INDONESIA FACTBOOK

DESIGNED by Alexandra Keeney 4 BACKGROUND 50 COMMUNICATIONS GEOGRAPHY/MAP MILLTARY And 6 54 SECurity PEOPLE AND TRANSPORTATION 14 SOCIETY 58 26 GOVERnMENT 62 Terrorism ECONOMY Transnasional 36 66 issues ENERGY CONtENT 44

2 3 Contents INTRO BACKGROUND FLAG BACKGROUND PAGES 2 - 5

The Dutch began to colonize financial reforms, stemming in the early 17th corruption, reforming the criminal century; Japan occupied the justice system, addressing climate islands from 1942 to 1945. change, and controlling infectious Indonesia declared its diseases, particularly those of independence shortly before global and regional importance. Japan’s surrender, but it required In 2005, Indonesia reached a four years of sometimes brutal historic peace agreement with fighting, intermittent negotiations, armed separatists in , which and UN mediation before the led to democratic elections in Netherlands agreed to transfer Aceh in December 2006. sovereignty in 1949. A period of Indonesia continues to face low sometimes unruly parliamentary intensity armed resistance in democracy ended in 1957 when Papua by the separatist Free President SOEKARNO declared Papua Movement. martial law and instituted “Guided Democracy.” After an abortive coup in 1965 by alleged communist sympathizers, SOEKARNO was gradually eased from power. From 1967 until 1998, President ruled Indonesia with his “New Order” government. After street protests toppled SUHARTO in 1998, free and fair legislative elections took place in 1999. Indonesia is now the world’s third most populous democracy, the world’s largest archipelagic state, and the world’s largest Muslim-majority nation. Current issues include: alleviating poverty, improving education, preventing terrorism, consolidating democracy after four decades of authoritarianism, implementing economic and

4 5 GEOGRAPHY GEOGRAPHY MAP GEOGRAPHY PAGES 6 - 15

Location: Coastline: Land use: Natural hazards: Southeastern Asia, archipelago 54,716 km Agricultural Land: 31.2% Occasional Floods; Severe Droughts; between the Indian Ocean and Arable Land: 13% Tsunamis; Earthquakes; Volcanoes; the Pacifi c Ocean Forest Fires Maritime claims: Permanent Crops: 12.1% Territorial sea 12 nm Geographic coordinates: Permanent Pasture: 6.1% volcanism: Exclusive 200 nm 5 00 S, 120 00 E Forest: 51.7% Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of economic zone measured from any country in the world - some 76 are claimed archipelagic Other: 17.1% historically active; signifi cant volcanic Geographic coordinates: straight baselines activity occurs on , , the Sunda Southeast Asia Irrigated land: Islands, Halmahera Island, Island, Climate: 67,220 sq km Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea; Area: Merapi (2,968 m), Indonesia’s most active Tropical; hot, humid; more moderate (2012) volcano and in eruption since 2010, has Total 1,904,569 sq km in highlands been deemed a Decade Volcano by the Land 1,811,569 sq km Population distribution: International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth’s Water 93,000 sq km Terrain: Major concentration on the island of Java, Interior, worthy of study due to its Country comparison to the world: 16 Mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands which is considered one of the most explosive history and close have interior mountains densely populated places on earth; of the proximity to human populations; other Land boundaries: outer islands (those surrounding Java and notable historically active volcanoes Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most Total 2,958 km Elevation: include Agung, Awu, Karangetang,Krakatau signifi cant clusters, particularly in the south Mean elevation: 367 m (Krakatoa), Makian, Raung, and Tambora; Border countries Malaysia 1881km near the Selat Sunda, and along the Lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m see note 2 under “Geography - note” (3) Papua northeastern coast near Medan; the cities of Highest point: Puncak Jaya 4,884 m 824 km Makasar (Sulawesi), Banjarmasin Timor-Leste 253km (Kalimantan) are also heavily populated Natural resources: Petroleum, Tin, Natural Gas, Nickel, Timber, Bauxite, Copper, Fertile Soils, Coal, Gold, Silver

8 9 GEOGRAPHY MAP PAGES 6 - 15

PHILIPPINES N

M A L A C C A S T R A IT ASIA MALAY PENINSUL SABAH ACEH SOUTH CHINA SEA BRUNEI GAYO MURUT ALAS DELI UAY M L E SANGER BES RTI B AT AK A KARO MELAYU SIME- SIMOLOE LUNGUN SULAWESI SEA PAKPAK SIKOLO TOBA KENYAH PACIFIC OCEAN SARAWAK ANGKOLA LODA MOROTAI GALELA KAYAN MANADO TOBELO MANDAILING BOLAANG MONGONDOU NIAS PUNAN BUAL KAIDIPAN U Y A L E M IBAN HULONTALO MABA BAJO MINAHASA TERNATE DAYAK SULI JAILOLO U A B A K G N A N I M BAHAU TO MINI PA’TANI MAANYAN TIDORE U Y A L E M TO GIAN WAIGEO OT DANUM TO BOBONGKO WEDA LINGGA KALIMANTAN MELAYU BIAK TO BALANTAK HATTAM BIAK RIAU NUMFOR LAWANGAN TO PALU MANIKION KARIMATA TO TAWAILI TO MORANE GANE NGAJU TO LIONDANG BACAN ANGGI STRAIT MAMBERAMO MANTAWAI TO BANGGAI SERUI PADANG TO PIPIKORO TALIABU MEYBRAT SEKAH BARE’E TAKUTA-MESSO MANGOL SARMI GUAI MISOOL GENYEM JAMBI BINTUNI DEMTA LOM SULAWESITO SEKO WARUPEN DATARAN DANAU PANTAI UTARA BUNGKU SULA TARUNGGAREH SANGGI TO SA’DAN WENDAMEN SUMATRA SEKAH YAFI DARAT TO MAPUTE UHUNDUNI PITU- IHA DANI MELAYU TO RAJA SERAM BILITON ULUMMA REJANG PALEMBANG BARAT SERAM SEKAH TO LANDAN TENGAH MUSI HULU SEKAH BANJAR MANDAR SERAM ARGONI BURU MBRAI PAPUA LUWU TIMUR MEKONGKA PEGUNUNGAN TINGGI KUBU MAKASSAR STRAIT TO LAKI AMBON MAIRASI B E N G K U L U GOR KOMERING KOWIAI BUNGKUMORI KAPAUKU MONI BUGIS BUNGKU AMBON MIMIKA ABUNG LAMPUNG BUNGKU ASMAT MUNA JAVA SEA MUYU BUTUNG MAKASSAR AMBON JAWA TAMBUS ENGGANO BANDA SEA YAKUI BASSAM-ANIM KAI EW GUINEA

AWIU N BANTEN BAWEAN ARU BETAWI AHUSSI-ANIM LAJULO CIREBON BADUY DAMAR ORDATA JEIANIM S UNDA MADURA LAR JAWA FLORES SEA MARINO-ANIM I NDIAN OCEAN ROMA KIMAM TANIMBAR JAVA WETAR YAMDE KISAR LARANTUKA ALOR LETI TENGGER OSING RIUNG ARAFURA SEA BALI MANGGARAI SOLOR SELARU DOMPU NAGEKEO PANTAR LOMBLEN SASAK LIO SIKKA BIMA NGADA ENDE EAST TIMOR DODONGGO BELU LESSER SUNDA ISLANDS MAMBORO MARAE SUMBA WAINGAPO SAWU KUPANG SABU SEA 320 km SABU ROTI

GUNAWAN KARTAPRANATA

10 11 GEOGRAPHY

Environment - current Geography note: issues: Note 1: Large-scale deforestation (much of it According to Indonesia’s National illegal) and related wildfi res cause heavy Coordinating Agency for Survey and smog; over-exploitation of marine Mapping, the total number of islands in the resources; environmental problems archipelago is 13,466, of which 922 associated with rapid urbanization and are permanently inhabited (Indonesia is the economic development, including air world’s largest country comprised solely of pollution, traffi c congestion, garbage islands); the country straddles the equator management, and reliable water and and occupies a strategic location astride wastewater services; water pollution from or along major sea lanes from the Indian industrial wastes, sewage Ocean to the Pacifi c Ocean. Note 2: Environment - international Indonesia is one of the countries along the agreements: Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes Party to: and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacifi c Ocean; up to 90% of the world’s Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate earthquakes and some 75% of the world’s Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertifi cation, volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Note 3: Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Despite having the fourth largest Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands population in the world, Indonesia is the Signed, but not ratifi ed: most heavily forested region on earth after the Amazon Marine Life Conservation

12 14 15 PEOPLE AND SOCIETY PEOPLE AND SOCIETY PEOPLE AND SOCIETY PAGES 14 - 25

Population: Languages: Age structure: Population growth rate: 267,026,366 Bahasa Indonesia (offi cial, modifi ed form 0-14 years: 23.87% 0.79% (July 2020 est.) of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects Male: 32,473,246 (2020 est.) Country Comparison to the world: 4 (of which the most widely Female: 31,264,034 Country comparison to the world: 129 spoken is Javanese) 15-24 years: 16.76% Note: Male: 22,786,920 Birth rate: Nationality: More than 700 languages are used Female: 21,960,130 15.4 births/1,000 population Noun: Indonesian(s) in Indonesia 25-54 years: 42.56% (2020 est.) Adjective: Indonesian Country comparison to the world: 116 Religions: Male: 58,249,570 Ethnic groups: Female: 55,409,579 Muslim 87.2% 55-64 years: 8.99% Death rate: Javanese 40.1% Protestant 7% Male:11,033,838 6.6 deaths/1,000 population Sundanese 15.5% Roman Catholic 2.9% Female: 12,968,005 (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 140 Malay 3.7% Hindu 1.7% 65 years and 7.82% 3.6% Other 0.9% over: Male: 9,099,773 Net migration rate: Madurese 3% (includes Female: 11,781,271 -1.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population Betawi 2.9% Buddhist and (2020 est) (2020 est.) Confucian) Minangkabau 2.7% Country comparison to the world: 145 Unspeciÿ ed 0.4% Buginese 2.7% (2010 est.) Dependency ratios: Bantenese 2% Total dependency ratio: 47.5 Population distribution: Banjarese 1.7% youth dependency ratio: 38.3 Major concentration on the island of Java, which is considered one of the most Balinese 1.7% elderly dependency ratio: 9.2 potential support ratio: 10.8 densely populated places on earth; of the Acehnese 1.4% outer islands (those surrounding Java (2020 est.) Dayak 1.4% and Bali), Sumatra contains some of the most signifi cant clusters, particularly in Sasak 1.3 Median age: the south near the Selat Sunda, and along Chinese 1.2 Total: 31.1 years the northeastern coast near Medan; the Other 15% Male: 30.5 years cities of Makasar (Sulawesi), Female: 31.8 years Banjarmasin (Kalimantan) are also heavily populaty (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 117

18 19 PEOPLE AND SOCIETY PAGES 14 - 25

20 21 PEOPLE AND SOCIETY

Urbanization population: Mother’s mean age at 56.6% of total population first birth: (2020) 22.8 years (2012 est.) Rate of urbanization: Note: median age at fi rst birth 2.27% annual rate of change among women 25-29 (2015-20 est.) Maternal mortality rate: Major urban areas - 177 deaths/100,000 live births population: (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 52 10.770 million (capital) 3.394 million Bekasi Infant mortality rate: 2.944 million Total: 20.4 deaths/1,000 live births 2.580 million Bandung 2.339 million Tangerang Male: 24 deaths/1,000 live births 2.338 million Medan Female: 16.7 deaths/1,000 live births (2020 est.) (2020) Sex ratio: Country comparison to the world: 74 At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female Life expectancy at birth: 0-14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female Total Population: 73.7 years 15-24 years: 1.04 male(s)/female Male: 71.1 years 25-54 years: 1.05 male(s)/female Female: 76.5 years 55-64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female (2020 est.) Country comparison to the world: 142 65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female Total Population: 100.2 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

22 PEOPLE AND SOCIETY PEOPLE AND SOCIETY PAGES 14 - 25

Total fertility rate: Physicians density: HIV/AIDS - deaths: Education expenditures: 2.04 children born/woman 0.38 physicians/1,000 population 38,000 3.6% of GDP (2020 est.) (2017) (2018 est.) (2015) Country comparison to the world: 106 Country comparison to the world: 5 Country comparison to the world: 120 Hospital bed density: Contraceptive 1.2 beds/1,000 population Major infectious Literacy: prevalence rate: (2015) diseases: Defi nition: age 15 and over can read 61% Degree of risk: very high and write (2016/17) Sanitation facility (2020) Total Population: 95.7% access: Food Male: 97.3% Drinking water source: Improved: Waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea Female: 94% Improved: Urban: 72.3% of population Hepatitis A (2018) Urban: 94.2% of population Rural: 47.5% of population Typhoid fever Rural: 79.5% of population School life expectancy Total: 60.8% of population Vectorborne diseases: dengue fever (primary to tertiary Total: 87.4% of population Unimproved: and malaria education): unimproved: Urban: 27.7% of population Total: 13 years Unimproved: Rural: 52.5% of population Obesity - adult Male: 13 years Total: 39.2% of population prevalence rate: Urban: 5.8% of population Female: 13 years (2015 est.) 6.9% Rural: 20.5% of population (2016) (2017) Country comparison to the world: 162 Total: 12.6% of population HIV/AIDS: Unemployment, youth ages (2015 est.) 0.4% Children under the age of 15-24: (2018 est.) Current Health Country comparison to the world: 81 5 years underweight: Total 16.5% 19.9% Male 16.5% Expenditure: (2013) Female 16.5% 3.1% HIV/AIDS - people living Country comparison to the world: 28 with HIV/AIDS: (2018 est.) (2016) Country comparison to the world: 82 640,000 (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 14

24 25 GOVERNMENT GOVERnMENT PAGES 26 - 35 GOVERNMENT

Country name: etymology: “Jakarta” derives from the Sanscrit Tenggara “Jayakarta” meaning “victorious city” and Conventional Republic of Indonesia Nusa Tenggara Barat (West Nusa Tenggara) refers to a successful defeat and expulsion long form: of the Portuguese in 1527; previously the port Nusa Tenggara Timur (East Nusa Tenggara) Conventional short Indonesia had been named “Sunda Kelapa” Papua form: Administrative divisions: Local long form: Republik Indonesia JAVA: Papua, Papua Barat (West Papua) Local short form: Indonesia Bali Sulawesi Former: Netherlands East Banten Indies, Dutch Riau Bengkulu East Indies Sulawesi Barat (West Sulawesi) Etymology: The name is an Gorontalo Sulawesi Selatan (South Sulawesi) 18th-century construct Jakarta of two Greek words, Sulawesi Tengah (Central Sulawesi) Jambi “Indos” () and Sulawesi Tenggara (Southeast Sulawesi) “nesoi” (islands), Jawa Barat (West Java) Sulawesi Utara (North Sulawesi) meaning “Indian Jawa Tengah (Central Java) islands” Jawa Timur (East Java) Sumatra Sumatera Barat () Government type: Kalimantan Presidential Republic Sumatera Selatan (South Sumatra) Kalimantan Barat (West Kalimantan) Sumatera Utara () Kalimantan Selatan (South Kalimantan) Capital: Yogyakarta Kalimantan Tengah (Central Kalimantan) Name: Jakarta Note: following the implementation of decentralization Kalimantan Timur (East Kalimantan) beginning on 1 January 2001, regecies and Geographic 6 10 S, 106 49 E municipalities have become the key Coordinates: Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan) administrative units responsible for Time Difference: UTC+7 (12 hours ahead providing most government services of Washington, DC, Islands during Standar Time) Kepulauan Bangka Belitung (Bangka Belitung Islands) Note: Indonesia has three Kepulauan Riau (Riau Islands) time zones Lampung Maluku Maluku Utara (North Maluku) 28 29 GOVERNMENT

Independence: Legal system: 17 August 1945 Civil law system based on the Roman-Dutch (Declared independence from the Netherlands) model and infl uenced by customary law National holiday: International law organization Independence Day, 17 August (1945) participation: Has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction Constitution: declaration; non-party state to the ICCt History: Drafted July to August 1945, effective 18 Citizenship: August 1945, Citizenship by birth: No abrogated by 1949 and Citizenship by descent At least one parent must 1950 constitutions; 1945 only: be a citizen of Indonesia constitution restored 5 July 1959 Dual citizenship No recognized: Amendments: Proposed by the People’s Consultative Residency 5 continuous years Assembly, with at least requirement for two thirds of its naturalization: members present; passage requires simple majority vote by the Suffrage: Assembly membership; 17 years of age; universal and married persons constitutional articles on regardless of age the unitary form of the state cannot be amended; amended several times, last in 2002 (2017)

30 31 GOVERNMENT PAGES 26 - 35 GOVERNMENT

Executive branch: Legislative branch: Judicial branch: Chief Of State: President Description: bicameral People’s Consultative Highest Courts: Supreme Court or Mahkamah (since 20 October 2014, Assembly or Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Agung (51 judges divided into 8 reelected 17 April 2019, consists of: Regional Representative Council or chambers); Constitutional Court inauguration 19 October 2019); Dewan Perwakilan Daerah (136 seats; non-partisan or Mahkamah Konstitusi Vice President Ma’ruf AMIN members directly elected in multi-seat (Consists of 9 judges) (since 20 October 2019); constituencies - 4 each from the country’s 34 Judge selection and term Supreme Court judges note - the president is both chief electoral districts - by proportional representation of offi ce: nominated by Judicial of state and head of government vote to serve 5-year terms); note - the Regional Commission, appointed by (2019) Representative Council has no legislative president with concurrence of authority House of Representatives or Dewan Head Of President Joko WIDODO parliament; judges serve until Perwakilan Rakyat (575 seats; members directly Government: (since 20 October 2014); Vice retirement at age 65; elected in multi-seat constituencies by single President Ma’ruf AMIN Constitutional Court non-transferable vote to serve 5-year terms) (since 20 October 2019) judges - 3 nominated by (2019) president, 3 by Supreme Court, Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by Elections: Regional Representative Council - last and 3 by parliament; judges the president held 17 April 2019 (next to be held 2024) House of appointed by the president; Elections/ President and vice president Representatives - last held on 17 April 2019 judges serve until mandatory Appointments: directly elected by absolute (next to be held 2024) retirement at age 70 majority popular vote for a (2019) Subordinate courts: High Courts of Appeal, 5-year term (eligible for a Election results: Regional Representative district courts, religious courts second term); election last held Council - all seats elected on a non-partisan basis; on 17 April 2019 compostion - NA (next election 2024) House of Representatives - percent of vote by party Election Results: Joko WIDODO elected - PDI-P 19.3%, Gerindra 12.6%, 12.3%, president; percent of PKB 9.7%, Nasdem 9.1%, PKS 8.2%, PD 7.8%, vote - Joko WIDODO (PDI-P) PAN 6.8%, PPP 4.5%, other 9.6%; seats by party 55.5%, - PDI-P 128, Golkar 85, Gerindra 78, Nasdem 59, Djojohadikusumo PKB 58, PD 54, PKS 50, PAN 44, PPP 19; (GERINDRA) 44.5% composition - men 475, women 100, percent of women 17.9%; total People’s Consultative Assembly percent of women NA (2019)

32 33 GOVERNMENT PAGES 26 - 35 GOVERNMENT

Political parties International organization Diplomatic representation Diplomatic representation and leaders: participation: in the US: from the US: Democrat Party or PD ADB APEC ARF ASEAN Ambassador Mahendra SIREGAR Chief of mission: Ambassador (since 8 April 2019) [] BIS CD CICA CP Joseph R. DONOVAN, Jr. Chancery: 2020 (since 12 January 2017) Functional Groups Party or observer Massachusetts GOLKAR [] Telephone: [62] (21) 5083-1000 D-8 EAS EITI FAO Avenue NW, compliant (2018) Great Indonesia Movement Party or Washington, DC country Embassy: Jalan Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, GERINDRA [PRABOWO Subianto 20036 G-11 G-15 G-20 G-77 Jakarta 10110 Djojohadikusumo] Telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICC Mailing Address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP Indonesia Democratic national committees FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365 96520 Party-Struggle or PDI-P [] ICRM IDA IDB IFAD Consulate(s) Chicago, FAX: [62] (21) 2395-1697 IFC IFRCS IHO ILO General: Houston, (2018) or PKB Los Angeles, New IMF IMO IMSO Interpol Consulate(s) general: Surabaya [Muhaiman ISKANDAR] York, IOC IOM IORA IPU San Francisco Consulate(s): Medan National Democratic Party or observer NasDem [] ISO ITSO ITU ITUC (NGOs) Flag description: or PAN MIGA MINURSO MINUSTAH MONUSCO [Zulkifl i HASAN] Two equal horizontal bands of red (top) MSG NAM OECD OIC and white; the colors derive from the banner of Party of the Functional Groups or Golkar associate enhanced the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th [Airlangga HARTARTO] member engagement centuries; red symbolizes courage, white People’s Conscience Party or OPCW PIF UN UNAMID represents purity HANURA [] (partner) Note: similar to the fl ag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the fl ag of Poland, which or PKS UPU UNIDO UNESCO UNCTAD is white (top) and red [Muhammad Sohibul IMAN] WCO UNMIL UNWTO UNIFIL or PPP WHO WMO WTO UNISFA National symbol(s): [Muhammad ROMAHURMUZIY] WIPO WFTU Garuda (mythical bird); national colors: (2019) (NGOs) red, white National anthem: Name: “Indonesia Raya” (Great Indonesia) lyrics/music: Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN note: adopted 1945

34 35 ECONOMY ECONOMY PAGES 36 - 43 ECONOMY

Economy - overview: Poverty and unemployment, GDP (purchasing power Gross national saving: inadequate infrastructure, corruption, a parity): 31.7% of GDP (2017 est.) Indonesia, the largest economy in complex regulatory environment, and Southeast Asia, has seen a slowdown in unequal resource distribution among $3.25 trillion (2017 est.) 32% of GDP (2016 est.) growth since 2012, mostly due to the end its regions are still part of Indonesia’s $3.093 trillion (2016 est.) 32% of GDP (2015 est.) of the commodities export boom. economic landscape. President Joko $2.945 trillion (2015 est.) Country comparison to the world: 27 During the global fi nancial crisis, WIDODO - elected in July 2014 – seeks Indonesia outperformed its regional to develop Indonesia’s maritime note: Data are in 2017 neighbors and joined China and India as resources and pursue other infrastructure dollars GDP - composition, the only members posting growth. development, including signifi cantly Country comparison to the world: 7 by end use: Indonesia’s annual budget defi cit is increasing its electrical power Household Consumption: 57.3% capped at 3% of GDP, and the generation capacity. Fuel subsidies were GDP (official (2017 est.) lowered its signifi cantly reduced in early 2015, a exchange rate): debt-to-GDP ratio from a peak of 100% move which has helped the government Government Consumption: 9.1% (2017 est.) shortly after the Asian fi nancial crisis in redirect its spending to development $1.015 trillion 1999 to 34% today. In May 2017 priorities. Indonesia, with the nine other (2017 est.) Investment in Fixed Capital: 32.1% Standard & Poor’s became the last major ASEAN members, will continue to move (2017 est.) ratings agency to upgrade Indonesia’s GDP - REAL GROWTH RATE: towards participation in the ASEAN Investment in inventories: 0.3% sovereign credit rating to Economic Community, though full 5.1% (2017 est.) investment grade. (2017 est.) implementation of economic integration 5% (2016 est.) has not yet materialized. Exports of Goods and Services: 20.4% 4.9% (2015 est.) (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 47 Imports of Goods and Services: -19.2% (2017 est.) GDP - per capita (PPP): $12,400 (2017 est. $12,000 (2016 est.) $11,500 (2015 est.) Note: Data are in 2017 dollars Country comparison to the world: 127

38 39 ECONOMY PAGES 36 - 43 ECONOMY

GDP - composition, by Industrial production Household income or Fiscal year: sector of origin: growth rate: consumption by Calendar year Agriculture: 13.7% 4.1% percentage share: (2017 est.) (2017 est.) Lowest 10%: 3.4% Inflation rate Country comparison to the world: 73 (consumer prices): Industry: 41% Highest 10%: 28.2% (2017 est.) 3.8% (2017 est.) Labor force: (2010) Services: 45.4% 3.5% (2016 est.) 125 million (2017 est.) Budget: Country comparison to the world: 150 (2016 est.) Revenues: 131.7 billion Agriculture - products: Country comparison to the world: 4 Current account balance: Expenditures: 159.6 billion -$17.33 billion (2017 est.) Rubber Shrimp Fish Labor force - (2017 est.) -$16.95 billion (2016 est.) Palm oil Cocoa Spices Agriculture: 32% Country comparison to the world: 197 Poultry Coffee Industry: 21% Taxes and other revenues: Services: 47% 13% (of GDP) Beef Medicinal Exports: (2016 est.) (2017 est.) Herbs Country comparison to the world: 208 $168.9 billion (2017 est.) Forest essential oil Unemployment rate: $144.4 billion (2016 est.) Products 5.4% Budget surplus (+) or Country comparison to the world: 29 (2017 est.) deficit (-): Industries: 5.6% -2.7% (of GDP) Exports - partners: Petroleum Apparel Plywood (2016 est.) (2017 est.) China 13.6% Country comparison to the world: 79 Country comparison to the world: 121 Natural Gas Footwear Rubber US 10.6% Textiles Mining Jewelry Population below poverty Public debt: Japan 10.5% Automotive Cement Tourism line: 28.8% of GDP (2017 est.) India 8.4% Electrical Medical 10.9% 28.3% of GDP (2016 est.) Singapore 7.6% (2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 166 Appliances Instruments Malaysia 5.1% Appliances Handicrafts Korea 4.8% Chemical Processed (2017) Fertilizers Food

40 41 ECONOMY PAGES 36 - 43 ECONOMY

Exports - commodities: Imports - partners: Exchange rates: Mineral Fuels Animal China 23.2% Indonesian rupiah (IDR) per US dollar - Vegetable fats Electrical Singapore 10.9% (includes palm oil) machinery 13,385 (2017 est.) Japan 10% (2016 est.) Rubber Machinery 13,308.3 Thailand 6% Mechanical 13,308.3 (2015 est.) Appliance Parts Malaysia 5.6% 13,389.4 (2014 est.) South Korea 5.3% 11,865.2 (2013 est.) Imports: US 5.2% $150.1 billion (2017 est.) (2017) $129.2 billion (2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 31 Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: Imports - commodities: $130.2 billion Mineral Boilers (31 December 2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 19 Fuels Machinery Iron Debt - external: Mechanical Steel $344.4 billion Parts (31 December 2017 est.) Electric Foodstuffs Country comparison to the world: 30 Machinery

42 43 ENERGY ENERGY PAGES 45 - 49 ENERGY

Electricity access: Electricity - installed Electricity - from other Refined petroleum Population without 14 million generating capacity: renewable sources: products - production: electricity: (2017) 61.43 million kW 6% of total installed capacity 950,000 bbl/day Electrifi cation - total 97.6% (2016 est.) (2017 est.) (2015 est.) population: (2016) Country comparison to the world: 19 Country comparison to the world: 99 Country comparison to the world: 18 Electrifi cation - 100% urban areas: (2016) Electricity - from Crude oil - production: Refined petroleum Electrifi cation - 94.8% fossil fuels: 772,000 bbl/day products - consumption: (2018 est.) rural areas: (2016) 85% of total installed capacity Country comparison to the world: 24 1.601 million bbl/day (2016 est.) (2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 71 Country comparison to the world: 14 Electricity - production: Crude oil - exports: 235.4 billion kWh Electricity - from 302,300 bbl/day Refined petroleum (2016 est.) nuclear fuels: (2015 est.) Country comparison to the world: 20 Country comparison to the world: 27 products - exports: 0% of total installed capacity 79,930 bbl/day Electricity - (2017 est.) (2015 est.) Country comparison to the world: 110 Crude oil - imports: Country comparison to the world: 47 consumption: 498,500 bbl/day 213.4 billion kWh Electricity - from (2015 est.) (2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 18 Refined petroleum Country comparison to the world: 20 hydroelectric plants: products - imports: 9% of total installed capacity Crude oil - proved 591,500 bbl/day (2017 est.) (2015 est.) Electricity - exports: Country comparison to the world: 118 reserves: Country comparison to the world: 15 0 kWh 3.31 billion bbl (2017 est.) (1 January 2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 149 Country comparison to the world: 28 Electricity - imports: 693 million kWh (2016 est.) Country comparison to the world: 76

46 47 ENERGY PAGES 47 - 51 ENERGY

Natural gas - productioN: Carbon dioxide emissions 72.09 billion cu m from consumption of (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 12 energy: 540.7 million Mt Natural gas - (2017 est.) consumption: Country comparison to the world: 12 42.32 billion cu m (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 23 Natural gas - exports: 29.78 billion cu m (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 12 Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 141 Natural gas - proved reserves: 2.866 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 12

48 49 COMMUNICATIONS COMMUNICATIONS PAGES 50 - 53 COMMUNICATIONS

Telephones - fixed lines: International: Broadcast media: Total subscriptions: 8,303,511 Country code - 62; landing points for the Mixture of about a dozen national TV Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 SEA-ME-WE-3 & 5, DAMAI, JASUKA, networks - 1 public broadcaster, the (2018 est.) BDM, Dumai-Melaka Cable System, IGG, remainder private broadcasters - each Country comparison to the world: 19 JIBA, Link 1, 3, 4, & 5, PGASCOM, B3J2, with multiple transmitters; more than 100 Tanjung Pandam-Sungai Kakap Cable local TV stations; widespread use of sat- Telephones - mobile System, JAKABARE, JAYABAYA, ellite and cable TV systems; public radio INDIGO-West, Matrix Cable System, ASC, broadcaster operates 6 national networks, cellular: SJJK, Jaka2LaDeMa, S-U-B Cable System, as well as regional and local stations; Total subscriptions: 319,434,605 JBCS, MKCS, BALOK, Palapa Ring East, overall, more than 700 radio stations with Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 122 West and Middle, SMPCS Packet-1 and 2, more than 650 privately operated (2019) (2018 est.) LTCS, TSCS, SEA-US and Kamal Country comparison to the world: 4 Domestic Submarine Cable System, 35 submarine cable networks that provide Internet country code: Telephone system links throughout Asia, the Middle East, .id General Assessment: , Southeast Asia, Africa and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Domestic service includes an Internet users: Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacifi c interisland microwave system, an HF radio Total: 65,525,226 Ocean) (2019) police net, and a domestic satellite Percent of population: 25.4% communications system; international (July 2016 est.) service good; Indonesia has very low fi xed Country comparison to the world: 10 line and fi xed broadband penetration, high mobile penetration and moderate mobile Broadband - fixed broadband penetration (2018) subscriptions: Domestic: Total: 8,874,116 subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 fi xed-line 3 per 100 and mobile-cellular (2018 est.) 122 per 100 persons; coverage provided Country comparison to the world: 20 by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas; mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly (2018)

52 53 MILLITARY AND SECURITY Millitary and security MILLITARY AND SECURITY PAGES 54 - 57

Military expenditures: Military service age and 0.72% of GDP (2018) obligation: 0.84% of GDP (2017) 18-45 years of age for voluntary military service, with selective 0.88% of GDP (2016) conscription authorized; 2-year 0.89% of GDP (2015) service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (offi cers); 0.78% of GDP (2014) Indonesian citizens only Country comparison to the world: 135 (2013) Military and security Maritime threats: forces: The International Maritime Bureau Indonesian National Armed Forces continues to report the territorial and (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI): offshore waters in the Strait of Army Malacca and South China Sea as high (TNI-Angkatan Darat (TNI-AD) risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships; attacks declined for the third year Navy in a row from 43 incidents in 2016 to 36 (TNI-Angkatan Laut (TNI-AL) in 2018 due to aggressive maritime Marines patrolling by regional authorities; in (Korps Marinir, KorMar), 2018, 29 commercial vessels were naval air arm) boarded and three crew members were taken hostage; hijacked vessels are often Air Force disguised and cargo diverted to ports (TNI-Angkatan Udara (TNI-AU) in East Asia National Air Defense Command (2018) (Komando Pertahanan Udara Nasional (Kohanudnas) Armed Forces Special Operations Command (Koopssus) Strategic Reserve Command (Kostrad) (2019) Note: the Indonesian National Police includes a paramilitary Mobile Brigade Corps (BRIMOB)

56 57 TRANSPORTATION TRANSPORTATIOn PAGES 58 - 61 TRANSPORTATION

National air transport Airports - with paved Pipelines: Merchant marine: system: runways: 1064 km condensate Total: 9,879 By Type: Number of registered 29 Total: 186 150 km condensate/gas air carriers: (2015) (2017) Bulk carrier 109 1702 km gas Inventory of registered 550 Over 3,047 m: 5 Container ship 217 aircraft operated by (2015) (2017) 119 km liquid petroleum gas General Cargo 2,198 air carriers: 2,438 to 3,047 m: 21 7767 km oil Oil Tanker 622 Annual passenger 88,685,767 (2017) 77 km oil/gas/water Other 6,733 traffi c on registered (2015) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 51 728 km refi ned products air carriers: (2017) (2019) 53 km unknown Country comparison to the world: 1 Annual freight traffi c on 747,473,207 914 to 1,523 m: 72 registered air mt-km (2017) 44 km water Ports and terminals: carriers: (2015) (2013) Under 914 m: 37 Major seaport(s): Banjarmasin, (2017) Railways: Belawan, Civil aircraft Kotabaru, Total: 8,159 km (2014) registration country Airports - with unpaved Krueg Geukueh, runways: Narrow gauge: 8,159 km 1.067-m Palembang, code prefix: Panjang, Total: 487 Gauge (565 km electrifi ed) (2014) PK Sungai Pakning, (2013) (2016) note: 4,816 km operational Tanjung Perak, 1,524 to 2,437 m: 4 Country comparison to the world: 27 Tanjung Priok Airports: (2013) Roadways: Container port(s) Tanjung Perak 673 914 to 1,523 m: 23 (TEUs): (3,553,370), (2013) (2013) Total: 496,607 km (2011) Tanjung Priok Country comparison to the world: 10 Paved: 283,102 km (2011) (6,090,000) under 914 m: 460 (2017) (2013) Unpaved: 213,505 km (2011) LNG terminal(s) Bontang, Country comparison to the world: 14 Heliports: (export): Bontang, Tangguh Tangguh 76 Waterways: (2013) LNG terminal(s) Arun, Lampung, 21,579 km (2011) (import): West Java Country comparison to the world: 7

60 61 TERRORISM Terrorism PAGES 62 - 65 TERRORISM

ISIS-associated Jemaah Jemaah Islamiyah (JI): Anshorut Daulah (JAD): aim(s): aim(s): Overthrow the Indonesian Government Establish an Islamic caliphate and, ultimately, establish a pan-Islamic in Indonesia state across Southeast Asia Area(s) of operation: Area(s) of operation: An ISIS-aligned coalition of cells located Indonesia (2018) throughout the country (2018) Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) network in Indonesia: aim(s): Replace the Indonesian Government with an Islamic state and implement ISIS’s strict interpretation of sharia Area(s) of operation: Maintains a covert operational presence (2018)

64 TRANSNASIONAL ISSUES Transnasional issues TRANSNATIONAL ISSUES PAGES 66 - 69

Disputes - international: Indonesia and Singapore continue to Refugees and internally Illicit drugs: work on fi nalizing their 1973 maritime Indonesia has a stated foreign policy boundary agreement by defi ning displaced persons: Illicit producer of cannabis largely for objective of establishing stable fi xed land unresolved areas north of Indonesia’s Refugees (country of origin): domestic use; producer of and maritime boundaries with all of its Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, methamphetamine and ecstasy; President neighbors; three stretches of land borders 6,098 (Afghanistan) WIDODO’s war on drugs has led to an squatters, and illegal migrants create (2018) with Timor-Leste have yet to be repatriation problems for Papua New increase in death sentences and delimited, two of which are in the Oec executions, particularly of foreign Guinea; maritime delimitation talks IDPs: ussi exclave area, and no maritime or continue with Palau; EEZ negotiations drug traffi ckers Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) with Vietnam are ongoing, and the two 16,000 (inter-communal, inter-faith, and boundaries have been established countries in Fall 2011 agreed to work separatist violence between 1998 and between the countries; all borders be- together to reduce illegal fi shing along 2004 in Aceh and Papua; religious attacks tween Indonesia and Australia have been their maritime boundary and land confl icts in 2012 and 2013; most agreed upon bilaterally, but a 1997 treaty IDPs in Aceh, Maluku, East Nusa that would settle the last of their maritime Tengarra) and EEZ boundary has yet to be ratifi ed (2018) by Indonesia’s legislature; Indonesian groups challenge Australia’s claim to Ash more Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fi shing and placed restrictions on certain catches; land and maritime negotiations with Malaysia are ongoing, and disputed areas include the controversial Tanjung Datu and Camar Wulan border area in and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea;

68 69 PHOTO credits COVER/CONTENT GOVERNMENT Communications muhammad rafi unsplash touann unsplash jeremy bishop UNSPLASH 1 26 gatouillat-vergos 50 photo of greeN leaves unsplash jimmy ofisia UNSPLASH 3 29 rob king unsplash 52 aron visuals UNSPLASH 31 bernard hermant unsplash 53 BAckGround bernard hermant unsplash 5 Rio lecatompessy unsplash 33 Millitary and 35 nick agus arya unsplash Geography security 54 hobi industri UNSPLASH luca zanoN unsplash Economy 6 36 qurrata ayuni uPsplash 57 alex K UNSPLASH bayu syaits unsplash anggit rizkianto UNSPLASH 8 frans daniels uPsplash justin kauffman unsplash 38 hobi industri UNSPLASH 9 david wollschlegel unsplash 39 max kukurudziak uPsplash Transportation 10 indonesia.svg 40 latrach med-jamil-fd uPsplash 58 akharis-ahmad UNSPLASH 13 tim shepherd unsplash 41 bernard hermant uPsplash 14 maksim shutov unsplash 42 haidar rais-30KTS uPsplash Terrorism bernard hermant uPsplash taylor-simpson unsplash 43 carles rabada uPsplash 62 People anD society 65 feby elsadiora unsplash 16 ruben hutabarat unsplash lily banse unsplash fikri rasyid unsplash ENERGY grey statues in UpSplash 18 sidik kurniawan unsplash 44 middle of ocean TRANSNASIONAL timo wagner unsplash 19 josh withers unsplash utsman media unsplash 47 ISSUES 20 robert collins unsplash 49 arwan sutanto unsplash 66 hobi-industri unsplash sebastian staines unsplash christine unsplash 23 69 wehrmeier 24 luthfi ali unsplash 70 71