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Indonesia Factbook INDONESIA FACTBOOK DESIGNED by Alexandra Keeney 4 BACKGROUND 50 COMMUNICATIONS GEOGRAPHY/MAP MILLTARY And 6 54 SECurity PEOPLE AND TRANSPORTATION 14 SOCIETY 58 26 GOVERnMENT 62 Terrorism ECONOMY Transnasional 36 66 issues ENERGY CONtENT 44 2 3 Contents INTRO BACKGROUND FLAG BACKGROUND PAGES 2 - 5 The Dutch began to colonize financial reforms, stemming Indonesia in the early 17th corruption, reforming the criminal century; Japan occupied the justice system, addressing climate islands from 1942 to 1945. change, and controlling infectious Indonesia declared its diseases, particularly those of independence shortly before global and regional importance. Japan’s surrender, but it required In 2005, Indonesia reached a four years of sometimes brutal historic peace agreement with fighting, intermittent negotiations, armed separatists in Aceh, which and UN mediation before the led to democratic elections in Netherlands agreed to transfer Aceh in December 2006. sovereignty in 1949. A period of Indonesia continues to face low sometimes unruly parliamentary intensity armed resistance in democracy ended in 1957 when Papua by the separatist Free President SOEKARNO declared Papua Movement. martial law and instituted “Guided Democracy.” After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President SUHARTO ruled Indonesia with his “New Order” government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world’s third most populous democracy, the world’s largest archipelagic state, and the world’s largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and 4 5 GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY MAP GEOGRAPHY PAGES 6 - 15 Location: Coastline: Land use: Natural hazards: Southeastern Asia, archipelago 54,716 km Agricultural Land: 31.2% Occasional Floods; Severe Droughts; between the Indian Ocean and Arable Land: 13% Tsunamis; Earthquakes; Volcanoes; the Pacifi c Ocean Forest Fires Maritime claims: Permanent Crops: 12.1% Territorial sea 12 nm Geographic coordinates: Permanent Pasture: 6.1% volcanism: Exclusive 200 nm 5 00 S, 120 00 E Forest: 51.7% Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of economic zone measured from any country in the world - some 76 are claimed archipelagic Other: 17.1% historically active; signifi cant volcanic Geographic coordinates: straight baselines activity occurs on Java, Sumatra, the Sunda Southeast Asia Irrigated land: Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Climate: 67,220 sq km Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Area: Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia’s most active Tropical; hot, humid; more moderate (2012) volcano and in eruption since 2010, has Total 1,904,569 sq km in highlands been deemed a Decade Volcano by the Land 1,811,569 sq km Population distribution: International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Water 93,000 sq km Terrain: Major concentration on the island of Java, Interior, worthy of study due to its Country comparison to the world: 16 Mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands which is considered one of the most explosive history and close have interior mountains densely populated places on earth; of the proximity to human populations; other Land boundaries: outer islands (those surrounding Java and notable historically active volcanoes Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most Total 2,958 km Elevation: include Agung, Awu, Karangetang,Krakatau signifi cant clusters, particularly in the south Mean elevation: 367 m (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora; Border countries Malaysia 1881km near the Selat Sunda, and along the Lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m see note 2 under “Geography - note” (3) Papua New Guinea northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m 824 km Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin Timor-Leste 253km (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated Natural resources: Petroleum, Tin, Natural Gas, Nickel, Timber, Bauxite, Copper, Fertile Soils, Coal, Gold, Silver 8 9 GEOGRAPHY MAP PAGES 6 - 15 PHILIPPINES N MALACCA STRAIT ASIA MALAY PENINSUL SABAH ACEH SOUTH CHINA SEA BRUNEI GAYO MURUT ALAS DELI MELAYU SANGER BATAK TRIBES A KARO MELAYU SIME- SIMOLOE LUNGUN SULAWESI SEA PAKPAK SIKOLO TOBA KENYAH PACIFIC OCEAN SARAWAK ANGKOLA LODA MOROTAI GALELA KAYAN MANADO TOBELO MANDAILING BOLAANG MONGONDOU NIAS PUNAN BUAL KAIDIPAN MELAYU IBAN HULONTALO MABA BAJO MINAHASA TERNATE DAYAK SULI ORANG LAUT JAILOLO MINANGKABAU BAHAU TO MINI PA’TANI MAANYAN TIDORE MELAYU TO GIAN WAIGEO OT DANUM TO BOBONGKO WEDA LINGGA KALIMANTAN MELAYU BIAK TO BALANTAK HATTAM BIAK RIAU NUMFOR LAWANGAN TO PALU MANIKION KARIMATA TO TAWAILI TO MORANE GANE NGAJU TO LIONDANG BACAN ANGGI STRAIT MAMBERAMO MANTAWAI TO BANGGAI SERUI PADANG TO PIPIKORO TALIABU MEYBRAT SEKAH BARE’E TAKUTA-MESSO MANGOL SARMI GUAI MISOOL GENYEM JAMBI BINTUNI DEMTA LOM SULAWESITO SEKO WARUPEN DATARAN DANAU PANTAI UTARA BUNGKU SULA TARUNGGAREH SANGGI TO SA’DAN WENDAMEN SUMATRA SEKAH YAFI DARAT TO MAPUTE UHUNDUNI PITU- IHA DANI MELAYU TO RAJA SERAM BILITON ULUMMA REJANG PALEMBANG BARAT SERAM SEKAH TO LANDAN TENGAH MUSI HULU SEKAH BANJAR MANDAR SERAM ARGONI BURU MBRAI PAPUA LUWU TIMUR MEKONGKA PEGUNUNGAN TINGGI KUBU MAKASSAR STRAIT TO LAKI AMBON MAIRASI BENGKULU GOR KOMERING KOWIAI BUNGKUMORI KAPAUKU MALUKU ISLANDS MONI BUGIS BUNGKU AMBON MIMIKA ABUNG LAMPUNG BUNGKU ASMAT MUNA JAVA SEA MUYU BUTUNG MAKASSAR AMBON JAWA TAMBUS ENGGANO BANDA SEA YAKUI BASSAM-ANIM KAI EW GUINEA AWIU N BANTEN BAWEAN ARU BETAWI AHUSSI-ANIM LAJULO CIREBON BADUY DAMAR ORDATA JEIANIM S UNDA MADURA LAR JAWA FLORES SEA MARINO-ANIM I NDIAN OCEAN ROMA KIMAM TANIMBAR JAVA WETAR YAMDE KISAR LARANTUKA ALOR LETI TENGGER OSING RIUNG ARAFURA SEA BALI MANGGARAI SOLOR SELARU DOMPU NAGEKEO PANTAR SUMBAWA LOMBLEN SASAK LIO SIKKA BIMA NGADA ENDE EAST TIMOR DODONGGO BELU LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS MAMBORO MARAE SUMBA WAINGAPO SAWU ATONI KUPANG SABU SEA 320 km SABU ROTI GUNAWAN KARTAPRANATA 10 11 GEOGRAPHY Environment - current Geography note: issues: Note 1: Large-scale deforestation (much of it According to Indonesia’s National illegal) and related wildfi res cause heavy Coordinating Agency for Survey and smog; over-exploitation of marine Mapping, the total number of islands in the resources; environmental problems archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 associated with rapid urbanization and are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the economic development, including air world’s largest country comprised solely of pollution, traffi c congestion, garbage islands); the country straddles the equator management, and reliable water and and occupies a strategic location astride wastewater services; water pollution from or along major sea lanes from the Indian industrial wastes, sewage Ocean to the Pacifi c Ocean. Note 2: Environment - international Indonesia is one of the countries along the agreements: Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes Party to: and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacifi c Ocean; up to 90% of the world’s Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate earthquakes and some 75% of the world’s Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertifi cation, volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Note 3: Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Despite having the fourth largest Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands population in the world, Indonesia is the Signed, but not ratifi ed: most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon Marine Life Conservation 12 14 15 PEOPLE AND SOCIETY PEOPLE AND SOCIETY PEOPLE AND SOCIETY PAGES 14 - 25 Population: Languages: Age structure: Population growth rate: 267,026,366 Bahasa Indonesia (offi cial, modifi ed form 0-14 years: 23.87% 0.79% (July 2020 est.) of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects Male: 32,473,246 (2020 est.) Country Comparison to the world: 4 (of which the most widely Female: 31,264,034 Country comparison to the world: 129 spoken is Javanese) 15-24 years: 16.76% Note: Male: 22,786,920 Birth rate: Nationality: More than 700 languages are used Female: 21,960,130 15.4 births/1,000 population Noun: Indonesian(s) in Indonesia 25-54 years: 42.56% (2020 est.) Adjective: Indonesian Country comparison to the world: 116 Religions: Male: 58,249,570 Ethnic groups: Female: 55,409,579 Muslim 87.2% 55-64 years: 8.99% Death rate: Javanese 40.1% Protestant 7% Male:11,033,838 6.6 deaths/1,000 population Sundanese 15.5% Roman Catholic 2.9% Female: 12,968,005 (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 140 Malay 3.7% Hindu 1.7% 65 years and 7.82% Batak 3.6% Other 0.9% over: Male: 9,099,773 Net migration rate: Madurese 3% (includes Female: 11,781,271 -1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population Betawi 2.9% Buddhist and (2020 est) (2020 est.) Confucian) Minangkabau 2.7% Country comparison to the world: 145 Unspeciÿ ed 0.4% Buginese 2.7% (2010 est.) Dependency ratios: Bantenese 2% Total dependency ratio: 47.5 Population distribution: Banjarese 1.7% youth dependency ratio: 38.3 Major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most Balinese 1.7% elderly dependency ratio: 9.2 potential support ratio: 10.8 densely populated places on earth; of the Acehnese 1.4% outer islands (those surrounding Java (2020 est.) Dayak 1.4% and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most signifi cant clusters, particularly in Sasak 1.3 Median age: the south near the Selat Sunda, and along Chinese 1.2 Total: 31.1 years the
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