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American Indian Civilizations and the Social Sciences

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American Indian Civilizations and the Social Sciences Portland Public Schools Geocultural Baseline Essay Series American Indian Civilizations And the Social Sciences by Chris R. Landon Portland Public Schools American Indian Baseline Essays 1993 Biographical Sketch Chris Landon served in the Portland Public Schools as American Indian Resource Specialist from 1989 to 1993. Educated at the University of Washington (B.A. in General and Interdisciplinary Studies, M.Ed. in Curriculum and Instruction), Chris is a doctoral candidate in Educational Administration there. Chris has taught a variety of subjects as well as serving as an administrator in public and tribal schools in Washington state. Version: 1995-08-13 PPS Geocultural Baseline EssaybSeries AMERICAN INDIAN CIVILIZATIONS AND THE SOCIAL SCIENCES CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................. 1 Theories About the Origins of American Indian Peoples ............................................. 5 American Indian Origin Traditions............................................................................ 6 The ‘Seaborne Migrations’ Hypothesis..................................................................... 9 Pre-Contact History ................................................................................................... 12 An Introduction to the Evolution of Indian Cultures ................................................ 13 Resources for the Study of Pre-Contact Indian History.......................................... 15 Contact Era History 1492 to the 20th Century ......................................................... 19 The Territory of the United States .......................................................................... 19 1492-1776 Colonial America ............................................................................. 19 1776-1830 Early U.S. – Indian Relations........................................................... 21 1830-1850 The Removal Period........................................................................ 29 1850-1880 Indian Wars and the Reservation System ....................................... 32 1880-1934 Assimilation and Allotment .............................................................. 38 The Territory of Canada ......................................................................................... 44 Early Contacts .................................................................................................... 44 The French Colonial Period in Canada 1604-1763............................................ 46 The British Colonial Period in Canada 1763-1867............................................. 52 The Early Canadian Dominion Period 1867-1900 ............................................. 57 The Riel Rebellions ............................................................................................ 59 Mexico and Central America 1492-1900 ............................................................... 62 South America........................................................................................................ 68 Modern Indian History The 20th Century ................................................................. 73 Indian Nations in the United States........................................................................ 73 20th Century Consequences of the Assimilation Policy...................................... 75 1934-1945 The ‘Indian New Deal’ ..................................................................... 76 1943-1968 Termination ..................................................................................... 78 1965 to the 1990s Self-determination................................................................ 81 Indian Nations in Canada....................................................................................... 87 Indian Nations in Mexico and Central America ...................................................... 90 Indian Nations Join the Modern International Community ......................................... 95 ECONOMICS......................................................................................................... 98 Pre-Contact American Indian Economies .................................................................. 98 American Indian Economic Relationships With the Land......................................... 119 The Economic Impact of American Indian Trade..................................................... 122 Contact Era Trade and Exploitation ..................................................................... 122 The Expansion of the World’s Monetary Economy............................................... 125 The Development of the Modern Corporation ...................................................... 126 The Varieties of American Indian Social Organization............................................. 129 The Influence of Indian Models on European-American Social Practices................ 135 Indians and Social Philosophy ............................................................................. 135 iii American Indian Baseline Essays SOCIAL SCIENCES The Influence of the Iroquois Confederacy on Democracy...................................... 138 Iroquoian Political Philosophy and the American Revolution ............................... 138 The Political System of the Iroquois Confederacy................................................ 142 The Influence of American Indian Democratic Ideals Spreads............................. 144 Women and Children in American Indian Cultures .................................................. 146 Women’s Social Status and Economic Roles and Rights .................................... 146 Women Warriors .................................................................................................. 153 American Indian Children..................................................................................... 154 American Indian Women and Children in Latin America ...................................... 158 Intermarriage and Culture .................................................................................... 160 APPENDIX A: CHRONOLOGY.................................................................................. 167 APPENDIX B: Recognized Indian Tribes in the United States ................................... 280 REFERENCES............................................................................................................ 308 Social Sciences Chronology .................................................................................... 308 Footnotes................................................................................................................. 311 Index........................................................................................................................ 312 SS iv American Indian Baseline Essays SUBJECT: Social Sciences INTRODUCTION In the academic area of the social sciences, a great deal has been written and said about American Indian cultures. There are literally thousands of potentially useful sources of information on these subjects. How to even get started with such a mass of data and interpretation has been a challenge for many students and teachers. What this Essay offers is just one of many possible approaches. It provides an introductory orientation to some of the major issues and themes of American Indian social life. This orientation is organized into three major subject areas: history, economics, and a combination of topics that are ordinarily the subjects of the academic disciplines of sociology, anthropology and political science. The approach taken here to the social sciences material about American Indians is necessarily selective and synthetic. Topics were selected to address two major concerns. The first concern is to offer an account of American Indian cultures that fills in many of the omissions and corrects long-standing distortions and misconceptions in the way our cultures have often been represented in the schools. Selection has been guided by advice received from other Indian community members and scholars as to what is meaningful to an understanding of the contributions and achievements of the many and diverse American Indian cultures. The second concern is to meet the needs of classroom teachers for adequate but not overwhelming information that can be infused into their instruction. This Essay is the most extensive of the American Indian Baseline Essays for two reasons. Firstly, most classroom instruction related to American Indian cultures conventionally occurs in the social sciences. Secondly, as noted above, there is a great deal of information available in this curriculum area, so its synthesis is unavoidably somewhat lengthy. SS 1 American Indian Baseline Essays SUBJECT: Social Sciences The sections of the Essay do more than present synthetic generalities; they also introduce a few specific examples from particular tribes in order to illustrate American Indian cultural diversity. The Chronology that appears as Appendix A provides much more detail at the tribal and individual levels. Much of the bulk of the Essay is in the Chronology, which can be selectively used as a classroom resource at the middle and high school levels. Due to the format of this volume, it has proven to be generally impractical to produce and insert maps into this Essay despite requests from reviewers. Teachers are urged to consult Carl Waldman’s useful Atlas of the North American Indian and the excellent wall
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