João Vitor Passuello Smaniotto

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João Vitor Passuello Smaniotto 0 UNIVERSIDAD PABLO DE OLAVIDE DOCTORADO EN CIENCIAS JURÍDICAS Y POLÍTICAS DEL PALACIO DE LA MONCLOA A LA PUERTA DEL SOL: EL MOVIMIENTO SINDICAL ESPAÑOL EN TIEMPOS DE CRISIS TESIS DOCTORAL João Vitor Passuello Smaniotto Sevilla, España Septiembre de 2015 1 DEL PALACIO DE LA MONCLOA A LA PUERTA DEL SOL: EL MOVIMIENTO SINDICAL ESPAÑOL EN TIEMPOS DE CRISIS João Vitor Passuello Smaniotto Tesis Doctoral presentada en el programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas, como requisito para la obtención del Título de Doctor en Ciencias jurídicas y Políticas Tutor: Dr. Francisco Infante Ruiz Director: Dr. Wilson Ramos Filho Co-director: Dr. Francisco Trillo Párraga Sevilla, España Septiembre de 2015 2 Universidad Pablo de Olvide Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas La Comisión Examinadora, abajo firmante, aprueba la Tesis Doctoral DEL PALACIO DE LA MONCLOA A LA PUERTA DEL SOL: EL MOVIMIENTO SINDICAL ESPAÑOL EN TIEMPOS DE CRISIS Elaborada por João Vitor Passuello Smaniotto Como requisito parcial para la obtención del Título de Doctor en Ciencias Jurídicas y Políticas COMISIÓN EXAMINADORA Prof(a). Dr(a).…………………………......................................................….................... (Presidente – nombre de la institución de vínculo) Prof(a). Dr(a).………………………………………………………………………………….. (nombre de la institución de vínculo) Prof(a). Dr(a).………………………………………………………………………………….. (nombre de la institución de vínculo) Sevilla, España Septiembre de 2015 3 A mi padre y mi madre Vitor y Miriam 4 AGRADECIMIENTOS Siempre que se hace algo, no se hace solo, y poder agradecer no es apenas un acto de gentileza, sino también una obligación. Hay mucho que agradecer… A mi familia, inicialmente, por siempre estar conmigo, mismo cuando yo no estaba. Mis padres, Vitor y Miriam, en especial, por enseñar, aunque sin saber, que la verdadera libertad está en el conocimiento, tanto del cuerpo como del alma. A mis orientadores Wilson (Xixo) Ramos Filho y Francisco (Paco) Trillo Párraga, por todo el tiempo dedicado en estos años de investigación. Sigo mi camino en la vida académica esperando siempre encontrarlos. A mi gran hermano Manuel Eugenio Gándara Carballido, por la gran ayuda despendida en el desarrollo de esta tesis, y que, junto a Jesus, Vicente, Jorge y Juan, han hecho de Sevilla un “tiemp(l)o” inolvidable. A mis demás compañeros y compañeras de la vida académica, que desde Brasil o España me acompañaron con sus reflexiones en esta angustiante, y también magnífica, jornada del saber. 5 “Los sueños no los sueña la razón sino el deseo; no la cabeza, sino el corazón, y, no obstante, ¡qué cosas tan complicadas sobrepasa a veces mi razón en el sueño!” Sueño de un hombre ridículo Fiódor Mikhailovich Dostoiévski 6 RESUMEN Con el objetivo de estimular el ejercicio del pensamiento crítico, la presente tesis buscó, a través de un análisis del movimiento sindical español, tras el país haberse convertido en un Estado democrático de derecho, comprender porque el sindicalismo no ha tenido fuerza para frenar el capital en su ansia por las ganancias, representada por la implementación de políticas neoliberales precarizadoras de la relación laboral. La tesis inicia exponiendo el marco teórico que defiende la desnaturalización de los derechos humanos, entre los cuales se destacan los derechos sociales, como forma de visibilizar la necesidad de la lucha por su manutención o avance. Luego, discurre sobre el cambio en la gestión empresarial a partir de los años setenta y ochenta que llevó a una nueva ideología capitalista, alterando el escenario en que estaban inseridos los sindicatos. Comprendido estos dos pilares referenciales, la tesis camina en sentido al análisis de la postura del movimiento sindical en tres periodos emblemáticos de reformas laborales, sin dejar de destacar el Estado de excepción dictatorial franquista y su influencia en el sindicalismo obrero. Posteriormente, se optó por analizar los acuerdos firmados en el Palacio de la Moncloa, después de la muerte de Franco. El conocido Pacto de la Moncloa, compuesto de dos grandes acuerdos, uno político y otro económico, representó el inicio de una política de concertación, en que los partidos políticos de diferentes ideologías compusieron juntos el rumbo por el cual seguiría el país. El segundo momento emblemático fue la reforma laboral de 1994, tras la recesión económica ocurrida en el año anterior, y como reacción del movimiento sindical, la firma de los Acuerdos Interconfederales de 1997, que representaron la retomada de la concertación social, que había sido interrumpida al comienzo de la década. Tales acuerdos representaron un cambio de postura en la legislación laboral al incentivar a la contratación indefinida, en cambio de los contratos temporales, como venía ocurriendo. Por fin, el tercero momento fue la reforma laboral de 2010. Reflejo de una postura gubernamental pos-crisis, llevó a un pacto social firmado entre sindicatos, patronal y gobierno, en 2011, y que por su carácter precario fomentó en algunos de los sectores de la juventud una disminución de los niveles de confianza con el movimiento obrero y la insurgencia de movimientos populares que fragmentaron aún más la sociedad, debilitando los sindicatos y partidos políticos. Al final, termina la investigación presentando algunas posibilidades de cambios para la retomada de la democracia, donde se destaca la aproximación del movimiento sindical a los demás movimientos insurgentes, en una política de alianza, en el sentido de desarrollar en conjunto el mismo proyecto social que permita una vida digna de ser vivida. Palabras-clave: Movimiento sindical. Derechos humanos. Trabajo. Capitalismo. Reforma laboral. España. 7 ABSTRACT Through the incentive to the exercise of critical thinking, the following thesis sought, by an analysis of the Spanish trade union movement after the country become a Democratic State of Law, to understand the motive that took the trade unionism to not having enough strength to fight the capital in its craving for profit, represented by the implementation of neoliberal politics that weaken the labor relationship. The thesis begins showing off the theoretical starting point that defends the denaturalization of human rights, which, among them, the social rights are highlighted as a way to visualize the need of fighting for its maintenance and improvement. Following, it talks about the change on business management started in the 70’s and the 80’s that led to a new capitalism ideology, changing the setting in which the trade unions were settled on. With these two main ideas understood, the thesis head its way to analysis the trade union movement stance in three emblematic periods of labor reforms, not before highlighting Franco's dictatorial state of exception and its influence over the trade union. Continuing what was stated, it was chosen to analysis the signed agreements at the Palace of Moncloa, just after Franco’s death. The known Moncloa Pact, composed of two major agreements, a political one and an economic one, represented the beginning of a conciliation’s politic, in which the political parties of different ideology composed together the course that the country would head on. The second emblematic moment was the reform of labor law in 1994, after an economic recession on the previous year, and the reaction of the trade union movement with the signing of the Interconfederal Agreements in 1997, representing the retake of social dialogue, that had been interrupted at the beginning of the decade. Such agreements represented a stance change on labor legislation by stimulating the undefined hiring, unlike temporary contracts, as it was happening. Lastly, the third moment was the reform of labor law in 2010. The reflex of a post-crisis government stance led to a social pact signed by trade union, employer and government, in 2011. By its precarious character it fostered in some sections of the youth a decrease in confidence levels with the labor movement and the insurgent popular movements that have fragmented society any more, weakening the trade unions and political parties. After all, the end of the research shows some possibilities of changes seeking the resumption of democracy, with emphasis on rapprochement of the trade union movement to other insurgencies, in an alliance policy, to jointly develop the same social plan that allows a dignified life living. Keywords: Trade union movement. Hunan rights. Labor. Capitalism. Labor law reform. Spain. 8 RESUMO Através do estímulo ao exercício do pensar crítico, a presente tese buscou, por meio da análise do movimento sindical espanhol, após o país tornar-se um Estado democrático de direito, compreender porque o sindicalismo não teve força para combater o capital em sua ânsia pelo lucro, representada pela implementação de políticas neoliberais precarizadoras da relação laboral. A tese inicia-se expondo o marco teórico que defende a desnaturalização dos direitos humanos, entre os quais se destacam os direitos sociais, como forma de visibilizar a necessidade de luta pela sua manutenção e avanço. Após, discorre sobre a mudança na gestão empresarial a partir dos anos setenta e oitenta que levou a uma nova ideologia capitalista, alterando o cenário em que estavam inseridos os sindicatos. Compreendido estes dois pilares referenciais, a tese caminha em sentido a analisar a postura do movimento sindical em três períodos emblemáticos de reformas laborais, sem antes deixar de destacar o Estado de exceção ditatorial franquista e sua influência sobre o sindicalismo obreiro. Seguindo o pretendido, se optou por analisar os acordos firmados no Palácio da Moncloa, logo após a morte de Franco. O conhecido Pacto da Moncloa, composto de dois grandes acordos, um político e outro econômico, representou o início de uma política de concertação, em que os partidos políticos de diferentes ideologias compuseram juntos o rumo que seguiria o país. O segundo momento emblemático foi a reforma laboral de 1994, depois da recessão econômica ocorrida no ano anterior, e a reação do movimento sindical com a assinatura dos Acordos Interconfederais de 1997, representando a retomada da concertação social, que havia sido interrompida no início da década.
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