channel. The German High Seas Fleet could muster at least 13 dreadnoughts and many armoured cruisers along with dozens of destroyers to attack the Channel. The U-boat threat in the Channel, although real, was not a significant worry to the Admiralty because they regarded submarines as useless. While Germany was strangled by Britain's blockade, Britain, as an island nation, was heavily dependent on resources imported by sea. German submarines U-boats were of limited effectiveness against surface warships on their guard, but were greatly effective against merchant ships. In , Germany declared a naval blockade of Britain, to be enforced by its U-boats. The U-boats sank hundreds of Allied merchant ships. However, submarines normally attack by stealth. This made it difficult to give warning before attacking a merchant ship or to rescue survivors. This resulted in many civilian deaths, especially when passenger ships were sunk. It also violated the Prize Rules of the Hague Convention. Furthermore, the U-boats also sank neutral ships in the blockade area, either intentionally or because identification was difficult from underwater. This turned neutral opinion against the Central Powers, as countries like the U. In early , Germany declared unrestricted submarine warfare, including attacks without warning against all ships in the "war zone", including neutrals. This was a major cause of U. The U-boat campaign ultimately sank much of British merchant shipping and caused shortages of food and other necessities. The U-boats were eventually defeated by grouping merchant ships into defended convoys. This was also assisted by U. The navy of the only sortied out of the Dardanelles once late in the war during the Battle of , preferring to focus its operations in the Black Sea. The main fleet action was the Triple Entente attempt to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war by an attack on Constantinople in This attempt turned into the Battle of Gallipoli which resulted in a Triple Entente defeat. For the rest of the war, naval action consisted almost entirely in submarine combat by the Austrians and Germans and blockade duty by the triple entente. The large Russian fleet was based in Sevastopol and it was led by two diligent commanders: Admiral Andrei Eberhardt — and Admiral Alexander Kolchak — The Ottoman fleet on the other hand was in a period of transition with many obsolete ships. Goeben was a modern design, and with her well-drilled crew, could easily outfight or outrun any single ship in the Russian fleet. However, even though the opposing Russian battleships were slower, they were often able to amass in superior numbers to outgun Goeben , forcing her to flee. A continual series of cat and mouse operations ensued for the first two years with both sides' admirals trying to capitalize on their particular tactical strengths in a surprise ambush. Numerous battles between the fleets were fought in the initial years, and Goeben and Russian units were damaged on several occasions. However, the appearance of Goeben could dramatically change the situation, so all activities, even shore bombardment, had to be conducted by almost the entire Russian Black Sea Fleet, since a smaller force could fall victim to Goeben ' s speed and guns. However, by , this situation had swung in the Russians favour — Goeben had been in constant service for the past two years. Due to a lack of facilities, the ship was not able to enter refit and began to suffer chronic engine breakdowns. Meanwhile, the Russian Navy had received the modern dreadnought Imperatritsa Mariya which although slower, would be able to stand up to and outfight Goeben. Although the two ships skirmished briefly , neither managed to capitalize on their tactical advantage and the battle ended with Goeben fleeing and Imperatritsa Mariya gamely trying to pursue. However, the Russian ship's arrival severely curtailed Goeben ' s activities and so by this time, the Russian fleet had nearly complete control of the sea, exacerbated by the addition of another dreadnought, Imperatritsa Ekaterina Velikaya. German and Turkish light forces would however continue to raid and harass Russian shipping until the end of the war in the east. After Admiral Kolchak took command in August , he planned to invigorate the Russian Black Seas Fleet with a series of aggressive actions. The Russian fleet mined the exit from the Bosporus , preventing nearly all Ottoman ships from entering the Black Sea. Later that year, the naval approaches to Varna , Bulgaria were also mined. The greatest loss suffered by the Russian Black Sea fleet was the destruction of Imperatritsa Mariya , which blew up in port on October 20 October 7 o. The subsequent investigation determined that the explosion was probably accidental, though sabotage could not be completely ruled out. The event shook Russian public opinion. The Russians continued work on two additional dreadnoughts under construction, and the balance of power remained in Russian hands until the collapse of Russian resistance in November A number of Turkish supply ships and warships were sunk but several submarines were lost. The boats were withdrawn at the evacuation of the Dardanelles in January The small Romanian Black Sea Fleet defended the port of Sulina throughout the second half of , causing the sinking of one German submarine. Its minelayer also defended the Danube Delta from inland, leading to the sinking of one Austro-Hungarian Danube monitor. When Bulgaria entered World War I in , its navy consisted mainly of a French-built torpedo called Nadezhda and six torpedo boats. It mainly engaged in mine warfare actions in the Black Sea against the Russian Black Sea Fleet and allowed the Germans to station two U-boats at Varna, one of which came under Bulgarian control in as Podvodnik No. Russian mines sank one Bulgarian and damaged one more during the war. In the Baltic Sea , Germany and Russia were the main combatants, with a number of British submarines sailing through the Kattegat to assist the Russians. With the German fleet larger and more modern many High Seas Fleet ships could easily be deployed to the Baltic when the North Sea was quiet , the Russians played a mainly defensive role, at most attacking convoys between Germany and Sweden. The other German ships tried to refloat her, but decided to scuttle her instead when they became aware of an approaching Russian intercept force. Russian Navy divers scoured the wreck and successfully recovered the German naval codebook which was later passed on to their British Allies and contributed immeasurably to Allied success in the North Sea. With heavy defensive and offensive mining on both sides, fleets played a limited role in the Eastern Front.

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