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Human Health and Vulnerability in the Nyiragongo Volcano Crisis Democratic Republic of Congo 2002
Human Health and Vulnerability in the Nyiragongo Volcano Crisis Democratic Republic of Congo 2002 Final Report to the World Health Organisation Dr Peter J Baxter University of Cambridge Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge, UK Dr Anne Ancia Emergency Co-ordinator World Health Organisation Goma Nyiragongo Volcano with Goma on the shore of Lake Kivu Cover : The main lava flow which shattered Goma and flowed into Lake Kivu Lava flows from the two active volcanoes CONGO RWANDA Sake Munigi Goma Lake Kivu Gisenyi Fig.1. Goma setting and map of area and lava flows HUMAN HEALTH AND VULNERABILITY IN THE NYIRAGONGO VOLCANO CRISIS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO, 2002 FINAL REPORT TO THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION Dr Peter J Baxter University of Cambridge Addenbrooke’s Hospital Cambridge, UK Dr Anne Ancia Emergency Co-ordinator World Health Organisation Goma June 2002 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY We have undertaken a vulnerability assessment of the Nyiragongo volcano crisis at Goma for the World Health Organisation (WHO), based on an analysis of the impact of the eruption on January 17/18, 2002. According to volcanologists, this eruption was triggered by tectonic spreading of the Kivu rift causing the ground to fracture and allow lava to flow from ground fissures out of the crater lava lake and possibly from a deeper conduit nearer Goma. At the time of writing, scientists are concerned that the continuing high level of seismic activity indi- cates that the tectonic rifting may be gradually continuing. Scientists agree that volcano monitoring and contingency planning are essential for forecasting and responding to fu- ture trends. The relatively small loss of life in the January 2002 eruption (less than 100 deaths in a population of 500,000) was remarkable, and psychological stress was reportedly the main health consequence in the aftermath of the eruption. -
Volcanic Gases and Aerosols Guidelines Introduction
IVHHN Gas Guidelines www.ivhhn.org/gas/guidelines.html Volcanic Gases and Aerosols Guidelines The following pages contain information relating to the health hazards of gases and aerosols typically emitted during volcanic activity. Each section outlines the properties of the emission; its impacts on health; international guidelines for concentrations; and examples of concentrations and effects in volcanic contexts, including casualties. Before looking at the emissions data, we recommend that you read the general introduction to volcanic gases and aerosols first. A glossary to some of the terms used in the explanations and guidelines is also provided at the end of this document. Introduction An introduction to the aims and purpose of the Gas and Aerosol Guidelines is given here, as well as further information on international guideline levels and the units used in the website. A brief review of safety procedures currently implemented by volcanologists and volcano observatories is also provided. General Introduction Gas and aerosol hazards are associated with all volcanic activity, from diffuse soil gas emissions to 2- plinian eruptions. The volcanic emissions of most concern are SO2, HF, sulphate (SO4 ), CO2, HCl and H2S, although, there are other volcanic volatile species that may have human health implications, including mercury and other metals. Since 1900, there have been at least 62 serious volcanic-gas related incidents. Of these, the gas-outburst at Lake Nyos in 1986 was the most disastrous, causing 1746 deaths, >845 injuries and the evacuation of 4430 people. Other volcanic-gas related incidents have been responsible for more than 280 deaths and 1120 injuries, and contributed to the evacuation or ill health of >53,700 people (Witham, in review). -
Some Useful Info on Sardinia for the EFI Annual Meeting Participants
Some useful info on Sardinia for the EFI annual meeting participants GEOGRAPHY - Area: 24089 km2 - 1.6M inhabitants, 68 inhabitants km-2 (30-120 depending on the province) - Highest elevation 1,834 m asl (Punta Lamarmora, Gennargentu) - 13.6% of the land is above 600 m asl, 18.5% is lowland - Reservoir full capacity: >2,000 Mm3 over an area of 29 km2; only one natural lake (Baratz, 40 ha) - Longest river: Tirso, 130.2 km CLIMATE - Average annual rainfall 764 mm (441-1119 mm), 75% of the precipitation from October to March - Annual reference evapotranspiration: 900-1100 mm - Aridity index 0.45 – 0.75 (semi-arid to sub-humid - Average annual temperature: 13.5 – 17-6°C depending on altitude (-0.57°C every 100 m altitude) - Wind: west quadrant (SW-W-NW) represent on average 55% of the total wind directions and the main direction of the strongest winds (ARPAS 2014). In the Strait of Bonifacio heavy winds (>13.5 m s-1) were recorded on 33.8% of the days of the year (one every three). GEOLOGY AND SOIL TYPES (https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17445647.2015.1084544) - Almost all geologic eras are represented. Paleozoic (Granit rocks) dominate most of the island landscape. - 28% of the island is covered by rocks and Leptosols (< 15 cm depth) - 18% of the area is suitable for irrigation but half of it has some limitations - 54% Cambisols, Leptosols and Regosols (agropastoral and agrosylvopastoral activities) PARKS AND PROTECTED AREAS - 3 National Parks (Asinara; La Maddalena; Gennargentu - not yet institutionalized) - 3 regional parks (Porto Conte; Molentargius – Saline; Tepilora). -
Annual Report 2011
Annual Report 2011 © RMCA www.africamuseum.be Foreword 2 Foreword The Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA) pub- and culture exhibition was extended, while RMCA lishes a beautiful and richly illustrated annual collection pieces were admired in more than 20 report in book form every two years. In intervening major exhibitions held in different parts of the years – such as 2011 – we publish a digital edition globe. Nearly 30,000 children attended our edu- that is available on our website, and for which a cational workshops or school activities, while our hard copy can be produced on demand. Despite colla boration with African communities became its size, the report is not exhaustive. Rather, it more streamlined. We felt a pang of regret at the seeks to provide the most varied overview pos- departure of ‘our’ elephants in 2011. After grac- sible of our many museum-related, educational, ing our museum’s entrance for three years, the scientific, and other activities on the national and 9 pachyderms that formed the work created by international scene. The long governmental crisis South African artist Andries Botha, You can buy my of 2011 notwithstanding, RMCA was highly pro- heart and my soul, left Tervuren Park for good. ductive and remains one of the most important Africa-focused research institutions, particularly 2011 was also a fruitful year in terms of scientific for Central Africa. research. To highlight the multidisciplinary nature that is the strength of our institution, we organ- As with the previous year, the renovation was one ized ‘Science Days’ for the first time. -
Corsica-Sardinia
Corsica &Sardinia The Essence of Italy and France The Mediterranean is full of unique experiences and cultures, but none compare to a luxury yacht charter through Corsica, France and Sardinia, Italy. The two islands encompass all these two infamous countries have to offer with its own distinctive flavor. Created by violent volcanic eruptions, Corsica boasts the most mountainous region of the Med, and is nicknamed the “scented island” for the intoxicating perfumes that fill the air. Sailors and hikers adore the unparalleled natural wonders of this stunning island, while tourists flock here for the rich history and legendary beaches. Further south is Sardinia – a unique island with its own natural wonders set against wild landscapes, hidden rocky coves, and the much-vaunted Costa Smeralda. But here, past the dazzling beaches, there’s a playground for the wealthy and a flourishing nigh life – which includes the “Polynesia of Italy,” Porto Cervo. Aboard your luxury yacht, there is no better way to experience Corsica’s scenic charm and Sardinia’s authentic style. Calvi, Corsica The first stop on your dream voyage begins in the enchanting port of Calvi – a fun-loving, cobble- stoned village that was once used as a Roman trading post. Often compared to the French Riviera, Calvi’s striking beauty hits you hardest as you glide past the monumental 13th century citadel, which has a breathtaking backdrop of rugged mountains and pine forest. You’ll find plenty of relaxed eateries to indulge and discover along the quai Landry – a lovely seafront walkway. On the south side, you’ll find a separate world of sand and sun. -
Foreign Influences and Consequences on the Nuragic
FOREIGN INFLUENCES AND CONSEQUENCES ON THE NURAGIC CULTURE OF SARDINIA A Thesis by MARGARET CHOLTCO Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS December 2009 Major Subject: Anthropology FOREIGN INFLUENCES AND CONSEQUENCES ON THE NURAGIC CULTURE OF SARDINIA A Thesis by MARGARET CHOLTCO Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Approved by: Chair of Committee, Shelley Wachsmann Committee Members, Deborah N. Carlson Steven Oberhelman Head of Department, Donny L. Hamilton December 2009 Major Subject: Anthropology iii ABSTRACT Foreign Influences and Consequences on the Nuragic Culture of Sardinia. (December 2009) Margaret Choltco, B.A., The Pennsylvania State University Chair of Advisory Committee: Dr. Shelley Wachsmann Although it is accepted that Phoenician colonization occurred on Sardinia by the 9th century B.C., it is possible that contact between Sardinia‟s indigenous population and the Levantine region occurred in the Late Bronze Age (LBA). Eastern LBA goods found on the island are copper oxhide ingots and Aegean pottery. Previously, it has been suggested that Mycenaeans were responsible for bringing the eastern goods to Sardinia, but the presence of Aegean pottery shards does not confirm the presence of Mycenaean tradesmen. Also, scholars of LBA trade have explained the paucity of evidence for a Mycenaean merchant fleet. Interpretations of two LBA shipwrecks, Cape Gelidonya and Uluburun, indicate that eastern Mediterranean merchants of Cypriot or Syro-Canaanite origin, transported large quantities of oxhide ingots from the Levant towards the west. -
The Impeded Archipelago of Corsica and Sardinia
Island Studies Journal, 16(1), 2021, 325-342 The impeded archipelago of Corsica and Sardinia Marcel A. Farinelli Independent researcher [email protected] Abstract: Sardinia (Italy) and Corsica (France) are two islands divided by a strait that is 13 km wide. Their inhabitants have had commercial and cultural links at least since the Bronze Age, facing similar historical processes such as colonization from mainland powers during Middle Ages and a problematic assimilation within the nation-states to which the islands are nowadays associated. Nevertheless, they are generally perceived and analyzed as separate and distant islands. This is a consequence of the geopolitical context of the last three centuries, during which Corsica and Sardinia have become part of two separate states marked by a troubled relationship. This study has two main purposes: explaining the case of the two islands through a historical analysis of the island-to-island relationship between the 17th and 21st Centuries and proposing the concept of ‘impeded archipelago’ to describe analogous situations. Keywords: archipelago, Corsica, islands, island-to-island relationship, nationalism, Sardinia https://doi.org/10.24043/isj.142 • Received August 2020, accepted December 2020 © Island Studies Journal, 2021 Introduction Few scholars have adopted an archipelagic perspective on Corsica (France) and Sardinia (Italy), albeit the strait that divides them (The Strait of Bonifacio) in its narrow point is 13 km wide. Sardinians and Corsicans have had economic and cultural ties at least since the Bronze Age, they experienced colonization from continental powers during Middle Ages and Modern Era, and they shared a problematic integration process in the mainland country to which they are linked with since the 18th and 19th Centuries. -
Resolution Mepc.204(62)
RESOLUTION MEPC.204(62) Adopted on 15 July 2011 DESIGNATION OF THE STRAIT OF BONIFACIO AS A PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE SEA AREA RESOLUTION MEPC.204(62) Adopted on 15 July 2011 DESIGNATION OF THE STRAIT OF BONIFACIO AS A PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE SEA AREA MEPC 62/24/Add.1 Annex 22, page 1 ANNEX 22 RESOLUTION MEPC.204(62) Adopted on 15 July 2011 DESIGNATION OF THE STRAIT OF BONIFACIO AS A PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE SEA AREA THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION COMMITTEE, BEING AWARE of the ecological, socio-economic and scientific attributes of the Strait of Bonifacio, as well as its vulnerability to damage by international shipping activities and the steps taken by France and Italy to address that vulnerability, NOTING the Revised Guidelines for the Identification and Designation of Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas adopted by resolution A.982(24) (PSSA Guidelines) and the Revised Guidance Document for Submission of PSSA Proposals to IMO set forth in MEPC.1/Circ.510, HAVING CONSIDERED the proposal made by the Governments of France and Italy that the Strait of Bonifacio be designated as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area, HAVING AGREED that the criteria for the identification and designation of a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area provided in resolution A.982(24) are fulfilled for the Strait of Bonifacio, HAVING NOTED that the Sub-Committee on Safety of Navigation, at its fifty-seventh session, approved the Recommendation on navigation through the Strait of Bonifacio as an associated protective measure for the application of the Strait of Bonifacio as a Particularly Sensitive Sea Area aiming at improving the safety of navigation and the protection of the marine environment, 1. -
Genome-Wide Analysis of Corsican Population Reveals a Close Affinity
www.nature.com/scientificreports Corrected: Publisher Correction OPEN Genome-wide analysis of Corsican population reveals a close afnity with Northern and Central Italy Received: 24 April 2019 Erika Tamm1, Julie Di Cristofaro 2,3, Stéphane Mazières2, Erwan Pennarun1, Accepted: 31 August 2019 Alena Kushniarevich1,4, Alessandro Raveane 5, Ornella Semino5, Jacques Chiaroni2,3, Published online: 19 September 2019 Luisa Pereira6,7, Mait Metspalu 1 & Francesco Montinaro 1,8 Despite being the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean basin, the genetic variation of Corsica has not been explored as exhaustively as Sardinia, which is situated only 11 km South. However, it is likely that the populations of the two islands shared, at least in part, similar demographic histories. Moreover, the relative small size of the Corsica may have caused genetic isolation, which, in turn, might be relevant under medical and translational perspectives. Here we analysed genome wide data of 16 Corsicans, and integrated with newly (33 individuals) and previously generated samples from West Eurasia and North Africa. Allele frequency, haplotype-based, and ancient genome analyses suggest that although Sardinia and Corsica may have witnessed similar isolation and migration events, the latter is genetically closer to populations from continental Europe, such as Northern and Central Italians. Corsica, located south of the shore of Côte d’Azur (France), and west of Tuscany (Italy), is separated from Sardinia to its south by the Strait of Bonifacio. It is the fourth largest Mediterranean island (8,680 km2) and unlike most of them, its relief is very mountainous, with a mountain range bisecting the island. Nowadays, approximately ~339,000 people inhabit the island1. -
Carbon Dioxide - Wikipedia
5/20/2020 Carbon dioxide - Wikipedia Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide (chemical formula CO2) is a colorless gas with Carbon dioxide a density about 60% higher than that of dry air. Carbon dioxide consists of a carbon atom covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms. It occurs naturally in Earth's atmosphere as a trace gas. The current concentration is about 0.04% (412 ppm) by volume, having risen from pre-industrial levels of 280 ppm.[8] Natural sources include volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, and it is freed from carbonate rocks by dissolution in water and acids. Because carbon dioxide is soluble in water, it occurs naturally in groundwater, rivers and lakes, ice caps, glaciers and seawater. It is present in deposits of petroleum and natural gas. Carbon dioxide is odorless at normally encountered concentrations, but at high concentrations, it has a sharp and acidic odor.[1] At such Names concentrations it generates the taste of soda water in the Other names [9] mouth. Carbonic acid gas As the source of available carbon in the carbon cycle, atmospheric Carbonic anhydride carbon dioxide is the primary carbon source for life on Earth and Carbonic oxide its concentration in Earth's pre-industrial atmosphere since late Carbon oxide in the Precambrian has been regulated by photosynthetic organisms and geological phenomena. Plants, algae and Carbon(IV) oxide cyanobacteria use light energy to photosynthesize carbohydrate Dry ice (solid phase) from carbon dioxide and water, with oxygen produced as a waste Identifiers product.[10] CAS Number 124-38-9 (http://ww w.commonchemistr CO2 is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration.[11] It is y.org/ChemicalDeta returned to water via the gills of fish and to the air via the lungs of il.aspx?ref=124-38- air-breathing land animals, including humans. -
The Project of International Marine Park in the Mouths of Bonifacio in International Law
THE PROJECT OF INTERNATIONAL MARINE PARK IN THE MOUTHS OF BONIFACIO IN INTERNATIONAL LAW TOWARDS AN IMPROVED CONSERVATION REGIME OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN Claudiane Chevalier Marine Legal Officer IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank Professor Tullio Scovazzi, Jean-Marie Bacquer, Marianne Laudato (Office Environnement Corse), Dominique Bresson (Préfecture Maritime de la Méditerranée) and Youja Beer Gable for their valuable contribution. The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. This publication has been made possible by funding from the Total Corporation. Core support to the IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation is provided by the Ministerio de Medio Ambiante and the Junta de Andalucia. 1 TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT ________________________________________________________ 3 LIST OF ACRONYMS _______________________________________________ 5 PREFACE _________________________________________________________ 6 INTRODUCTION ___________________________________________________ 7 A. Emergence of cooperative efforts to conserve an outstanding marine environment_______________________________________________________ 7 B. Regime of -
“Virunga Volcanoes Supersite” Abstract
www.earthobservations.org/gsnl.php GSNL Proposal for Permanent Supersite A.1. Proposal Title: “Virunga Volcanoes Supersite” Abstract: The Virunga region is situated between Lake Kivu and Lake Edward in Eastern Africa, on the border of Democratic Republic of the Congo (RDC), Uganda and Rwanda. The Virunga is characterized with very fertile mountainous lands under a tropical climate were live millions of people grouped in cities and villages, and is additionally home for several unique wild animals such as the famous mountain gorillas. On the other hand, the Virunga is located in the western branch of the East African Rift System, and is thus prey to tectonic forces that are presently splitting apart the African plate. The rifting movements yielded the formation of Africa’s great lakes, among which the methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)-rich Lake Kivu, and resulted in the highly active volcanoes whose most eruptions are initiated by the rift opening. The inhabitants of Virunga villages and cities (e.g. Goma in RDC and Gisenyi in Rwanda; ~ 1.5 million inhabitants) neighboring Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira active volcanoes and Lake Kivu live in a highly hazardous area. These populations are in fact permanently threatened by lava flows from the two volcanoes, and by a possible explosion of Lake Kivu that could release ~300 3 3 km CO2 and 60 km of CH4 dissolved in its deep waters. Such an explosion of Lake Kivu could be a regional catastrophe as it would affect the ~3 million people living in the catchment of the lake. Goma city and the surroundings have been many times affected by volcanic products.