Review of Fishery and Aquaculture Development Potentials in The

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FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1055/3 REU/C1055/3(En) ISSN 2070-6065

Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the republic of Moldova Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: Sales and Marketing Group Office of Knowledge Exchange, Research and Extension Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +39 06 57053360 Web site: www.fao.org/icatalog/inter-e.htm FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1055/3 REU/C1055/3(En)

Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Elena Zubcov Marin Usatii Head of Laboratory Head of Laboratory Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Laboratory of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, Ecotoxicology, Institute of Zoology, Institute of Zoology, Academy of Sciences of Academy of Sciences of Moldova Moldova

Galina Curcubet Ludmila Barbaiani Director Researcher Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise on Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise Research and Production of Water Bio- on Research and Production of Water Bio- resources Aquaculture – Moldova resources Aquaculture-Moldova

Lucia Biletchi Éva Kovács Leading Scientific Researcher Junior Aquaculture Officer Laboratory of Hydrobiology and FAO Subregional Office for Central and Ecotoxicology, Institute of Zoology, Eastern Europe Academy of Sciences of Moldova Thomas Moth-Poulsen Vasili Domanciuc Fishery Officer Head of Laboratory FAO Subregional Office for Central and Laboratory of Selection and Reproduction of Eastern Europe Fish, Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise on Research and Production of Water Bio- András Woynarovich resources Aquaculture – Moldova FAO Consultant

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Preparation of this document

The objectives in producing this document were to record the present state and conditions of the fisheries and aquaculture sector in the Republic of Moldova, as well as to point out those entry points that could ensure its further sustainable development. Data and information were provided by two professional teams headed by Dr Elena Zubcov, Head of the Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecotoxicology, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, and Dr Galina Curcubet, Director of the Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise on Research and Production of Water Bio-resources Aquaculture – Moldova. The teams embraced the envisaged themes including the physical, social, economic and administrative background and structure of the sector. This review is based on the results obtained from a range of research projects conducted by the Institute of Zoology, and funded by the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. These projects were: • The study of biodiversity, functioning of hydrobiocenoses for determining the carrying capacity of aquatic ecosystems both fluvial and lacustrine, in dependence on natural and anthropogenic factors (Project No. 06.411.012F). • Estimating the role of groups of terrestrial, aquatic animals, zoo- and phyto parasites of economic interest, the development of measures of monitoring, sustainable utilization of useful species and control of harmful once (Project No. 06.411.014A). • Revealing the water quality and the state of aquatic ecosystems in Lower Prut (Project No. 09.832.08.07A). • Regularities of intraspecific variability of the structure and dynamics of population of cyprinids (the example species Abramis brama L.) in Moldova and the European part of Russia (Project No. 08.820-04-22 RF). • CRDF-MRDA Assessment of current status of biodiversity and water quality in Dniester River (Project No. MBI-3002). • Elaboration of growth technology of Kefal pelingas (Project No. BPP-03-06). In the preparation of this document, FAO guidelines on the elaboration of similar fisheries and aquaculture country reviews were followed. The review has been endorsed by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry of the Republic of Moldova, which is the ministry responsible for fisheries and aquaculture. vi

Abstract

The Republic of Moldova is rich in retained water resources. Comparing the size of the country and the total area of water reservoirs and ponds, it has the largest resources of artificial waterbodies among the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The water reservoirs and ponds are owned by public local authorities, irrigation associations, the State and private owners. The Ministry of the Environment is responsible for the administrative supervision of the natural waters and water reservoirs, while fish production issues are coordinated and supported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry. Although the total area of ponds is considerable, fish production and the proportion of high-value and low-value fish species remain well below expectations. This present document provides an inventory of the physical, social, financial and economic background of the fishery and aquaculture sector.

Zubcov, E., Curcubet, G., Biletchi, L., Domanciuc, V., Usatii, M., Barbaiani, L., Kovács, É., Moth-Poulsen, T. & Woynarovich, A. 2013. Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1055/3. Rome, FAO. 93 pp. vii

Contents

Preparation of this document v Abstract vi Acknowledgements x Executive summary xi

1. Introduction 1 2. historical background of the fishery sector 3 3. actual and potential resources of fishery and aquaculture 7 3.1 People 7 3.2 Geography and climate 7 3.3 Agriculture 9 3.4 Water resources 12 3.5 Fishes of the Republic of Moldova 22 4. status of fisheries and aquaculture production 25 4.1 Capture fisheries and aquaculture 25 4.2 Recreational fisheries 30 4.3 Facilitating industry 30 5. status of processing and trade of fish and fishery products 31 5.1 Fish processing and storage 31 5.2 distribution, marketing and trade of fish and fishery products 31 5.3 Fish demand and consumption 33 6. Governance and institutional frameworks of the fisheries and aquaculture sector 35 6.1 Administration 35 6.2 Education, training, extension and research 36 6.3 Statistics 37 6.4 Institutions 38 6.5 iNternational cooperation in fisheries and aquaculture development and management 38 7. policies, regulatory and management frameworks in use 43 7.1 Fisheries and aquaculture policies and planning 43 7.2 Fisheries and aquaculture legal and regulatory framework and management 44 8. social and economic aspects of fisheries and aquaculture 45 8.1 Fisheries and aquaculture employment 45 8.2 Economics of capture fisheries and aquaculture 45 8.3 Credit and investment in fisheries and aquaculture 46 8.4 Role of fisheries and aquaculture in food security and poverty alleviation 46 viii

9. development potentials in the fishery and aquaculture sector 49 9.1 dEvelopment potentials of capture fisheries 49 9.2 dEvelopment potentials of aquaculture 52 10. conclusions and recommendations 53 References 55

Annex 1 – General data on the Republic of Moldova 57 Annex 2 – Water resource, fish farms and fish species of the Republic of Moldova 65 Annex 3 – Economic data on the fisheries and aquaculture sector of the Republic of Moldova 89

Tables

1. introduction of new fish species in the aquaculture of the Republic of Moldova (until 1991) 5 2. Population of the Republic of Moldova by area, sex and age group as of 1 January 2010 7 3. Geographical position of the Republic of Moldova 8 4. Air temperature on Moldovan territory 8 5. Precipitation on Moldovan territory 8 6. Available land by use in the Republic of Moldova as of 1 January 2010 9 7. structure of agricultural lands by ownership as of 1 January 2010 9 8. Agricultural production in the Republic of Moldova, all categories of producers 11 9. summarized data of employment in the different agriculture sectors the Republic of Moldova, 2009 11 10. Average annual water flow of major rivers in the Black Sea basin 13 11. Characteristics of main water reservoirs in the Republic of Moldova 13 12. quantitative composition of fish-breeding complexes of the Republic of Moldova 15 13. list of fish-breeding and reproduction farms in the Republic of Moldova 21 14. Reproductive and fish-breeding indices of common carp strains in the Republic of Moldova 27 15. External trade of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates according to the Nomenclature of Goods, 2001–09 32 16. External trade of fish, crustaceans and molluscs according to the Standard International Trade Classification, 2001–09 32 17. Main profitability indicators of economic units and their activities 48 18. Average price of fresh fish on local market in the Republic of Moldova 48 19. stocking of the Costesti-Stanca reservoir 50 Contents ix

Figures

1. Agricultural production in the Republic of Moldova, by producer category as a percentage of total production 10 2. Water map of the Republic of Moldova 12 3. Geographical distribution by size of the most important fish farms in the Republic of Moldova 15 4. Geographical distribution by production of the most important fish farms in the Republic of Moldova 15 5. dynamics of sustainable growth of fish pond production in the Republic of Moldova 26 6. Results of capture fisheries and aquaculture in the Republic of Moldova, 2000–2011 32 7. Retail sale of fish, crustaceans and molluscs in the Republic of Moldova, 2005–2010 33 8. development directions of the aquaculture sector in the Republic of Moldova 43 9. Excess of wholesale and retail prices over cost 45 10. Fishing and fish culture enterprises that ended 2009 with financial losses 47 11. development of entrepreneurship activities in the field of fishing and fish culture 47 12. Revenue from sales of fishing and fish culture enterprises in 2009 48 13. stocking of Dubasari reservoir, 1998–2010 51

Boxes

1. National breeds of common carp in the Republic of Moldova 4 2. black caviar and sturgeon production in the Republic of Moldova 38 x

Acknowledgements

This review is based on the results obtained in the frame of a range of research projects funded by SCSTD (projects No. 06.411.012F; 06.411.014A; 09.832.08.07A; 08.820-04-22 RF), CRDF and MRDA (projects No. MBI-3002; BPP -03-06). xi

Executive summary

According to the information gained from sector-related FAO documents and statistics, the Republic of Moldova is rich in retained water resources. Comparing the size of the country with the total area of artificial water reservoirs and ponds, it has the largest such resources among countries of Central and Eastern Europe. These stored relatively huge water resources combined with the unique topography and the climate of the country should ensure a more prominent status of the fisheries and aquaculture sector within the agricultural branches. This is especially the case as because fisheries and aquaculture has many links not only to the environment and the management and sharing of water resources but also to the well-being of the population. The present document provides a concise summary of the key information needed in order to understand the present situation of the sector and understand the recommendations of the most-competent professional teams of the Republic of Moldova. The most important recommendations are: • Fish farming in the Republic of Moldova has the potential to reduce poverty in rural areas. Renting and using small lakes and ponds for growing fish creates jobs, brings income to rural areas and increases the sales of fresh fish in villages. As farmers very often lack a proper knowledge of fisheries and aquaculture techniques, the improvement of efficient, market-economy-based extension services is required. • Efficient extension services supported by the government should include information and advisory systems by which knowledge, skills and modern management abilities of farmers can be enhanced. The aforementioned subjects should be integral parts of farmer training. • In order to increase the efficiency of fish enterprises, state support should be offered for developing modern entrepreneurial, financial and investment frameworks according to the principles of a market economy. • Sustainable development of the fishery and aquaculture sector could be achieved by intensifying fish farming, acclimatizing valuable new fish species and breeds and by developing methods and schemes to stabilize and improve the economic and financial situation of enterprises in the sector. • The national cadastre of waterbodies needs to be completed with data on their ecological status. The current ecological state of waterbodies is a main cause of their inadequate utilization and so is responsible for increased production costs and, hence, the high price of fresh fish. • The multipurpose integrated use of irrigation water reservoirs is a feasible option for increasing fish production. • A set of measures needs to be taken in order to protect and conserve the environment and to use existing recourses for fishery purposes in a sustainable way, including the improvement of the fishery resources of the Dniester River.

Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova 1

1. Introduction

The Republic of Moldova is framed by two large rivers and a few middle-sized ones, and it is webbed by several thousand other rivers and water flows. Both the topography and water resources of the country are ideal for the construction of small water reservoirs and fish ponds. This is why the total artificial water surface in the country is so large. There are 41 707 ha of water reservoirs and ponds, of which 20 507 ha (49.2 percent) are used as fish farms. The present document contains a detailed inventory of the physical, social, economic and administrative background and components of the fisheries and aquaculture sector of the Republic of Moldova. On the basis of the presentation of sector-related facts, conclusions are drawn and recommendations are presented in order to highlight the entry points to ensure the further sustainable development of the sector.

Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova 3

2. historical background of the fishery sector

Intensification of the development of aquaculture in the Republic of Moldova (then known as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic) accelerated after 1945. At that time, its fish-producing waterbodies had a total surface area of 30 000 ha, of which 12 000 ha was fish ponds. This fact determined the direction of fish culture development and explains why pond fish culture has remained the main culture system in the country. In 1945, the development of fishery sciences in the country began with the founding of the state institute known as the Biological Experimental Station for Fisheries, now called the Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise on Research and Production of Water Bio- resources Aquaculture – Moldova. By 1950, the Biological Experimental Station for Fisheries had 9 ponds with a total area of 283 ha. In this period, annual fish production was 34.7 tonnes. By 1957, the yearly production of fish farms had grown to 168 tonnes. Later, in 1964, owing to the establishment of the state fishery sector, the yearly production of fish ponds increased to 250 tonnes. In 1970, the Directorate of Fish Farming, under the Council of Ministers of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, became the central administration body of fisheries. Ponds of kolkhozes and sovhozes not used for fish culture were transferred to the Directorate of Fish Farming. In addition, 14 new fish farms were established; hence, fish production in ponds increased considerably from 1 983 tonnes in 1970 to 4 570 and 6 500 tonnes in 1975 and 1980, respectively. The most rapid development of fish farming activities took place in the 1980s and 1990s, when the necessary scientific and logistic background of fish production was established. In this period, the average yearly fish production varied between 1.4 and 2.4 tonnes/ha. These results made the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic the second- most-important fish-producing republics of the then Soviet Union. In the 1980s, parallel to the intensification of pond fish farming, fishery management of small water reservoirs also started. In 1985, the amount of fish produced in ponds and in small water reservoirs was about 8 539 tonnes, which increased to 9 053 tonnes by 1990. In this period, the average yearly fish production was about 1 tonne/ha. Development of fish production in cages started in 1968 and it had already achieved good results by the 1990s. Cage culture of common carp in the warm water of the Cuciurgan reservoir1 increasingly contributed to national table fish production with 5, 22, 44 and 150 tonnes in 1968, 1971, 1987 and 1988, respectively. At that time, the recorded maximum production of cages was 189 kg/m3. Cage culture of common carp was also developed in Goieni Bay of the Dubasari, reservoir where an annual production of 723.5 tonnes (58 kg/m3) was reached by 1990. In the late 1980s, work began on an intensive tank culture enterprise on the shore of the Cuciurgan reservoir with a planned yearly production capacity of 1 000 tonnes of common carp. It was also planned to increase the capacity of cage farms in this period. However, owing to the political and economic changes in the early 1990s, neither of these plans was completed. Separation of the Transnistria region and the transferring of control of the Moldovan Hydropower Plant to a joint-stock company were among

1 The Cuciurgan reservoir is the cooling reservoir of the Moldovan Hydropower Plant. 4 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

the components that characterized the situation of at the time when the Soviet Union broke up. The often-changing owners of the Moldovan Hydropower Plant paid little attention to the cages. Before 1951, traditional species in aquaculture were the local forms of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and silver Prussian carp (Carassius gibelio). In 1951, a breeding programme, developed by the Fisheries Scientific Research Station, started, and this resulted in two national common carp lines by 1978. These were the scaly Kuboltskiy carp and the Myndykskiy carp with scattered type of scales (Box 1).

Box 1 National breeds of common carp in the Republic of Moldova

The forming of national broodstocks of common carp started in 1951, when improved strains were introduced into the Republic of Moldova (then the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic). They were from two regions of Ukraine: 15 nests of eggs of Nivchansk carp brought from Vinnytsia region: and 40 nests of eggs of Kursk carp from the Belgorod region. In 1978, breeding established two autochthon common carp lines, which created the initial broodstocks of the later selected and developed two national common carp stocks. Between 1981 and 2003, and with the participation of the Russian scientist of ARRIFFF, Dr Y. Ilyasov, Moldovan researchers at the Fisheries Scientific Research Station (Dr Galina Curcubet, Dr V. Domanciuc and Dr V. Lobcenco) created two new breeds of common carp: carp Teleneshtskiy scaly, and carp Teleneshtskiy frame. They were formed on the base of the breeding group of carp fresinet, which included strains of Ukrainian frame carps and Hungarian frame and scaly carps, as well as cefa carp. Both breeds were created on the same fish breeding farm of the Teleneshty Branch of the State Enterprise Aquaculture – Moldova. Taking into account the susceptibility of initially selected material to diseases, such as aeromonas, a special selection programme for increased resistance to infectious diseases was designed and implemented. These breeds of common carp are remarkable because their productive and reproductive characteristics exceed present norms. Their good body indices and increased resistance to infectious diseases are also among those characteristics that make them so productive: • carp Kuboltskiy scaly was bred by G. Curcubet, V. Lobcenco, V. Domanciuc and V. Epur. This breed is remarkable for its hardiness, high survival rate and advanced ability to utilize natural fish food resources. • carp Myndykskiy with scattered-type scales is at the testing stage and is characterized by winter hardiness and high survival rate. Its edible parts are also above average. These breeds originate from a state-owned selective-breeding farm – the Kubolta Branch of the State Enterprise Aquaculture – Moldova.

Introduction of new fish species in Moldovan waters started in 1961 (Table 1) when larvae of Chinese major carps were introduced from China. By volume, these carps (silver carp, grass carp and bighead carp) became the main species in aquaculture in the Republic of Moldova in the 1980s. The basics of common carp and Chinese major carp polyculture in the Republic of Moldova were developed by S. Tyutyunik under the leadership of Prof Grimalskiy. Later, other scientists such as T. Kojokaru and V. Ulianov of the Hydrobiology Laboratory of the Moldovan Fisheries Scientific Research Station improved and refined these technologies. Together with the larvae of Chinese major carps, an unwanted small cyprinid species was also introduced accidentally, namely the topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva), Historical background of the fishery sector 5

which is a very prolific fish. It reaches sexual maturity at an early age and then it spawns several times during the same reproductive season. Out of the nine introduced fish species (Table 1), only Mississippi paddlefish and channel catfish acclimatized in the Republic of Moldova as they were able to reproduce under natural conditions. Although Chinese major carps are widely cultured, they can only be reproduced artificially. Indigenous pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) is used for the control of low-value fish species in the ponds of the Republic of Moldova. Reproduction of pikeperch up to 50 million hatched larvae per year is organized by the fish enterprise Victoria, which is situated in the north of the country (Edinets). With this species, pond productivity has increased to about 100 kg/ha on average.

Table 1 Introduction of new fish species in the aquaculture of the Republic of Moldova (until 1991) SI Year of Country of Species Comments No. introduction origin Owing to the intensive use of grains and pelleted fish feeds, the proportion of grass carp was Grass carp 1. 1961 China initially lower, but, currently, under extensive (Ctenopharyngodon idella) pond culture, its numbers in polyculture are increasing. Silver carp 2. 1961 China It is one of the main fish species of aquaculture. (Hypophthalmichtys molitrix) Bighead carp (Arystichtys 3. 1961 China It is one of the main fish species of aquaculture. nobilis) Black carp It did not become established, hence remaining 4. 1961 China (Mylopharyngodon piceus) an insignificant species for aquaculture. United Bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus It did not become established, hence remaining 5. 1973 States of cyprinellus) an insignificant species for aquaculture. America United Smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus It did not become established, hence remaining 6. 1973 States of bubalus) an insignificant species for aquaculture. America United It did not become established, hence remaining 7. Black buffalo (Ictiobus niger) 1973 States of an insignificant species for aquaculture. America Until 1990, it was grown in the ponds of fish enterprises in the south and in cages placed in the Cuciurgan reservoir. A stock of about United Channel catfish (Ictalurus 28 000 growers and about 1 000 sexually mature 8. 1976 States of punctatus Raf.) broodfish was established. The military conflict America on the Dniester River interrupted the breeding of this fish, but as it has already acclimatized in the Cuciurgan reservoir, its culture can be resumed. It was first introduced in the Pridnestrovsc, Costesti and Ivancea fish farms. Its artificial United reproduction started in 1988. However, Mississippi paddlefish 9. 1978 States of the limited number of breeders, which has (Polyodon spathula) America dramatically decreased since 1990, does not allow large-scale production of this valuable species.

Until 1990, sturgeons – Lena sturgeon (Acipenser baeri), starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) and sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus) – were also reared in ponds. In the late 1980s, about 1 000 kg of market-sized bester2 and 200–250 kg of sterlet sturgeon and Lena sturgeon fry were reared in ponds for restocking the Dubasari reservoir on the Dniester River. The work and research were undertaken by V. Lobcenco and A. Vedrasco.

2 Bester is a hybrid of beluga (Huso huso) and sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus). 6 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Researchers of the Institute of Zoology (I. Kubrac, M. Statova, A. Zelenin, O. Krepis, M. Usatyi, E. Zubcov, etc.) elaborated a range of procedures for the artificial propagation of the above-mentioned fish species. By doing so, they ensured a steady supply of advanced fry of these species. Furthermore, a crustacean, the Japanese shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense, De Haan) was introduced into the Cuciurgan reservoir. Researchers (P. Aricov, V. Domanciuc, V. Ulianov and A. Vedrasco) of the Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise on Research and Production of Water Bio-resources Aquaculture – Moldova created broodstocks of pond populations of European catfish and paddlefish through the elaboration and application of improved techniques of artificial propagation. They also developed and introduced the method for mass production of sturgeon fry. 7

3. actual and potential resources of fishery and aquaculture

3.1 People In 2010, the Republic of Moldova had 3 563 700 inhabitants, of whom 1 476 700 (41.4 percent) were urban residents and 2 087 000 (58.6 percent) were rural people. In general, a slight (2.2 percent) decrease in population was recorded for the last decade (2010 in comparison with 2000). This trend was due to both a natural decrease (about –0.4/1 000 inhabitants in 2009) and the emigration of those seeking new employment opportunities abroad. The ratio between the total number of males and females is 48.1 percent to 51.9 percent, or 108 women per 100 men (Table 2).

Table 2 Population of the Republic of Moldova by area, sex and age group as of 1 January 2010 Total Urban Rural Groups Both sexes Females Both sexes Females Both sexes Females Men and women 0–15 years 649 100 316 000 227 400 109 800 421 700 206 200 Men 16–61 years, women 2 371 200 1 157 300 1 042 800 527 300 1 328 400 630 000 16–56 years Men 62 years and over, women 543 400 376 900 206 500 145 100 336 900 231 800 57 years and over Total 3 563 700 1 850 200 1 476 700 782 200 2 087 000 1 068 000 Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (2010).

According to Table 2, 66.5 percent of the total population is of working age (men of 16–61 years old and women of 16–56 years old). In 2009, the proportion of economically active population including both the employed and unemployed was 35.5 percent of the total population. The employment rate in urban areas was higher (43.6 percent) than in rural areas (37.1 percent) (see the tables in Annex 1). According to the population census 2004, Moldovans constitute a majority in the country, representing 75.8 percent of the total population. They are followed by Ukrainians 8.4 percent, Russians 5.9 percent, Gagauzians 4.4 percent, Romanians 2 percent, Bulgarians 2 percent and other nationalities. Russian and Ukrainian groups are concentrated in major cities and in the Transnistria region. The population of a few villages in the north of the country is also dominated by Ukrainians. The Gagauzian ethnic group lives in the south of the country and in 1994 they received a special legal status establishing the Autonomous Territorial Unit of G˘ag˘auzia (Gagauz Yeri). In addition, an administrative region was established for a Bulgarian minority in the south.

3.2 Geography and climate The Republic of Moldova is a small country in the southeast of Europe. In the north, east and south, it is bordered by Ukraine and in the west by Romania. Its total area is 33 846 km2. From north to south it is 350 km long, while from west to east it is 150 km wide (Table 3). 8 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Table 3 Geographical position of the Republic of Moldova Location Extreme points County Northern latitude Eastern longitude North Naslavcea Ocnita 48°29´ 27°35´ South Giurgiulesti Cahul 45°28´ 28°12´ East Palanca Stefan Vodă 46°24´ 30°08´ West Criva Briceni 48°16´ 26°37´ Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (2010). The landscape of the country consists of plains and hills and the average altitude is 147 m above sea level. Its highest elevation is 429 m (in the central part of the country [Balabanesti]), and the lowest is 5 m (in the south [Giurgiulesti]). Natural conditions in the country demonstrate a high diversity of topography, soils, climate, flora and water resources. The country comprises 12 geomorphologic regions. From an administrative and territorial point of view, the Republic of Moldova consists of 3 municipalities (Chisinau, Balti, Bender), 32 counties, the Autonomous Territorial Unit of G˘ag˘auzia and the Transnistria breakaway territory (the so-called Transnistrian Moldovan Republic). On Moldovan territory, there are 60 cities, 40 municipalities and 1 576 villages. The country has a moderate continental climate formed by air masses arriving from the Atlantic (west), Mediterranean (southwest) and Continental (northeast) regions. It is characterized by short, mild winters and long, hot summers. Annual average air temperatures in 2006–09 ranged between 9.8 and 11.5 °C (Table 4). On average, the warm periods last for about 146–180 days. Soil heating, evaporation and average air temperature are determined by solar radiation, which amounts to 45–55 kcal/cm2 per year. Average annual soil surface temperatures range from 10 to 12 °C. The average monthly winter temperature of soils is around or equal to zero. Where the soil is not covered by snow, frost can penetrate to a depth of about one metre in longer winters. Annual precipitation decreases from northwest to southeast. The average between 2006 and 2009 varied from 630 mm in the north to 433 mm in the south of the country (Table 5). Precipitation falls mainly in summer months (in 2006–09, it was 35 percent) in the form of torrential rain while about 18 percent of the precipitation occurs in the winter in the form of rain and snow. Table 4 Air temperature on Moldovan territory North – Briceni (°C) Centre – Chisinau (°C) South – Cahul (°C) Description 2006 2007 2008 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009 Annual average 8.4 10.1 9.7 9.6 10.2 12.1 11.3 11.4 10.8 12.3 11.8 11.8 Absolute annual 31.1 36.6 34.0 323.5 323.6 39.5 37.5 36.3 36.2 39.4 37.9 37.9 maximum value Absolute annual –28.0 –18.1 –18.6 –19.7 –24.2 –16.0 –15.3 –16.8 –22.7 –15.8 –17.0 –16.7 minimum value Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (2010).

Table 5 Precipitation on Moldovan territory Briceni (North) Chisinau (Centre) Cahul (South) 2006 2007 2008 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009 2006 2007 2008 2009 Annual precipitation 683 618 773 445 564 480 466 446 367 517 444 405 (mm) Number of days with 138 131 146 132 123 114 107 122 105 95 114 101 precipitation (> 0.1 mm) Relative humidity of air 77 73 76 71 70 64 70 68 72 67 71 68 (%) Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (2010). Actual and potential resources of fishery and aquaculture 9

In general, there are mainly light winds, thus strong winds are very rare. For example, in the period from 2006 to 2009, the average annual wind speed in the country varied from 2.5 to 23.0 m/s. In 2009, this number was slightly higher (at 23.8 m/s) in the south of the country.

3.3 Agriculture The most important natural wealth of the Republic of Moldova is its soil resources which are various types of chernozem soils. These are found in the northern and central regions of the country and comprise 75 percent of all agricultural land. In the south of the country, the soils are generally desertified and, consequently, less productive. In the past 100 years, the average humus content of the country’s soils has decreased by 6–23.2 percent as a consequence of human activities. Exploitative and inappropriate agricultural practices accelerate soil losses. The topography, together with the climate, advances soil erosion. Today, about 2 million ha are affected by erosion. The increased frequency of landslides is also a major problem. The total area affected by landslides is about 55 500 ha. Specialists calculate that in the last few years the area affected by landslides has grown by about 1 000 ha annually. The most affected region is the central part of the country. Alkalinized and salinized soils, which comprise 107 500 ha and 112 200 ha, respectively, are used as arable lands and pastures. According to recent statistical data, 73.9 percent of the total area of the country is agricultural land, mainly arable (Table 6). About 228 300 ha, mostly arable, were irrigated in 2010, which is only 6.7 percent of the total area of the country.

Table 6 Available land by use in the Republic of Moldova as of 1 January 2010

Area (1 000 ha) Structure (%)

Agricultural lands 2 486.1 73.5 Arable land 1 816.7 53.7 Perennial plantations, of which: 286 8.5 Orchards 132.5 3.9 Vineyards 153.5 4.5 Pastures 352.1 10.4 Hayfields 2.2 0.1 Fallow lands 29.1 0.9 Forests and lands covered with forestry vegetation 462.8 13.7 Rivers, lakes, reservoirs and bogs1 96.4 2.8 Other lands 324.3 9.6 Total area of the country 3 384.6 100.0 1 Available lands of water funds, as of 1 January 2010, 86 800. Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (2010).

Table 7 Structure of agricultural lands by ownership as of 1 January 2010 Public Private 1 000 ha % 1 000 ha % Arable land 264.5 40.3 1 552.2 84.2 Perennial plantations 37.8 5.8 2 623.2 14.3 Pastures 348.5 53.0 23.6 0.2 Hayfields 1.6 0.2 0.6 0.0 Fallow lands 4.7 0.7 24.4 1.3 Total of agricultural lands 657.1 100.0 1 844.0 100.0 Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (2010). 10 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

In the Republic of Moldova, agricultural land is owned both by the State and by private people. According to recent data (2010), the area of state-owned agricultural land is 657 100 ha (26.3 percent), while private owners have a total of 1 844 000 ha (73.7 percent). There are large differences between the usage of public and private agricultural lands. Public land is used mainly as pastures and arable lands, while privately owned land is utilized mainly as arable land and only a much smaller part is used as orchards or vineyards (Table 7). There are three categories of agricultural producers in the Republic of Moldova: agricultural enterprises, farms and households. In the period 2002–09, households played the main role in agricultural production (Figure 1). The bulk of the country’s agricultural output comes from plant production – mainly cereals and grapes. Vegetables, potatoes and sunflower also constitute an important share of the country’s agricultural output. In 2009, the animal husbandry sector generated 31.9 percent of the gross value of the country’s agricultural output, half of which was accounted for by livestock and poultry (Table 8). The per capita production of main agricultural products for 2009 was: • cereals: 610 kg (after processing); • sunflowers: 80 kg; • sugar beet (industrial): 95 kg; • potatoes: 73 kg; • vegetables: 86 kg, and fruits and berries: 86 kg; • meat: 25 kg (slaughter weight), milk: 161 kg, and eggs: 180 pcs.

Figure 1 Agricultural production in the Republic of Moldova, by producer category as a percentage of total production

100%

90%

80% 42.60% 49.30% 48.00% 47.90% 55.00% 55.00% 51.60% 54.00% 70%

60%

50% 21.80% 22.00% 40% 21.80% 21.60% 20.80% 20.20% 17.90% 20.30% 30%

20% 35.60% 28.90% 32.00% 30.50% 24.70% 29.20% 28.20% 28.10% 10%

0% 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Agricultural enterprises Farm Households

Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (2010). Actual and potential resources of fishery and aquaculture 11

Table 8 Agricultural production in the Republic of Moldova, all categories of producers 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Sectors % Plant production 40.0 36.9 32.3 40.5 33.0 Cereals 22.9 18.4 19.5 24.6 18.4 sugar beet (industrial) 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.5 1.0 Tobacco 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 Sunflowers 6.3 7.2 5.8 6.9 5.9 Potatoes 6.5 6.5 4.5 4.6 4.9 Vegetables, melons and gourds 7.3 9.3 6.2 8.0 7.9 Fruits and berries 4.4 3.9 4.0 4.2 4.6 Grapes 12.8 11.6 13.4 15.6 18.7 Forage crops and other 5.6 6.8 8.2 7.6 6.3 Total production of livestock and poultry 14.5 16.4 20.7 12.6 16.3 Cattle 2.9 2.8 2.3 2.0 2.4 Pigs 6.8 8.4 11.5 5.7 7.8 sheep and goats 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 Poultry 4.4 4.8 6.4 4.5 5.7 Milk 10.9 10.6 9.7 9.1 10.7 Eggs 4.4 4.4 5.4 2.3 2.4 Wool 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Total agricultural production 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (2010).

The most important figures concerning of the population active in the agriculture sector of the Republic of Moldova are presented in Table 9 and detailed in tables in Annex 1.

Table 9 Summarized data of employment in the different agriculture sectors the Republic of Moldova, 2009 Description Persons Total population 3 567 970 Economically active population1 1 265 000 Total population employed (active) in economy 1 184 000 Total population employed (active) in agriculture 334 000 Employees in agriculture, hunting and forestry2 63 900 Employees in fishery 400 1 Economically active population: persons who provide labour for the production of goods and services, including employment and unemployment. (Since 1998, the economically active population is calculated based on the number of unemployed individuals, according to the classification of the International Labour Organization.) 2 Employees: persons who perform their activities based on a work contract in return for remuneration in the form of salary, money or in kind. Data presented relate to the employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations with 20 or more employees, including those absent due to illness, annual or supplementary leave.

In 2009, the average monthly salary per employee in agriculture, hunting and forestry was USD132.2, while in the fishery sector it was USD145.8. This was less than the average monthly salary (USD246.2) earned in other sectors of the economy. 12 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

3.4 water resources According to the latest edition of the State Water Cadastre of the Republic of Moldova published in 2010, the total water volume used in the country decreased by 6.5 percent, from 849 million m3 to 793.5 million m3 between 2000 and 2008. In contrast, the discharge of polluted wastewater rose from 8.7 million m3 to 14.1 million m3, an increase of 62 percent. In 2008, of the total volume of 793.5 million m3 of water used, 684.5 million m3 (86.3 percent) was surface water and 109.5 million m3 (13.7 percent) was underground water.

Surface waters The surface waters of the Republic of Moldova are within the Black Sea basin. They occupy about 2.5 percent of the country’s total area. The density of the hydrographic network varies from 0.84 km2 in the north to 0.2 km2 in the south part of the country and on the left-bank of the Dniester River. The main rivers of the Republic of Moldova are the Dniester and Prut Rivers, which originate in the Carpathian Mountains in Ukraine. The Dniester River flows south and east along the territory of the Republic of Moldova and re-enters Ukraine near the coast of the Black Sea (Figure 2). Its total length is 1 352 km, of which 657 km are within the borders of the Republic of Moldova.

Figure 2 Water map of the Republic of Moldova

Source: FAO (2011). Actual and potential resources of fishery and aquaculture 13

A peculiarity of the Dniester basin is that it lacks large tributaries but has numerous small streams instead. Its hydrographic network is dominated by more than 14 000 small rivers that are up to 10 km long. The average annual discharge rate of the Dniester River (Table 10), measured at the entrance and exit points of the Republic of Moldova, ranges from 224 to 245 m3/s. The Dniester River is the main source of drinking-water in the Republic of Moldova, and it is no less important for a significant part of Ukraine, particularly in the Odessa region. Based on its flow collection pattern, water regime and physical and geographical characteristics, the Dniester River is generally divided into three parts: • Upper Carpathian Dniester (286 km long). This section is from the river source to the village of Nizhny and to the Tlumach River inflow (2 km downstream of the mouth of the Zolota Lypa River). • Middle Podol Dniester (715 km long). It stretches from the village of Nizhny to Dubossary. • Lower Dniester (351 km long). This section is between the Dubossary Hydropower Station dam and the estuary. In the Soviet era, the Dniester basin was managed as a single water system that covered the entire water catchment basis of the river. However, in 1991, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine took over separately and divided up the management of the river basin. The potential of the Dniester River for hydropower generation is considered to be relatively low owing to its flat channel slopes and, hence, the minimal fall of water flow produced on the river. In spite of this, two hydropower plants (HPPs) have constructed on the river. These are the Dubossary HPP (1954) and the Novodnestrovsc HPP (1983).

Table 10 Average annual water flow of major rivers in the Black Sea basin Mean annual flow River Catchment area (km2) Total annual flow (km3) discharge (m3/s) Danube 817 6 300 200 Dniepro 503 1 375 43.5 Dniester 72.1 288 9.1 Southern Buh 63.7 69 2.2 Source: OSCE/UNECE (2005).

Table 11 Characteristics of main water reservoirs in the Republic of Moldova ) ) 3 3 ) 3 ) 2 ) 2

Name of reservoir ABD mouth (km) ear commissioned water level (km S torage volume at Reservoir length at istance from river D istance from Y rainage area (km D rainage area capacity (million km lood-control storage F lood-control N ormal water level (m) normal water level (km) Reservoir area at normal Reservoir area normal water level (km L ive storage volume (km

Dniestrovsky reservoir 1983 677.7 40 500 204 140.8 3.000 2.000 121 637 Buffer reservoir 1983 657.9 43 320 8 5.9 0.031 0.023 72 – Dubossary reservoir 1954 351.0 53 590 128 67.5 0.486 0.214 28 – Source: OSCE/UNECE (2005).

Multiannual monitoring reveals that the ecological state of the Dniester River depends directly on the intensity of anthropogenic impact. According to most indices, the river can be characterized as a meso- and eutrophic waterbody. Its water quality falls into either the medium-polluted or polluted category. 14 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

The Prut River drains about 24 percent of the country and forms the Republic of Moldova’s western border with Romania until it discharges into the Danube River. Its average annual flow varies from 85 m3/s in the north to 110 m3/s at its confluence with the Danube River. The Prut River is regulated by Costesti-Stanca reservoir, which is situated in the northwest of the Republic of Moldova and jointly operated by the Republic of Moldova and Romania. Because of the springs and snowmelt runoffs in the Carpathian Mountains, the maximum flows of Dniester and Prut Rivers occur normally in spring. In the south of the country, the Republic of Moldova has a narrow entrance to the Danube River. In addition to the large rivers, there are numerous smaller rivers in the territory of the Republic of Moldova, but only nine have a length exceeding 100 km (see Table A2.3 in Annex 2). The whole river network consists of about 3 600 water courses, which measure a total of about 16 000 km. The average length of more than 3 000 streams, mostly seasonal and ephemeral, is less than 15 km. In general, the Republic of Moldova does not have large lakes (see Table A2.4 of Annex 2). There are 57 natural lakes with a total surface of 62 km2. Most of the natural lakes are less than 1 km2. The majority of them are situated in the valleys of the Prut River, correspondingly, the Danube river basin system, and the Dniester River. About 3 500 water reservoirs with a total surface are of 333 km2 have been built. The estimated total storage capacity of these small reservoirs3 is about 1.5 billion m3. About 100 reservoirs have capacity in excess of 1 million m3. The main water reservoirs are listed in Table 11 (and in Table A2.5 of Annex 2). Unlike with the Dubasari, Costesti-Stanca and Cuciurgan reservoirs there is no power plant on the Ghidighici reservoir built on the Bic River (a tributary of the Dniester River). However, this reservoir is important as a recreational site as it is situated not far from the capital, Chisinau.

Underground waters According to statistical data of the period 2002–09, the average annual volume of water received from natural water resources was 862 million m3, of which 132.5 million m3 came from underground springs. About 7 000 boreholes of different depths can be found in the Republic of Moldova. Deep groundwater – especially from the Lower Baden Sarmat aquifer4 – is a major underground source of domestic and industrial water. Natural recharge of this aquifer is limited and there is also a threat of both overexploitation and permanent loss of capacity. The quality of the groundwater is largely influenced by geological and geochemical conditions but human factors are also playing an increasingly important role in the pollution of deep groundwater aquifers via infiltration of polluted water from the surface and through abandoned boreholes. In some locations, natural anomalies of fluoride, strontium and selenium have been identified. For example, fluoride levels often reach 8–10 mg/litre, which is many times higher than the guideline limit of 1.5 mg/litre indicated by the World Health Organization. Shallow groundwater is present throughout the country in recent quaternary sediments, which consists mostly of sand, sandstone and occasionally gravel. The capacity of shallow wells is limited because this type of groundwater is fed by precipitation. This shallow groundwater is highly vulnerable to human impacts. The majority of water samples (up to 80 percent) collected from shallow wells show deviation from the maximum allowable concentration of nitrate for drinking-water.

3 In some neighbouring countries, such small reservoirs are called barrage ponds and are used mainly for fish culture. 4 The Lower Baden Sarmat aquifer is a regional aquifer that lies under the entire country. Actual and potential resources of fishery and aquaculture 15

Fish farms The geographical position of the Republic of Moldova calls for the expansion of production and consumption of local fish mainly through the development of freshwater aquaculture, a significant proportion of which is pond fish culture at present. The fish production facilities of the country consist of: • 1 state-owned enterprise, which consists of one scientific and three production branches; • 18 joint-stock companies (former state fish culture enterprises). • 56 medium-sized and small fish farms, which are included in the Piscicola Association. • more than 100 small farms that use ponds which are under the ownership of territorial authorities. The total number of waterbodies used for fish culture is 823 for a total area of 20 507 ha. The most important fish-breeding enterprises and farms occupy a total area of 11 559.1 ha. These include state-owned enterprises, joint-stock companies, medium- sized and small fish farms of the Piscicola Association, as well as small individual farms as presented in Table 12 (see also Table A2.6 of Annex 2).

Table 12 Quantitative composition of fish-breeding complexes of the Republic of Moldova Type of enterprise Number of fish farms Area (ha) State enterprise 1 1 745.6 Joint-stock companies 18 8 133.5 Association of fish farms 56 1 680.0 Small fish farms 100 8 947.9 Total 175 20 507.0

Most of the water used for aquaculture is on the property of local authorities. The surface area of these waters (small water reservoirs) used for growing fish in the northern, central and southern zones of the Republic of Moldova are about the same. About 55 percent of the most important fish-breeding enterprises and fish farms are in the central zone of the country (4 669.8 ha) and 13 percent of them (3 336.5 ha) are in the southern zone (Figure 3, and Table A2.6). Fish-breeding enterprises and fish farms of the central zone produce about 47 percent of the total amount of commercial fish (Figure 4). The average annual fish productivity in reservoirs is 485.8 kg/ha in the northern zone, 607.7 kg/ha in the central zone, and 349.2 kg/ha in the southern zone.

Figure 3 Figure 4 Geographical distribution by size of Geographical distribution by the most important fish farms in the production of the most important fish Republic of Moldova farms in the Republic of Moldova

13% 19% 32% 34%

55% 47%

Northern zone Central zone Southern zone Northern zone Central zone Southern zone 16 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Deficiencies of land and water areas as well as the high cost of constructing new ponds restrict further expansion of fish-producing areas. Therefore, a multipurpose use of irrigation water reservoirs is one of the feasible options for extending fish farming. Most multipurpose reservoirs used for agricultural purposes (irrigation, water for livestock, etc.) were constructed without planning fish culture in them. Therefore, their fish production is rather low (up to 350 kg/ha), much lower than that of ponds built for this purpose. This explains the very low average fish productivity of the southern zone, where the main water area is occupied by small farms that use their reservoirs for irrigation and supplying water to livestock. In addition, the fish productivity of these waters is also influenced by a number of different factors, including the availability of water. This is an increasing problem, especially in the southern zone owing to droughts in recent years, and ponds and reservoirs cannot be filled properly – only up to about 50–70 percent of the optimal level.

Plate 1 Fish farm with selective-breeding. Actual and potential resources of fishery and aquaculture 17

Plate 2 Checking of carp breeds.

Plate 3 Prophylactic process and inspection of bighead carp.

Basic production of pond fish in the country is carried out by specialized fish-breeding enterprises such as Aquaculture – Moldova and other joint-stock companies. Their activities include fish breeding and propagation in all categories of ponds (Plate 1–3). 18 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Plate 4 Marking of common carp with an electronic microchip to follow-up individual performance.

Plate 5 Reading the electronic microchip in a selected common carp. Actual and potential resources of fishery and aquaculture 19

Plate 6 Measuring quantitative indices at performance test.

Plate 7 View of a fish propagation farm. 20 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Plate 8 Incubation jars.

Plate 9 Taking a female carp for hypophysation. Actual and potential resources of fishery and aquaculture 21

Today, there are five certified fish breeding farms in the Republic of Moldova. Two of them are state-owned. These are the Teleneshty Branch and Kubolta Branch of Aquaculture – Moldova. It is here where the three certified common carp breeds (Teleneshtskiy scaly, Teleneshtskiy frame and the Kuboltskiy scaly) were developed, together with a fourth breed which is in the testing stage. This is the Myndykskiy carp, which is a scattered-scaled type (Table 13 and Plates 4–13). Three fish-breeding complexes have been privatized and certified to breed herbivorous species. These enterprises carry out the selection, reproduction and growing of breeding and stocking material both for their own farms and for the farms of others. Four fish-breeding complexes produce larvae of carp and herbivorous fish on a large scale to stock their own ponds and to sell to other farms. They provide larvae, advanced fry and yearlings not only for fish-breeding enterprises but also for almost all of the small fish farms, as these small farms produce only table fish. This is because they have only a few ponds with an average area of 20 ha; therefore, they cannot afford to occupy fish pond area with rearing their own stocking materials. Thus, they must rely on the fish breeding complexes (FBCs) or reproductive complexes (RCs). Therefore, the development of individual farms is currently possible only by the following scheme: FBC (RC) → specialized fish seed production enterprises → individual fish farms.

Table 13 List of fish-breeding and reproduction farms in the Republic of Moldova Name and owner of fish farm Selection line of fish species Direction of activity State-owned fish-breeding farms: Carp Kuboltskiy scaly Broodfish Carp Myndykskiy Cubolta Branch of the State Enterprise Breeding and industrial fish larvae scattered scales Aquaculture –Moldova Selection and industrial stocking Catfish material of fish Pike Carp Teleneshtskiy scaly, Broodfish Telenesti Branch of the State Enterprise Carp Teleneshtskiy frame, Breeding and industrial fish larvae Aquaculture –Moldova Carp Kuboltskiy scaly, Selection and industrial stocking Catfish material of fish Private fish-breeding farms: Broodfish Silver carp Breeding and industrial fish larvae S.A. Gura-Bîcului Bighead carp Selection and industrial stocking Grass carp material of fish Silver carp Broodfish Bighead carp Breeding and industrial fish larvae S.A. Victoria (private property) Grass carp Selection and industrial stocking Crucian material of fish Broodfish Silver carp Breeding and industrial fish larvae S.A. Costeşti (private property) Bighead carp Selection and industrial stocking Grass carp material of fish Complexes (private) of fish reproduction: Silver carp Bighead carp Industrial fish larvae I.E. Russ Grass carp Industrial stocking material of fish Common carp Industrial fish larvae S.A. Ghidrin Common carp Industrial stocking material of fish Silver carp Bighead carp Industrial fish larvae S.A. Pescăruş-Dănceni Grass carp Industrial stocking material of fish Common carp Silver carp Industrial fish larvae S.A. Acvarium Bighead carp Industrial stocking material of fish Grass carp 22 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

3.5 fishes of the Republic of Moldova In view of their importance to conservation of biodiversity, the Dniester River, the Prut River and water reservoirs located in their basins are regarded as higher-category fishery waterbodies. Their main gene pools of valuable fish species belong to the below families: • Acipenseridae: Huso huso, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Acipenser stellatus and Acipenser ruthenus; • Cyprinidae: Abramis brama, Barbus barbus, Cyprinus carpio, Aspius aspius, Rutilus frisii, Vimba vimba, Tinca tinca, etc.; • Clupeidae: Alosa immaculata and Alosa caspia; • Percidae: Sander lucioperca, Sander volgensis, Perca fluviatilis, Zingel zingel and Zingel streber; • Species of other families such as Silurus glanis, Esox lucius, Lota lota, Hucho hucho and Salmo labrax. The fish fauna of the Republic of Moldova comprises more than 92 species (see Table A2.8). These species belong to 14 orders and 23 families. Considering the number of species, the country has a rich fish fauna and, therefore, high amounts of catches could be expected. However, the catch is determined not only by the density of species but also by many other biotic and abiotic factors. The fishery of each waterbody depends on the fish fauna, the value of the species caught, the composition and structure of the fish populations, the reproduction conditions, nutrition, and the geographical and seasonal distribution of species. Hence, a functional ichthyocenosis is required. If this is out of balance, it leads to quantitative and qualitative disproportions of intraspecific and interspecific relationships. Before river training, many more fish species lived in the Dniester and Prut Rivers. In the second half of the twentieth century, catches declined considerably, especially in the case of sturgeons. At the same time, the quantities of Barbus barbus, Vimba vimba, Sander lucioperca, Cyprinus carpio, Aspius aspius, Silurus glanis, Tinca tinca and Rutilus frisii also decreased. Currently, Acipenser gueldenstaedtii, Huso huso and Acipenser stellatus are found and registered irregularly.

Plate 10 Plate 11 Checking the readiness of a female after Stripping of eggs from an ovulated the decisive hormone dose. female carp. Actual and potential resources of fishery and aquaculture 23

Plate 12 Plate 13 A female carp after giving eggs. Fertilization of eggs.

The disappearance of sturgeons and other valuable species has been influenced by human factors as the conditions of breeding, feeding and growth of fishes have changed considerably. The most significant human factors influencing the changes have been: • Regulation of water flows by the construction of Dubasari, Novodnestrovsc and Costesti-Stanca dams. These reduced the area of the floodplains of the Dniester and Prut Rivers that were the natural breeding grounds of many fish species. The reduced area of the floodplains also influenced the feeding grounds of developing fry and fingerlings of different fish species. • The extraction of sand and stone from river beds and the use of water for agricultural, industrial and household purposes did not consider fish fauna and its needs. • Pollution of waterbodies with untreated wastewater of agricultural and industrial enterprises polluted waters with pesticides, herbicides and other chemical substances. • Unplanned exploitation of fish resources through unregulated and illegal fishing and poaching. • Lack of provisions designed to protect and improve fisheries of different waterbodies.

4. status of fisheries and aquaculture production

4.1 capture fisheries and aquaculture

Capture fisheries Details of the total production of capture fisheries in the natural waters of the Republic of Moldova between 1991 and 2010 are presented in Annex 3 (Tables A3.1–A3.5). Analyses of catches in water reservoirs show that the largest (177 tonnes) and smallest (7 tonnes) amounts of fish were caught in 1991 and 1998, respectively. Within this period, commercial fishing in reservoirs was based on the capture of the following fish species: Cyprinus carpio carpio, Abramis brama, Sander lucioperca, Carassius gibelio, Rutilus rutilus, Rutilus heckeli, Aspius aspius, Vimba vimba, Silurus glanis and Chinese major carps. Among these species, Chinese major carps and bream (Abramis brama) were the most frequently registered fishes in the catches, e.g. 38.8 tonnes and 35 tonnes, respectively, in 1995. In rivers, the core of industrial fishing included Cyprinus carpio carpio, Abramis brama, Sander lucioperca, Carassius gibelio, Rutilus rutilus, Rutilus heckeli, Pelecus cultratus, Silurus glanis, Esox lucius, Perca fluviatilis and Blicca bjoerkna. The largest catch of fish (27 tonnes) was recorded in 2005, with Abramis brama accounting for more than half of the catch (14.6 tonnes). At different times, an important contribution has been made by species such as Rutilus rutilus, Rutilus heckeli (a combined total of 9.9 tonnes in 1995), and Carassius gibelio (4.1 tonnes in 2010).

Aquaculture As only an insignificant proportion of the country’s water resources is used for fish culture, total aquaculture production in ponds and water reservoirs is relatively small. Therefore, fish farming is not among the leading prioritized agricultural activities. However, as an activity with very specific techniques, it has the potential to become a relatively cheap and very valuable source of protein for the population. Between 2002 and 2010, the aim of the development programme of the fish culture industry was to increase the production of table fish. The target was to increase production to 7 600 tonnes by 2010. In fact, by 2010, the total production of fish ponds was 8 813 tonnes, about 5.1 and 7.3 times higher than in 2000 and 1997, respectively. In the transition period to the new economy, which was marked by production declines in many industries (including aquaculture), fish producers had no access to public financial support. This had several effects, including: • The organizational and technological levels of fish enterprises decreased. • Intensive fish farming methods were changed to extensive ones. • Demand for new scientific results to be applied in aquaculture practically disappeared. All these led to a sharp decrease in fish production. The number of ponds for farmed fish also decreased significantly, which negatively affected the consumption of fish and fish products. Between 1994 and 2002, production was extensive on almost all fish farms. Later, there was a gradual improvement. Specialized fish enterprises and medium-sized 26 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

fish farms returned to semi-intensive fish production. However, in small private fish farms, fish production remained extensive. In 2002, specialized fish enterprises initiated the dynamic and sustainable growth of fish pond production. In 2003, medium-sized and small fish farms began to contribute, with 11.8 percent of the total fish production, which had almost doubled (22.7 percent) by 2010 (Figure 5 and Tables A3.4 and A3.5). In the Republic of Moldova, the main producer of fish seed (larvae, fry and yearlings) and marketable fish is the Piscicola association of fish farms. Production of fish in ponds reached 6 813 tonnes in 2010, which was 77.3 percent of total aquaculture production. Within the association, the 2010 production shares in table fish production of were public enterprises 7 percent (615 tonnes), joint stock companies 51 percent (4 498 tonnes), medium/small farms 19.3 percent (1 700 tonnes) and small private farms 22.7 percent (2 000 tonnes) (Table A2.7.1). In 2010, production of pond fish was 1 621 tonnes in the northern zone, 2 838 tonnes in the central zone and 5 113 tonnes in the southern zone (Table A2.7.1).

Figure 5 Dynamics of sustainable growth of fish pond production in the Republic of Moldova

4 Tonnes, thousand Tonnes, 3

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Specialized picicultural enterprise and ﬁsh-breeding farm Fish-breeding farm Total produced

The increase in table fish production in the Republic of Moldova resulted from the following: • Exploitation of waters open for fisheries management purposes (of which only 60 percent belonged to local authorities). • Intensification of production. Gene pools of highly productive breeds and lines were created and used. Appropriate modern technologies were introduced and the natural productivity of ponds also increased. Some of the most important preconditions for intensified production were the use of new highly productive common carp breeds with high growth rates, resistance to disease, toleration of adverse environmental conditions, and improved exterior indices and fertility. Status of fisheries and aquaculture production 27

For the first time in the practice of carp breeding in the Republic of Moldova, researchers and scientists of the Fisheries Scientific Research Station (now the Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise Aquaculture – Moldova) worked out a programme of selection that focused on the feature of increased resistance to infectious diseases. In other words, genetic methods of preventive health care were used. This programme was started as a result of mainly two factors: increased pollution of ponds, and high receptivity to infections, especially to aeromonas. Since 2003, the carp breeds Teleneshtskiy scaly, Teleneshtskiy frame and Kuboltskiy scaly have been widely introduced into production as part of the Development Programme of Fisheries Industry of Moldova. As these carp breeds form more than 75 percent of the common carp broodstock in the country, they ensure high-quality fish-stocking material for most fish farms under the different forms of ownership. Intensive production results are: Teleneshtskiy scaly are 1 800 kg/ha, Teleneshtskiy frame 1 570 kg/ha, and Kuboltskiy scaly 1 470 kg/ha. In semi-intensive conditions, these numbers are 700–780 kg/ha, 680–750 kg/ha and 650–700 kg/ha, respectively (Table 14). In order to ensure the maximization of the production potentials of pond fish farming, the technique of carp polyculture is used. This includes silver carp, bighead carp and grass carp as well as predatory species such as pikeperch, pike and/or catfish. As a result of successful introduction and acclimatization in the late 1960s, Chinese major carps occupy an important part of fish farming in the Republic of Moldova and account for 65 percent of the total production of fish ponds. Currently, the fifth generation of broodstocks of silver carp and bighead carp and the fourth generation of grass carp are already present. They serve as pedigree material of different age groups of new lines.

Table 14 Reproductive and fish-breeding indices of common carp strains in the Republic of Moldova Carp breeds (generations) Indices Teleneshtskiy Teleneshtskiy Kuboltskiy scaly (5) frame (5) scaly (5) Average weight of females (g) 5 280 5 360 5 300 Weight of ovulating eggs per female (g) 970 1 010 900 Working fecundity (1 000 eggs/female) 720 760 670 Relative fecundity (1 000 eggs/1 kg of female BW) 136 142 126 Fertilization (%) 93.0 90.0 94.0 Development of eggs (%) 82.0 80.0 83.0 Yield of three-day larvae (1 000) 410 430 390 Yield of hatched larvae (%) 57.0 56.6 58.0 Annual fish productivity (100 kg/ha) – intensive method of 18.0 15.7 14.7 cultivation Annual fish productivity (100 kg/ha) – semi-intensive method 7.0–7.8 6.8–7.5 6.5–7.0 of cultivation

At the present stage of the development of pond aquaculture, the main aim is to introduce low-cost technologies for a more economic production of commercially valuable fish species. In this process, scientists have found that paddlefish could be suitable for a partial replacement for bighead carp in a polyculture system. The technology of paddlefish cultivation in polyculture with other traditional carp species has been developed and implemented (Plate 14). In the Republic of Moldova, the average seasonal growth of a two-year-old paddlefish is as high as 1 320–1 400 g. On fish-breeding farms, broodstocks of the following species have been developed: 28 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

pikeperch, pike, paddlefish and pedigree groups of European catfish. A scheme has been developed to organize the breeding of European catfish. It entails suggests creating broodstocks of different origins from which the first generation of pond populations facilitates two-line breeding, mass reproduction, cultivation of stocking material in sufficient quantities in ponds, industrial aquaculture and restoration of European catfish populations in natural waters and reservoirs.

Plate 14 A six-year-old paddlefish. Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova 29

Plate 15 Carp breeding is the main object of polyculture.

Plat 16 Catfish of older age breeding groups. 30 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

4.2 Recreational fisheries The National Federation of Sport and Amateur Fishing of Moldova was founded by fishers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). It was formed in order to promote sport fishing, to attract foreign tourists and also to protect and preserve fisheries resources of the country, as well as to combat poaching. Its priorities include the organization of sport fishing events, and national and international sport and amateur fishing competitions, especially of predator species of natural waterbodies. The Federation has recently developed an international ecotourism centre for sport fishing and family recreation on the Dniester River. The centre consists of a hotel, entertainment facilities, boat stations and a scientific laboratory for the study of water quality and fish populations. Another organization, the Society of Hunters and Fishers, manages nine waterbodies where sport and amateur fishing events are organized. The total area of these waterbodies is 1 102 ha. The largest one is Lake Ghidighici (800 ha) while the smallest is the Javpari pond (18 ha) at the village of Javpari in Cimislia County. The society also has a 24 ha farm for fingerling production to stock its waterbodies. Waterbodies used for angling are stocked annually with Cyprinus carpio, Carassius gibelio, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Abramis brama, Perca fluviatilis and Rutilus rutilus. Some of the waterbodies are also stocked with Sander lucioperca and Esox lucius.

4.3 facilitating industry To date, no facilitating industry for the fishery and aquaculture sector has developed in the Republic of Moldova. However, in recent years, some fish farms have set up minilines to produce fish feeds for their own use. An important step in the development of the aquaculture sector could be the establishment of low-value fish production based on fish feed production in the country. 31

5. status of processing and trade of fish and fishery products

5.1 fish processing and storage Today, similar to the situation in most countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the fish processing industry in the Republic of Moldova is underdeveloped. Locally produced fish are sold mostly alive, chilled or in partially processed form as mince, fillet and portions. For storing and easy catching of live fish for sale in winter, fish farms with appropriate pond infrastructure harvest all table fish from fattening ponds before the freezing period starts and move them into wintering ponds of 0.3–1.0 ha. From these wintering ponds, fish are caught in smaller quantities for both wholesalers and retailers. Processing, such as salting, marinating and smoking, is frequent in the case of certain marine fish species (mainly herring and mackerel) imported in frozen form.

5.2 distribution, marketing and trade of fish and fishery products The fish products available at markets in the Republic of Moldova are of two types: imports, mostly marine species; and inland fishes captured in fisheries or produced by national aquaculture enterprises. The main source of local fish is freshwater aquaculture, more precisely pond fish culture. Fish caught in natural waters and reservoirs (the Dubasari and Costesti-Stinca reservoirs and the Lower Dniester, Medium Dniester and Lower Prut Rivers, and Lake Cahul) constitute a very small proportion of total local fish production. This proportion was 0.3 percent in 2007–09, increasing to 1.7 percent by 2001–03. The largest volumes of fish caught and delivered to local market appeared in 2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006 (Table A3.5). The production and sale of pond fish marked by dynamic sustainable growth had a noticeable impact on the consumption of native fish. The fish species in most demand are the common carp, pikeperch, crucian carp, catfish, grass carp, bighead carp and silver carp, in that order. The main channels for the sale of fish and fish products are markets, specialized stores and supermarkets. Regional and metropolitan markets are responsible for about 65 percent of fish sales. Local freshwater fishes are sold mostly alive, fresh, chilled and in partially processed form (mince, fillet, cut into portions). The peak in the consumption of local fish species is in October and November – accounting for 70 percent of total annual consumption. Locally caught fish and aquaculture products constitute 8 857.4 tonnes/year, or about 24.5 percent of the total volume of fish and fish products consumed in the Republic of Moldova in 2010. The cost of fresh fish from ponds depends on the species, producers, technology, etc. and varies from USD0.69/kg (silver and bighead carps) to USD1.83/kg (catfish). This has an impact on wholesale and retail prices (Table A3.7), which have seasonal fluctuations. Imported fish enters the markets of the Republic of Moldova in the following forms: fresh, chilled or frozen, fish fillets and other fish meat, flours, powders and pellets of fish, prepared or preserved fish (dried, salted or smoked), caviar and substitutes of fish eggs (see Table A3.6). 32 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Fishery products mainly consist of crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates (live, fresh, chilled, frozen, dried, salted, prepared or preserved). In the past 11 years the peak in sales of imported fish on the markets of the Republic of Moldova was 34 114.8 tonnes in 2008 (Tables 15 and 16). By 2010, this value had decreased to 27 309.6 tonnes (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Results of capture fisheries and aquaculture in the Republic of Moldova, 2000–2011

25 d

n 20 a s u o h t

, 15 s e n n o

T 10

0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

fishing fish culture total: fish products import

Table 15 External trade of fish, crustaceans, molluscs and other aquatic invertebrates according to the Nomenclature of Goods, 2001–09 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 USD1 000 Exports 1 423.6 537.0 723.6 151.0 184.7 134.3 96.2 105.7 275.2 Imports 7 517.2 7 832.9 6 191.4 8 599.6 12 168.1 15 372.5 23 050.1 36 699.6 29 382.3 Note: Information is presented without data on enterprises and organization from the left side of the Dniester River and the municipality of Bender. Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (www.statistica.md).

Table 16 External trade of fish, crustaceans and molluscs according to the Standard International Trade Classification, 2001–09 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 USD1 000 Exports 8.7 440.4 – 423.5 201.9 80.2 35.5 6.0 180.6 Imports 81 623.9 9 184.0 8 712.6 13 107.1 18 171.4 22 218.3 31 391.8 48 534.7 38 281.4 Note: Information is presented without data on enterprises and organization from the left side of the Dniester River and the municipality of Bender. Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (www.statistica.md). Status of processing and trade of fish and fishery products 33

5.3 fish demand and consumption At present, fish production in the Republic of Moldova, as in most Central and Eastern European countries, is aimed at meeting the needs of the domestic market. In the country, the annual consumption of locally produced and/or caught fish and fish products per capita is 2.4 kg/person while for imported fish and fish products the value is 7.8 kg/person. Consumption of locally produced fish and fish products could be increased as the biological norm of human fish consumption is 1.5–2.0 times higher than the current amount. Imported fish is sold mainly in frozen form. Trade margins average 10–15 percent, but in some centres they can reach 20–25 percent. World stocks of commercial species are reduced because storage, transportation and custom fees on imported marine fish require additional costs. This also has a significant impact on prices, so in the future the focus should be on local production and processing of fishery products. Thus, the consumption of fish produced in the country is likely to grow in the future. In order to increase the purchasing power of the population, it is necessary to reduce the prices of aquaculture products. This can mainly be done by increasing production and reducing the length of the producer–buyer chain. Another important step in solving this problem is to match the quality of products to market demand and processing conditions. Given the limited number of waterbodies in the Republic of Moldova, in order to ensure the internal market for local fishery products and guarantee access to international markets, three areas should be developed parallel in aquaculture: • Production should be intensified. • Certified organic fish farms should be created. • Consumption of locally produced fish and fish products by rural people, whose fish consumptions has been very low in recent years, should be enhanced. Controlling the quality of fish products by veterinary services is mandatory in the Republic of Moldova. These services of the State are provided according to standard procedures and rules of product certification. Without a proper certification, producers and traders are not allowed to sell their products. Such uncertified fish are usually sold only in street markets by unauthorized individuals.

Figure 7 Retail sale of fish, crustaceans and molluscs in the Republic of Moldova, 2005–2010

Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (www.statistica.md). 34 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Data on the value of retail trade of fish, crustaceans and molluscs reveal increasing consumption of these products in recent years. For example, in 2010 the value of retail sales was 2.3 times higher than in 2005 (Figure 7). People prefer live fish, especially of species such as carp, pike and catfish. However, Chinese major carps make up the largest share of fish production of the country, and are also somewhat cheaper and more affordable for poor or poorer people. Among frozen imported marine fish species, hake and sea bream are the cheapest ones. 35

6. Governance and institutional frameworks of the fisheries and aquaculture sector

6.1 Administration Different state bodies and institutions have different responsibilities relating to the administration of the fishery and aquaculture sector of the Republic of Moldova. The responsibilities of the Ministry of Environment are: • development of state policies on the creation and protection of fish stocks; • establishment of procedures and methods for the study of aquatic biological resources, with the participation of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova; • elaboration of the methodology for calculating the damage caused to aquatic biological resources; • ensuring monitoring in fisheries and conservation of aquatic biological resources in natural waterbodies and large water reservoirs; • state supervision through the Fisheries Service in compliance with normative acts on natural aquatic fisheries bodies; • at the proposal of the Ichthyologic Board, approval of introduction and acclimatization of new fish species and bans on fishing for rare and endangered fish species in natural waters. The responsibilities of the Fisheries Service are: • providing protection for aquatic biological resources in natural fishery waterbodies; • regulation of fisheries, including implementation of measures on the improvement of fishery and reproduction sites of fishes and other aquatic organisms; • prevention and suppression of violations of legislation; • keeping records of hydrobiotopes; • together with relevant scientific institutions, evaluation of the state of aquatic biological resources; • approval of catch quotas; • determining damage caused by different human activities to aquatic biological resources. In order to develop fish farming, the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry elaborates and ensures implementation of development strategies for fish culture in different waterbodies regardless of their form of ownership and operational organization. It operates with the participation of the Academy of Sciences and the State Enterprise on Research and Production of Water Bio-resources Aquaculture – Moldova. Tasks of the ministry are: • coordinating the implementation of biotechnologies in fish reproduction and rearing; • conducting follow-up investigations and carrying out inspection work on artificial reproduction and breeding, including keeping records of the above-mentioned activities; • coordinating activities regarding introduction and acclimatization of valuable fish species in artificial waterbodies; 36 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

• taking measures to stimulate creation of fish farming facilities specialized in the reproduction and cultivation of fishes and other aquatic organisms. With the participation of Aquaculture – Moldova and breeders of fish-breeding farms, the Department of Marketing Policies in the Zootechnical Sector of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry is responsible for state regulations on pedigree affairs in livestock and fish farming. Its tasks include: • design, development and implementation of breeding programmes; • improvement of breeding and productive qualities of a given breed; • utilization and conservation of gene pools; • establishment of certification procedures of breeding and other types of farms; • coordinating programmes of international cooperation in livestock and fish farming; • conducting public testing of achieved breeding results; • issuing state certifications for breeding farms; • approving regulations on livestock breeding; • monitoring breeding records in accordance with requirements of relevant normative documents. Responsibilities of Aquaculture – Moldova are: • determining strategy and prediction of aquaculture development; • carrying out scientifically sound technical and technology policies in aquaculture; • developing and implementing economic standards representing public and state interests in this area, and regulating the relations between production and marketing of fishery products; • managing the established order of the fish farming enterprise with full or partial state capital; • developing international relationships in the field of aquaculture. The organization coordinating fish culture activities in the Republic of Moldova is the Piscicola Association. Its objectives are to present and protect the industry’s interests in state bodies, as well as in judicial, national and international organizations. The Ichthyologic Board is an advisory body under the Ministry of Environment whose duty is to coordinate work and scientific investigations in the field of protection, conservation and rational use of aquatic biological resources. The board includes representatives of various research institutions, higher education institutions, public administration authorities and associations of the sector.

6.2 education, training, extension and research At present, no higher educational institute offers the opportunity to specialize in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. Students of the Faculty of Biology and Soil Sciences of Moldova State University, who specialize in biology or ecology, can prepare their licentiate and master thesis in the field of hydrobiology, ichthyology, fisheries and aquaculture. However, since 2005, when the education system of the Republic of Moldova was modified according to the Bologna Process (the length of licentiate studies was reduced to three years5), no special courses have been available in the university. Students of the Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Biotechnologies of the Agrarian State University of Moldova can specialize in animal husbandry, biotechnology in animal reproduction and production and processing of animal products. Within these areas, they can also specialize in fish.

5 Before 2005, students at Moldova State University had to study five years and then prepare a licentiate theses. Governance and institutional frameworks of the fisheries and aquaculture sector 37

The Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and the Moldova State University offer PhD studies in fisheries and aquaculture that are accredited as doctoral studies in specialty 03.00.18, hydrobiology and ichthyology. The Agrarian State University of Moldova is accredited to provide doctoral studies in specialities of zoo-engineering such as breeding and biotechnology for reproduction of farm animals (06.02.01) and zoo-technique and technology of livestock production (06.02.04). In fact, only for the speciality 03.00.18, hydrobiology and ichthyology, have doctoral and postdoctoral theses been officially presented and approved containing at least some elements that could be implemented in fisheries and aquaculture. The date on the most recent one is 2004. Research studies on fishery and aquaculture are carried out mainly by two institutes: the Laboratory of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, and the Laboratory of Hydrobiology and Ecotoxicology within the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and the Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise on Research and Production of Water Bio-resources Aquaculture – Moldova. The first institute concentrates its activities in two main fields: the study of ecological and biological aspects of the functioning of fish populations and managing population abundance; and the elaboration of eco-industrial methods for reproduction, acclimation and re-acclimation of valuable, vulnerable, endangered and critically endangered aquatic species. The second institute conducts its research in the field of creating new fish breeds, lines, hybrids and in developing new reproduction and breeding technologies, as well as the conservation of gene pools of valuable fish species (recently of spiny lobster). Adult and community trainings in the form of lectures, seminars and workshops on fisheries management and aquaculture are carried out by staff of the Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise on Research and Production of Water Bio-resources Aquaculture – Moldova and of the Institute of Zoology in the frame programme of the Piscicola Association. Recently, the National Agency for Rural Development has also participated in the implementation of the above-mentioned training programmes. This agency is an NGO whose mission is the sustainable development of rural communities through the setting up and development of a professional network of information, consultancy and training services for agricultural producers and rural entrepreneurs.

6.3 Statistics The Fisheries Service is responsible for collecting data on fisheries in natural waterbodies and presenting these in different reports to the Ministry of Environment. In the aquaculture sector, Aquaculture – Moldova prepares statistics on table fish production, as well as stocking and breeding material. The Piscicola Association prepares reports on all fish farming enterprises. Reporting on the production of commercial fish and fish-stocking material is the responsibility of the Department of Marketing Policies in the Zootechnical Sector of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry. It also monitors breeding records in the database of the Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise on Research and Production of Water Bio-resources Aquaculture – Moldova and district inspections. It is difficult to keep production records of small individual fish farms. On the basis of pond size (area and depth), natural feeds and fish-stocking material in fish farms, the Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise on Research and Production of Water Bio- resources Aquaculture – Moldova estimates the volume of produced marketable fish. 38 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

6.4 Institutions There are only a few fishery and aquaculture institutions of in the Republic of Moldova: • the Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise on Research and Production of Water Bio-resources Aquaculture – Moldova, which is the successor of the Biological Experimental Station for Fisheries (1945–1990) and the Fisheries Scientific Research Station (1990–2007); • the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova; • the Piscicola Association, which is subordinated to the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry; • the Fishery Service, which is subordinated to the Ministry of Environment; • the Society of Hunters and Fishers of the Republic of Moldova; • Aquatir Ltd (Box 2).

Box 2 Black caviar and sturgeon production in the Republic of Moldova Aquatir Ltd. is a new company representing a large-scale industrial complex on sturgeon breeding in the Transnistria region. The main activities of the project are producing, processing and trading black caviar and sturgeons. It produces 5 tonnes of black caviar per year and 80–100 tonnes of sturgeon meat. Cultivation of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstadtii), beluga (Huso huso), sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) and bester (Huso huso x Acipenser ruthenus) http://www.aquatir.md/?do=cat&category=variety - #takes place in a large recirculated system. The production technology was developed by experts of the Russian Federal State Unitary Enterprise SPC BIOS Russia, Astrakhan, the Russian Federation. The company has its own well-qualified personnel and a scientific laboratory for making water chemistry, physiological and biochemical analyses. Thus, it provides continuous monitoring of all important conditions and influencing factors of production.

There are also a few NGOs with the necessary potential to carry out projects in the fisheries and aquaculture sector: • Society of Bioremediation of Aquatic Ecosystems and Anthropogenic Amphibians EURIBIONT; • Association of Ecotoxicologists of Moldova ECOTOX; • Society of Hydrobiologists and Ichthyologists of Moldova Argonaut.

6.5 international cooperation in fisheries and aquaculture development and management The Republic of Moldova has signed a range of international conventions and agreements in the field of environment. These aim both directly and indirectly to protect natural fish resources and their habitats (below). As stated above, the Dniester and Prut Rivers are transboundary rivers, and the Government of the Republic of Moldova has signed some regional agreements (below) that support environment protection in the region and the management of the waters and biological resources of the Dniester and Prut Rivers.

International conventions and agreements The international conventions and agreements signed by the Government of the Republic of Moldova on environment and fisheries are: • Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context (Espoo, 1991). Joined by Parliament Decision No. 1546-XII of 23 June 1993. Governance and institutional frameworks of the fisheries and aquaculture sector 39

• Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters (Aarhus, 1998). Ratified by Parliament Decision No. 346-XIV of 7 April 1999. • Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (Helsinki, 1992). Joined by Parliament Decision No. 1546- XII of 23 June 1993. • Protocol on Water and Health to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International Lakes (London, 1999). Ratified by Law No. 207-XVI of 29 July 2005. • Convention on Biological Diversity (Rio de Janeiro, 1992). Ratified by Parliament Decision No. 1546-XII of 23 June 1993. • Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (Montreal, 2000). Ratified by Law No. 1381-XV of 11 October 2002. • Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar, 1971). Ratified by Parliament Decision No. 504-XIV of 14 July 1999. • Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), (Washington, 1973). Joined by Law No. 1246-XIV of 28 September 2000. • Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Berne, 1979). Joined by Parliament Decision No. 1546-XII of 23 June 1993. • Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) (Bonn, 1979) Joined by Law No. 1244-XIV of 28 September 2000. • Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (the Hague, 1995). Joined by Law No. 1244-XIV of 28 September 2000. • Agreement on the Conservation of Bats in Europe (London, 1991). Joined by Law No. 1244-XIV of 28 September 2000. • European Landscape Convention (Florence, 2000). Ratified by Law No. 536-XV of 12 October 2001. • Convention on Cooperation for the Protection and Sustainable Use of the Danube River (Sofia, 1994). Ratified by Parliament Decision No. 323-XIV of 17 March 1999. • Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents (Helsinki, 1992). Joined by Parliament Decision No. 1546-XII of 23 June 1993. • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (CCNUSC) (New York, 1992). Ratified by Parliament Decision No. 404-XIII of 16 March 1995. • Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (Kyoto, 1997). Joined by Law No. 29-XV of 13 February 2003. • Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (Vienna, 1985). Joined by Parliament Decision No. 966-XIII of 24 July 1996. • Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer (Montreal, 1987). Joined by Parliament Decision No. 966-XIII of 24 July 1996. • United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa (Paris, 1994). Joined by Parliament Decision No. 257-XIV of 24 December 1998. • Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal (Basel, 1989). Joined by Parliament Decision No. 1599-XIII of 10 March 1998. • Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (Geneva, 1979). Joined by Parliament Decision No. 399-X III of 16 March 1995. • Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous 40 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade (Rotterdam, 1998). Joined by Law No. 389-XV of 25 November 2004. • Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Stockholm, 2001). Ratified by Law No. 40-XV of 19 February 2004. • Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers (Kiev, 2003) to the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters. Signed on 21 May 2003. • Protocol on Civil Liability for Damage and Compensation for Damage Caused by Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents on Transboundary Waters (Kiev, 2003) to the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents and to the Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses and International lakes. Signed on 21 May 2003. • Protocol on Strategic Environmental Assessment (Kiev, 2003) to the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context. Signed on 21 May 2003. • Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (Aarhus, 1998) to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Ratified by Law No. 1018-XV of 25 April 2002. • Protocol on Heavy Metals (Aarhus, 1998) to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Ratified by Law No. 1018-XV of 25 April 2002. • Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (Gothenburg, 1999) to the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution. Signed on 23 May 2000.

Regional agreements The regional agreements relating to fisheries and aquaculture are: • Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Moldova and the Government of Romania concerning Cooperation on the Protection and Sustainable Use of Prut River and Danube River Waters (Chisinau, 2010). • Agreement between the Government of Romania and the Government of the Republic of Moldova with Regard to the Cooperation in the Area of Protection of Fish Resources and the Regulating of Fishing in the Prut River and Stanca- Costesti Artificial Lake (Stanca-Costesti, 2003). • Agreement between the Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania, the Ministry of Environment and Territorial Development of the Republic of Moldova, and the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources of Ukraine Concerning Cooperation in the Zone of the Danube Delta and Lower River Prut Nature-Protected Areas (Bucharest, 2000). • Agreement between the Ministry of Waters, Forests and Environmental Protection of Romania and the Department of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Moldova Concerning Cooperation in Environmental Protection and Sustainable Use of Natural Resources (1997). • Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation in the Field of Sustainable Use and Protection of Dniester River Basin between the State Department of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Republic of Moldova and the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine (1997). • Memorandum of Understanding on Cooperation at River Prut and Danube River between the National Administration Apele Romane and Apele Moldovei (1995). • Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Moldova and the Government of Ukraine on Joint Use and Protection of Transboundary Waters (1994). Governance and institutional frameworks of the fisheries and aquaculture sector 41

• Protocol between the Government of the Republic of Moldova and the Government of Ukraine on cooperation in the field of environmental protection (1993) • Regulation on Operation and Maintenance of the Hydrotechnic Knot Stanca- Costesti on the Prut River (1985).

Cooperation within the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Central-Eastern Europe The Network of Aquaculture Centres in Central-Eastern Europe (NACEE) currently consists of 38 institutions from 15 countries. Two Moldovan research institutions, the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova and the Chisinau Branch of the State Enterprise on Research and Production of Water Bio-resources Aquaculture – Moldova, are members of the NACEE. The network’s mission is to facilitate the research and development sphere in Central-Eastern Europe in order to become an integral part of the European Research Area. Moldovan NACEE members continuously share information in the field by exchanging scientists in the frame of bilateral visiting programmes and joint conferences and meetings. The 2011 annual meeting of the Board of Directors of the NACEE was hosted by Moldovan institutions.

Cooperation with the European Union (Member Organization) The Republic of Moldova has considerable possibilities to cooperate with other countries in economic, social and environmental fields. It also has the potential to develop its fishery and aquaculture sector in the frame of European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) of the European Union (Member Organization). In the budget period 2007–2013, the Republic of Moldova is eligible for the following transnational and cross- border programmes of the European Union (Member Organization): • Joint Operational Programme Romania–Ukraine–Republic of Moldova (www. ro-ua-md.net); • South East Europe Transnational Cooperation Programme (www.southeast- europe.net); • Black Sea Basin Joint Operational Programme (www.blacksea-cbc.net).

International projects In the last decade, international scientific cooperation in ichthyology, fishery and aquaculture has been undertaken through the Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova within the framework of some successful research projects: • INCO-COPERNICUS “Quality monitoring and quality assurance of freshwater and seawater aquaculture fish” – joint project with teams from Greece, Hungary and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, 1999–2002; • CRDF/MRDA6 “Assessment of current status of biodiversity and water quality in Dniester river”, 2001–03; • CRDF/MRDA “Accumulation and effect of trace elements on fish growth and development”, 2005–07; • CRDF/MRDA “Elaboration of growth technology of Kefal pelingas”, 2005–06; • Bilateral Moldovan–Russian research project “Regularities of the structure and dynamics of intraspecific variability in populations of cyprinids (on the example of the bream Abramis brama) in the Republic of Moldova and the European part of Russia”, 2008–09.

6 The CRDF/MRDA projects were carried out together with researchers from the United States of America.

7. policies, regulatory and management frameworks in use

7.1 fisheries and aquaculture policies and planning At the desired per capita fish consumption of 16 kg/year, the demand for fish products in the country would be 57 019 tonnes, of which, taking a perspective of 10–12 years, it would be possible to obtain 18 000 tonnes of fish from Moldovan aquaculture.

Figure 8 Development directions of the aquaculture sector in the Republic of Moldova

Development of the aquaculture sector

Export

Multifunctional exploitation Intensification of fish Processing fish of aquatic ecosystems production

Industrial aquaculture in Creation of certified recirculation systems organic fish farms

Elaboration and implementation of Fish farming in ponds technologies of ecological aquaculture products

Cultivation in cages

The development of the aquaculture sector in the country should pursue two main directions: • increasing the volume of fish production with a view to expand the domestic market and increase the consumption of native fish; • focusing on the export of processed fish and ecological fish products by creating certified organic fish farms (Figure 8). The following points will ensure stable availability and quantitative and qualitative growth of local fish products: • sustainable operation of fish-breeding complexes on the basis of integrating scientific and industrial potentials; • updating physical infrastructure and equipment of fish farms; • conservation and development of the fish gene pool; • sustainable use of aquatic biological resources; 44 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

• elaboration and introduction of advanced modern technologies; • development of the processing industry through the adaptation of fish processing technologies.

7.2 fisheries and aquaculture legal and regulatory framework and management The fishery and aquaculture sector is regulated in the Republic of Moldova by normative acts as detailed below.

The Law on Fisheries Fund, Fisheries and Aquaculture No. 149 of 8 June 20067 It regulates: procedures and conditions of the establishment and protection of fish stocks; reproduction, cultivation and harvest of aquatic organisms; and amelioration of fishery waterbodies. It defines principles of public authorities who have the right to manage aquatic biological resources. According to the law, the competences of the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry, Academy of Sciences of Moldova and other research institutions local public administration bodies are as summarized in Chapter 6.

Water Code No. 1532 of 22 June 19938 It regulates responsibilities of legal entities and individuals who are water users of fishery waterbodies to: • carry out amelioration and take technical measures that ensure the improvement of the status of waterbodies, conditions of fish stocks, reproduction and maintenance of waterbodies under proper sanitary conditions; • implement measures for the protection and reproduction of fish stocks; • keep a state inventory of water resources.

Law on Foodstuffs No. 78-XV of 18 March 20049 This law establishes: • a legal framework for the production, processing and distribution of foodstuffs; • basic conditions governing the circuit of these products, including safety standards to protect human health and consumers’ interests in relation to foodstuffs. It also promotes fair practices in the field of food trade.

7 Published: 11 August 2006 in the Official Monitor of the Republic of Moldova No. 126-130, article No. 597. 8 Published: 1 October 1993 in the Parliament Monitor No. 10, article No. 287. 9 Published: 28 March 2004 in the Official Monitor of the Republic of Moldova No. 83-87, article No. 431. Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova 45

8. social and economic aspects of fisheries and aquaculture

8.1 fisheries and aquaculture employment Information on the number of people employed in the fishery and aquaculture sector is not precise as it is difficult to keep records of persons employed in small private fish farms. The number of such farms exceeds 100 and they use ponds with a total area of 8 947.9 ha, which is larger than the area used by joint-stock companies (8 133.5 ha). At present, salaries in the fishery and aquaculture sector are 4.7 times higher (USD129.6) than they were in 2000. Until 2008, they were even higher than in agriculture, hunting and forestry (Table A3.8). According to the National Bureau of Statistics, the average salary in the fishery and aquaculture sector was 68.4 percent (in 2000) and 79.1 percent (in 2005) of the national average of all sectors. By 2010, it had fallen to 54.5 percent of the national average.

8.2 economics of capture fisheries and aquaculture There are several variants of cost-effective fish production in the country. In pond fish culture, the most profitable production of fish is carp polyculture in a two-year long cycle that includes the three Chinese major carps and predator fishes such as pike, pikeperch and/or catfish. This allows a most rational utilization of natural fish food production potentials of reservoirs and ponds. Past experience has shown that the greatest number of marketable fish produced in the Republic of Moldova was obtained in intensive pond polyculture of different carps, where major costs were represented by various supplementary feeds. However, despite the fact that Figure 9 fish feeds are currently expensive Excess of wholesale and retail prices over cost in the Republic of Moldova, the 100 attention of pond fish producers 90 has turned towards the intensive production of common carp 80 because the price is higher and 70 consumer demand is more s 60 e g

intensive for this species than for a t

n 50 e

herbivorous ones that require c r e less expenditure (Table A3.7). P 40

0 Common Grass Silver Bighead Crucian Pike- Catﬁsh Pike carp carp carp carp perch

excess of wholesale price over cost excess of retail price over wholesale price

excess of retail price over cost 46 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Fish-breeding enterprises with a substantial volume of production but at a considerable distance from large cities often sell fish on the spot at wholesale prices. The excess of wholesale prices over cost (profit enterprises) in semi-intensive cultivation methods varies from 31 percent (on carp) to 71.2 percent (on catfish). A high income is also noted for grass carp even if it is lower than that of common carp and pikeperch in intensive ponds (Figure 9). There is a demand for highly profitable species of fish although in terms of total production they represent only a small amount. It is important to emphasize that the difference between wholesale and retail prices is significant and expands from 19.1 percent (catfish) to 59.9 percent (bighead carp). On average, the excess margin on sold fish is about 42.1 percent. Producers receive the same percentage of income for producing two- or three-year-old table fish (44.3 percent). The excess of market value over cost ranges from 60.2 percent (common carp) to 77.4 percent (grass carp). To increase consumption, it would be necessary to improve market mechanisms for selling fish and fish products. As one of the first steps, the distance between producers and consumers should be reduced by reducing the intermediaries. A reduced number of traders would lead to lower prices and, hence, to increased consumption of fish and fish products.

8.3 cRedit and investment in fisheries and aquaculture According to the law on state budget, the fund of the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry of Moldova allocated for subsidizing agricultural producers is used in three different areas: • To promote loans of commercial banks to the fish farmers. These consist of credits of up to one year given as working capital for feeds, fertilizers, etc. and credits of up to 7 years given for investment in fixed assets. • To support covering insurance risks in agricultural production. In the case of a valid risk and loss insurance of a fish farm, insurance companies recover 20 percent, while the State allocates the remaining 80 percent of due payments to cover the losses of the insured products such as fish seed (larvae, fry and yearlings) and table fish. The intervention of the State is done on the basis of the decision of a special commission. • To purchase breeding animals and ensure the preservation of the gene pools. This is to create and maintain genetic pools of valuable high-performing brooders of farmed animals, including fish. It is allocated through the Ministry of Agriculture and Food Industry on the basis of applications submitted by fish farms. The decisions of the special commission are made according to funding regulations.

8.4 Role of fisheries and aquaculture in food security and poverty alleviation The contribution of fishing and fish culture to the gross domestic product of the Republic of Moldova is extremely low. Between 2001 and 2003, it was only 0.1 percent, and even less between 2004 and 2010. The root of the problem is the low economic efficiency of many fishing and fish culture enterprises: 49 enterprises (out of 80) ended 2009 with financial losses (Figure 10 and Table 17). However, Figure 11 shows that all micro fishing and fish culture enterprises successfully managed to increase their activities between 2005 and 2009. Social and economic aspects of fisheries and aquaculture 47

Figure 10 Fishing and fish culture enterprises that ended 2009 with financial losses

Note: Information is presented without data on enterprises and organization from the left side of the Dniester River and the municipality of Bender. Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (www.statistica.md).

Figure 11 Development of entrepreneurship activities in the field of fishing and fish culture

Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (www.statistica.md). 48 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

The number of micro enterprises is the higher but their total revenue from sales is much lower than that of small enterprises (Figure 12).

Figure 12 Revenue from sales of fishing and fish culture enterprises in 2009

Large enterprises 4.92 6.45 Mid enterprises

1.7 Small enterprises

13 Micro enterprises

Note: Values are in MDL million. Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (www.statistica.md).

Table 17 Main profitability indicators of economic units and their activities Sales profitability (%) Economic profitability (%) Economic activities 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 Agriculture, hunting 16.0 16.2 16.8 17.9 19.3 5.9 5.8 10.4 11.2 2.5 and forestry Fishing and fish culture 25.8 21.2 21.7 26.1 21.8 –0.7 –5.7 – –2.3 –2.8 Source: National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova (2010).

Table 18 Average price of fresh fish on local market in the Republic of Moldova

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2010

MDL/kg 5.0 5.5 6.6 8. 5 12.1 124 15.2 17.4 20.8 24.2 45* * Calculated by the authors.

In 2010, prices of fresh fish ranged between MDL25–85/kg depending on species (Table 18). Fresh red fish was MDL233–450/kg. The data presented show that there is a strong need for state support in the fishery and aquaculture sector. Development and modernization of the sector will bring considerable benefits to all participants in the process: • population – growing employment opportunities and a continuous increase of wages; • entrepreneurs – a real increase in profits and enhancement of competitiveness in foreign markets; • State – growing local and state revenues, which ensure better chances for solving social problems. 49

9. development potentials in the fishery and aquaculture sector

9.1 development potentials of capture fisheries After the building of the Hydrotechnics Novodnestrovsc Node (Ukraine) and its commissioning in 1981, the hydrological and thermal characteristics of the Dniester River in the Naslavcea and Kamenka sectors and the Dubasari reservoir changed. The hydrological system downstream of Novodnestrovsk dam became extremely unstable. Its daytime water level can vary 2–3 m, especially 15–20 km downstream of the dam, and daily fluctuations with amplitudes of 0.2–0.5 m can be observed as far as the city of Kamenka. These frequent daily fluctuations of water level result in the destruction of fish spawning sites. The seasonal distribution of water temperatures has also changed substantially. In spring and summer, the water temperature is higher than it was before the construction of the dam, and in autumn and winter it cools down more slowly. The turbidity of the water discharged from the Novodnestrovsc reservoir has increased considerably and this has had a negative impact on transparency along the whole river, causing an intensive development of macrophytes and microphytes in the river bed. The changes that have occurred have mainly been destructive, at all trophic levels, and they had the very prominent effect on the fish fauna.

Plate 17 Consequences of high variations in the water level in the middle section of the Dniester River. 50 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

In the middle sector of Dniester River (Plate 17), more than 30 species of fish used to reproduce annually in the period 1959–1983 and 180–200 million fry, including advanced fry and yearlings, used to migrate downstream to the Dubasari reservoir. Fish resources in this section are currently reduced by 94 percent, and the migration of juveniles from spawning sites has decreased by 84 percent. A continuous, undesired replacement of valuable species (sterlet, common barbel, pikeperch, common bream, carp, Rutilus heckeli) with other less-valuable species can be observed. These species (e.g. common dace, European chub, common roach, common rudd and common nase) are able to adapt better to changed thermal conditions. The existence of potentials for development of fishery in the Republic of Moldova, especially in reservoirs, is shown by the data presented in Table A3.1 in Annex 3. The fish capture in reservoirs ranged between 78 and 177 tonnes/year in the period 1991–95. After this time, in the period 1996–2000, catches suddenly decreased to 14 tonnes, most probably because of commissioning two additional turbines at the Naslavcea node. The capacity of this fishery has still not been restored. In 2008–2010, the fish capture ranged from 16 to 27 tonnes/year. This is a huge fall as before 1986 the catch in the Dubasari reservoir exceeded 200 tonnes/year. Moreover, it decline is in spite of the multiannual research work carried out by the Institute of Zoology of Academy of Sciences of Moldova that has demonstrated the existence of sufficient natural fish food in the form of phytoplankton, zooplankton and zoobenthos in the reservoirs of the Republic of Moldova. State organizations continuously make efforts to improve the management of fisheries resources by stocking waterbodies of important fishing sites. Thus, the Fishery Service has a special account designed to cover damage caused to aquatic biological resources through annual restocking of natural waterbodies with valuable fish species such as bighead carp, silver carp, grass carp and common carp. Other species used for this purpose are pikeperch, silver crucian carp, breams and common roach (Table 19).

Table 19 Stocking of the Costesti-Stanca reservoir Two–summer–old fish Fry (1 000) Yearling (1 000) (1 000) Year Silver Pike– Common Common Chinese Common Common Common Chinese crucian perch bream carp major carps carp roach carp major carps carp 1984 600 400 – 239 328 348 – – – 1985 600 400 – – 300 370 – – – 1986 600 400 – 250 250 250 – – – 1987 600 400 – 250 250 250 – – – 1988 600 400 – 250 250 250 – – – 1989 1 000 – – 340 340 300 – – – 1990 2 000 1 500 2 000 50 30 170 – 700 63 1991 – – – – – – – 120 180 1992 60 000 – – 7 – – – – – 1993 20 000 – 10 000 – – – – 50 120 1994 – – – 350 – – – – – 1999 3 000 – – 5.4 1.0 6.0 – – – 2004 – – – – – – 100 6.2 31.3 2005 – – – 180 50 – – – – 2006 – – – 35.5 54.7 55.8 50.1 – 12.5 2009 – – – – – – – 18.5 88.9 Development potentials in the fishery and aquaculture sector 51

Figure 13 shows that the quantity of fish used for stocking in the Dubasari reservoir decreased after 2007.

Figure 13 Stocking of Dubasari reservoir, 1998–2010

In order to increase the effect of stocking, it is necessary to control the negative impact of water birds as they are able to consume a large amount of stocked fish in a short period (Plate 18).

Plate 18 Cormorants feeding in the Costesti-Stanca reservoir immediately after fish release. 52 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

It can be concluded that, with appropriate measurements and primary regulation of the hydrologic regime of the Dniester River within the framework of bilateral agreements between the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine, as well as the restoration of fish stocking in the necessary amounts, the production of capture fisheries of natural waters and large water reservoirs could be increased considerably.

9.2 development potentials of aquaculture Fluctuations in fish production results in the past and present indicate that a well- prepared, researched and coordinated plan for the optimal utilization of natural, social and economic resources could consolidate fish production on a higher level in the country. In addition to the better utilization of resources, the introduction of new fish species in culture-based fisheries and pond polyculture is also a feasible option. Currently, work on the introduction of grey mullet (or kefal pelingas [Mugil so-iuy Basilewsky]) is being carried out in the Republic of Moldova (Plate 19). In 2004, researchers of the Institute of Zoology together with fish farmers from Falesti (in the north of the country) brought about 1 000 mullet fingerlings with an average body weight of 5.3 g from Ukraine. By November 2004, their average weight had reached 80 g, and after two years individuals had reached about 2 kg. Grey mullet is of interest as a new species in the Republic of Moldova because it can be bred in polyculture with valuable species (Cyprinus carpio, Aristichthys nobilis, Hypophtalmichtys molitrix and Ctenopharingodon idella). Yearlings feed on detritus and zoobenthos; hence, they find proper conditions for their growth in fish ponds and also in water reservoirs.

Researchers of the Institute of Zoology Plate 19 The market size of kefal pelingas (Mugil so-iuy have patented a procedure for artificial Basilewsky) varies between 700 and 800 g. reproduction of grey mullet as well as for a procedure of growing the same species in polyculture with common carp and Chinese major carps. 53

10. Conclusions and recommendations

Fish farming in the Republic of Moldova has become an efficient, employment- and income-generating activity to reduce poverty in rural areas. Renting and using small lakes and ponds for growing fish creates jobs, brings income to rural areas and increases the sales of fresh fish in villages. However, farmers often lack the necessary technical knowledge and, therefore, they often suffer economic losses. At present, there is no full national cadastre, a documented and registered list of lakes and ponds that would include not only the numbers and sizes but also data about their ecological status. The unsatisfactory ecological state of waterbodies is a main cause of the low profitability of many fish farms. This factor is also responsible for increased costs and, hence, the high price of fresh fish. A set of measures needs to be taken in order to protect and conserve the environment and to use existing recourses for fishery purposes in a sustainable way. These measures are: • studying fish fauna (qualitative and quantitative structure of fish populations, location of breeding and wintering sites, etc.); • carrying out complex monitoring of aquatic ecosystems, which would also include monitoring of water quality and state of aquatic organisms in general and those of the natural fish food (nutrient sources) of fish in particular; • developing and implementing projects to restore and use fishery resources in a sustainable way; • raising awareness about the importance of protecting physical and biological aquatic resources and encouraging the parties concerned to make responsible decisions about them. Taking into account its transboundary status, quality improvement of the state of the Dniester River and its fishery resources requires specific actions: • working out a model for optimal water release from the Novodnestrovsk hydrocomplex in order to meet needs of the ecosystems in the Middle and Lower Dniester River. • developing joint Moldovan–Ukrainian programmes in the field of fishery resources of the Dniester River; • exchanging information regarding ichthyological observations; • elaborating programmes for restoring populations of valuable and threatened fish species and other aquatic biological resources; • strengthening the control and increasing the activity of state bodies responsible for the protection of fish resources in the fight against poaching and other illegal actions affecting fishery resources of the Dniester River basin. In order to improve sustainable fish production, it is necessary to monitor the ecological state of lakes, reservoirs and ponds. Concerning increasing the efficiency of fish enterprises, state support should be offered through developing modern entrepreneurial, financial and investment frameworks according to the principles of the market economy. Government could also help farmers with efficient extension services, which should include information and advisory systems through which the knowledge, skills and modern management abilities of farmers could be increased. The following subjects should be integral parts of farmer training: 54 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

• sustainable use of aquatic resources during the entire process of fish production in lakes, reservoirs and ponds; • implementation of new methods for fish breeding and fish seed production; • implementation of new table-fish production methods in ponds; • methods of water quality assessment including on-site (field) analysis methods; • physical and financial planning and evaluation of fish production; • fish storage and selling; • ways to receive grants and contracts for developing the aquaculture sector. A sustainable development of the fishery and aquaculture sector can be achieved by: • creating an inventory of all waterbodies regardless of the ownership; • using unenclosed water areas of up to 10 000 ha for fish farming; • elaborating guidelines for the biological, technical and economic feasibility of fisheries and fish farming; • developing methods and schemes to stabilize and improve the economic and financial situation of enterprises of the sector; • intensifying fish farming on the basis of implementing new profitable technologies; • introduction and acclimatizing of valuable new fish species and breeds; • developing and implementing breeding programmes, improving breeding and productive qualities of breeds and using gene pool conservation; • establishing fish feed production; • developing the fish processing industry; • creating/improving and correctly executing market development programmes for fish products; • creating certified organic fish farms, and elaborating and implementing technologies for ecologically sound fish products; • developing schemes to improve fiscal and credit policy in the fishery and aquaculture sector; • organizing training and retraining in the industry; • developing both internal and external relations and attracting national and international investors to develop the industry. 55

References

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). 2010. The World Factbook. In: CIA [online]. [Cited 4 April 2013]. www.cia.gov/library/publications/download/download-2010/ FAO. 2011. AQUASTAT, 2010. In: FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]. Rome. [Cited 4 April 2013]. www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm FAO/Network of Aquaculture Centres in Central-Eastern Europe (NACEE). 2007. Regional review on aquaculture development. 5. Central and Eastern European region – 2005. FAO Fisheries Circular. No. 1017/5. FAO, Rome. 2007. 84 pp. (also available at ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1356e/a1356e00.pdf) National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova. 2010. Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Moldova, 2010. Chisinau. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe / United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (OSCE/UNECE). 2005. Transboundary diagnostic study for the Dniester River Basin [online]. OSCE/UNECE Project: Transboundary Co-operation and Sustainable Management of the Dniester River. [Cited 4 April 2013]. www.osce.org/ eea/38320 Zubcov E.I. Current ecological state of the Dniester River. Current fundamental problems of hydrochemistry and monitoring of quality of surface waters of Russia. Proceedings of the scientific-practical conference with international participation, Azov, June 8-June 10, 2009, pp.96-99 (Russian) Zubcov E., Bagrin N., Zubcov N., Bogonin Z., Munjiu O., Borodin N., Biletchi L., Lebedenco L. Hydroecological researches of the Dniester within Moldova, 2008-2009. Transboundary river basin management and international cooperation for healthy Dniester River. Proceedings of the International Conference, Odessa, September 30-October 1, 2009, pp.77-82 (Russian)

Annex 1

General data on the Republic of Moldova 105 0,798 0,845 0,002 0,173 B elarus A s % of Moldova total area 0,798 in 2008-2010 P ersons per km2 316 F ish ponds (2) 30 84 27 000 28 600 18 245 108 106 130 S lovenia rea (ha) A rea Romania 84 500 Estonia in 2003-2007 64,5 68,5 10,1 31,7 Czech Republic P ersons per km2 % S lovenia Moldova 64,5 3 567 970 , 2010 T C ultivated area 2008-2010 A ha 190 000 2 123 000 2 319 200 4 560 474 Ukraine Montenegro 33 333 000 - 2,8 2,6 2,6 621 000 3 667 000 3 599 446 9 758 263 46 289 000 S erbia Ukraine Estonia A s % of 2003-2007 total area Montenegro 6,3 otal population T - 96 000 86 800 345 853 (ha) S erbia otal area otal area Ukraine T ater area (1) ater area 3 961 000 3 642 508 1 357 000 2 422 000 10 489 647 48 029 000 W Estonia Ukraine 1998-2002 - 960 868 3 459 (km2) S erbia otal area otal area Ukraine T 24 220 4 266 000 4 338 226 1 402 000 10 729 294 50 296 000 Estonia Ukraine 1993-1997 32 891 32 978 13 452 111 111 otal land Ukraine T area (km2) area Montenegro 579 330 4 379 000 4 343 815 1 527 000 10 967 938 51 572 000 33 851 33 846 13 812 Estonia Ukraine 114 569 1988-1992 otal area otal area Ukraine (km2) (1) T Montenegro 603 550 opulation of M oldova able 1.2: P opulation r a ea of M oldova land and wate able 1.1: T otal, C ountry C ountry source) M oldova ( FAO fficial statistics) M oldova ( O fficial Minimum of CEE countries Average of CEE countries Average Maximum of CEE countries M oldova fficial statistics) M oldova ( O fficial Minimum of CEE countries Average of CEE countries Average Maximum of CEE countries Observation: total area = lands of water funds 1/ Water 2/ Fish pond areas were estimated. Source: National Bureau of Statistics the Republic Moldova and authors calculation of Aquaculture Centres in Central-Eastern Europe (NACEE), 2005 Fact Book, 2010 and FAO/Network CIA World T Observation : S ince 1998 - I nformation is presented without the data on districts from left side of river Nistru and municipality B ender A Q UA ST Source : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and authors calculation FAO T 58 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova 41 41 15 39 66 59 % of total 2008-2010 population in Estonia Czech Rep. 62 2010 P ersons per km2 in 2003-2007 P ersons per km2 in 2008- 301 000 1 389 000 1 399 800 4 615 895 23 190 000 2 091 673 2008-2010 Ukraine 2003-2007 Montenegro 58 40 27 59 58 B elarus Moldova % of total 2003-2007 population in 665 000 9 1 598 000 1 675 600 4 885 353 63 34 63 63 22 989 000 , 2010 T A 2007 Estonia Estonia Ukraine Moldova 1998-2002 P ersons per km2 in 2003- Rural population otal economically active population T 246 000 3 654 053 2 122 259 2 129 000 14 867 000 Ukraine , 2010 2003-2007 T Montenegro A 680 000 1 876 000 1 690 400 5 141 353 25 878 000 Estonia 415 000 Ukraine 2 137 412 1993-1997 3 917 176 2 227 000 15 714 000 Estonia Ukraine 1998-2002 424 000 2 333 006 4 027 118 2 312 000 16 583 000 Estonia 763 000 Ukraine 1993-1997 2 048 000 2 071 000 5 248 938 25 421 000 Estonia Ukraine 1988-1992 449 000 4 229 688 2 318 164 2 339 000 17 104 000 Estonia Ukraine 1988-1992 Maximum of CEE countries Average of CEE countries Average Minimum of CEE countries al population of M oldova able 1.3: Ru r al population of M oldova active population ables 1.4: E conomically fficial statistics) M oldova ( O fficial M oldova C ountry C ountry M oldova fficial statistics) M oldova ( O fficial Minimum of CEE countries Average of CEE countries Average Maximum of CEE countries able 1.4.1: E conomically active population of M oldova -1 T A Q UA ST Source : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and authors calculation FAO T T Observation : Since 1998 - Information is presented without the data on districts from left side of river Nistru and municipality Bender Since 1998 the economically active population is calculated based on number of unemployment, according ILO classification. A Q UA ST Source : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and FAO Annex 1 59 10 9,9 37,4 333 700 2009 2009 1 265 300 11,5 38,5 P ersons per km2 in 2009 388 600 2008 2008 1 302 800 7 5 15 22 0,4

2 12,1 38,9 408 600 2007 2007 1 313 900 Albania S lovenia in 2003-2007 P ersons per km 12,5 40,2 422 400 2006 2006 1 357 200 9 000 235 000 496 720 557 368 3 180 000 15,9 42,1 Poland S lovenia 2003-2007 536 500 2005 2005 1 422 300 15,8 42,4 15 000 334 000 532 900 685 294 2004 2004 3 576 000 1 432 500 Poland S lovenia 1998-2002 17,3 43,6 , 2010 T otal economically active population in agriculture otal economically active population in agriculture A T 583 200 2003 2003 1 473 600 26 000 478 000 852 941 4 072 000 22,1 47,8 747 100 2002 2002 1 615 000 Ukraine S lovenia 1993-1997 22,6 47,8 764 800 2001 2001 1 616 700 41 000 629 000 1 057 863 4 749 000 22,8 49,0 Ukraine S lovenia 1988-1992 770 400 2000 2000 1 654 700

2 2 ears ears r e of M oldova in a gr icultu active population ables 1.5: E conomically M oldova Y C ountry Y fficial statistics) M oldova ( O fficial Minimum of CEE countries Number of persons Number of persons Average of CEE countries Average Persons per km Persons per km Maximum of CEE countries able 1.4.2: E conomically active population of M oldova -2 of M oldova - 1 able 1.5.1: E conomically active population in agriculture of M oldova - 2 able 1.5.2: E conomically active population in agriculture T Observation : S ince 1998 - I nformation is presented without the data on districts from left side of river Nistru and municipality B ender Sourse : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and authors calculation T T Observation : S ince 1998 - I nformation is presented without the data on districts from left side of river Nistru and municipality B ender A Q UA ST Source : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and FAO T Observation : S ince 1998 - I nformation is presented without the data on districts from left side of river Nistru and municipality B ender Sourse : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and authors calculation 60 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova 35,5 2009 36,5 2008 36,7 37,9 38,9 37,9 47,2 52,1 2007 L atvia Moldova 2003-2007 37,8 2006 46 39,5 40,3 40,3 46,3 50,5 2005 Moldova 1998-2002 39,7 Czech Republic 2004 39 40,7 44,0 39,7 46,5 52,2 , 2010 T A 2003 H ungary Romania 1993-1997 44,5 2002 roportion of economically active population M oldova (%) P roportion 47,7 44,5 46,8 41,3 47,4 52,3 2001 Albania S lovakia 45,4 1988-1992 2000 oldova of M oldova population within the total of M oldova active population tion of the economically ears ables 1.6: Pr opo r C ountry Y M oldova fficial statistics) M oldova ( O fficial Percentage (%) Minimum of CEE countries Average of CEE countries Average Maximum of CEE countries roportion of the economically active population M oldova - 1 able 1.6.1: P roportion of the economically active population M oldova - 2 able 1.6.2: P roportion T T Observation : S ince 1998 - I nformation is presented without the data on districts from left side of river Nistru and municipality B ender A Q UA ST Source : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and FAO T Observation : S ince 1998 - I nformation is presented without the data on districts from left side of river Nistru and municipality B ender Sourse : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and authors calculation Annex 1 61 9,4 2009 10,1 2008 6,4 0,4 5,2 11,4 13,8 19,8 2007 Albania S lovenia 2003-2007 11,8 2006 8,4 0,8 5,8 14,9 20,1 2005 , 2010 T A Albania S lovenia 1998-2002 14,8 2004 1,3 7,0 16,1 11,2 20,8 2003 Albania S lovenia 1993-1997 20,6 2002 21 2,1 8,8 14,4 22,0 roportion of active population in agriculture within the total population (%) of active population in agriculture P roportion 2001 Albania S lovenia 21,1 1988-1992 2000 e within the total population of M oldova population r e within the total in a gr icultu tion of the active population ears ables 1.7: Pr opo r C ountry Y M oldova fficial statistics) M oldova ( O fficial Minimum of CEE countries Proportion (%) Average of CEE countries Average Maximum of CEE countries roportion of the active population in agriculture within the total population of M oldova - 1 of the active population in agriculture able 1.7.1: P roportion within the total population of M oldova - 2 of the active population in agriculture able 1.7.2: P roportion T T A Q UA ST Source : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and authors calculation FAO T Observation : S ince 1998 - I nformation is presented without the data on districts from left side of river Nistru and municipality B ender Sourse : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and authors calculation 62 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova 26,4 2009 29,8 2008 0,9 11,3 43,8 31,1 2007 Albania S lovenia 2003-2007 31,1 2006 16,9 35,4 1,5 12,9 46,9 37,7 2005 , 2010 T A Albania S lovenia 1998-2002 37,5 2004 20,9 2,7 15,4 50,2 39,6 2003 Albania S lovenia 1993-1997 46,3 2002 25,5 4,7 18,8 53,3 47,3 roportion of active population in agriculture within the active population (%) of active population in agriculture P roportion 2001 Albania S lovenia 1988-1992 46,6 2000 30,7 oldova of M oldova r e within the active population in a gr icultu tion of the active population ears ables 1.8: Pr opo r C ountry Y M oldova Proportion (%) fficial statistics) M oldova ( O fficial Minimum of CEE countries Average of CEE countries Average Maximum of CEE countries roportion of the active population in agriculture within the active population of M oldova - 1 of the active population in agriculture able 1.8.1: P roportion within the active population of M oldova - 2 of the active population in agriculture able 1.8.2: P roportion T T A Q UA ST Source : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and authors calculation FAO T Observation : S ince 1998 - I nformation is presented without the data on districts from left side of river Nistru and municipality B ender Sourse : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and authors calculation Annex 1 63 64,1 63,6 49,0 62,9 74,3 L atvia services B elarus S ervices 19,9 20,1 19,4 29,1 41,8 B elarus I ndustry industry Albania 2,2 7,9 16,0 16,3 21,4 C omposition by sector (%) (2010 est.) G DP - composition by sector (%) (2009 estimation) Albania agriculture A griculture Czech Republic 2 300 3 088 2 861 2 300 13 932 27 600 S lovenia est), USD Moldova G DP - per capita (2009 estimation) G PP per capita (2010 11,0 6 590 10 130 10 203 126 751 688 300 2009 2010 Poland Montenegro 10,2 6 989 10 830 10 724 133 439 676 800 2008 2009 Poland Montenegro E stimated GR P (in billion USD ) E stimated G DP (in 1 000 USD ) 10,7 9 740 6 538 10 050 128 093 644 000 2007 2008 Poland Montenegro r ity ( PPP ) on pu r chase powe pa calculated ables 1.9: G DP of M oldova C ountry C ountry M oldova Moldova (Official statistics) Moldova (Official fficial statistics) M oldova ( O fficial Minimum of CEE countries Average of CEE countries Average Maximum of CEE countries oldova calculated on purchase power parity ( PPP ) - 2 able 1.9.2: G DP of M oldova calculated on purchase oldova calculated on purchase power parity ( PPP ) ables 1.9: G DP of M oldova calculated on purchase A the World Fact B ook, 2010 Sourse : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and C I A World T Observation : S ince 1998 - I nformation is presented without the data on districts from left side of river Nistru and municipality B ender Sourse : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova T T 64 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova 26,3 2009 26,4 2008 25,8 2007 30,2 2006 29,1 2005 26,5 2004 29,0 2003 40,4 2002 in 2009 in 2005 O bservation 54,6 2001 4,0 oldova ty line in M oldova 26,3 19,2 29,5 35,0 % 67,8 Ukraine L ithuania 2000 roportion of population below poverty line P roportion ears opulation below pove r ables 1.10: P opulation Minimum of CEE countries fficial statistics) M oldova ( O fficial of CEE countries Average Maximum of CEE countries M oldova C ountry Y Proportion (%) ables 1.10: P opulation below poverty line in M oldova of population below the absolute national poverty line (rate poverty) able 1.10.2: P roportion T T Fact B ook, 2010 Source : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and C I A World T Observation : S ince 1998 - I nformation is presented without the data on districts from left side of river Nistru and municipality B ender Sourse : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and authors calculation 65

Annex 2

Water resource, fish farms and fish species of the Republic of Moldova 0,7 94,2 44,1 91,4 Estonia ratio (%) H ungary D ependency 8 589 1 281 2 414 3 177 23 820 yr) Czech Croatia Republic P er capita (m3/inhab/ 6,4 8,6 56,9 11,7 211,9 ater resources: total ater resources: renewable (actual) renewable W (km3/yr) Romania Macedonia 273 280 273 9 464 4 441 yr) Estonia Moldova P er capita (m3/inhab/ 1,0 1,0 1,0 53,6 24,1 ater resources : total ater resources internal renewable km3/yr Poland W Moldova 6,2 0,4 0,4 0,4 18,0 surface B elarus (km3/yr) O verlap: Moldova water and groundwater groundwater 7,5 0,4 0,4 0,4 20,0 , 2010 (data of 2003 - 2007) T A water Ground Ground Ukraine Moldova (km3/yr) 1,0 1,0 1,0 53,1 22,1 internally (km3/yr) water ater produced internal ater produced Poland S urface Moldova Groundwater: produced produced Groundwater: W 79,4 15,2 17,5 15,2 341,0 Ukraine (km3/yr) Moldova I n volume 759 450 517 450 1 485 verage precipitation A (mm/yr) Albania I n depth Moldova oldova r esou ces of M oldova ate Maximum of CEE countires (2003 - 2007) Average of Average CEE countires (2003 - 2007) able 2.1: W Minimum of CEE countires (2003 - 2007) M oldova (2006-2009) C ountry M oldova (2003 - 2007) T Observation : Dniester and Prut are transboundary rivers, for Moldova disponible only 50% of water volum water resources in Dniester+Prut+Local rivers and Danube =17150 mln m3, disponible for Moldova - 8610 m3 Total of used water is 786 mln.m3 Volume A Q UA ST Source : National report (data of 2006 - 2009) and FAO 66 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova 344 155 254 092 166 736 677 689 1 864 155 /yr) 2 /km 3 Croatia (m ater resources: ater resources: Czech Republic W total renewable (actual) total renewable 29 541 29 546 29 541 325 167 935 717 /yr) 2 /km 3 Albania Moldova (m ater resources: ater resources: W total internal renewable 8 835 11 816 11 818 81 856 658 511 /yr) 2 /km 3 Croatia S lovenia (m and groundwater and groundwater O verlap: surface water 1 97 39 286 101 657 100 152 155 793 695 412 135 125 113 2 656 1 451 11 816 11 818 11 816 106 594 665 910 /yr) 2 /km 3 S lovenia Moldova Ground water Ground , 2010 T A L ength in M oldova (km) 97 39 286 101 100 152 155 976 537 142 243 113 6 613 2 146 1 352 3 930 2 857 29 541 29 546 29 541 278 961 913 530 ater produced internal ater produced (m S lovenia W Moldova S urface water otal length (km) T /yr) 2 449 913 517 048 449 913 758 702 1 484 973 /km 3 Albania Moldova N ame of river volume (m verage precipitation in verage precipitation A Raut I chel D niester (1) Cubolta B otna B ic Prut (1) D anube (1) Ciuhur I alpug (1) Cogilnic (1) Cainari Cahul (1) ransboundary rivers oldova (2003 - 2007) r esou ces pe unit a ea in M oldova ate otal otal otal Grand total T D niester D niester D niester D niester D niester D niester T D anube D anube able 2.3: Rive r s of M oldova able 2.2: W D anube T B lak S ee B lak S ee M oldova River system B lak S ee C ountry fficial statistics) M oldova ( O fficial B lak S ee Minimum of CEE countires of CEE countires Average Maximum of CEE countires tatistics of the Republic of Moldova and FAO A Q UA ST Source : National B ureau of S tatistics the Republic Moldova and FAO T Observation : 1/ T T Annex 2 67

Table 2.4: Most important natural lakes of Moldova

River basin Avg. depth Max. depth Number of Region Name Area (km2) Area (ha) system (m) (m) lakes Cahul Danube Beleu 2 5 1 6,26 626 Cahul Danube Dracele 2 4 1 2,65 265 Cahul Danube Manta 3 6 1 4,50 450 Cahul Danube Rotunda 3 5 1 2,08 208 Total 4 15,49 1 549 Căuşeni Dniester Nistrul Vechi 3 6 1 1,86 186 Total 1 1,86 186 Slobozia Dniester Roşu 2 6 1 1,16 116 Total 1 1,16 116 Anenii Noi Dniester Sălaş 2 4 1 3,72 372 Total 1 3,72 372 Grand total 7 22,23 2 223

Table 2.5: Main water reservoirs of Moldova Total River basin Name of Surface Average Max. depth River basin volume system reservoir area (ha) depth (m) (m) (106 m3) Dubăsari Dniester Dubăsari 6 750 7 18 485,5 Costeşti- Rîşcani Danube 5 900 13 42 735,0 Stînca Slobozia Dniester Cuciurgan 1 730 4 8 73,0 Străşeni Danube Ghidighici 680 3 12 27,6 Total 15 060 - - 1 321 68 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Table 2.6: Fish farms in Moldova SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 1 Anenii Noi Cobusca veche Cobusca veche 1 2,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 2 Anenii Noi Calfa Calfa 1 1,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 1. Fish larvae, fingeling/ S.A.”Gura- yearling, 3 Anenii Noi Gura-Bîcului 1 492,4 Privatized 6 Bîcului” table fish and brood fish Public territorial 4 Anenii Noi Cobusca noua Cobusca noua 1 9,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 5 Anenii Noi Mereni Mereni 2 50,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 6 Anenii Noi Jemana Jemana 1 1,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 7 Anenii Noi Bicovet Bicovet 1 19,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 8 Anenii Noi Baceoi Baceoi 1 10,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 9 Anenii Noi Puhoi Puhoi 2 20,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 10 Anenii Noi Hirbovet Hirbovet 1 40,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 11 Anenii Noi Misovca Misovca 2 15,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Anenii Noi Total 14 659,9 Public territorial 12 Balti Elizaveta Elizaveta 1 11,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 13 Balti Balti Balti 1 40,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 14 Balti Balti SRL”Runflesia” 1 10,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Balti Total 3 61,0 Public territorial 15 Basarabeasca Sadaclia SRL”Runflesia” 1 35,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 16 Basarabeasca Basarabeasca SRL”Runflesia” 1 7,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Basarabeasca Total 2 42,0 1. Fish larvae, fingeling/ yearling, 17 Briceni Briceni S.A.”Rechin” 1 310,7 Privatized 6 table fish and brood fish Briceni Total 1 310,7 Public territorial 18 Cahul Cahul Cahul 4 10,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 19 Cahul Moscovei Moscovei 2 15,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 20 Cahul Cucoara Cucoara 5 33,6 5. Table fish 5 authorities Taraclia de Taraclia de Public territorial 21 Cahul 3 24,4 5. Table fish 5 Salcie Salcie authorities Public territorial 22 Cahul Burlacu Burlacu 3 2,6 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 23 Cahul Colibasi Colibasi 5 222,6 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 24 Cahul Caslita Prut Caslita Prut 1 1,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 25 Cahul Tatarasi Tatarasi 1 18,6 5. Table fish 5 authorities Annex 2 69

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 26 Cahul Valeni Valeni 4 18,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Cahul Total 28 346,2 Public territorial 27 Cainari Pervomaiscoie Pervomaiscoie 1 22,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 28 Cainari Plop Plop 1 30,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 29 Cainari Plop Sabutei Plop Sabutei 1 43,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 30 Cainari Cascalia Cascalia 1 26,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Cainari Total 4 121,0 Public territorial 31 Calarasi Calarasi Calarasi 1 4,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 32 Calarasi Temeleuti Temeleuti 1 4,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities 3. Fingeling/ S.A.”Piscicola- yearling, 33 Calarasi Călăraşi 1 29,0 Privatized 6 Bîc” table fish and fingeling Public territorial 34 Calarasi Niscani Niscani 1 10,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 35 Calarasi Parsjolteni Parsjolteni 1 4,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 36 Calarasi Calarasi SRL “Vigi” 1 10,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 37 Calarasi Leordoaia Leordoaia 1 3,5 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 38 Calarasi Frumoasa Frumoasa 4 22,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 39 Calarasi Raciula Raciula 1 10,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 40 Calarasi Tibirica Tibirica 1 15,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 41 Calarasi Pitusca Pitusca 1 14,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 42 Calarasi Sadova Sadova 1 5,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 43 Calarasi Meriseni Meriseni 1 5,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Calarasi Total 16 136,5 Public territorial 44 Cantemir Visneovka Visneovka 1 60,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Cantemir Total 1 60,0 Public territorial 45 Causeni Ucrainca Ceaga 1 163,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 3. Fingeling/ Public territorial yearling, 46 Causeni Căuşeni S.A.”Acvatic” 1 163,5 5 authorities table fish and fingeling Causeni Total 2 326,5 Public territorial 47 Chisinau Chisinau Soldatscoie 1 20,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 48 Chisinau Gratiesti Gratiesti 1 12,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 49 Chisinau Colonita Colonita 1 11,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities 3. Fingeling/ S.R.L. Public territorial yearling, 50 Chisinau Chisinău 1 160,0 7 “Ihtiocom” authorities table fish and fingeling Public territorial 51 Chisinau Goiani 3 Goiani 1 3,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 70 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 52 Chisinau Tohatin Tohatin 1 9,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Chisinau Total 6 215,0 Public territorial 53 Ciadar Lunga 6 Ciadar Lunga Ciadar Lunga 5 51,9 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 54 Ciadar Lunga 6 Baurci Baurci 7 97,5 5. Table fish 6 authorities Public territorial 55 Ciadar Lunga 6 Besghioz Besghioz 3 43,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 56 Ciadar Lunga 6 Gaidar Gaidar 1 3,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 57 Ciadar Lunga 6 Gaidar I.I. ”Gagauz P.N. 1 3,8 5. Table fish 3 authorities SRL “Caloria- Public territorial 58 Ciadar Lunga 6 Gaidar 1 27,5 5. Table fish 5 exim” authorities Public territorial 59 Ciadar Lunga 6 Joltai Joltai 2 20,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities 3. Fingeling/ yearling, 60 Ciadar Lunga 6 Cazaclia SA “Piscicola” 1 870,7 State property 7 table fish and fingeling Public territorial 61 Ciadar Lunga 6 Cazaclia Cazaclia 1 65,6 5. Table fish 5 authorities SRL “Ciamnic- Public territorial 62 Ciadar Lunga 6 Chiriet-Lunga 1 29,3 5. Table fish 5 Liux” authorities I.I.”Dolgher Public territorial 63 Ciadar Lunga 6 Chiriet-Lunga 1 4,0 5. Table fish 3 Vadim” authorities Public territorial 64 Ciadar Lunga 6 Chiriet-Lunga Chiriet-Lunga 1 13,7 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 65 Ciadar Lunga 6 Copciac Copciac: 2 14,5 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 66 Ciadar Lunga 6 Tomai I.I.”Gagauz” 1 71,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 67 Ciadar Lunga 6 Tomai Tomai 1 30,6 5. Table fish 5 authorities Ciadar Lunga 6 Total 29 1 347,0 Public territorial 68 Cimislia Javgur Javgur 1 22,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 69 Cimislia Cicur Mingir CicurMingir 1 40,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 70 Cimislia Topal Topal 1 25,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 71 Cimislia Cinac Cinac 1 30,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 72 Cimislia Ecaterinovca Ecaterinovca 1 40,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 73 Cimislia Cimislia Cimislia 1 20,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Cimislia Total 6 177,0 3. Fingeling/ yearling, 74 Comrat 6 Comrat S.A.”Balâc” 1 580,7 Privatized 6 table fish and fingeling Public territorial 75 Comrat 6 Comrat Comrat 1 29,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 76 Comrat 6 Comrat PLX “Comrat” 4 16,9 5. Table fish 5 authorities SRL “Omuzor- Public territorial 77 Comrat 6 Comrat 1 14,9 5. Table fish 4 Tolog” authorities Public territorial 78 Comrat 6 Chirsovo Chirsovo 2 88,3 5. Table fish 5 authorities Annex 2 71

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 79 Comrat 6 Congazcik II”Uzun N” 2 35,1 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 80 Comrat 6 Dezginja Dezginja 2 35,4 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 81 Comrat 6 Besalma Besalma 4 39,8 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 82 Comrat 6 Congaz II”Palic Fiodor” 1 14,3 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 83 Comrat 6 Cotovskoe Cotovskoe 1 82,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities SRL”Tomai Public territorial 84 Comrat 6 Ferapontevka 1 11,5 5. Table fish 5 Vinex” authorities 85 Comrat 6 Svetlii CAT “Svetlii” 1 10,0 State property 5. Table fish 3 Public territorial 86 Comrat 6 Avdarma Avdarma 2 25,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 87 Comrat 6 Borogani Borogani 2 60,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 88 Comrat 6 Sadic Sadic 1 40,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 89 Comrat 6 Bascalia Bascalia 1 5,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 90 Comrat 6 Cioc-Maidan Cioc-Maidan 1 30,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Comrat 6 Total 28 1 118,1 Public territorial 91 Criuleni Rascova Rascova 1 17,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 92 Criuleni Magdacesti Magdacesti 1 2,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 93 Criuleni Borogan Borogan 1 45,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 94 Criuleni Baltata Baltata 1 3,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 95 Criuleni Malaesti Malaesti 1 12,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 96 Criuleni Cimiseni Cimiseni 1 40,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 97 Criuleni Cricova Cricova 1 5,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 98 Criuleni Pascani Pascani 1 20,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 99 Criuleni Micauti Micauti 1 40,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 100 Criuleni Drasliceni Drasliceni 1 30,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 101 Criuleni Tohatin Tohatin 1 9,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Criuleni Total 11 223,5 Public territorial 102 Donduseni Orinesti Orinesti 4 8,5 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 103 Donduseni Baraboi Baraboi 4 41,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 104 Donduseni Cernoliovca Cernoliovca 1 43,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 105 Donduseni Corbu Corbu 7 25,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 106 Donduseni v. Donduseni v. Donduseni 11 47,5 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 107 Donduseni Elizavetovca Elizavetovca 3 7,8 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 108 Donduseni Horodisti Horodisti 3 8,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities 72 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 109 Donduseni Mosani Mosani 1 3,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 110 Donduseni Pilniceni Pilniceni 2 3,8 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 111 Donduseni Trasin Trasin 5 20,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 112 Donduseni Plop Plop 6 12,6 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 113 Donduseni Pocrovca Pocrovca. 2 3,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 114 Donduseni Rediul Mare Rediul Mare 8 25,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 115 Donduseni Sudarca Sudarca 6 21,7 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 116 Donduseni Telesovca Telesovca 4 10,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 117 Donduseni Scoieni Scoieni 6 28,3 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 118 Donduseni Tirnova Tirnova 13 28,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 119 Donduseni Taul Taul 16 71,9 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 120 Donduseni Climauţi Climauţi 4 20,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Donduseni Total 106 428,6 1. Fish larvae, fingeling/ “Aquaculture- yearling, 121 Drochia Mindic Moldova” 1 289,6 State property 9 table fish - Cubolta Branch and brood fish Public territorial 122 Drochia Sofia Sofia 1 8,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 3. Fingeling/ yearling, 123 Drochia Cotova Cotova 1 123,0 State property* 5 table fish and fingeling 2. Fish larvae, fingeling/ 124 Drochia Drochia Î.I. “Russ” 1 108,0 Privatized 6 yearling and table fish Public territorial 125 Drochia Drochia Drochia 1 50,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 3. Fingeling/ yearling, 126 Drochia Drochia S.A. “CMM-28”, 1 107,0 Privatized 5 table fish and fingeling Drochia Total 6 685,6 Public territorial 6. No 127 Edinet Circaesti Circaesti 1 3,6 5 authorities information 1. Fish larvae, fingeling/ yearling, 128 Edinet Edineţ S.A.”Victoria” 1 566,6 Privatized 6 table fish and brood fish 3. Fingeling/ S.R.L. Public territorial yearling, 129 Edinet Edinet 1 160,5 6 “Ihtiogrup” authorities table fish and fingeling Public territorial 130 Edinet Bratuseni Vechi Bratuseni Vechi 9 50,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 131 Edinet Bratuseni Noua Bratuseni Noua 4 50,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Annex 2 73

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 132 Edinet Sofrincani Sofrincani 2 35,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Edinet Total 18 865,7 Public territorial 133 Falesti Hitresti Hitresti 1 23,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 134 Falesti Hiliuti Hiliuti 1 30,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 2. Fish larvae, fingeling/ 135 Falesti Făleşti S.A. “Ghidrin” 1 707,1 Privatized 6 yearling and table fish Public territorial 136 Falesti Izvori Izvori 1 7,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 137 Falesti Chetris Chetris 1 16,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 138 Falesti Soltoaia Soltoaia 1 48,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Navarnet: 2 Public territorial 139 Falesti Navarnet 2 280,0 5. Table fish 5 objects authorities Public territorial 140 Falesti Falesti Falesti 1 4,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Calinesti: 5 Public territorial 141 Falesti Calinesti 5 60,2 5. Table fish 5 objects authorities Falesti Total 14 1 176,3 Public territorial 142 Floresti Floresti Floresti 1 15,3 5. Table fish 5 authorities 2. Fish larvae, S.A.”Piscicol- fingeling/ 143 Floresti Floreşti 18 334,0 Privatized 6 Nord” yearling and table fish Roşietici:2 Public territorial 144 Floresti Roşietici 2 7,6 5. Table fish 5 objects authorities Public territorial 145 Floresti Alexeevca Alexeevca 1 4,9 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 146 Floresti Prajila Prajila 1 7,6 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 147 Floresti s.Mărculeşti s.Mărculeşti 1 3,7 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 148 Floresti Hîrtop Hîrtop 2 11,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 149 Floresti Rădulenii Vechi Rădulenii Vechi 1 1,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 150 Floresti Ştefăneşti Ştefăneşti 1 14,8 5. Table fish 5 authorities Serbeşti Public territorial 151 Floresti Serbeşti(Bahrineşti) 1 4,0 5. Table fish 5 (Bahrineşti) authorities Public territorial 152 Floresti Izvoare Izvoare 1 1,3 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 153 Floresti Ciutuleşti Ciutuleşti 1 1,9 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 154 Floresti Gura Camencii Gura Camencii 1 1,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 155 Floresti Băhrineşti Băhrineşti 1 8,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 156 Floresti Băhrineşti Băhrineşti 1 3,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 157 Floresti Mărculeşti Mărculeşti 1 3,9 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 158 Floresti Coşerniţa Coşerniţa 1 27,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 159 Floresti Coşerniţa Coşerniţa 1 4,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 74 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 160 Floresti Cerniţa Cerniţa 1 13,7 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 161 Floresti Cerniţa Cerniţa 1 6,3 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 162 Floresti Cerniţa Cerniţa 1 2,1 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 163 Floresti Domulgeni Domulgeni 1 2,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 164 Floresti Ştefăneşti Ştefăneşti 1 11,9 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 165 Floresti Caşunca Caşunca 1 12,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 166 Floresti Vărvăreuca Vărvăreuca 1 4,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 167 Floresti Vărvăreuca Vărvăreuca 1 2,3 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 168 Floresti Gura Camencii Gura Camencii 1 10,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 169 Floresti Gura Camencii Gura Camencii 1 2,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 170 Floresti Gura Camencii Gura Camencii 1 2,7 5. Table fish 5 authorities Bobuleşti Gura Bobuleşti Gura Public territorial 171 Floresti 1 14,4 5. Table fish 5 Camencii Camencii authorities Public territorial 172 Floresti Domulgeni Domulgeni 1 19,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 173 Floresti Frumuşica Frumuşica 1 2,8 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 174 Floresti Frumuşica Frumuşica 1 7,8 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 175 Floresti Frumuşica Frumuşica 1 6,7 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 176 Floresti Bezeni (Izvoare) Bezeni (Izvoare) 1 5,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 177 Floresti Bezeni (Izvoare) Bezeni (Izvoare) 1 3,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 178 Floresti Izvoare Izvoare 1 2,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 179 Floresti Izvoare Izvoare 1 4,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 180 Floresti Trifăneşti Trifăneşti 1 3,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 181 Floresti Trifăneşti Trifăneşti 1 9,8 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 182 Floresti Trifăneşti Trifăneşti 1 1,7 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 183 Floresti Sevirova Sevirova 1 2,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 184 Floresti Sevirova Sevirova 1 4,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 185 Floresti Prajila Prajila 1 3,1 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 186 Floresti Prajila Prajila 1 2,9 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 187 Floresti Prajila Prajila 1 2,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 188 Floresti Prajila Prajila 1 2,3 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 189 Floresti Prajila Prajila 1 5,3 5. Table fish 5 authorities Antonovca Antonovca Public territorial 190 Floresti 1 4,2 5. Table fish 5 (Prajila) (Prajila) authorities Annex 2 75

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Alexandrovca Public territorial 191 Floresti Alexandrovca 1 2,5 5. Table fish 5 (Trifăneşti) authorities Alexandrovca Alexandrovca Public territorial 193 Floresti 1 3,9 5. Table fish 5 (Trifăneşti) (Trifăneşti) authorities Public territorial 195 Floresti Alexandrovca Alexandrovca 1 1,8 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 197 Floresti Lunga Lunga 1 3,3 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 198 Floresti Gura Căinari Gura Căinari 1 14,1 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 199 Floresti Gura Căinari Gura Căinari 1 6,1 5. Table fish 5 authorities Poharnea Poharnea Public territorial 200 Floresti 1 2,2 5. Table fish 5 (Şoldăneşti) (Şoldăneşti) authorities Public territorial 201 Floresti Japca Japca 1 2,7 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 202 Floresti Cunicea Cunicea 1 41,9 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 203 Floresti Cunicea Cunicea 1 12,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 204 Floresti Cunicea Cunicea 1 1,8 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 205 Floresti Tepordei Tepordei 1 5,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Floresti Total 80 731,8 Public territorial 206 Gloderni Bolotino Bolotino 1 18,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 3. Fingeling/ yearling, 207 Gloderni Glodeni S.A. “Frăsineţ” 1 341,5 Privatized 6 table fish and fingeling Public territorial 208 Gloderni Nicolaevka Nicolaevka 2 48,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 209 Gloderni Butesti Butesti 1 27,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 210 Gloderni Glodeni Glodeni 1 28,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 211 Gloderni Viisoara Viisoara 3 175,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 212 Gloderni Chetris Chetris 2 22,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 213 Gloderni Ciuciulea Ciuciulea 3 46,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 214 Gloderni Dusman Dusman 4 45,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 215 Gloderni Cuhnesti Cuhnesti de Sus 1 40,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 216 Gloderni Cuhnesti Cuhnesti de Jos 1 14,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 217 Gloderni Obreja Vechi Obreja Vechi 3 35,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 218 Gloderni Fundura Vechi Fundura Vechi 3 15,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 219 Gloderni Ghijdieni Ghijdieni 1 24,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 220 Gloderni Danul Danul 1 70,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 221 Gloderni Sadovoe Sadovoe 4 30,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 222 Gloderni Iablona Iablona 2 40,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Gloderni Total 34 1 018,5 76 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 223 Hincesti Lapusna Lapusna 1 78,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 224 Hincesti Minjir Minjir 1 182,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 225 Hincesti Varatic Varatic 1 20,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 226 Hincesti Buteni Buteni 1 31,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 227 Hincesti Ciuciuleni Ciuciuleni 1 1 10,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 228 Hincesti Ciuciuleni Ciucuileni 2 1 5,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 229 Hincesti Ciuciuleni Ciuciuleni 3 1 1,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 230 Hincesti Ciuciuleni Ciuciuleni 4 1 2,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 231 Hincesti Brateanovka Brateanovka 1 38,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 3. Fingeling/ S.A.”Caracuda- yearling, 232 Hincesti Hînceşti 1 305,6 Privatized 6 Hînceşti” table fish and fingeling 3. Fingeling/ SRL “ Piscicola Public territorial yearling, 233 Hincesti Hînceşti 1 111,5 6 Hînceşti” authorities table fish and fingeling Public territorial 234 Hincesti Farladeni Farladeni 1 24,0 5. Table fish 6 authorities Hincesti Total 12 808,1 Public territorial 235 Ialoveni Codru Codru 1 3,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 236 Ialoveni Molesti Molesti 1 20,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 237 Ialoveni Zimbreni Zimbreni 1 4,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 238 Ialoveni Ceghirleni Ceghirleni 2 38,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 2. Fish larvae, S.A.“Pescăruş- fingeling/ 239 Ialoveni Dănceni 1 634,3 Privatized 6 Dănceni” yearling and table fish 3. Fingeling/ Public territorial yearling, 240 Ialoveni Ialoveni S.R.L. “Drabant” 1 115,0 6 authorities table fish and fingeling 3. Fingeling/ Public territorial yearling, 241 Ialoveni Ialoveni S.R.L. “Scoicar” 1 199,8 6 authorities table fish and fingeling 2. Fish larvae, fingeling/ 242 Ialoveni Costeşti S.A. “Costeşti” 1 257,0 Privatized 6 yearling and table fish S.R.L. “Turnul Public territorial 243 Ialoveni Ialoveni 1 53,5 5. Table fish 6 Alb”, authorities 3. Fingeling/ S.R.L. Public territorial yearling, 244 Ialoveni Ialoveni 1 132,6 6 “InPisciCom” authorities table fish and fingeling 3. Fingeling/ Public territorial yearling, 245 Ialoveni Ialoveni Î.I. “Daria Bivol” 1 45,2 6 authorities table fish and fingeling Public territorial 246 Ialoveni Ţipala Ţipala 1 199,0 5. Table fish 6 authorities Ialoveni Total 13 1 701,4 Annex 2 77

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 247 Leova Saratica Veche Saratica Veche 1 10,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 248 Leova Iargara Iargara 2 6,9 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 249 Leova Dutcă Dutcă 1 4,9 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 250 Leova Iargara ÎSS “Iargara” 3 10,1 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 251 Leova Saratica Noua Saratica Noua 1 15,8 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 252 Leova Bestemac Bestemac 1 28,7 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 253 Leova Borogani SRL “Razasie” 1 19,2 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 254 Leova Borogani Borogani 4 58,9 5. Table fish 5 authorities I.I. “Hitu Public territorial 255 Leova com. Cazangic 1 6,3 5. Table fish 3 Nicolae” authorities Public territorial 256 Leova Cazangic Cazangic 4 5,9 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 257 Leova Ciadir Ciadir 3 6,5 5. Table fish 3 authorities 258 Leova Cneazevca S.A.”Balic” 1 98,0 State property* 5. Table fish 8 G.T.”Romanov Public territorial 259 Leova Colibabovca 1 7,3 5. Table fish 5 Ion Chiril” authorities Public territorial 260 Leova Colibabovca GŢ” Munteanu 2 12,1 5. Table fish 3 authorities Neghina Public territorial 261 Leova Covrului 1 4,2 5. Table fish 3 Dumitru authorities Public territorial 262 Leova Covrului Mocanu Iurii 1 3,5 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 263 Leova Filipeni Filipeni 6 50,6 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 264 Leova Orac Stavarachi Ion 1 15,3 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 265 Leova Romanovca Romanovca 2 8,6 5. Table fish 3 authorities 2. Fish larvae, SRL “Peslig Public territorial fingeling/ 266 Leova Sarata Noua 1 148,7 6 Com” authorities yearling and table fish Public territorial 267 Leova Sarata Noua Sarata Noua 1 15,5 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 268 Leova Sarata Razesi Sarata Razesi 1 8,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities I.I.”Mafteuta Public territorial 269 Leova Sarateni 1 14,8 5. Table fish 3 Alexei” authorities Public territorial 270 Leova Sarateni I.I “Serdţe Rusu” 1 23,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 271 Leova Saratica Noua Saratica Noua 4 15,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities I.I.”Mereacre Public territorial 272 Leova Cimpul Drept 1 15,1 5. Table fish 4 Valentin” authorities Public territorial 273 Leova Sirma Sirma 2 12,7 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 274 Leova Cupcui Cupcui 3 20,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 275 Leova Tigheci Tigheci 1 3,4 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 276 Leova Tomai Tomai 8 63,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 277 Leova Saratica Veche Saraţica Veche 1 8,7 5. Table fish 4 authorities 78 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 278 Leova Bestemac Bestemac 1 47,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 279 Leova Vosniseni Vosniseni 2 41,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Penitenciarul Public territorial 280 Leova Leova 1 2,4 5. Table fish 3 nr.1 authorities Leova Total 66 812,6 Public territorial 281 Nisporeni Zberoaia Zberoaia 1 12,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 3. Fingeling/ yearling, 282 Nisporeni Nisporeni S.A.”Piscinis” 1 187,6 Privatized 6 table fish and fingeling Public territorial 283 Nisporeni Milesti Milesti 1 65,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 284 Nisporeni Varzaresti Varzaresti 1 20,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 285 Nisporeni Cobac Cobac 2 12,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 286 Nisporeni Barboieni Barboieni 1 7,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Nisporeni Total 7 304,1 Public territorial 287 Ocnita s.Ocnita S. Ocnita 3 10,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 288 Ocnita v.Ocnita v.Ocnita 5 16,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 289 Ocnita Hadrauti Hadrauti 1 43,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 290 Ocnita Lipnic Lipnic 1 22,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 291 Ocnita Corestauti Corestauti 1 37,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 292 Ocnita Danjeni Danjeni 5 26,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 293 Ocnita Mihalaseni Mihalaseni 1 18,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities 294 Ocnita Mihalaseni CAG 2 4,0 State property 5. Table fish 4 Public territorial 295 Ocnita Clocusna Clocusna 6 51,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Ocnita Total 25 227,0 Public territorial 296 Orhei Lucasofca Lucasofca 1 2,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 297 Orhei Braviceni Braviceni 1 70,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 298 Orhei Orhei I.I. “Vasile Bivol” 1 46,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 299 Orhei Donici Donici 1 6,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 300 Orhei Ivancea Ivancea 1 27,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 301 Orhei Orhei Srl. “Grivitmar” 1 4,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 302 Orhei Orhei 000 “Cenar” 1 1,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 303 Orhei Mitoc Mitoc 1 8,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 304 Orhei Braviceni Braviceni 1 70,0 5. Table fish 6 authorities Public territorial 305 Orhei Peresecina Peresecina 1 30,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 306 Orhei Romanesti Romanesti 2 45,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Annex 2 79

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 307 Orhei Ciocolteni Ciocolteni 1 6,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 308 Orhei Cucuruzeni Cucuruzeni 3 10,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 309 Orhei Clisova Clisova 1 6,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Orhei Total 17 331,5 Public territorial 310 Rezina Buseuca Buseuca 2 10,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Slobozia Slobozia Public territorial 311 Rezina 1 2,2 5. Table fish 3 Horodiste Horodiste authorities Public territorial 312 Rezina Horodiste Horodiste 2 5,2 5. Table fish 3 authorities Slobozia Slobozia Public territorial 313 Rezina 3 15,4 5. Table fish 4 Horodiste Horodiste authorities Public territorial 314 Rezina Lalova Lalova 2 2,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 315 Rezina Minceni de Jos Minceni de Jos 1 9,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 316 Rezina Papauti Papauti 1 1,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 317 Rezina Cuizauca Cuizauca 1 3,8 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 318 Rezina Cogalnice Cogalnice 1 6,4 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 319 Rezina Otac Otac 1 3,5 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 320 Rezina Saharna Noua Saharna Noua 2 8,4 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 321 Rezina Tahnauti Tahnauti 1 24,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 322 Rezina Tareuca Tareuca 1 9,8 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 323 Rezina Pecistea Pecistea 1 2,2 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 324 Rezina Pripiceni Pripiceni 2 19,1 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 325 Rezina Trifesti Trifesti 1 18,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 326 Rezina Ciniseuti Ciniseuti 3 8,8 5. Table fish 4 authorities Echimauti: Public territorial 327 Rezina Echimauti 5 10,3 5. Table fish 4 5objects authorities Public territorial 328 Rezina Roscana Roscana 1 10,4 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 329 Rezina Pecistea Pecistea 1 4,4 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 330 Rezina Ghiduleni Ghiduleni 1 5,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 331 Rezina Boseuca Boseuca 1 2,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities Rezina Total 35 181,9 2. Fish larvae, fingeling/ 332 Riscani Riscani S.A.”Acvarium” 1 499,5 Privatized 6 yearling and table fish Riscani Total 1 499,5 Public territorial 333 Singerei Singerei Sangerei 18 103,8 5. Table fish 5 authorities 3. Fingeling/ yearling, 334 Singerei Singerei S.A.”Peşte” 1 619,1 Privatized 6 table fish and fingeling 80 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 335 Singerei Alexandreni Alexandreni 7 16,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 336 Singerei Balasesti Balasesti 2 9,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 337 Singerei Taura Veche Taura Veche 2 13,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 338 Singerei Radoaia Radoaia 13 55,1 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 356 Singerei Iezarenii Vechi Iezarenii Vechi 8 39,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 357 Singerei Dumbravita Dumbravita 1 19,6 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 358 Singerei Sangerii Noi Sangerii Noi 7 49,7 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 360 Singerei Dobrogea Veche Dobrogea Veche 11 71,3 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 362 Singerei Cotiujenii Mici Cotiujenii Mici 2 24,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 363 Singerei Grigorauca Grigorauca 1 7,9 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 364 Singerei Draganesti Draganesti 10 56,6 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 366 Singerei Coscodeni Coscodeni 6 56,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 368 Singerei Tambula Tambula 12 32,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 370 Singerei Bilicenii Noi Bilicenii Noi 14 53,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 372 Singerei Cubolta Cubolta 7 9,8 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 374 Singerei Izvoare Izvoare 9 55,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 3. Fingeling/ Public territorial yearling, 376 Singerei Bilicenii Vechi Bilicenii Vechi 10 52,0 6 authorities table fish and fingeling Public territorial 378 Singerei Bursuceni Bursuceni 3 15,2 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 380 Singerei Copaceni Copaceni 6 14,6 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 382 Singerei Prepelita Prepelita 1 3,8 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 383 Singerei Pepeni Pepeni 1 3,9 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 384 Singerei Heciul Nou Heciul Nou 15 36,9 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 386 Singerei Ciuciueni Ciuciueni 2 18,4 5. Table fish 5 authorities Singerei Total 169 1 437,1 Public territorial 387 Soroca Codreanca Codreanca 1 20,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 388 Soroca Micauti Micauti 1 3,5 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 389 Soroca Panasesti Panasesti 1 1,8 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 390 Soroca Gelauza Gelauza 1 4,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 391 Soroca Recea Recea 1 10,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Soroca Total 5 39,3 Annex 2 81

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 392 Soldanesti Vadul Rascov Vadul Rascov 1 2,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Soldanesti Total 1 2,0 Public territorial 393 Stefan Voda Volontirovka Volontirovka 1 45,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 394 Stefan Voda Volontiri Hadjilar 1 250,0 State property* 5. Table fish 6 3. Fingeling/ S.R.L. Public territorial yearling, 395 Stefan Voda Stefan Vodă 1 253,4 6 “Comnival” authorities table fish and fingeling Public territorial 396 Stefan Voda Stefan Voda Stefan Voda 1 8,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 397 Stefan Voda Stefanesti Stefanesti 1 20,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 398 Stefan Voda Carahasani Karahasani 1 7,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 399 Stefan Voda Caplani Caplani 1 185,0 State property* 5. Table fish 6 Stefan Voda Total 7 768,4 Public territorial 400 Straseni Codreanca Codreanca 1 20,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities G.T.”Victoria Public territorial 401 Straseni Vartra 1 23,4 5. Table fish 5 Stavila” authorities Public territorial 402 Straseni Micauţi Micauţi 1 3,5 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 403 Straseni Panasesti Panasesti 1 1,8 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 404 Straseni Nigresti Nigresti 1 5,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 405 Straseni Ghelauza Ghelauza 1 4,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 406 Straseni Recea Recea 1 10,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Straseni Total 7 67,7 Public territorial 407 Taraclia Musait Musait 1 25,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities “Aquaculture- 4. Table fish 408 Taraclia Taraclia Moldova” - 1 890,0 State property and brood 8 Taraclia Branch fish 409 Taraclia Salcia Salcia 1 60,0 State property* 5. Table fish 6 Stalin’s upper Public territorial 410 Taraclia Taraclia 1 8,0 5. Table fish 3 pond authorities Stalin’s lower Public territorial 411 Taraclia Taraclia 1 17,0 5. Table fish 4 pond authorities Public territorial 412 Taraclia Cairaclia upper Cairaclia upper 1 8,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 413 Taraclia Cairaclia lower Cairaclia lower 1 6,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 414 Taraclia Valea Pergei Valea Pergei 1 50,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 415 Taraclia Vinogradovca Vinogradovca 1 10,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 416 Taraclia Vinogradovca Mussait 1 25,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 417 Taraclia Corten Corten 1 50,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 418 Taraclia Tvardita Tvardita 2 18,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Taraclia Total 13 1 167,0 Public territorial 419 Telenesti Codru Nou Codru Nou 1 16,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 82 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 6. No 420 Telenesti Suhuluceni Suhuluceni 1 30,0 5 authorities information Public territorial 421 Telenesti Vasieni Vasieni 2 14,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 422 Telenesti Crasnoseni Crasnoseni 1 20,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 423 Telenesti Crasnoseni Crasnoseni 2 40,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 424 Telenesti Budai Budai 2 33,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 425 Telenesti Codru Codru 1 20,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 426 Telenesti Mindresti Mindresti 2 16,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 427 Telenesti Mihalasa Mihalasa 1 10,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 428 Telenesti Cozaesti Cozesti 1 4,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 429 Telenesti Giliceni Giliceni 1 4,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities Public territorial 430 Telenesti Chitcani Chitcani 1 20,0 5. Table fish 4 authorities Public territorial 431 Telenesti Chistelinita Chistelinita 1 50,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 432 Telenesti Scorteni Scorteni 1 40,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 433 Telenesti Ignatei Ignatei 1 24,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities 1. Fish larvae, fingeling/ “Aquaculture- yearling, 434 Telenesti Telenesti Moldova” - 1 566,0 State property 9 table fish Telenesti Branch and brood fish Telenesti Total 20 907,0 Public territorial 435 Ungheni Sinesti: 2 objects Sinesti 2 14,0 5. Table fish 3 authorities 3. Fingeling/ yearling, 436 Ungheni Ungheni S.A.”Piscicultorul” 1 459,2 Privatized 6 table fish and fingeling Grazanca S.R.L.. Public territorial 6. No 437 Ungheni 1 15,0 4 graznca „UNSEDOR” authorities information Public territorial 6. No 438 Ungheni Todoresti S.R.L.„Alcat” 1 20,0 4 authorities information SRL „Scoropad Public territorial 439 Ungheni Zagorancea 1 82,0 5. Table fish 5 Alexandr” authorities SRL „Plaga Public territorial 6. No 440 Ungheni Ungheni 1 28,0 4 Noua” authorities information Public territorial 441 Ungheni Ungheni “Comsomoliscoe” 1 100,0 5. Table fish 7 authorities Public territorial 442 Ungheni Busilo Busilo 1 40,0 5. Table fish 5 authorities Ungheni Total 9 758,2 Public territorial 443 Vulcanesti Vulcanesti Vulcanesti 1 37,6 5. Table fish 5 authorities Public territorial 444 Vulcanesti Cismicoi Cismicoi 1 134,5 5. Table fish 5 authorities 3. Fingeling/ Public territorial yearling, 445 Vulcanesti Etulia Etulia 1 267,1 6 authorities table fish and fingeling Annex 2 83

SI Number Area Produced Number District Village Name Type of Ownership No. of ponds (ha) age-group of Species Public territorial 446 Vulcanesti Karbalia Karbalia 4 4,5 5. Table fish 3 authorities Vulcanesti Total 7 443,7 Grand Total 823 20 507,4

Tables 2.7: List and production of the most important fish farms of Moldova

Table 2.7.1: List of fish farms by owners Table fish production Avg. production of SI No. Name Area (ha) (tons) table fish (kg/ha) 1.1 Cubolta Branch of the State Enterprise 1,1 289,6 218 753 “Aquaculture-Moldova” 1.2 Taraclia Branch of the State Enterprise 1,2 890,0 252 283 “Aquaculture-Moldova” 1.3 Telenesti Branch of the State Enterprise 1,3 566,0 145 256 “Aquaculture-Moldova” 1.1 - 1.3 Total of “Acvacultura-Moldova” 1 745,6 615 352 2 S.A.”Rechin”,Briceni 310,7 135 434 3 S.A.”Victoria”, Edinet 566,6 212 374 4 S.A.”Acvarium”, Rascani 499,5 218 436 5 S.A. “CMM-28”, Drochia 107,0 103 963 6 S.A. “Frasinet”, Glodeni 341,5 168 492 7 S.A. “Ghidrin”, Făleşti 707,1 232 328 8 S.A.”Piscicol-Nord”, Floreşti 334,0 202 605 9 S.A.”Peste”,Singerei 619,1 138 223 10 S.A.”Piscicola-Bic”, Calarasi 29,0 58 2 000 11 S.A.”Piscicultorul”, Ungheni 459,2 120 261 12 S.A.”Piscinis”, Nisporeni 187,6 162 864 13 S.A.“Pescarus-Danceni”, Ialoveni 634,3 425 670 14 S.A.”Costesti”, Ialoveni 257,4 215 835 15 S.A.”Caracuda-Hincesti” 305,6 152 497 16 S.A.”Gura-Bicului”, Anenii Noi 492,4 231 469 17 S.A.”Acvatic”,Causeni 163,5 216 1 322 18 S.A.”Balac”, Comrat 580,7 295 508 2 - 18 Total of societies 6 595,0 3 282 498 19 S.R.L. “Ihtiogrup”, Edinet 160,5 133 829 20 S.R.L. “Piscicola-Hincesti” 115,3 166 1 439 21 S.R.L. “Drabant”, Ialoveni 115,0 175 1 522 22 S.R.L. “Scoicar”, Ialoveni 199,8 135 676 23 S.R.L. “Peslig-Com”, Leova 148,7 127 854 24 S.R.L. “Comnival”, Stefan Voda 253,4 87 343 25 S.R.L. “Turnul Alb”, Ialoveni 53,5 53 991 26 S.R.L. “Ihtiocom”, Chisinau 160,0 82 513 27 S.R.L. “InPisciCom”, Ialoveni 132,6 84 633 28 I.I. “Russ”, Drochia 108,0 94 870 29 I.I “Vasile Bivol”, Orhei 46,5 43 925 30 I.I. “Daria Bivol”, Ialoveni 45,2 37 818 31 Middle and small fish 1 680,0 1 700 1 012 19 - 31 Total of fish farms 3 218,5 2 916,0 906 Grand total 11 559,1 6 813 589 84 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Table 2.7.2: List of fish farms by geographical distribution Table fish production Avg. production of SI No. Name Area (ha) (tons) table fish (kg/ha) Cubolta Branch of the State Enterprise 1 289,6 218 753 “Aquaculture-Moldova” 2 S.A.”Rechin” 310,7 135 434 3 S.A.”Victoria 566,6 212 374 4 S.A.”Acvarium” 499,5 218 436 5 S.A. “CMM-28” 107,0 103 963 6 S.A. “Frasinet” 341,5 168 492 7 S.A.”Piscicol-Nord” 334,0 202 605 8 S.A.”Peste” 619,1 138 223 9 S.R.L. “Ihtiogrup” 160,5 133 829 10 I.I. “Russ” 108,0 94 870 1 - 10 Total of Norther Zone 3 336,5 1 621 486 Telenesti Branch of the State Enterprise 11 566,0 252 445 “Aquaculture-Moldova” 12 S.A. “Ghidrin” 707,1 232 328 13 S.A.”Piscicola-Bic” 29,0 58 2 000 14 S.A.”Piscicultorul” 459,2 120 261 15 S.A.”Piscinis” 187,6 162 864 16 S.A.“Pescarus-Danceni” 634,3 425 670 17 S.A.”Costeşti” 257,4 215 835 18 S.A.”Caracuda-Hincesti” 305,6 152 497 19 S.A.”Gura-Bicului” 492,4 231 469 20 S.A.”Acvatic” 163,5 216 1 322 21 S.R.L. “Piscicola-Hincesti” 115,3 166 1 439 22 S.R.L. “Drabant” 115,0 175 1 522 23 S.R.L. “Scoicar” 199,8 135 676 24 S.R.L. “Turnul Alb” 53,5 53 991 25 S.R.L. “Ihtiocom” 160,0 82 513 26 S.R.L. “InPisciCom” 132,6 84 633 27 Î.I. “Vasile Bivol” 46,5 43 925 28 Î.I. “Daria Bivol” 45,2 37 818 11 - 28 Total of Central Zone 4 669,8 2 838 608 Taraclia Branch of the State Enterprise 29 890,0 145 163 “Aquaculture-Moldova 30 S.A.”Balac” 580,7 295 508 31 S.R.L. “Peslig-Com” 148,7 127 854 32 S.R.L. “Comnival” 253,4 87 343 29 - 31 Total of South Zone 1 872,8 654 349 Grand total 9 879,1 5 113 518 * Table contains no data on middle and small fish farms, which produce 3680 tons of fish (1680 tons of report and 2000 tons is estimated quantity of yearly fish production) Annex 2 85

Table 2.8: Fishes of Moldova according to different sources Both Institute of Order - Latin Family - Latin Scientific name FishBase Total sources Zoology Acipenser Acipenserifirmes Acipenseridae - - 1 1 guldenstaedtii Acipenserifirmes Acipenseridae Acipenser nudiventris - 1 - 1 Acipenserifirmes Acipenseridae Acipenser ruthenus 1 - - 1 Acipenserifirmes Acipenseridae Acipenser stellatus 1 - - 1 Acipenserifirmes Acipenseridae Huso huso 1 - - 1 Acipenserifirmes Acipenseridae total 3 1 1 5 Acipenserifirmes Polyodonidae Polyodon spathula - - 1 1 Acipenserifirmes Polyodonidae total - - 1 1 Acipenserifirmes total 3 1 2 6 Anguilliformes Anguillidae Anguilla anguilla 1 - - 1 Anguilliformes Anguillidae total 1 - - 1 Anguilliformes total 1 - - 1 Clupeiformes Clupeidae Alosa caspia caspia - - 1 1 Clupeiformes Clupeidae Alosa immaculata - - 1 1 Clupeonella Clupeiformes Clupeidae - - 1 1 cultriventris Clupeiformes Clupeidae total - - 3 3 Clupeiformes total - - 3 3 Sabanejewia aurata Cypriniformes Cobitidae - - 1 1 aurata Cypriniformes Cobitidae Cobitis taenia - - 1 1 Cobitis Cypriniformes Cobitidae - 1 - 1 rossomeridionalis Cypriniformes Cobitidae Misgurnus fossilis 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cobitidae total 1 1 2 4 Cypriniformes Balitoridae Barbatula barbatula 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Balitoridae total 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Abramis brama 1 - - 1 Alburnoides Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 1 - - 1 bipunctatus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Alburnus alburnus 1 - - 1 Hypophthalmichthys Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 1 - - 1 nobilis Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Aspius aspius 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Ballerus ballerus 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Ballerus sapa 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Barbus barbus 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Barbus meridionalis 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Barbus cyclolepis 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Blicca bjoerkna 1 - - 1 Carassius auratus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 1 - - 1 auratus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Carassius carassius 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Carassius gibelio 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Chondrostoma nasus 1 - - 1 Ctenopharyngodon Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 1 - - 1 idella Cyprinus carpio Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 1 - - 1 carpio Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Gobio gobio 1 - - 1 86 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Both Institute of Order - Latin Family - Latin Scientific name FishBase Total sources Zoology Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Gobio sarmaticus 1 - - 1 Romanogobio Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 1 - - 1 kesslerii Romanogobio Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 1 - - 1 albipinnatus Hypophthalmichthys Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 1 - - 1 molitrix Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Leucaspius delineatus 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Squalius cephalus 1 - - 1 Petroleuciscus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 1 - - 1 borysthenicus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Leuciscus idus 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Leuciscus leuciscus 1 - - 1 Mylopharyngodon Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 1 - - 1 piceus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pelecus cultratus 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Pseudorasbora parva 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Phoxinus phoxinus - 1 - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Rhodeus amarus 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Rutilus frisii 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Rutilus rutilus 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Rutilus heckeli - 1 1 Scardinius Cypriniformes Cyprinidae 1 - - 1 erythrophthalmus Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Tinca tinca 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae Vimba vimba 1 - - 1 Cypriniformes Cyprinidae total 36 1 1 38 Cypriniformes total 38 2 3 43 Siluriformes Siluridae Silurus glanis 1 - - 1 Siluriformes Siluridae total 1 - - 1 Siluriformes Ictaluridae Ictalurus punctatus - - 1 1 Siluriformes Ictaluridae total - - 1 1 Siluriformes total 1 - 1 2 Esociformes Esocidae Esox lucius 1 - - 1 Esociformes Esocidae total 1 - - 1 Esociformes Umbridae Umbra krameri 1 - 1 Esociformes Umbridae total 1 - - 1 Esociformes total 2 - - 2 Salmoniformes Salmonidae Hucho hucho - - 1 1 Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salmo trutta fario - - 1 1 Salmoniformes Salmonidae Salmo labrax - - 1 1 Salmoniformes Salmonidae total - - 3 3 Salmoniformes Thymallidae Thymallus thymallus - 1 - 1 Salmoniformes Thymallidae total - 1 - 1 Salmoniformes total - 1 3 4 Atheriniformes Atherinidae Atherina boyeri - - 1 1 Atheriniformes Atherinidae total - - 1 1 Atheriniformes total - - 1 1 Gadiformes Lotidae Lota lota - - 1 1 Gadiformes Lotidae total - - 1 1 Gadiformes total - - 1 1 Annex 2 87

Both Institute of Order - Latin Family - Latin Scientific name FishBase Total sources Zoology Gasterosteus Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteidae 1 - - 1 aculeatus aculeatus Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteidae Pungitius platigaster 1 - - 1 Gasterosteiformes Gasterosteidae total 2 - - 2 Gasterosteiformes total 2 - - 2 Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Syngnathus abaster - - 1 1 Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae Syngnathus typhle - - 1 1 Syngnathiformes Syngnathidae total - - 2 2 Syngnathiformes total - - 2 2 Scorpaeniformes Cottidae Cottus gobio - 1 - 1 Scorpaeniformes Cottidae Cottus poecilopus - 1 - 1 Scorpaeniformes Cottidae total - 2 - 2 Scorpaeniformes total - 2 - 2 Perciformes Percidae Perca fluviatilis 1 - - 1 Perciformes Percidae Percarina demidoffi - 1 - 1 Perciformes Percidae Sander lucioperca - - 1 1 Perciformes Percidae Sander volgensis - - 1 1 Perciformes Percidae Gymnocephalus cernua - - 1 1 Gymnocephalus Perciformes Percidae - - 1 1 acerina Gymnocephalus Perciformes Percidae - - 1 1 schraetser Perciformes Percidae Zingel streber - - 1 1 Perciformes Percidae Zingel zingel 1 - - 1 Perciformes Percidae total 2 1 6 9 Perciformes Centrarchidae Lepomis gibbosus 1 - - 1 Perciformes Centrarchidae total 1 - - 1 Perciformes Gobiidae Benthophilus stellatus 1 - - 1 Perciformes Gobiidae Benthophilus nudus - 1 - 1 Perciformes Gobiidae Caspiosoma caspium - 1 1 2 Knipowitschia Perciformes Gobiidae - - 1 1 longecaudata Mesogobius Perciformes Gobiidae - - 1 1 batrachocephalus Perciformes Gobiidae Ponticola kessleri 1 - - 1 Perciformes Gobiidae Neogobius fluviatilis - - 1 1 Neogobius Perciformes Gobiidae - - 1 1 gymnotrachelus Neogobius Perciformes Gobiidae - - 1 1 melanostomus Proterorhinus Perciformes Gobiidae 1 - - 1 semilunaris Zosterisessor Perciformes Gobiidae - - 1 1 ophiocephalus Perciformes Gobiidae total 3 2 7 12 Perciformes Eliotrididae Perccottus glenii - - 1 1 Perciformes Eliotrididae total - - 1 1 Perciformes total 6 3 14 23 Mugiliformes Mugilidae Mugil soiuy - - 1 1 Mugiliformes Mugilidae total - - 1 1 Mugiliformes total - - 1 1 Ray-finned fishes total 53 9 31 93 Source: Institute of Zoology 2006-2010 report

Annex 3

Economic data on the fisheries and aquaculture sector of the Republic of Moldova

Table 3.1: Results of capture fisheries in reservoirs and rivers of Moldova between 1991 and 2010

Type of 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Waters Tons Reservoirs 77 112 78 108 115 14 10 7 8 12 23 27 40 68 29 27 12 21 16 27 Rivers 15 12 12 10 12 12 16 14 3 13 6 11 19 16 27 25 13 15 11 17 Total 92 24 90 18 127 26 26 21 11 25 29 38 59 84 56 52 25 36 27 44 Source: Institute of Zoology 2006-2010 report

Table 3.2: The dynamics of industrial fishing in rivers of Moldova between 1991 and 2010 C yprinus carpio Rutilus rutilus, S ander lucioperca C arassius gibelio P elecus cultratus A bramis brama P erca fluviatilis B licca bjoerkna O ther species S ilurus glanis E sox lucius heckeli T otal

Years

Tons 1991 1,2 1,6 0,7 9,2 2,3 ------15 1992 0,1 6,3 0,1 3,7 1,8 ------12 1993 0,1 6,4 0,1 4,6 0,8 ------12 1994 - 6,2 0,1 2,2 0,7 - - 0,8 - - - 10 1995 - 0,3 - 9,9 0,8 0,5 0,5 - - - - 12 1996 0,6 9,3 - 1,2 0,9 ------12 1997 0,3 11,0 0,5 2,8 1,4 ------16 1998 0,3 9,2 - 0,5 4,0 ------14 1999 - 2,1 - 0,2 0,7 ------3 2000 - 9,5 - 2,5 0,5 - - - - - 0,5 13 2001 0,3 1,7 - 2,4 0,7 - 0,5 - - - 0,4 6 2002 0,5 3,2 0,2 1,9 1,5 - 0,5 0,7 0,4 0,6 1,5 11 2003 0,9 5,6 0,3 3,1 2,0 - 1,0 1,2 1,3 0,8 2,8 19 2004 0,7 4,8 0,5 3,4 2,4 0,8 1,0 2,4 16 2005 1,3 14,6 1,7 2,3 - 0,7 1,0 1,2 4,2 27 2006 1,5 9,6 1,4 3,2 1,8 0,5 0,6 1,2 1,3 3,9 25 2007 1,1 3,7 0,9 3,3 2,2 0,1 0,3 0,6 0,6 0,2 13 2008 1,3 3,9 1,1 1,0 2,1 0,2 0,4 0,7 0,6 3,7 15 2009 1,1 4,3 1,2 0,8 2,3 0,1 0,3 0,3 0,2 0,4 11 2010 1,8 7,0 1,6 0,5 4,1 - 0,2 0,7 0,4 - 0,7 17 Source: Institute of Zoology 2006-2010 report 90 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova

Table 3.3: The dynamics of industrial fishing in water reservoirs of Moldova between 1991 and 2010 C yprinus carpio Rutilus rutilus, S ander lucioperca C arassius gibelio A bramis brama O ther species A spius aspius S ilurus glanis V P hytophagus imba vimba heckeli T otal

Years

Tons 1991 22,0 28,3 10,4 19,2 21,4 9,6 11,2 14,3 25,2 15,4 177 1992 18,2 20,7 7,3 11,7 17,2 5,9 7,5 5,1 16,9 1,5 112 1993 10,8 21,0 6,0 9,4 10,9 3,1 5,5 - 11,3 - 78 1994 8,9 32,2 5,7 7,7 6,2 2,2 7,3 1,2 28,6 8,0 108 1995 10,1 35,0 3,8 7,6 4,1 - - 4,6 38,8 11,0 115 1996 1,0 7,5 0,4 2,4 2,7 - - - - - 14 1997 - 2,2 0,1 - 1,8 - 0,9 - 5,0 - 10 1998 0,4 1,2 0,4 0,9 0,9 - 0,1 0,1 2,5 0,5 7 1999 - 2,3 0,2 0,5 0,8 0,1 0,3 0,4 2,2 1,2 8 2000 - 3,5 0,2 0,7 1,5 0,1 0,2 0,5 3,1 2,2 12 2001 2,7 7,6 1,3 2,9 2,8 0,1 0,3 0,4 3,5 1,4 23 2002 2,3 8,1 1,5 3,6 3,4 - 0,1 0,2 4,4 3,4 27 2003 7,2 10,7 1,9 5,4 7,6 - - 0,3 5,7 1,2 40 2004 9,5 14,3 2,1 8,2 9,7 0,2 0,1 0,7 11,5 11,7 68 2005 2,7 6,7 1,8 6,1 2,3 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,7 8,0 29 2006 1,9 9,8 1,7 5,3 2,2 0,1 0,1 0,2 1,9 3,8 27 2007 0,2 2,6 0,8 3,3 1,2 0,1 0,1 0,3 1,3 2,1 12 2008 0,2 7,4 1,1 3,6 2,2 0,1 0,1 0,2 2,9 3,2 21 2009 0,1 5,3 1,0 2,1 1,7 - - 0,1 1,7 4,0 16 2010 0,3 6,9 1,3 4,7 6,4 0,1 - 0,2 3,3 3,8 27 Source: Institute of Zoology 2006-2010 report Annex 3 91

Table 3.4: Results of capture fisheries and aquaculture in Moldova for the period of 2000-2011

Production and Years consumption of fish and 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 fishery products Fishing (tons) 25,0 28,6 38,0 59,4 83,5 56,3 52,4 24,7 36,3 26,8 44,4 Fish culture 1 720,0 1 680,0 2 333,0 3 400,0 5 666,0 6 300,0 6 800,0 7 500,0 7 800,0 8 300,0 8 813,0 (tons) Total of fish products 1 745,0 1 708,6 2 371,0 3 459,4 5 749,5 6 356,3 6 852,4 7 524,7 7 836,3 8 326,8 8 857,4 (autochthonous, tons) total: import, t 12 612,1 20 027,2 19 322,9 19 323,8 24 486,1 28 812,8 27 366,6 26 329,3 34 114,9 28 045,4 27 309,6 Total consumption 14 357,1 21 735,8 21 693,9 22 783,2 30 235,6 35 169,1 34 219,0 33 854,0 41 951,2 36 372,2 36 167,0 (tons) Total per capita consumption 3,9 6,0 6,0 6,3 8,4 9,8 9,5 9,5 11,7 10,2 10,2 (kg) Total per capita consumption of 0,5 0,5 0,7 1,0 1,6 1,8 1,9 2,1 2,2 2,3 2,4 autochthonous (kg) Source: Aquacultura-Moldova

Table 3.5: The proportion of production and fish catches in different water bodies in Moldova between 2000 and 2012

Years Water bodies 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Rezervoirs 11,4 23,1 26,9 38,3 37,8 17,3 24,1 11,3 19,0 10,2 16,2 (tons) Rivers (tons) 13,6 5,5 11,1 21,1 42,8 29,8 17,3 12,4 12,5 16,6 26,3 Lake Cahul - - - - 2,9 9,2 11,0 1,0 4,8 - 1,9 (tons) Total of natural 25,0 28,6 38,0 59,4 83,5 56,3 52,4 24,7 36,3 26,8 44,4 waters Specialized fish culture 1 720,0 1 680,0 2 333,0 3 000,0 4 800,0 5 300,0 5 600,0 5 800,0 6 000,0 6 300,0 6 813,0 enterprices (1) (tons) fish-breeding 400,0 866,0 1 000,0 1 200,0 1 700,0 1 800,0 2 000,0 2 000,0 farm (2) (tons) Total of fish 1 720,0 1 680,0 2 333,0 3 400,0 5 666,0 6 300,0 6 800,0 7 500,0 7 800,0 8 300,0 8 813,0 farms Grand total 1 745,0 1 708,6 2 371,0 3 459,4 5 749,5 6 356,3 6 852,4 7 524,7 7 836,3 8 326,8 8 857,4 Observation: Reservoirs: (Dubasari; Costesti-Stinca) Rivers: Lower and Middle Dniester, Lower Prut 1/ Quantity of fish produced by IS “Aquaculture-Moldova” and the Association of Fish Farmers’ “Piscicola” (on the Report) 2/ Estimated number of fish produced in other fish farms Source: Aquacultura-Moldova 92 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova 67 653 49 652 2010 103 203 521 263 227 382 3 224 718 4 747 239 18 368 454 27 309 565 35 641 40 524 34 740 2009 401 438 172 784 4 655 429 5 834 268 16 870 533 28 045 356 62 586 56 833 2008 524 637 225 579 150 381 5 492 290 8 152 647 19 449 905 34 114 858 47 757 62 446 29 187 2007 441 336 168 047 2 853 956 6 877 619 15 848 919 26 329 266 41 218 99 922 19 125 2006 452 627 126 682 1 342 316 7 579 084 17 705 608 27 366 580 66 355 81 542 21 323 2005 974 507 256 030 157 857 8 319 220 18 935 972 28 812 806 Q uantity (kg) 2 637 49 996 70 123 15 398 2004 762 997 304 489 6 802 342 16 478 151 24 486 132 9 770 24 654 23 481 2003 255 625 543 585 4 804 265 13 662 380 19 323 760 100 9 993 5 712 10 990 2002 212 191 2 118 315 2 386 997 14 578 607 19 322 904 8 164 3 360 2 798 2001 104 023 1 907 614 1 089 756 16 911 474 20 027 188 6 169 2 475 4 057 87 585 y p r oducts between 2000 and 2010 2000 814 389 626 099 11 071 363 12 612 137 ts of fish and fishe r roduct N ame Goods P roduct ish, fresh or chilled F ish, fresh rozen F ish F rozen F ish fillets and other fish meat (whether or not minced), fresh, chilled or frozen F ish, dried, salted, smoked, flours, powders and pellets of fish for human consumption C rustaceans, in shell or not, drie, chilled, frozen, live, fresh, salted in the shell, crustaceans, powders and pellets of crustaceans M ollusks in shell or not, live, dried, chilled, frozen, fresh, flours, powder and pellets of invertebrates repared or preserved fish, or preserved P repared caviar (caviar) and substitutes fish eggs from C rustaceans, mollusks and other aquatic invertebrates, or preserved prepared otal able 3.6: I mpo r C ode 302 303 304 305 306 307 1604 1605 T T Source : Aquacultura-Moldova, 1011 Review of fishery and aquaculture development potentials in the Republic of Moldova 93

Table 3.7: Wholesale and retail price of fresh or live fish

Fish species Cost (USD/kg) Wholesale (USD/kg) Retail (USD/kg) Common carp 1,56 2,26 3,92 Grass carp 0,69 1,56 3,05 Silver carp 0,69 0,98 2,26 Bighead carp 0,86 1,05 2,62 Crucian 0,69 1,39 2,62 Pike-perch 1,74 3,90 5,67 Catfish 1,83 6,35 7,85 Pike 1,74 3,05 4,50 Source: Aquacultura-Moldova, 2011

Table 3.8: Wages and salaries in the fishery and aquaculture sector between 2000 and 2010

Salaries Years in the fishery and aquaculture 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 sector Fish culture 27,3 30,3 33,9 41,5 69,9 82,8 91,6 103,3 131,5 145,9 129,6 (USD) Agriculture, hunting 20,3 24,6 29,4 35,3 52,2 59,0 70,3 88,0 142,7 132,3 131,1 and forestry (USD) The average annual wage in 39,9 42,5 51,6 63,2 89,7 104,7 130,5 166,5 243,2 247,5 237,7 the country (USD) Fish culture/ average annual 68,4 71,3 65,4 65,7 77,9 79,1 70,2 62,0 54,1 58,9 54,5 wage in the country (%) Source: Aquacultura-Moldova, 2011

ISBN 978-92-5-107722-1 ISSN 2070-6065

9 789251 077221 I3326E/1/06.13