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Soils of Illinois Soils of Illinois By J.B. Fehrenbacher, J.D. Alexander, IJ. Jansen, R.G. Darmody, R.A. Pope, and M.A. Flock, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; EtE. Voss, J.W. Scott, W.F. Andrews, and L.J. Bushue, Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin 778 University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign College of Agriculture Agricultural Experiment Station in Cooperation with the Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 1984. AUTHORS Department of Agronomy, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign: J. B. Fehrenbacher, Professor of Pedology Emeritus; J. D. Alexander and I. J. Jansen, Associ ate Professors of Pedology; R. G. Darmody, Assistant Professor of Pedology; R. A. Pope, formerly Assistant Professor of Soil Management; M. A, Flock, formerly Assistant Agronomist. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture: E. E. Voss, State Soil Scientist; J. W. Scott, Assistant State Soil Scientist; W. F. Andrews and L. J. Bushue, Soil Scientists. The authors are indebted to other soil scientists involved in the Soil Survey of Illinois for their help in the many studies that have led to the publication of this bulletin. 8M—3-84—f)7121—RGM CONTENTS SOIL ASSOCIATIONS OF ILLINOIS 1 So Association 1 (Port Byron-Joy Soils) 14 So Association 2 (Toma-Muscotene-Sable Soils) 14 So Association 3 (Tama-lpova-Sable Soils) 14 So Association 4 (Herrick-Virden-Piasa Soils) 15 So Association 5 (Oconee-Cowden-Piaso Soils) 16 So Association 6 (Hoyleton-Cisne-Huey Soils) 18 So I Association 7(Winnebago-Durand-Ogle Soils) 20 So I Association 8 (Broadwell-Woukegan-Pillot Soils) 20 So I Association 9(Cotlin-Flanagan-Drummer Soils) 21 So I Association 10 (Wenona-Rutland-Streotor Soils) 22 So I Association 11 (Plano-Proctor-Wortlien Soils) 22 So I Association 12 (Saybrook-Dana-Drummer Soils) 25 So I Association 13 (Griswold-Ringwood Soils) 26 So I Association 14 (Vorna-Elliott-Ashkum Soils) 26 So I Association 15 (Symerton-Andres-Reddick Soils) 27 So I Association 16 (Swygert-Bryce-Mokeno Soils) 28 So I Association 17 (Clarence-Rowe Soils) 29 So I Association 18 (Harco-Potton-Montgomery Soils) 30 So I Association 19 (Martinton-Milford Soils) 30 So I Association 20 (Lorenzo-Worsaw-Wea Soils) 31 So I Association 21 (Jasper-LoHogue-Selma Soils) 33 So I Association 22 (Sporto-Dickinson-Onarga Soils) 34 So I Association 23 (Chonnalion-Dodgeville-Aslidale Soils) 35 So I Association 24 (Lawson-Sawmill-Dorwin Soils) 36 So I Association 25 (Houghton-Polms-Muskego Soils) 38 So I Association 31 (Seaton-Timulo Soils) 39 So I Association 32 (Fayette-Rozetta-Stronghurst Soils) 39 So I Association 33 (Alford-Muren-lva Soils) 40 So I Association 34 (Clinton-Keomoh-Rusiiville Soils) 42 So I Association 35 (Hosmer-Stoy-Weir Soils) 42 So I Association 36 (Ava-Bluford-Wynoose Soils) 45 So I Association 37(Westville-Pecatonica-Flagg Soils) 45 So I Association 38 (Middletown-Tell-Thebes Soils) 46 So I Association 39 (Birkbeck-Sabino-Sunbury Soils) 47 So I Association 41 (St. Cliarles-Camden-Drury Soils) 48 So I Association 42 (Dodge-Russell-Miami Soils) 49 So I Association 43 (Kidder-McHenry Soils) 50 So I Association 44 (Morley-Blount-Beecher Soils) 51 So I Association 45 (St. Clair-Nappanee-Frankfort Soils) 52 So I Association 46 (Marklond-Colp-Del Rey Soils) 53 So I Association 48 (Casco-Fox-Ockley Soils) 53 So I Association 49 (Martinsville-Sciotoville Soils) 54 Soil Association 50 (Oakville-Lomont-Alvin Soils) 55 Soil Association 51 (Ritchey-New Glarus-Polsgrove Soils 56 Soil Association 52 (Alford-Goss-Boxter Soils) .58 Soil Association 53 (Alford-Wellston Soils) 59 Soil Association 54 (Hosmer-Zonesville-Berks Soils) 60 Soil Association 55 (Grontsburg-Zanesville-Wellston Soils) 60 Soil Association 56 (Derinda-Schopville-Eleroy Soils). 62 Soil Association 57 (Haymond-Petrolia-Karnok Soils) 63 DEVELOPMENT OF ILLINOIS SOILS 65 Soil Parent Materials Climate Vegetation 70 Relief and Drainage 70 Time 71 MAJOR SOIL ORDERS IN ILLINOIS 71 Mollisols 72 Alfisols 72 Entisols 73 Inceptisols 73 l-iistosols 73 PROGRESS OF SOIL SURVEYS IN ILLINOIS 73 Counties witli Modern Published Surveys 74 Counties with Completed Surveys to be Published Soon 74 Counties with Soil Surveys in Progress 74 Counties in Need of Modern Soil Surveys 74 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ILLINOIS SOILS AND SOIL ASSOCIATION AREAS 75 NUMERICAL LIST OF ILLINOIS SOILS AND SOIL ASSOCIATION AREAS 83 Illinois soils vary in their properties and producing Soils are classified and mapped on the basis of a num capacities. Large areas of the state have soils that are ber of properties, including the kind, thickness, and among the most productive in the world. Other areas arrangement of horizons or layers, and the color, texture, have soils that, because they are too steep or drouthy or structure, reaction, consistency, and mineralogical and have some other undesirable features, are not productive chemiczil composition of those horizons. Features such as for the commonly cultivated field crops. Often these less slope, stoniness, degree of erosion, permeability, and total productive soils can be used to advantage for pasture, thickness of profile are also important in determining the forage, and forest production, or for hunting or other use and crop adaption of soils. Any soil, however, will recreational purposes. Many of the current problems with exhibit a range within the limits of these properties, and soils are the result of improper use and management. the boundaries between different kinds of soils in the field The solution to some of these problems lies in better fit may or may not be sharp. Soils tend to form a continuum ting the uses of the soils to the characteristics and qualities on the earth's surface, and one soil usually grades gradu of the soils. ally to others. The boundaries or limits to the range of To make the best use of the soils of Illinois, it is neces one kind of soil define that soil. These boundaries are not sary to understand the nature and properties of the soils as distinct as those of individual plants or animals. It is and to know how and where these soils occur in the state. no less important, however, that we define and classify This publication, which replaces Illinois Agricultural soils on the basis of their properties so that we can Experiment Station Bulletin 725, discusses the general remember their significant properties, organize our knowl properties, problems, and uses of Illinois soils and de edge of them, show relationships among them and be scribes the response of crops grown on these soils to soil tween them and their environment, and predict their treatment. The accompanying General Soil Map of Illi response and behavior under various uses and manage nois shows the location and extent of the soil associations ment systems. of the state. The map has been greatly enlarged and pro duced in much more detail. The approximately 430 soils currendy recognized in Illinois are now grouped in 50 SOIL ASSOCIATIONS OF ILLINOIS soil associations rather than the 26 previously used. A The soil associations shown on the General Soil Map new key to Illinois soils has been added, and the descrip of Illinois are composed of several related soil series or tions and tables of soil characteristics for each soil asso kinds of soils that developed from similar parent material ciation have been revised. and that have similar surfcice-soil color. The soil associa This bulletin is intended to provide a broad picture tions are named from two or more of their important of the soil resources and soil conditions in the state. It soil series. The degree of development may vary some can be used for locating land that has desirable qualities what among soils in an association. They also differ in for agricultural, urban, industrial, and engineering pur properties related to the internal drainage or degree of poses, as well as for broad land-use planning and zoning. wetness during their development. The range in drainage Farmers and farm managers, foresters, engineers, in class, which includes "well," "moderately well," "some vestors, land appraisers, zoning and planning commis what poor," and "poor," is referred to in this publication sioners, real estate dealers, subdividers, and home builders as a drainage sequence. The soils in an association tend can use this information for their various needs. For to occur in a characteristic pattern in the landscape that many specific purposes, however, more detailed informa is often repeated. However, the proportion of the various tion, such as that given in county soil reports or gained soils changes from place to place, depending largely upon from on-site studies, is needed after a general area has slope and natural drainage. been studied and selected. (See page 74 for a list of the In the Key to Illinois Soils (pages 5 to 13) the major Illinois county soil reports available.) soils in the various associations are grouped on the basis A number of publications are available that contain of the parent materials from which they have formed, specific information about the use of Illinois soils for their surface-soil color, degree of development, and nat various purposes. Drainage and irrigation guides for ural soil drainage. To find information on a particular Illinois can be obtained from the Department of Agri soil, refer to the alphabetical or numerical lists of soils on cultural Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana- pages 75 to 84. The alphabetical list includes the family Champaign. Information on the use of soils for engineer and subgroup classification of each soil series (see pages 71 ing, urbanization, septic tanks, recreation, woodlzmd, and to 73 for a discussion of soil classification).
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