GIS Spatial Analysis of Arctic Settlement Patterns: a Case Study in Northwest Alaska

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Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses

Spring 9-5-2017 GIS Spatial Analysis of Arctic Settlement Patterns: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska

Justin Andrew Junge Portland State University

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Recommended Citation Junge, Justin Andrew, "GIS Spatial Analysis of Arctic Settlement Patterns: A Case Study in Northwest Alaska" (2017). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3878. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.5766

This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. GIS Spatial Analysis of Arctic Settlement Patterns:

A Case Study in Northwest Alaska

Justin Andrew Junge

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science in Anthropology

Thesis Committee: Shelby L. Anderson, Chair Kenneth M. Ames David Banis

Archaeologists have been interested in relationship between environmental variability and cultural change for the last six decades. By understanding how, when, and why humans adapt to environmental change, archaeologists and anthropologists can better understand the development and complexity of human cultures. In northwest

Alaska, archaeologists hypothesize that environmental variability was a major factor in both growing coastal population density, with large aggregated villages and large houses, between 1000 and 500 years ago (ya), and subsequent decreasing population density between 500 ya and the contact era. After 500 ya people are thought to have dispersed to smaller settlements with smaller house sizes in coastal areas, and perhaps, upriver. This settlement pattern was identified through research at four site locations over 30 years ago.

The changing geographic distribution of sites, associated settlement size, and house size has not been examined in detail. A more careful examination of changing northwest

Alaskan settlement patterns is needed before larger questions about socio-economic organization can be addressed. I use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to evaluate the evidence for a geographic redistribution of Arctic peoples during the Late Holocene.

I constructed a database of settlement location and site attribute information, specifically the number of houses within each settlement and the size (m2). Data were collected from a dataset of Western Arctic National Parklands (WEAR), the Alaska

Heritage Resource Survey (AHRS) database of archaeological sites in Alaska, 409 unpublished site reports and field notes curated by the National Park Service (NPS) and

i Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), and the results of recent fieldwork in northwest Alaska.

A total of 486 settlements were identified within the northwest Alaska with 128 settlements having temporal and site attribute data.

I incorporated settlement size data into a GIS database and then carried out global,

Moran’s I, local Moran’s I, and local Getis-Ord spatial analyses to test whether settlement redistribution occurred and if key settlement locations shifted after 500 ya.

The site attribute data (number of houses and average size of houses) are used to test the additional aspects of the proposed settlement pattern change after 500 ya. A total of 83 settlements with 465 houses are used to test if the average size of settlements and average house size changed after 500 ya.

The results of the spatial analyses indicate no statistically significant patterns in the spatial distribution of settlements. Site attribute analysis shows no statistical difference in the average number of houses per village or the average size of houses before or after 500 ya. The results of this work build our understanding of regional settlement patterns during the late Holocene. By testing settlement pattern change, i.e. settlement distribution, settlement size, and house size, future research into settlement pattern change can begin to evaluate likely causes for the observed changes. My method, specifically the use of GIS as a method for testing settlement pattern change, can be applied to other regions and temporal scales.

ii Acknowledgments

First and foremost, I would like to thank the members of my committee, starting with my advisor. Dr. Shelby Anderson, your consistent support, enthusiasm, and guidance throughout my graduate career and this thesis have been a valuable asset to me.

This thesis was a long time coming and I am grateful you encouraged me to both participate in so many projects and keep me focused on my research. Dr. Ken Ames, thank you for always challenging me to “struggle harder” and providing me with the opportunities to grow and expand my interests in archaeology throughout the Pacific

Northwest. Thanks to David Banis for always being available to chat about methods and giving me helpful directions to further my research. I would also like to thank the faculty in the Department of Anthropology for providing comments and thoughts on my initial proposal and their support while I completed this thesis. I would like to thank Connie

Cash for always lending an ear, her endless help, and her dedication to the graduate students and faculty in the department.

I received funding from the Alaska Anthropological Association Thomas F. Ediel

Graduate Scholarship and the Portland State Department of Anthropology Thomas M.

Newman Fund. Additionally, the National Science Foundation (NSF), National Park

Service (NPS), and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) funded Dr. Anderson’s fieldwork, providing me with the opportunity to collect thesis data. Thank you to

Kenneth Pratt, Matt O’Leary, and Sean Mack at the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and to Jane

Lakeman, Dr. Andrew Tremayne, Rhea Hood, and Adam Freeburg at the NPS for helping me access field data, reports, and site records. iii I am exceedingly grateful to my cohort and fellow students for all the late nights in the office, the adventures, and laughs throughout my graduate career. Thomas “TJ”

Brown, thank you for all the research brainstorming and being able to bounce ideas off you. William Gardner-O’Kearny, thank you for being a midnight statistician, all the conversations about statistics and so many other nerdy things. Monica Mogilewsky, thank you for being an amazing officemate, always keeping me grounded, and the endless things you have done for me. Thank you to Pat Reed, Bill Cornett, and everyone else who commented on the early drafts of this thesis and helped shape it into what it has become.

I need to thank all of the friends and family that have supported through my research and put up with my constant distraction. The Junge and Hays families have done a lot to keep me going and have always been there for me. Lastly, to my parents Jeff and

Joanna Junge, your lives inspired me to follow my dreams and your never wavering faith in me kept me moving to this goal.

iv Table of Contents

Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….i

Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………..iii

List of Tables...... vii

List of Figures ...... ix

Chapter 1.1: Introduction ...... 1

1.2 Development of Arctic Maritime Traditions in Northern Alaska ...... 4

1.3 Theoretical Framework ...... 14

1.4 Research Questions and Hypotheses ...... 16

1.5 Organization of the Thesis ...... 19

Chapter 2.1: Background ...... 20

2.2 Spatial Analysis and Geographic Information Systems ...... 20

2.3 Geographic Information Systems and Settlement Pattern Research ...... 22

2.4 Limitations of GIS Spatial Analyses ...... 25

Chapter 3.1: Methods ...... 28

3.2 Study Area ...... 28

3.3 Database Construction ...... 30

3.4.1 Spatial Distribution of Settlements with GIS ...... 44

3.4.2 Site Metric Analyses ...... 49

v Chapter 4.1: Results ...... 51

4.2 Nearest Neighbor Analysis ...... 51

4.3 Global Moran’s I Spatial Distribution Analysis ...... 52

4.3.2 Local Moran’s I Spatial Analysis ...... 53

4.3.3 Local Getis-Ord Gi* Spatial Analysis ...... 56

4.4.1 Site Metric Analyses ...... 58

4.4.2 Average Settlement Size Analysis ...... 61

4.4.3 Average House Size Analysis ...... 61

Chapter 5.1: Discussion and Conclusion ...... 63

5.2 Testing Settlement Pattern Change in Northwest Alaska ...... 63

5.3 Broader Implications and Directions for Future Research ...... 79

5.4 Conclusions ...... 80

References ...... 83

Appendices ...... 95

Appendix I: Settlement Data ...... 96

Appendix II: House Size Data ...... 276

vi List of Tables

Table 1. Summary of settlement data, subsistence practices, and social organization in

northwest Alaska and the Bering Strait region ...... 6

Table 2. General cultural groups, climatic conditions, settlement patterns over the last

1200 years BP...... 10

Table 3. Watershed groupings, original watersheds, and areas of the study area...... 30

Table 4. Site types based on Anderson’s (2011) site type designations...... 34

Table 5. Criterion for each temporal grouping for the analyses...... 35

Table 6. Site number, site name, site types, and number of houses of settlements that

were occupied before 500 BP...... 36

Table 7. Site number, site name, site types, and number of houses of settlements that

were occupied after 500 BP...... 37

Table 8. Site number, site name, site types, and number of houses of settlements that

were continuously occupied...... 39

Table 9. Settlements and the number of measured houses before 500 BP...... 42

Table 10. Settlements and the number of measured houses after 500 BP...... 43

Table 11. Required features and parameters for Moran’s I and Getis-Ord...... 48

Table 12. The Nearest Neighbor Analysis for two temporal periods...... 51

Table 13. Global Moran’s I spatial statistics ...... 52

Table 14. Local Moran's I output descriptions...... 53

Table 15. Observed values, expected values, and residuals of the number of settlements60

Table 16. Mann-Whitney U rank order values of the number of houses per settlement .. 61

vii Table 17. Mann-Whitney U rank order values of the house size per settlement ...... 62

Table 18. The Nearest Neighbor Analysis for two temporal periods...... 68

viii List of Figures

Figure 1. Study area in Northwest Alaska. Key sites discussed in text ...... 2

Figure 2. Watersheds in the study area...... 29

Figure 3. AHRS sites within the study area...... 32

Figure 4. Nuluk and Port Clarence Project areas on the Seward Peninsula...... 33

Figure 5. Local Moran’s I spatial statistics of settlements...... 55

Figure 6. Local Getis-Ord Gi* spatial statistics of settlements ...... 57

Figure 7. Shapiro-Wilk test and distribution of settlement size before 500 BP...... 58

Figure 8. Shapiro-Wilk test and distribution of settlement size after 500 BP...... 59

Figure 9. Shapiro-Wilk test and distribution of house size (m2) before 500 BP...... 59

Figure 10. Shapiro-Wilk test and distribution of house size (m2) after 500 BP...... 60

Figure 11. Exploratory local Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi* analyses of settlements ...... 71

Figure 12. Range of house sizes within settlement before 500 BP...... 74

Figure 13. Range of house sizes within settlements after 500 BP...... 75

Figure 14. Range of house sizes within settlements after 500 BP...... 76

ix Chapter 1.1: Introduction

The last 5,000 years witnessed significant cultural and environmental changes in the Arctic with multiple migrations, expansion of maritime adaptations, the transition to a more sedentary lifestyle, and the rise of social inequality. Several studies have focused on the inter-relationship between a marine resource focus, increased sedentism, population growth, and the development of ranked societies (Anderson, et al.

Forthcoming; Anderson and Freeburg 2014; Erlandson 2001; Fitzhugh 2003; Mason

1998; Yesner 1998) which characterized northern and northwestern Alaskan cultures during the late pre-contact era (Anderson 1984; Giddings 1952; Giddings and Anderson

1986; Tremayne 2015) (Figure 1). Many questions remain about why and how late pre- contact arctic maritime cultures developed. For example, what role, if any, did late

Holocene environmental variability play in cultural change? Is there a link in northwest

Alaska between food surplus, increased population density, and the emergence of inequality (Ingold 1983; Hayden 1995; Testart, et al. 1982; Twiss 2012; Wesson 1999)?

But, before these questions can be addressed, new research is needed to better establish the underlying evidence for population growth, sedentism, and settlement pattern change over the last 5000 years. Therefore, the focus of this thesis research is on re-evaluating the archaeological evidence for one aspect of late pre-contact cultural change in the

Arctic - settlement patterns.

Figure 1. Study area in Northwest Alaska. Key sites discussed in text are: 1) Cape Krusenstern, 2) Eksiavik, 3) Ahteut, 4) Onion Portage, 5) Ambler Island, 6) KTZ-00052, 7) Cape Espenberg, and 8) Sisiivik.

Hunter-gatherer settlement patterns are defined by the group’s mobility, subsistence, social organization, and settlement type (e.g. campsite, single house occupation, and villages). The observed or inferred shifts in settlement patterns that archaeologists study include changing settlement location, site density, and frequency of settlement movement. Archaeologists see these shifts as indicators of cultural change such as increased sedentism, changes in foraging practices, or shifts in mobility. These indicators are causally linked to broader changes in social organization and the

2 development of complex hunter-gatherers worldwide (Binford 2001; Fitzhugh and Habu

2002; Rowley-Conwy 2001). In northwest Alaska (Figure 1) prior research indicates that most people living in this region prior to 2500 years before present (BP) were highly mobile and did not construct permanent dwellings (Anderson 1984; Giddings 1957;

Giddings and Anderson 1986; Odess 2003). After 2500 BP, people’s mobility likely shifted and permanent dwellings began to appear in coastal areas (Anderson 1984;

Giddings and Anderson 1986). Starting around 1500 BP, there was an aggregation of large coastal settlements in areas with easy access to rich marine resources; archaeologists view this shift as key in the development of complex arctic hunter- gathering culture (Anderson 1984; Giddings and Anderson 1986; Mason and Gerlach

1995b). However, over the last 500 years, settlement patterns are less clear, with some research suggesting a dispersal of smaller settlements with smaller houses into the interior or to other, previously uninhabited, areas along the coast (Anderson 2011;

Anderson and Freeburg 2014; Freeburg and Anderson 2012; Gerlach and Mason 1992;

Mason 1998). Alternatively, some evidence indicates continued population growth and concentration of people in specific coastal areas (Schaaf 1988) over the last 500 years.

Prior research relied primarily on number and size of houses within sites, and number of sites, to infer settlement patterns (e.g. Giddings and Anderson 1986; Gerlach and Mason;

1992; Mason 1998). Researchers determined site distribution by visual examination of maps; a formal spatial analysis of site density or patterning has yet to be undertaken.

The goals of this thesis were 1) to re-evaluate the evidence for settlement pattern change over the last 1000 years in northwest Alaska and 2) to conduct an analysis of

3 spatial patterning. I focused on the last 1000 years because the archaeological dataset is richest for this time period, and because of the controversy over whether or not there were significant settlement pattern changes before and after 500 years ago. To achieve my goals I created a settlement pattern database that combines new, unpublished gray literature and recent survey data with existing settlement pattern datasets. I then used these data to test the distribution of settlements during the study period through spatial analysis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Additionally, I evaluated whether changes in population size are associated with the shifts in settlement patterns by testing whether the average number of houses per site and the average house size, measured in meters squared (m2), changed during the same periods. I compared the results of this demographic analysis to the results of an on-going study of local demography through radiocarbon analysis (Anderson et al. Forthcoming).

1.2 Development of Arctic Maritime Traditions in Northern Alaska

While my focus is on the late pre-contact period, it is helpful to understand the broader cultural context in which late pre-contact settlement patterns emerged. There are several Paleoarctic (11500-6000 BP) and Northern Archaic (6500-4000 BP) sites in the interior areas of northwest Alaska (e.g. Anderson 1984, 1988; Esdale 2008; Goebel, et al.

2013), but the earliest coastal sites in northwest Alaska date to around 4500 B.P.; older coastal sites were inundated by early Holocene sea level rise, which did not stabilize until about 5,500 years ago. The early coastal occupation of the region, known locally as the

Denbigh phase (4700-3200 BP) (Table 1), is characterized by small, highly mobile foraging groups that seasonally occupied both coastal and interior regions; subsistence 4 included both marine and terrestrial resources (Anderson 1984; Anderson and Freeburg

2013; Giddings and Anderson 1986; Tremayne 2010, 2015).

unting Marine Marine and terrestrial mammal hunting (north Sewardof Peninsula), fishing (south Sewardof Peninsula Marine with whale specialization and terrestrial mammal hunting, possibly fishing Subsistence Practices Varied with predominately terrestrial mammal hunting and marine mammal hunting at coastal campsites Terrestrial and marine h ). ettlements Settlement Locations settlementsInland with coastal campsites Inland, riverine, and coastal settlements Increasecoastal in settlements somewith interior settlements present Predominate coastal s ites Social Spaces Unknown ovalLarge structures, either houses and/or collective spaces Square house with presencethe of community structures at some s Small houses with largersome structures present

Eastern Eastern and western coasts theof Chukchi Sea Brooks Range, Kotzebue Sound, Northern Yukon Territory Western Canada through northwest toAlaska the southern Alaska Peninsula Geographic Distribution Brooks Range, Kotzebue Sound, Seward Peninsula, Norton Sound

3200 -2250 -2250 -1350 - -750 350-750 1 2750 2250 4700 Date Ranges (BP) Birnirk Ipiutak Choris Denbigh Cultural Phases

Table 1. Summary of settlement data, subsistence practices, and social organization in northwest Alaska and the Bering Strait organization the social and and Bering subsistence settlement of Alaska practices, 1. Summary data, in northwest Table 4,000 the last Mason(adapted for from years 2009 Anderson, region et and Forthcoming al. 6

Terrestrial mammal hunting, fishing, some marine hunting near the lower portion riversof Subsistence Practices Marine with whale specialization and terrestrial mammal hunting, possibly fishing Marine and terrestrial mammal hunting, fishing

single

settlements with increased aggregation to large villages Predominate Predominate coastal Dispersed small settlements or Dispersed small settlements or single houses ininterior, the campsites coast on the Settlement Locations houses on the coast and rivers, congregate trade areas

room room - - room houses - Multi somewith larger structures present Generally single housesroom with some multi houses, community structures present Generally single housesroom with some multi houses, community structures present Social Spaces

Coastal areas of Northwest Alaska Interior areas of Northwest Alaska Geographic Distribution Bering Strait, Northwest and Northern Alaska, Canadian Arctic, Greenland

550 250 250 - -

200- 750 750 1 Date Ranges (BP)

Woodland Arctic Kotzebue Cultural Phases Thule (Early, Late)

7 A more sedentary lifestyle emerged around 2800-2500 years ago when several semi-subterranean house features associated with the Choris culture (2750-2250 BP)

(Table 1) appear in coastal areas of northwest Alaska (Anderson 1984; Anderson and

Freeburg 2013; Giddings and Anderson 1986; Mason and Gerlach 1995a). During this period, people lived in small mobile groups that continued to practice marine and terrestrial subsistence patterns established during the preceding Denbigh Phase. There are few interior Choris Phase sites but coastal settlements, campsites, and semi-subterranean houses have been identified around Kotzebue Sound, i.e. Cape Krusenstern, Choris

Peninsula, and Cape Espenberg (Anderson 1984; Anderson and Freeburg 2013; Mason and Gerlach 1995a; Schaaf 1988).

Beginning with the Ipiutak Phase (2250-1350 BP) (Table 2), there is both an increase in the number and size of houses within coastal settlements. This, coupled with the presence of large communal structures and ornate burials, suggests that social organization changed during this period (Anderson 1984; Anderson and Freeburg 2013,

2014; Mason 1998, 2006, 2009b). Subsistence practices continue to focus on both marine mammals and caribou (Anderson 1984; Giddings and Anderson 1986). The cultural markers that define the “Ipiutak” people (1750-1150 BP) (Table 2) can be found at coastal sites such as Point Hope, Cape Krusenstern, and Deering (Bowers 2009; Giddings and Anderson 1986; Larsen and Rainey 1948; Mason 2006); interior Ipiutak sites are reported in a few instances, e.g. Onion Portage, Croxton (Anderson 1988; Gerlach 1989;

Gerlach and Mason 1992). As with the previous phases, however, the settlement pattern for Ipiutak is not well defined. For example, it is not clear if people were moving

8 seasonally between the coast and interior. Overall, during this period population density increases (Mason 1998).

Beginning approximately 2000 years ago new Arctic peoples with strong maritime hunting and fishing practices, referred to as the Neoeskimo culture, migrated into northwest Alaska. The Neoeskimo period encompasses the last 1500 years;

Neoeskimo people are the direct ancestors of modern Yupik, Iñupiat, and other Inuit cultures that span the arctic region from Alaska to Greenland today. In northwest Alaska, the Arctic people who make up these archaeologically defined groups are the Birnirk,

Thule, and Kotzebue phases (Table 1). Interactions and relationships between these different groups are not well understood (Anderson, et al. Forthcoming; Hoffecker 2005;

Mason 2009b). These hunter-gatherer populations focused on aquatic subsistence practices and developed a pattern of near year-round settlements on the coasts. Whale hunting specialization developed during the Thule phase (Anderson 1984).

Some evidence points to an increase in coastal settlement during the Thule period beginning at approximately 1200 BP (Table 1). During this period there are larger settlements (i.e. more houses within each village) and more substantial house structures

(i.e. as measured in m2) on the coast that were inhabited for longer periods of time

(Giddings and Anderson 1986; Mason 1998). During this period of heightened sedentism and coastal aggregation, changing environmental conditions are associated with the cooler temperatures between 1200 and 900 BP (Bird, et al. 2009; Calkin, et al. 1998;

Mann, et al. 2002; Mason and Jordan 1993, 2001). This was followed by a shift to warmer temperatures during the MCA (Bird, et al. 2009; Calkin, et al. 1998; Mann, et al. 9

2002; Mason 2009a) (Table 2). While it is suggested that cooler conditions may have provided access to previously unavailable aquatic resources, such as whales, for the

Neoeskimo people in Alaska (Dixon 2003; Gerlach and Mason 1995b; Mason 1998;

Mason and Barber 2003), research into the migration of Thule people eastward into the

Canadian Arctic indicates that migration occurred during warmer conditions, approximately 550 BP (Friesen and Arnold 2008: 534-537).

Table 2. General cultural groups, climatic conditions, settlement patterns over the last 1200 years BP (temporal periods associated with culture groups are defined in section 2.2).

Associated Culture Temporal Climatic Settlement Patterns Groups Period Conditions

Neoeskimo Traditions 1200 – 900 Cooling Large villages with (Birnirk, Punuk, and BP temperatures and large houses in key Thule) decreased resource locations. precipitation.

Neoeskimo Traditions 900 – 300 BP Warming A transition from large (Thule), Kotzebue temperatures, the villages with large Period, and Arctic Medieval Climatic houses in key resource Woodland Culture Anomaly. locations to smaller settlement with smaller houses disturbed across the region.

Kotzebue Period, 500 / 300 – Cooling Smaller settlement with Arctic Woodland 100 BP temperatures, the smaller houses disturbed culture and contact Little Ice Age. across the region. period/ethnographic communities (nations)

After 500 BP, settlement patterns in northwest Alaska are not as well understood because of limited research focusing on this time period. Initial work in the region

(Giddings 1952; Giddings and Anderson 1986) suggested that settlement patterns shifted 10 after about 500 years ago. Population decreased and settlements redistributed. People dispersed into smaller groups in new, previously uninhabited locations, and house structures were smaller across the region during this period (the Kotzebue and Arctic

Woodland Phases) (Table 1 and 2). These changes in settlement patterns coincide with the shift from the MCA to cooler temperatures during the LIA beginning around 300 BP

(Table 1). Environmental change may have led to a decrease in the abundance of large bodied marine mammals (e.g. whales and seals) near their large coastal settlements that may have necessitated a shift by the arctic hunter-gatherers to the interior or other coastal locations for access to fish and terrestrial mammals for subsistence (Anderson 1984;

Giddings 1952; Giddings and Anderson 1986).

During the contact era (~350-250 BP), Native Alaskans had well-established subsistence practices and settlement patterns (Burch 1998, 2005, 2006; Fejes 1966; Ray

1975). Burch (1998) and Ray (1975) discuss in detail the roughly 19 independent societies or “nations” that inhabited northwest Alaska. Each nation followed unique seasonal rounds within their traditional boundaries (Burch 1998, 2006; Ray 1975). The settlement patterns for these nations indicate that small winter settlements were occupied during most of the year with seasonal subsistence logistical camps and meeting or “trade” areas for extended groups between spring and fall (Burch 1998). Subsistence practices focused on aquatic (e.g. marine mammals and fish) and terrestrial resources during specific seasons (Burch 1998).

The overall pattern is thought to be increasing population density, increased sedentism, and an increased focus on marine resources over time. Population may have 11 decrease, and/or dispersed after about 500 BP for unknown reasons. Our understanding, however, of these patterns, is based on limited data. Our current understanding of pre- and post-500 BP settlement patterns is based primarily on research that focused on defining cultural periods of occupation from three key sites (i.e. Ahteut, Eksiavik, and

Ambler Island) along the Kobuk River (Giddings 1952; Giddings and Anderson 1986) and Cape Krusenstern (Giddings and Anderson 1986). Significant elements of how archaeologists defined these periods were the house structural designs and settlement size at these locations. The pre- and post-500 BP settlement patterns are based on a total of 63 houses excavated or recorded; 17 houses at Cape Krusenstern (Giddings and Anderson

1986: 41-54, 59-79), 15 houses at Ambler Island (Giddings 195: 13-18), nine houses at

Ekseavik (Giddings 1952: 25-26), and 22 houses at the Ahteut site (Giddings 1952: 27-

31). The population estimates and change in population size pre- and post-500 BP are based on demographic studies that used radiocarbon dates and house size proxies for population estimates (Anderson and Freeburg 2013, 2014; Mason 1998; Mason and

Gerlach 1995b). For example, recent work at Cape Krusenstern, Alaska (Anderson and

Freeburg 2013; Freeburg and Anderson 2012) and northwest Alaska (Anderson 2011) provides more detail about regional settlement patterns and raises new questions about regional social networks and mobility during the study period. Anderson and Freeburg’s studies indicate that populations increased prior to 800 BP and decreased around 500 BP

(Anderson 2011; Anderson and Freeburg 2013, 2014; Freeburg and Anderson 2012). By

500 BP, settlement patterns appeared to shift in relation to the changes in population size; the new pattern was one of fewer sites and smaller houses (Anderson 2011: 167-168).

This work supports the general trend that settlement size and density increase after 1000

BP and that some variations in settlement (e.g. shift in the distribution of sites or shorter site occupation periods) occurred after 500 BP; however, this research was limited to

National Park Service (NPS) lands and only one systematically and intensively surveyed site complex.

Alternatively, research conducted on the Seward Peninsula within the Bering

Land Bridge National Preserve by Schaaf (1988:212-213) led archaeologists to propose a fluid settlement pattern of coastal and interior occupations with little to no change in settlement size, house size, or house distribution after 500 BP. While the Seward

Peninsula settlement pattern does not refute the widely accepted pattern, it does highlight the need to test the underlying spatial distribution and site metric attributes (average number of houses per site and the average house size) of settlements dating to the last

1000 years.

Archaeologists have not empirically evaluated the evidence for changing distribution of settlements over space or looked at site and house size data across the region. Firmly establishing the nature of settlement patterns over the last 5000 years is a critical step in evaluating larger arguments about the emergence of social complexity, maritime adaptations, and the possible role of demographic shifts, population packing, and environmental change in these social developments. It is the goal of this thesis to provide a GIS statistical analysis of the spatial distribution of settlement as a way to empirically test whether or not settlement patterns change in northwest Alaska over the last 1000 years. My aim is to resolve some of the discrepancies between different 13 measures of settlement and population density (e.g. radiocarbon data versus analysis of dated cultural phases) (Anderson 2011) and to conduct the first spatial analysis of late

Holocene settlement patterns in northwest Alaska.

1.3 Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework for this work is evolutionary ecology and human behavioral ecology (HBE). The principal emphasis of HBE is on adaptation of a group of people through individual behavioral variability and evolutionary processes, primarily the evolutionary principals of natural selection (Kelly 2007; Trigger 1998). Though HBE has limitations in that it downplays culture and focuses on individual behavioral actions, this theoretical approach provides a framework for studying ecological interactions between humans and their environment (Fitzhugh 2003; Kennett 2005). For example, the attention

HBE gives to the ecological interaction between humans and their environment is fundamental to the argument that changing climatic and environmental conditions led to settlement pattern change. In this thesis I draw on HBE as a way to understand the selection and change in settlement locations based on the environmental and climatic constraints the people living in northwest Alaska would have been experiencing in the late Holocene.

In addition to the theoretical foundation of HBE, I also utilize settlement pattern models developed by Lewis Binford. Binford (1980, 1990, 2001) drew on ethnographic data and categorized hunter-gatherer groups according to environmental constraints, settlement types, mobility, subsistence patterns, and technologies. Binford’s forager-

14 collector model is a continuum where people adjust their settlement patterns to resource availability and adaptive strategies. According to this model, foragers are hunter- gatherers whose adaptive strategies focus on spatially and temporally consistent resources within environments. This allows for lower settlement investment and higher residential mobility (Binford 1980, 1990; Kelly 2007). Whereas, collectors specialize in resources that are highly seasonal or inconsistent, requiring investment in specialized technology, storage, and mobility strategies that focus on logistical acquisition of resources that are collected and returned to the center settlement (Binford 1980, 1990, 2001; Kelly 2007).

Based on these characteristics, we can categorize hunter-gatherers as foragers or collectors, but the fluid nature of human adaptive strategies means that a hunter-gatherer group can exhibit behavior that falls into both categories along the continuum of

Binford’s model.

The forager-collector model does not distinctly differentiate terrestrial and aquatic

(referring to marine, riverine, and estuary locations) resource variability. In later work, however, Binford (1990, 2001) began to evaluate shifts in mobility, sedentism, and social organization among aquatic or maritime hunter-gatherers (see also Ames 2002; Erlandson

2001; Fitzhugh 2002; Yesner 1980). The two primary differences between aquatic and terrestrial resources are the clustered and heterogeneous nature of aquatic resources and the rich and abundant biomass found within aquatic environments compared to those of terrestrial environments (Binford 2001; see also Yesner 1980 for ten features of maritime adaptations). While archaeologists are still grappling with the history, origins, and development of aquatic hunter-gatherers (Erlandson 2001; Yesner 1980), aquatic

15 resources and the development of collector settlement patterns are strongly correlated

(Ames 1981, 1985, 2002).

Binford’s forager-collector model offers a foundation for how I classify settlement types and the construction of my assumptions about settlement location. The rich and abundant biomass provided by aquatic resources informed my expectations for the aggregation of coastal settlements and the shift in settlement location to interior aquatic resources, i.e. lakes and rivers. In addition, I use Binford’s (2001) extensive ethnographic dataset in my GIS analyses. I drew on Binford’s regionally specific dataset for a measurement of average foraging radius per day. Overall, the application of these theoretical frameworks to this thesis strengthens my ability to test whether settlement patterns changed in northwest Alaska after 500 BP.

1.4 Research Questions and Hypotheses

This thesis investigates four questions about settlement pattern changing in northwest Alaska. These questions are:

I. Did the spatial distribution of settlements, villages and single house sites, change

from a clustered to a dispersed pattern after 500 BP?

H0: No statistically significant change in the spatial distribution and the

locations key settlement do not change.

H1: If a pattern is present, then the spatial distribution of settlement

locations before 500 BP will be statistically different from the distribution

after 500 BP.

II. Did the spatial distribution of settlement size, the number of houses per

settlement, change after 500 BP?

H0: No statistically significant change in the spatial distribution and the

locations key settlement do not change.

H1: If a pattern is present, then the spatial distribution of large

aggregated and small dispersed settlement locations before 500 BP will be

statistically different from the distribution after 500 BP.

III. Did the size of settlements (average number houses per site) change after 500 BP?

H0: The difference between the average number of houses before and

after 500 BP is not statistically significant.

H1: If a difference between the average number of houses per site is

present, then the average number of houses per site will be statistically

different before 500 BP than after 500 BP.

IV. Did the average house size (m2) change after 500 BP?

H0: The difference between the average house size before and after 500

BP is not statistically significant.

H1: If a difference between the average house size is present, then the

average house size will be statistically different before 500 BP than after

500 BP.

I expect the spatial distribution of the settlements, the size of settlements, and the size of houses will correspond with the previously recorded settlement pattern and demographic changes in northwest Alaska. Specifically, I predict that a change in the spatial distribution will show a movement from a clustered pattern with a coastal aggregation of settlements (before 500 BP) to a dispersed pattern with the movement of settlements away from the coast into the interior or different locations along the coastline

(after 500 BP). Additionally, the size of settlements and the average house size should decrease after 500 BP as other demographic research suggests (Anderson, et al.

Forthcoming; Anderson and Freeburg 2014; Mason 1998).

To test these hypotheses, I culled settlement data from previous research

(Anderson 2011; Anderson and Freeburg 2013; Freeburg and Anderson 2012), statewide archaeological site data (AHRS 2015), and conducted grey literature research with the

NPS and the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA). I also participated in fieldwork that contributed new settlement data to my database.

By integrating existing and new datasets, this thesis will expand our understanding of regional settlement patterns during the last 1200 years. This work will be the first spatial analysis of settlement patterns to evaluate regional trends that can be used to understand if and when arctic people shifted from large, densely populated

18 coastal settlements and moved into the interior or migrated elsewhere along the coast.

The goal of this thesis is to test the statistical significance of the generally held idea of settlement pattern change and the connection to shifts in the environment in northwest

Alaska. In addition, this thesis will provide a model for testing the spatial distribution of settlements that can be used beyond northwest Alaska.

1.5 Organization of the Thesis

This thesis is organized into six chapters, with five chapters following this introduction. Chapter 2 is a literature review of settlement patterns and the application of

GIS in this research. Chapter 3 consists of the methodology for the thesis. In Chapter 4, I present the results of GIS and site metric analyses. I discuss the results of broader implications of this research in Chapter 5, followed by the conclusion of the thesis and directions for future research.

Chapter 2.1: Background

This chapter provides information about the application of GIS to settlement studies in archaeology.

2.2 Spatial Analysis and Geographic Information Systems

To test whether the spatial distribution of settlements in northwest Alaska has changed over the last millennium, I used GIS software, ESRI ArcGIS 10.2, to evaluate spatial patterns before and after 500 BP. GIS is a method to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographic data (Bolstad 2012). Data stored within various software platforms are examined though the process of spatial analysis.

Spatial analysis describes the basic study of spatial data but is subdivided into four perspectives; spatial data manipulation, spatial data analysis, spatial statistical analysis, and spatial modeling (O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014). Spatial data manipulation encompasses the basic editing and management techniques of GIS. Spatial data analysis is the descriptive and exploratory examination of spatial data. Spatial statistical analysis incorporates statistical tests to evaluate whether spatial data can be in statistical models.

Spatial modeling includes the construction of models to test general assumptions and the development of predictive models for future testing. These perspectives overlap greatly in practice and rely on similar data. Spatial analysis uses data incorporating aerial images, elevation data, environmental data, census data, or other information and is presented in nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio scales (O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014).

Spatial autocorrelation, the assumption that variables associated with locations that are closer together have more in common than those of locations that are further away, determines the degree to which spatial features are organized and if their attributes tend to cluster together or disperse across space (Bolstad 2012; O'Sullivan and Unwin

2014; Rogerson 2015; Wheatley and Gillings 2003). GIS platforms provide different analytical tools to test spatial autocorrelation. These analytical tools use different statistical formulas to measure the relationship between features and provide descriptive statistics for interpretation of data. A few of the analytical tools available in ESRI

ArcGIS to test spatial statistics are the Average Nearest Neighbor, Moran’s I, Geary’s C,

Getis-Ord, and Ripley’s K function.

While each tool may be used to test specific attribute data or their relationships

(see Mitchel 2005), Nearest Neighbor Analysis, Moran’s I, and Getis-Ord are baselines for testing spatial pattern. Nearest Neighbor Analysis spatial statistic computes the observed average distance between a target feature and their nearest neighbor with the distance that would be expected between nearest neighbors in a random pattern (Mitchel

2005; O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014). The values produced through a Nearest Neighbor

Analysis identifies whether the data has a clustered, dispersed, or random spatial pattern.

Moran’s I spatial statistic calculates the difference between the value at features and the mean of all features; it then compares the difference between the target feature and the neighboring features (Mitchel 2005; O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014). Based on the values,

Moran’s I will indicate whether data has a clustered, dispersed, or random spatial pattern.

Getis-Ord spatial statistic measures whether the values are clustered and if these patterns

21 concentrate in significantly high or low (99%, 95%, 90% confidence value) locations

(Mitchel 2005; O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014). Both of these spatial statistical tools have global and local applications. Global analysis, providing one value for the dataset, tests the statistical significance of the spatial autocorrelation or clustering values and generates z-scores and p-values of the locations of settlements. Local analysis tests the statistical significance for the same effects but does the calculations for each feature based on the adjacent neighboring features. Simply put, global spatial statistics are used to test general patterns while local spatial statistics are used to identify patterns among individual features. Overall, these spatial tools provide archaeologists with multiple ways of analyzing and interpreting their spatial datasets to understand past hunter-gatherer lifeways.

2.3 Geographic Information Systems and Settlement Pattern Research

Spatial analysis was used in archaeology prior to the incorporation of GIS into mainstream analysis (Kvamme 1999). With GIS, archaeologists are able to incorporate the four perspectives of spatial analysis (see section 2.3) to develop and test models of pre-historic lifeways. Archeologists use GIS to identify and interpret sites (Enloe, et al.

1994; Potter 2005), create predictive site models (Carlson 2012; Clark 2012; Warren and

Asch 2003), evaluate settlement patterns (Henrikson 2002; Kennett 2005; Lovis, et al.

2005; Maschner 1996; Morgan 2009; Reeder-Myers 2014; Thompson and Turck 2009;

Winterhalder, et al. 2010), and study the development of social complexity (Grier and

Savelle 1994; Kennett, et al. 2009). Modeling and spatial analysis functions of GIS provide exceptional tools to present archaeological data for analysis and interpretation. 22

One example of the application of GIS and settlement pattern analysis was conducted by Henrikson (2002) in evaluating settlement locations in relation to patch choice along the Snake River in Idaho. This research took into account geographic constraints (i.e. distance to water), technology present, and activities conducted at locations to assess the locations of residential sites and camps (i.e. short-term base camps and field camps) over the last 8000 years. While the lack of residential sites does hinder the overall analysis, the results do support the assumption of the settlement pattern models that residential sites were located within proximity of river corridors and camps were situated near ephemeral ponds.

Another example of GIS and settlement pattern analysis was Morgan’s (2009) central place foraging model evaluation of settlements in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of

California. This research classifies patches based on their ecozones (e.g. montane forest or alpine) and defines site types based on the number of bedrock mortars (used for acorn processing) at each site. Using Nearest Neighbor analysis, Morgan’s research suggests that winter settlement aggregate below snowline ecozones and that seasonal sites are dispersed in ecozones where areas are clear of snow.

Additionally, Douglas Kennett used the Ideal Free Distribution (IFD) model to test the causes and effects of population growth and settlement selection on the Northern

Channel Islands off the coast of southern California (Kennett 2005; Kennett et al. 2009;

Winterhalder et al. 2010). Utilizing GIS, a model was constructed that ranked the habitats based on shoreline typology and kelp forest presence. The IFD model was applied to the settlement data to understand settlement distribution, territoriality, and social hierarchy 23 on the northern Channel Islands. Incorporating this information, Kennett suggests that periods of larger villages were marked points in the adoption of social ranking and hierarchy in the societies. This interpretation was further supported by mortuary remains of this time period that indicate further demographic shifts and varied levels of health within the ranked society (Kennett 2005; Kennett et al. 2009).

In Alaska, the application of GIS models and spatial analysis in relation to settlement pattern change is limited. Work by Maschner (1996) focused on using evolutionary psychology and cognition to develop a model for the selection of prehistoric settlement locations in southeast Alaska based on environmental and geographic variables (i.e. climatic exposure, island size, and distance to water). While Maschner’s research confirms the observed site formation patterns and supports a transition from a single-lineage to multi-lineage settlement pattern, it focuses more on spatial modeling of site locations than the change in spatial patterns over time.

Recent work by Michael Holt (2012) attempts to identify hunting practices based on cairn distribution and evaluates settlement patterns on the Seward Peninsula. Holt’s results identified clustering of settlements through the use of Average Nearest Neighbor analysis. Holt associates these clusters with ethnographic settlement patterns. While his analysis is novel, his data do not incorporate temporal constraints and the undefined scale of his GIS analysis affected the results by indicating clustering or dispersal of settlements when these changes may not have been taking place.

Overall, spatial analysis and settlement patterns research in Alaska are needed to test ideas archaeologists have regarding prehistoric lifeways during the late Holocene.

For example, we cannot explore the reasons why population changed, mobility shifted, or how these both may have factored into changing social organization over the mid-to-late

Holocene. Additionally, archaeologists will be able to test the statistical significance of their models using updated data and new tools, such as GIS, and move away from general interpretations of site locations.

2.4 Limitations of GIS Spatial Analyses

All the spatial statistics incorporated into GIS are powerful tools to explore spatial patterns, but these statistical approaches have inherent limitations. The first limitation of spatial analysis is spatial autocorrelation. Spatial autocorrelation assumes everything is related to everything else but this assumption negates the normal distribution assumed for non-spatial statistics (O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014). Even with this limitation, spatial analysis is a powerful way to identify and interpret spatial patterns. If initial spatial analysis shows strong spatial autocorrelation, the problem can be mitigated by bootstrapping, a method of resampling data to create a normal distribution and running the analysis again (O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014; Rogerson 2015). For this thesis, this limitation is not a hindrance to the analyses as the social relationships between the arctic people living in settlements that are closer to each other have more in common than people in settlements farther away. Additionally, the use of a bandwidth constraint

(specifically the ethnographic bandwidth, see section 3.4.1) provides the analyses with a more accurate representation of interactions between the people living in the settlements. 25

Other limitations of spatial analysis relate to scale of the analysis and confines of the study area. The limitations of scale are the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) and the ecological fallacy. The difficulty with MAUP and spatial analysis is that changes in the aggregation of data or how data are consolidated can change the relationship between the features and the statistical significance of data (O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014).

To address limitations of MAUP, I trusted the original recorded data on number of houses per settlement and temporal distractions without aggregating or splitting into different classification or categories (i.e. splitting a large village with dispersed clusters of houses into two or more villages).

Lastly, limitations relating to the confines of the study area can occur because of the edge effect. The edge effect occurs from the construction of an artificial boundary or the use of a natural boundary, i.e. coastlines, for the study area. The problem arises because features near the edge may be affected by features outside the study area but can only be compared to features within the study area (O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014). This limitation can be diminished by providing an additional buffer around the study area or by defining the study area based on natural features, i.e. elevation boundaries and bodies of water. For this thesis, I attempt to mitigate the edge effect by using natural geographic boundaries (watersheds, see section 3.2) as the study area. Using watersheds provides a boundary that does not allow for direct interaction with people in settlements outside the study area as the terrain, i.e. opposite sides of a ridge or mountain, would general hinder movement across the terrain. Though GIS and spatial analysis have these limitations,

26 together they are a powerful suite of tools to analyze geographic relationships and attribute correlations.

Chapter 3.1: Methods

In this chapter, I present the study area of northwest Alaska. Then, I lay out the construction of the site database used for the spatial distribution and site metric analyses.

Lastly, I outline analytical tools that are used to test the settlement pattern hypotheses.

3.2 Study Area

Prominent geologic features define northwest Alaska (Figure 1). It is widely accepted that the Alaskan coast between Cape Thompson and Cape Espenberg to the west and inland up the Noatak, Kobuk, Selawik, and Buckland rivers are the general boundaries of northwest Alaska (Burch 1998:4). For this thesis, I expanded the study area of northwest Alaska to encompass the Norton Sound as the southernmost boundary and the North Slope of the Brooks Range as the northernmost boundary of northwest Alaska.

The eastern boundary is less distinct, but it generally includes the Kobuk River valley and the area south along the Kaltag Mountains. The Chukchi and Bering Seas define the western border. These geographic constraints of the region provide physical boundaries for my study area.

To address the issue of edge effects, described in the previous chapter (see section

2.5), I used the natural geographic boundaries of watersheds provided by the United

States Geological Survey (USGS) as well as anadromous river data provided by the

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (Figure 2). Based on the watersheds, the study area is approximately 152 million km2. I aggregated the USGS

28 watershed data and created four major watershed groupings: the Noatak, Kobuk,

Northern Seward Peninsula, and Southern Seward Peninsula (Table 3).

Figure 2. Watersheds in the study area.

Table 3. Watershed groupings, original watersheds, and areas of the study area. Watershed Groupings Watersheds Area (km²) Wulik-Kivalina 7739.6 Lower Noatak 12504.86 Noatak Middle Noatak 10027.51 Upper Noatak 12160.39 Lower Kobuk 8731.63 Middle Kobuk 12464.74 Kobuk Upper Kobuk 12087.63 Selawik 17160.56 Buckland 9138.05 Northern Seward Peninsula Goodhope-Spafaried Bay 10246.85 Shishmaref 10730.82 Norton Bay 16176.77 Southern Seward Peninsula Nome 14753.27 Imuruk Basin 12819.17

3.3 Database Construction

I drew data from a total of four types of information sources to build my database for analysis. The first is a dataset of site locations and site metric data from the Western

Arctic National Parklands (WEAR) administered by NPS, which are within my study area (Anderson 2011; Anderson and Freeburg 2013). The WEAR dataset was compiled by Anderson as part of her PhD research (Anderson 2011) and contained 371 archaeological sites, with 277 radiocarbon dates, that provided site metric and temporal data for my analysis. This dataset was generated in EXCEL and was provided by

Anderson. The second dataset is the statewide historic and archaeological database managed by the Alaska State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO), which is available through the Alaska Heritage Resource Survey (AHRS) and maintained by Department of

Natural Resources, Office of History and Archaeology (DNR). The AHRS dataset includes 2,968 sites within the study area (Figure 3). These sites range from 30 paleontological sites to modern historic buildings. The AHRS database provides registered researchers with site location data as well as a general overview of the type of archaeological site recorded and a description of the material found. Data were available as PDF documents that are downloadable for archaeologists who are registered with the

SHPO office.

After culling data from the AHRS and previous datasets, I was granted access to

409 unpublished site reports and field notes at the Anchorage field offices of the NPS and

BIA to expand the description and site metric data within the database. All data were added to my thesis database with fields for the site number, latitude, longitude, site type, number of houses within the site, site area, occupation dates, cultural affiliation, references, site descriptions, alternative ID, and other data.

Figure 3. AHRS sites within the study area.

The last source of data for this thesis came from recent fieldwork in northwest

Alaska. I participated in two separate projects lead by Dr. Shelby Anderson. The first project, conducted in 2013, was located in the western end of the Bering Land Bridge

National Preserve (BELA) on the north coast of the Seward Peninsula (Figure 4). As part of this project, we identified 25 new sites and materials were collected that helped date and identify past human activities at the new and previously recorded sites within the study area. The second project was conducted in 2013 and 2015 around a closed Coast

Guard station at Port Clarence, Alaska on the western coast of the Seward Peninsula

(Figure 4). We identified a total of 15 new sites during the two years of field work and

32 subsequently tested several sites to collect cultural and dateable material. Resulting settlement and house measurements were incorporated into my database for the analyses along with new radiocarbon dates.

Figure 4. Nuluk and Port Clarence Project areas on the Seward Peninsula.

Site information from both databases and fieldwork were cross-referenced and checked to exclude duplicate data. A total of 2,968 sites were recorded in the AHRS

(2015) within the study area. I categorized the sites into site types. Site types have been defined by the presence of features, i.e. house depressions or caches, surface artifacts, and other cultural material observed during the survey or recovered from excavations

(Fitzhugh 2003; Martindale, et al. 2009). I used the site type definitions established by previous study in the region (Anderson 2011). Types include: large villages, villages, small villages, single houses, campsites, activity areas, cemeteries/burials, unknown, and other (Table 4). For my thesis, I focused solely on settlements, i.e. villages and single houses, to test the hypotheses related to settlement pattern change.

Table 4. Site types based on Anderson’s (2011) site type designations. Site Type Occupation Description Surface scatter (lithic, ceramic, bone, antler, etc.) or hearths. No evidence of occupation Activity Area Seasonal (tent elements, etc.) Evidence of features (surface or subsurface) that indicate occupation or re-occupation in addition to surface scatters (lithic, ceramic, Campsite Seasonal bone, antler, etc.) or hearths. Human remains present, evidence of surface or subsurface burials (burial markers, coffins, burial artifacts), and/or other material Cemetery/Burial N/A associated with human remains More than five houses (house depressions) with associated features (caches, drying racks, etc.). Large Village Year-round or near year-round Between two and five houses (house depressions) with associated features (caches, Small Village Year-round or near year-round drying racks, etc.). Multiple houses reported but no definitive Village Year-round or near year-round number listed. A single house (house depression) with associated features (caches, drying racks, etc.). Single House Year-round or near year-round Any description that does not fit the aforementioned categories (historic sites, Other Unknown mines, etc.). Unknown Unknown No description or information about site type.

I define settlements as large villages, villages, small villages, and single house occupations. A total of 486 settlements were identified within the study area and are presented in Appendix I. Of the total settlements, only 128 sites have temporal and site metric data required for incorporation into this thesis. For the temporal identification, I 34 used available site occupation dates or cultural phase affiliations reported on site forms or in the literature. These dates and markers likely do not represent the full occupation history of each site in many cases. All of the 128 sites were subdivided into three temporal groups for the analyses. These temporal groups are occupations before 500 BP, after 500 BP, and continuously (Table 5).

Table 5. Criterion for each temporal grouping for the analyses. Temporal Grouping Description

Before 500 BP Sites with occupation dates between 1,000 and 500 BP or associated with Thule or Birnirk cultural phases.

After 500 BP Sites with occupation dates between 500 and 100 BP or associated with Kotzebue, Arctic Woodland, or proto/historic Iniupat.

Continuously Sites that have dates that span the 500 BP boundary, dates from both before and after 500 BP, or cultural phases from both before and after 500 BP.

Based on these criteria, a total of 29 settlements have occupations that date before

500 BP (Table 6). A total 79 settlements are associated with occupations that date after

500 BP (Table 7). Lastly, 20 settlements were continuously occupied between 1,000 and

100 BP (Table 8). By including the continuously occupied settlements in both temporal periods, I will bolster the sample sizes of each group and provide more data for analysis.

While the inclusion of the continuously occupied settlements may be masking fine- grained settlement pattern change, it does provide a more robust dataset for analysis and removes researcher bias in the selection of excluding settlements that were occupied during the temporal periods.

Table 6. Site number, site name, site types, and number of houses of settlements that were occupied before 500 BP. AHRS Site Number Site Name Site Type Number of Houses BEN-00185 Single House 1 KTZ-00008 Kugruk Lagoon Large Village 20 KTZ-00023 Deering Quargi Single House 1 KTZ-00031 Old Kotzebue Large Village 200 KTZ-00068 Single House 1 KTZ-00087 Large Village 40 KTZ-00130 Large Village 25 KTZ-00131 Large Village 10 KTZ-00299 Single House 1 KTZ-00300 Deering Western Thule House 1 Single House 1 KTZ-00301 Deering Western Thule House 2 Single House 1 NOA-00008 Small Village 4 NOA-00158 Single House 1 NOA-00170 Single House 1 NOA-00274 Small Village 3 NOA-00383 Large Village 7 NOA-00468 Single House 1 NOA-00473 Large Village 7 NOA-00509 Small Village 2 NOA-00531 Small Village 2 NOA-00534 Small Village 3 NOA-00555 Single House 1 NOA-00556 Small Village 3 NOA-00578 Small Village 5 TEL-00093 Small Village 3 TEL-00216 Small Village 4 XBM-00002 Ahteut Continuation Small Village 3 XBM-00003 Ahteut Site Large Village 29 XBM-00009 Ekseavik (Eksiavik) Large Village 20

Table 7. Site number, site name, site types, and number of houses of settlements that were occupied after 500 BP. AHRS Site Number / Site Name Site Type Number of Houses Temporary Site Number AMR-00001 Onion Portage (A) Large Village 20 AMR-00002 Ambler Island Large Village 15 BEN-00029 Kuzitrin Lake #1 Small Village 3 BEN-00033 Cloud Lake Village Large Village 9 BEN-00053 Kuzitrin Lake West Village Large Village 35 CAN-00004 Iqalugruaq Small Village 2 CAN-00025 Kuluvachak Large Village 6 KTZ-00001 Village 30 KTZ-00009 Kividluk Large Village 32 KTZ-00020 Kiplaut Small Village 4 KTZ-00053 Small Village 3 KTZ-00054 Small Village 2 KTZ-00055 Large Village 12 KTZ-00056 Large Village 16 KTZ-00060 Single Occupation 1 KTZ-00090 Large Village 10 KTZ-00101 Large Village 10 KTZ-00138 Large Village 15 KTZ-00148 Large Village 11 KTZ-00171 Large Village 10 KTZ-00298 Aklaq Large Village 11 MIS-00032 Lake Kaiyak Large Village 8 NOA-00003 Aniyak Large Village 12 NOA-00140 Anigaaq C Large Village 7 NOA-00161 Small Village 3 NOA-00162 Single Occupation 1 NOA-00163 Single Occupation 1 NOA-00164 Small Village 2 NOA-00188 Single Occupation 1 NOA-00217 Agiaguat Small Village 2 NOA-00284 Atiligauraq Small Village 2 NOA-00301 Igrugaivik Creek Camp Small Village 2 NOA-00474 Single Occupation 1 NOA-00516 Large Village 9

NOM-00146 Snake River Spit Site Small Village 2 PSU-2013-006 (Nuluk) Single Occupation 1 SHF-00043 Small Village 2 SHU-00009 Shungnak Site Small Village 5 SHU-00021 Tekeahruguruk Small Village 5 SHU-00022 Black River Large Village 8 SLK-00044 Single Occupation 1 SLK-00102 Dobuk Single Occupation 1 SOL-00068 Okpiktulik Large Village 14 SOL-00093 Nuglene Site Large Village 9 TEL-00001 Sungiyorat Small Village 3 TEL-00006 Amilrokmiut Small Village 5 TEL-00007 Kauwerak Large Village 29 TEL-00060 Metoktu Large Village 17 TEL-00061 Igloo Small Village 4 TEL-00078 Nutaat Single Occupation 1 TEL-00086 Large Village 7 TEL-00087 Small Village 2 TEL-00096 Small Village 4 TEL-00099 Small Village 4 TEL-00232 Small Village 4 TEL-00233 Small Village 2 TEL-00249 Small Village 5 TEL-00250 Single Occupation 1 TEL-00251 Single Occupation 1 TEL-00252 Single Occupation 1 TEL-00256 Single Occupation 1 TEL-00257 Single Occupation 1 TEL-00258 Small Village 2 TEL-00260 Small Village 2 TEL-00263 Small Village 2 TEL-00264 Small Village 3 TEL-00265 Small Village 2 TEL-00269 Small Village 4 TEL-00272 Small Village 2 TEL-00273 Small Village 3 TEL-00278 Small Village 3 TEL-00280 Small Village 3 XBM-00001 Kavet Creek Site Large Village 28

XBM-00012 Kangiguksuk Single Occupation 1 XBM-00028 Killiktavik 2 Large Village 12 XBM-00030 Single Occupation 1 XBM-00035 Siesieaijak Small Village 4 XBM-00041 Mitkotaylyuk Single Occupation 1 XHP-00017 Large Village 24

Table 8. Site number, site name, site types, and number of houses of settlements that were continuously occupied. AHRS Site Number Site Name Site Type Number of Houses KTZ-00026 Site East of Deering Large Village 18 KTZ-00030 Intermediate Kotzebue Large Village 30 KTZ-00052 Large Village 47 KTZ-00069 Large Village 27 KTZ-00086 Large Village 11 KTZ-00088 Small Village 5 KTZ-00089 Small Village 2 NOA-00513 Large Village 45 NOA-00533 Large Village 8 NOA-00558 Large Village 6 SLK-00047 Thule-Kotzebue Village Large Village 6 SLK-00049 Sisiivik Large Village 160 SLK-00086 Single Occupation 1 SOL-00065 Kuvrawik Large Village 7 SOL-00131 Small Village 2 SLK-00100 Kiwalik Spit Village Small Village 5 TEL-00104 Large Village 7 TEL-00105 Large Village 8 TEL-00108 Single Occupation 1 XBM-00131 Maiyumerak Creek Village Large Village 9

During the database construction, I identified three primary limitations within the data: a lack of systematic surveys within the study area, a lack of temporal specificity for site occupations, and an absence of site specific data. Fieldwork within the study area was directed towards cultural resource compliance, management of federal lands, or academic

39 research. The majority of on-the-ground field work in northwest Alaska, with an emphasis on systematic survey, is limited to federal lands, e.g. Cape Krusenstern

National Monument (Anderson 2011; Freeburg and Anderson 2012; McClenahan and

Gibson 1990) and Bering Land Bridge National Preserve (BELA) (Anderson and Junge

2015; Hoffecker and Mason 2010; Powers, et al. 1982; Schaaf 1988; Tremayne 2014).

This leaves large sections of the study area with only limited aerial reconnaissance survey, reconnaissance survey, or historic and ethnographic accounts of sites; large areas are also completely unsurveyed. While this limitation does hinder the full coverage of the study area and leaves sizeable gaps in my database, until more systematic surveys occur, the dataset I compiled is complete.

Archeologists recorded 2,968 paleontological, prehistoric, and historic sites within the study area but identified only 486 settlements, i.e. villages and single house sites. Of these settlements, 190 sites have temporal occupation dates or cultural affiliations. Additionally, many sites have only one date, have additional dates that are outside the study period, or are associated with multiple occupations that spans the last

1350 years (e.g. TEL-00105, XBM-00131, and SLK-00049 “Sisiivik”) and fall within both temporal periods. These dating issues point to the gaps in our knowledge. We need to obtain multiple dates from large sites with numerous houses. There is a lack of understanding of the complexities household occupations (i.e. multiple house occupations and reuse of older houses or structural elements). Only 128 sites have temporal markers to separate them into periods for the analysis.

A general limitation in regards to site data is the lack of site metrics, i.e. the number of houses within the site and the size of houses. Unfortunately, this information is often not recorded for sites in northwest Alaska. As previously stated, much of the study area has not been surveyed and the surveyed areas were primarily aerial or reconnaissance surveys. This limited data is bolstered by ethnographic research (Burch

1998; Koutsky 1981a, 1981b, 1981c, 1981d, 1981e, 1981f; Ray 1975) and oral histories that indicate settlement locations and are listed in the AHRS database. While many of the ethnographic and oral history sites were relocated by archaeological fieldwork, some only have minimal site metric data for this analysis. Even when sites were surveyed and tested it can be difficult to identify feature type (e.g. house versus large storage cache) and feature measurements based on surface depressions and other markers. Many house structural layouts can be categorized based on the depression formations (see Darwent, et al. 2013), but no unified classification system or identification technique has been developed, beyond excavation, to completely identify specific size and shape of subsurface features. Likewise, measurements of surface features may not represent the actual size of the buried structures. The post-depositional and site formation processes may mask the physical dimensions of the structure and create larger, smaller, or merged surface depressions. Unless the measurements from a fully excavated house are provided

(e.g. Giddings 1952; Giddings and Anderson 1986) the surface depression measurements were used as a proxy for the actual house size.

Of the 128 settlements that are associated with the two temporal groups, only 83 have corresponding house measurements; however, not all house features previously

41 identified within these sites have measurement data. In some cases, there are discrepancies in house counts at large settlements, e.g. Giddings (1952) reported 200 houses at the Old Kotzebue site but only eight houses were ever excavated or depression measurements recorded (Giddings 1952; VanStone 1954). I have included all measurements that were accessible in data tables, figures, and GIS data into the house measurement database, see Appendix II. Of the 83 settlements with house measurement data, 25 are associated with an occupation before 500 BP and have a total of 145 houses measured (Table 9). The remaining 58 settlements relate to an occupation after 500 BP with a total of 320 houses measured (Table 10).

Table 9. Settlements and the number of measured houses before 500 BP. AHRS Site Number Number of Houses Measured Total Number of Houses BEN-00185 1 1 KTZ-00008 20 20 KTZ-00023 1 1 KTZ-00031 8 200 KTZ-00068 1 1 KTZ-00087 12 40 KTZ-00130 24 25 KTZ-00131 7 10 KTZ-00299 1 1 KTZ-00300 1 1 KTZ-00301 1 1 NOA-00158 1 1 NOA-00274 3 3 NOA-00383 7 7 NOA-00468 1 1 NOA-00473 7 7 NOA-00509 2 2 NOA-00531 2 2 NOA-00534 3 3 NOA-00555 1 1 NOA-00556 3 3 42

NOA-00578 5 5 TEL-00093 2 3 XBM-00003 22 29 XBM-00009 9 20

Table 10. Settlements and the number of measured houses after 500 BP.

AHRS Site Number / Temporary Site Number Number of Houses Measured Total Number of Houses AMR-00002 15 15 BEN-00029 2 3 BEN-00033 3 9 BEN-00053 9 35 CAN-0004 2 2 KTZ-00009 24 32 KTZ-00030 5 30 KTZ-00054 2 2 KTZ-00055 12 12 KTZ-00056 15 16 KTZ-00060 1 1 KTZ-00090 10 10 KTZ-00101 9 10 KTZ-00148 6 11 KTZ-00171 10 10 KTZ-00298 9 11 NOA-00003 12 12 NOA-00140 7 7 NOA-00161 2 3 NOA-00162 1 1 NOA-00163 1 1 NOA-00164 2 2 NOA-00188 1 1 NOA-00217 2 2 NOA-00284 2 2 NOA-00301 2 2 NOA-00474 1 1 PSU-2013-006 (Nuluk) 1 1 SHF-00043 2 2 SHU-00009 1 5 SLK-00044 1 1 43

SLK-00102 1 1 SOL-00068 14 14 TEL-00007 28 29 TEL-00060 17 17 TEL-00086 6 7 TEL-00087 2 2 TEL-00096 4 4 TEL-00099 4 4 TEL-00232 4 4 TEL-00233 2 2 TEL-00249 4 5 TEL-00250 1 1 TEL-00251 1 1 TEL-00252 1 1 TEL-00256 1 1 TEL-00257 1 1 TEL-00258 1 2 TEL-00260 2 2 TEL-00263 2 2 TEL-00264 3 3 TEL-00269 4 4 TEL-00272 2 2 TEL-00273 3 3 TEL-00278 3 3 TEL-00280 3 3 XBM-00001 25 28

3.4.1 Spatial Distribution of Settlements with GIS

I use three spatial analyses, Nearest Neighbor Analysis, Moran’s I, and Getis-Ord, to ascertain whether settlement patterns changed pre- and post-500 BP. Nearest Neighbor

Analysis measures the observed average distance of a target feature and the nearest neighbors and compares this value to the distance of the expected value between nearest neighbors in a random pattern (Bolstad 2012; O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014; Rogerson

2015; Wheatley and Gillings 2003). The Nearest Neighbor Analysis is used to evaluate

44 the spatial distribution of settlements within the study area. Based on the output index of the Nearest Neighbor Analysis, the tool will identify whether the pattern being analyzed is clustered (i.e. a score < 1) or dispersed (i.e. a score > 1). The Nearest Neighbor

Analysis provides z-scores and p-values for each output to indicate the significance of the results.

Moran’s I measures the spatial autocorrelation, which is the degree to which spatial features cluster together or disperse, of the value associated with selected features and identifies whether their distributions cluster, order, or disperse (Bolstad 2012;

O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014; Rogerson 2015; Wheatley and Gillings 2003). Both global and local Moran’s I are used to evaluate the spatial distribution of size, the number of houses per settlement, of settlements and identify where clustering is occurring within the study area. As stated previously, the global Moran’s I tests a single value against the entire dataset while the local Moran’s I calculates a value and tests for each observation

(O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014; Rogerson 2015). The global measure produces a numerical output that indicates a clustered (score of +1), dispersed (score of -1), or random pattern

(score of -0.99-0.99). The local measure (Anselin Local Moran’s I) creates an output feature class, i.e. points or polygons, that identifies locations that are clustered, dispersed, or outliers. The local Moran’s I output will identify locations of High-High (large values near larger values) and Low-Low (small values near small values) clustering and outliers.

The outliers indicate locations that are High-Low (large values near small values) and

Low-High (small values near large values). Both Moran’s I analyses list z-scores and p- values for each output to indicate the significance of the results.

Getis-Ord analysis is an examination of spatial density, but goes beyond density to locate statistically significant hot and cold spots, places of high value and low value, of clustered features (Bolstad 2012; Mitchel 2005; O'Sullivan and Unwin 2014; Rogerson

2015). Local Getis-Ord analysis is used to test the spatial distribution of the size of settlements and identify the location of settlements that are significantly large or small in size within the study area. The local Getis-Ord (Getis-Ord Gi* “hot-spot”) creates an output feature class that visually discerns where the high and low value clustering is occurring within the study area. The output for the local Getis-Ord analysis presents p- values and z-scores that specify the significance of the results.

These spatial analyses are used to test my expectations that the spatial pattern before 500 BP was clustered with key settlements and the spatial pattern after 500 BP was dispersed with key settlement locations shifting from aggregated locations. Each of these spatial analytical tools has required fields for the analyses to run in ArcGIS. The required fields for the Nearest Neighbor Analysis are feature class and distance method.

The feature class is the shapefile, i.e. points or polygons, with which the analysis will be performed. The distance method is a pre-constructed method of measuring distance within the ESRI ArcGIS software (see ESRI ArcGIS for full description). The distance method has a default setting, Euclidean distance, that is suitable for exploratory analyses as Manhattan distance is designed for city street grid analysis.

The Moran’s I and Getis-Ord analyses required fields include feature class, input value, minimum sample size, spatial relationship, distance method, and distance bandwidth (Table 11). The first three requirements are based on data being analyzed. The 46 feature class, as described above, is the shapefile on which the analysis will be performed. The input values are the numeric values. In these analyses it is the number of houses per settlement for each feature being analyzed. Each tool requires a minimum sample size of 30 features for the analysis to be performed. The last three required fields for the spatial tools are parameters set on data while the analysis is being performed.

Spatial relationships is a pre-constructed procedure within the ESRI ArcGIS software

(see ESRI ArcGIS for full descriptions). The spatial relationship sets constants on how each feature is influenced by other features or the spatial environment. These relationships are inverse distance, inverse distance squared, fixed distance band, zone of indifference, contiguity edges only, contiguity edge corners, and spatial weights. As stated above, the distance method is how the distances are being measured for the analysis. The spatial relationship parameter has default setting that is suitable for exploratory analyses.

Table 11. Required features and parameters used for global and local Moran’s I and Getis-Ord. Required Field Value or Parameter

Feature Class Point

Input Value Number of Houses

Number of Entries Temporal Period Dependent

Spatial Relationship Inverse Distance

Distance Method Euclidean Distance

Bandwidth 34 km (Ethnographic) / 113.576 km (Incremental)

The default for spatial relationship for most spatial analytical tools is Inverse

Distance. Inverse Distance calculates the spatial autocorrelation value by adding more computational weighting to nearby neighboring features over other features that are further away. Bandwidth, the last parameter required for this analysis, has a functional application for the spatial relationship parameter. For the Inverse Distance relationship, the bandwidth specifies the cutoff distance at which the neighboring features are included in analysis of the target feature. The bandwidth can be selected based on specific information about the dataset or input data using Incremental Spatial Autocorrelation, a spatial analysis tool. For this analysis, I ran the spatial statistic tools with two bandwidths.

The two bandwidths used were based on 1) the ESRI ArcGIS spatial tool and regional ethnographic data. The first bandwidth was generated using the Incremental

Spatial Autocorrelation tool in ArcGIS. The parameters for this tool required feature class, input value, and distance band in the output data, and a beginning distance. For this 48 tool I used a beginning distance of 36 km and 20 segments based on the number of houses from all settlements within the complete database. These parameters were selected for an exploratory analysis to find the peak distance for spatial autocorrelation. A distance value of 113.576 km was used by the tool as the first and maximum peak based on the settlement data. The second bandwidth was selected based on the average foraging radius for male arctic hunters during the ethnographic period. The range of 34 km was calculated using Binford’s (2001:238) compiled data stating that average round-trip distance is 26.4 km with a standard deviation of 7.93. The value of 34 km was generated based on my assumption that hunter-gatherers would position settlements outside each other’s round-trip distance range to minimize competition over resource access. While ethnographic data indicate that sharing of resources occurred, I feel that this bandwidth represents a more accurate relationship between settlements than using a larger or smaller bandwidth.

3.4.2 Site Metric Analyses

I use IBM SPSS Statistics 23 software to conduct site metric analysis. The goal of this analysis was to test whether there are significant differences in the mean measurements for settlement size and house size. For these analyses, I used a two sample t-test to identify if the difference between the two means is statistically significant

(Fletcher and Lock 2005). The basic assumptions of these types of tests are that the sample sizes for the two populations are equal and that populations are normally distributed.

The assumption of normality, an important aspect of statistical analysis, and tests, such as Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk, was used to evaluate whether the populations are normally distributed. Depending upon whether the assumptions of normality hold, two types of analysis can be used to test for differences in the means

(Fletcher and Lock 2005). For parametric samples, normal distribution, the basic paired- sample t-test was used. For non-parametric samples, non-normal distribution, the Mann-

Whitney Test U was used. Before I tested the statistical difference between the average settlement size and average house size, I ran the Shapiro-Wilk test to identify the distribution of data. The Shapiro-Wilk test assumes a null hypothesis that the sample has a non-normal distribution and is recommended for datasets with small and large sample sizes (Razali and Wah 2011).

I also tested settlement data to explore the relationship between the number of settlements recorded for the two temporal datasets. Using a One-Sample Chi-Square test,

I tested whether the observed frequencies match the expected theoretical frequencies

(Fletcher and Lock 2005). The default expected frequencies in SPSS are 50% of the total observed frequencies. The total observed frequencies is 108 settlements, 29 before 500

BP (Table 9) and 79 after 500 BP (Table 10), with expected frequencies of 54. Chi-

Square test assumes a null hypothesis that no association between the frequencies was present (Fletcher and Lock 2005).

Chapter 4.1: Results

In this chapter, I will present the results of the spatial distribution and site metric analyses. I will first show the results of the Nearest Neighbor Analysis. Then, I will present the global Moran’s I followed by the output of the local Moran’s I and local

Getis-Ord analyses. I will then describe the results of the normality tests for the site metric data and identify the t-test used for the additional analyses. Lastly, I will present the results of the average settlement size and average house size t-test analyses.

4.2 Nearest Neighbor Analysis

As previously stated, the Nearest Neighbor Analysis tests the spatial distribution of settlements before and after 500 BP. Table 12 presents the Nearest Neighbor Analysis index value for the settlements in the two temporal periods. A Nearest Neighbor index of

0.562 with a p-value of 0.000 indicates that the spatial pattern before 500 BP has a clustered distribution and is statistically significant. Similarly, a Nearest Neighbor index of 0.578 with a p-value of 0.000 indicates that the spatial pattern before 500 BP has a clustered distribution and is statistically significant.

Table 12. The Nearest Neighbor Analysis for two temporal periods.

Analysis Nearest Neighbor Index Z-score p-value Significant

Before 500 BP 0.562 -5.625 0.000 Yes

After 500 BP 0.578 -7.919 0.000 Yes

4.3 Global Moran’s I Spatial Distribution Analysis

As stated above, the global Moran’s I evaluates the spatial distribution of the size settlements, the number of houses per settlement, before and after 500 BP. Table 13 lists the Moran’s I spatial statistics for the size of settlements in the two temporal groups using both the ethnographic and incremental spatial bandwidth distances. Based on the statistical output values, the difference between the two bandwidths is marginal and shows no scale effects on data. With this in mind, I used the spatial statistic values associated with the ethnographic foraging distances for my analysis. A Moran’s I value of

0.088 with a p-value of 0.679 indicates that the spatial pattern of the size of settlements before 500 BP has a random distribution and is not statistically significant. Likewise, the

Moran’s I value of 0.042 with a p-value of 0.751 indicates that the spatial pattern of the size of settlements after 500 BP is a random distribution and is not statistically significant.

Table 13. Global Moran’s I spatial statistics for the two temporal groups separated into the ethnographic and incremental spatial bandwidth distances.

Analysis Bandwidth Moran’s I Z-score p-value Significant

Before 500 BP 34 km 0.088 0.413 0.679 No

113.576 km 0.083 0.410 0.681 No

After 500 BP 34 km 0.042 0.318 0.751 No

113.576 km 0.041 0.330 0.742 No

4.3.2 Local Moran’s I Spatial Analysis

Local Moran’s I evaluates the spatial relationship of the size of settlements based on their corresponding size values within the study area to identify locations of high and low clustering of settlements before and after 500 BP (Table 14). Using the ethnographic bandwidth distance, the local Moran’s I before 500 BP (Figure 6:A1) identifies KTZ-

00030 (Intermediate Kotzebue site) and KTZ-00031 (Old Kotzebue site) as High-High clustered settlements and SLK-00049 (Sisiivik site) as a High-Low outlier. No other settlements during this temporal period are significantly clustered. After 500 BP (Figure

6:A2), the local Moran’s I indicates that the Sisiivik site is still a High-Low outlier and that no other settlements are significantly clustered.

Table 14. Local Moran's I output descriptions.

Output Type Description Settlement does not have a significantly high or low value (number of houses) and is surrounded by similar settlements Not Significant within the distance bandwidth. Settlement has high values (number of houses) and is located near settlements within the distance bandwidth that also have High-High Clustering high values. Settlement has high values (number of houses) and is located near settlements within the distance bandwidth that have low High-Low Outlier values. Settlement has low values (number of houses) and is located near settlements within the distance bandwidth that have high Low-High Outlier values. Settlement has low values (number of houses) and is located near settlements within the distance bandwidth that also have Low-Low Clustering low values.

Based on the incremental spatial bandwidth distance, the local Moran’s I before

500 BP (Figure 6:B1) identifies the Old Kotzebue site as the only High-High clustered settlement. No other settlements are significantly clustered. After 500 BP (Figure 6:B2), 53 the local Moran’s I indicates that the Intermediate Kotzebue site and KTZ-00001

(Kotzebue site) are High-High clustered settlements with the Sisiivik site as a High-Low outlier and SLK-00102 (Dobuk site) as a Low-High outlier.

Figure 5. Local Moran’s I spatial statistics of settlements before (1) and after (2) 500 BP using the ethnographic (A) and incremental spatial (B) bandwidth distances.

4.3.3 Local Getis-Ord Gi* Spatial Analysis

Local Getis-Ord Gi* “hotspot analysis” evaluates the spatial relationship of the size of settlements, number of houses per settlement, based on their corresponding size values within the study area to identify statistically significant locations of settlements before and after 500 BP. Using the ethnographic bandwidth distance, the local Getis-Ord

Gi* before 500 BP (Figure 7:A1) identifies the Old Kotzebue site and Sisiivik as statistically significant hotspots at a 99% confidence level. After 500 BP (Figure 7:A2), the local Getis-Ord Gi* indicates that Sisiivik is still a hotspot (99% confidence level) but now KTZ-00052 and NOA-00513 are statistically significant hotspots at a 95% confidence level. These significance values indicate settlements that are uniquely larger or smaller in relation to the size (number of houses per settlements) of settlements surrounding the original settlement being analyzed. Based on the incremental spatial bandwidth, the Getis-Ord Gi* outputs for the settlements before 500 BP (Figure 7:B1) and after 500 BP (Figure 7:B2) are the same as the ethnographic bandwidth.

Figure 6. Local Getis-Ord Gi* spatial statistics of settlements before (1) and after (2) 500 BP using the ethnographic (A) and incremental spatial (B) bandwidth distances.

4.4.1 Site Metric Analyses

Both site metric datasets, the average number of houses per site and the average house size, were tested for normality using the Shapiro-Wilk test. For the settlement size datasets, the samples for both before 500 BP (Figure 8) and after 500 BP (Figure 9) have p-values of < 0.001. I cannot reject the null hypothesis and I therefore conclude the data have a non-normal distribution. For the house size datasets, the samples for both before

500 BP (Figure 10) and after 500 BP (Figure 11) have p-values of < 0.001. I cannot reject the null hypothesis and I therefore conclude that data have a non-normal distribution.

Because all four datasets have a non-normal distribution, I use the Mann-Whitney U test to compare the means of the average number of houses per site and the average house size.

Figure 7. Shapiro-Wilk test and distribution of settlement size before 500 BP.

Figure 8. Shapiro-Wilk test and distribution of settlement size after 500 BP.

Figure 9. Shapiro-Wilk test and distribution of house size (m2) before 500 BP.

Figure 10. Shapiro-Wilk test and distribution of house size (m2) after 500 BP.

The relationship between the number of settlements before and after 500 BP was tested using the One-Sample Chi-Square test (Table 15). Based on this data, there is a significant difference in the number of settlements when comparing the two temporal periods (2 = 23.148, df = 1, p = <0.001).

Table 15. Observed values, expected values, and residuals of the number of settlements before and after 500 BP.

Observed N Expected N Residual After 79 54.0 25.0 Before 29 54.0 -25.0 Total 108

4.4.2 Average Settlement Size Analysis

Based on the non-normal distribution of the datasets, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to test the difference in the average number of houses per settlement before and after 500 BP. Mean values in the settlement before and after 500 BP (Table 16) were

51.88 and 55.46 houses, respectively; the average number of settlements in the two groups are not statistically significant (Mann-Whitney U = 990.5, p = 0.408 two-tailed).

Table 16. Mann-Whitney U rank order values of the number of houses per settlement before and after 500 BP.

Period N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks Houses Before 29 51.88 1504.50 After 79 55.46 4381.50 Total 108

4.4.3 Average House Size Analysis

Based on the non-normal distribution of the datasets, the Mann-Whitney U test was used to test the difference in the average house size before and after 500 BP. Mean values in the settlement before and after 500 BP (Table 17) were 236.74 and 231.30 m2, respectively; the average house size (m2) in the two groups are not statistically significant

(Mann-Whitney U = 22,657.0, p = 0.686 two-tailed).

Table 17. Mann-Whitney U rank order values of the house size per settlement before and after 500 BP.

Period N Mean Rank Sum of Ranks Houses Before 145 236.74 34328.0 After 320 231.30 74017.0 Total 465

Chapter 5.1: Discussion and Conclusion

In this chapter, I discuss the results of the analyses. First, I interpret the hypotheses based on the results and inferences of the spatial and site metric analyses.

Then, I discuss the broader implications of the analyses and directions for future research.

Lastly, I present my conclusions.

5.2 Testing Settlement Pattern Change in Northwest Alaska

Archaeologists’ ideas about settlement patterns are prefaced on the belief that prior to 500 BP larger populations were occupying large settlements aggregated on the coast at key resource procurement locations. Aafter 500 BP the settlement pattern changed to decreased populations occupying smaller settlements, single houses and small villages, and dispersed along the coast. It is also thought that groups moved these smaller settlements into the interior at this time. I tested this hypothesis by addressing three questions relating to the change in settlement patterns:

Did the spatial distribution of settlements, villages and single house sites, change from a clustered to a dispersed pattern after 500 BP?

Results: Reject the null hypothesis. The evidence shows that statistically significant clustering of settlements in the spatial distribution of settlement from 1000-

500 BP and after 500 BP.

Did the spatial distribution of settlement size, the number of houses per settlement, change after 500 BP?

Results: Could not reject the null hypothesis. There is no evidence of a statistically significant change in the spatial distribution of settlement from 1000-500 BP and after 500 BP.

Did the size of settlements, average number houses per site, change after 500 BP?

Results: Could not reject the null hypothesis. There is no evidence of a statistically significant change in size of settlements from 1000-500 BP and after 500 BP.

Did the average house size (m2) change after 500 BP?

Results: Could not reject the null hypothesis. There is no evidence of a statistically significant change in average house size from 1000-500 BP and after 500 BP.

Based on the results of the spatial analysis and site metric analysis, results do not indicate a major change in settlement patterns before and after 500 BP. The Nearest

Neighbor Analysis indicates a statistically significant clustering of settlement during both temporal periods, but does not indicate a change in settlement patters before and after 500

BP. The global Moran’s I spatial statistic failed to reject the null hypotheses. The random spatial distribution of the size of settlements before and after 500 BP indicates that settlements were not selectively organized or dispersed during either period. As no change occurred before and after 500 BP, I cannot reject my null hypothesis. There is no statistically significant change in settlement patterns based on the spatial distribution of sites.

Next, I tested whether the local Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi* spatial statistics would identify changes in the size of settlements based on their locations within the study area before and after 500 BP. Sites around Kotzebue Sound appear as stable settlements during both temporal periods. The only major change that the analyses indicated was a movement away from the Baldwin Peninsula; the location of Old Kotzebue, Intermediate

Kotzebue, and Sisiivik; to significant hotspots at NOA-00513 on Cape Krusenstern and

KTZ-00052 located around White Fish Lake, southwest of Cape Espenberg, after 500

BP. At first glance, this movement may indicate a change in settlement patterns based on the settlement locations away from previous hotspots along different portions of the coastline. Yet, the sites of NOA-00513 (located within 1 km of the coast) and KTZ-

00052 (located with 16 km of the coasts) showed continuous occupation through both temporal periods based on radiocarbon dates and other archaeological evidence.

One interesting result of the Getis-Ord Gi* analysis is that no cold spots, locations that have significant clustering of small villages or single house occupations, are indicated. The lack of cold spots is likely due to the fact that no locations of multiple single house occupations or small villages occur without some large villages nearby. If no small value, e.g. one to two houses per settlement, settlements are found near each other then no cold spots will occur. Two explanations for this fact are the way sites are defined or that some areas within the study region have been heavily studied and systematically surveyed.

Archaeologically, sites are defined by the evidence of cultural material found either by surface or subsurface testing. Generally, the site boundary is delineated if no 65 cultural material is found 10-15 meters, based on state defined distances, away from the last artifact or feature. This process may create multiple sites that were once one larger site or, conversely, a site may be created that should be broken into smaller sites based on the distances between artifacts or features. The somewhat subjective nature of defining site boundaries is a fundamental problem in archaeology that is not easily resolved

(Alaska Department of Natural Resources 2015).

The other possible explanation for no cold spots is that some areas within the study region have been heavily studied or surveyed systematically. Areas such as Cape

Krusenstern, Cape Espenberg, and coastal and riverine areas within National Parks have had intensive research conducted. Within the intensive research and systematic survey, i.e. Cape Krusenstern and the Nuluk Project, more sites are identified and recorded.

While these areas may increase the number of sites recorded, they are a mix of large villages, small villages, and single house occupations. It is possible that further survey, specifically systematic survey, may identify other settlements, either small or large, outside these heavily researched areas. While further research will provide more useful data, the current dataset does provide a range of data to conduct an exploratory analysis of settlement patterns in northwest Alaska.

As with any spatial or non-spatial analysis, the removal of outliers or changes in the parameters of the analysis can change the results of data analysis. The only differences between the two temporal datasets were the number of settlements included.

The site metric analyses tested the normality of, and differences between, the two

66 temporal datasets. The non-normal distribution and statistically significant difference between the sizes of the samples may be affecting the results.

The Nearest Neighbor Analysis yielded statistically significant clustered distributions of sites in both temporal periods. These patterns are interesting as prior research indicates that the distribution after 500 BP should be dispersed. Exploring the data further, specific locations in both temporal periods may be driving the pattern based on the number of settlement within these locations. Before 500 BP, there are four locations that have multiple settlements within them. These locations include Cape

Krusenstern (n=13), Cape Espenberg (n=6), Nuluk study area (n=4), and the Deering area

(n=6). After 500 BP, there are five locations that have multiple settlements within them.

These locations include Cape Krusenstern (n=8), Cape Espenberg (n=9), Nuluk study area (n=20), White Fish Lake area (n=5), and the Port Clarence study area (n=6).

As an exploratory analysis of the results of my Nearest Neighbor Analysis, I ran an aggregation tool within ESRI ArcGIS to consolidate these areas into fewer settlements within specific locations. The aggregation tool uses a defined bandwidth to generate an area (polygon) around all settlements within that area. A limitation of this tool is that it starts with the closest settlements to each other and only creates a polygon around the nearest settlements to the initially delineated settlements. This will create areas that appear to exclude settlements that would be within the bandwidth of the newly generated area but are not included into the polygon, but remains as a settlement in the dataset. As my use of this tool is just a way of exploring data further, this limitation can be

67 overlooked to see if the specific locations are driving the observed clustered pattern before and after 500 BP.

During this exploratory analysis, I started with bandwidths of 20 meters and 50 meters based on how archaeologists define site boundaries (Alaska Department of

Natural Resources 2015). Using the starting bandwidth, no sites were aggregated. I expanded the bandwidth and I found two aggregations between 200-300 meters. I finally selected a large bandwidth, 16 km, to see if this would identify the specific locations that

I noted earlier. This bandwidth did identify the specific locations listed above as well as two other locations after 500 BP. These locations are in the area of Kivalina (n=4) and on the Noatak river (n=3). I aggregated these locations based on the areas defined by the tool and created single locations in the center of the polygons. Once all the data had been aggregated, I ran the Nearest Neighbor Analysis again to see if the pattern had changed.

Table 18 presents the Nearest Neighbor Analysis of the aggregated settlement for the two temporal periods. The results of the Nearest Neighbor Analysis indicate that both temporal periods now have a random spatial distribution that is not statistically significant and that no change occurred before or after 500 BP. While the use of such a large bandwidth can be seen as manipulating the data to an extreme, it does highlight how site boundary definition can drive some of the patterning identified by spatial analysis.

Table 18. The Nearest Neighbor Analysis for two temporal periods.

Analysis Nearest Neighbor Index Z-score p-value Significant

Before 500 BP 1.066 0.575 0.565 No

After 500 BP 0.899 -1.370 0.171 No

68 Of the settlements identified by the local Moran’s I and Getis-Ord analyses, only the Old Kotzebue site, a 200 house village, and the Intermediate Kotzebue site, a 30 house village, show a change in High-High clustering (large sites located near each other) between the two temporal periods. The removal of any of the larger settlements (i.e. Old

Kotzebue and Sisiivik) from the analysis changes the location of significantly clustered settlements and the statistical significance of their distribution, as they are now the largest sites. Both NOA-00513, a 45 house village, and KTZ-00052, a 47 house village, are the next largest villages following Sisiivik, a 160 house village, after 500 BP and appear significant based on the Local Getis-Ord Gi* analysis.

Likewise, the parameters used for the analyses influence the results, specifically the bandwidths I used when testing the spatial distribution of the settlement data. The ethnographic bandwidth, 34 km, was based on foraging data of populations living in northwest Alaska, whereas the incremental spatial bandwidth, 113.576 km, was a product of the dataset. The incremental distance tool generates the optimal distance bandwidth so that no individual settlement was without a neighboring settlement for the spatial analysis. The comparison of the bandwidths shows a marginal difference between the results. Only in the local Moran’s I do the results change between the two bandwidths.

The results of the analysis with the incremental spatial bandwidth indicate that Sisiivik, a

High-Low outlier, before 500 BP, and SLK-00047, a Low-High outlier, after 500 BP, are the only noticeable changes in site distribution. It is likely that these changes are a result of parameters set upon the spatial analysis as we do not see this same pattern when using the ethnographic bandwidth to conduct the same analysis.

69 The 34 km bandwidth was calculated based on the average daily foraging radius,

~16 km, of arctic populations (Binford 2001). Using Binford’s estimated daily traveling distance, it could take a hunter-gatherer group up to seven days to travel between locations. This spatial distance and the energetic demand to travel that far would decrease the effective relationship between settlements at that distance. Even with the marginal differences between the results, it is possible that a refinement of the parameters and dataset could provide a clear picture of the interaction between settlements. Overall, the spatial analysis of settlements before and after 500 BP could not reject the null hypotheses and indicate no change in the settlement patterns over the study period.

To explore the effect of changing the settlements that are included in the local

Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi* analyses. I adjusted the samples per temporal period to remove the continuously occupied settlements (with the exception of KTZ-00088 being included in the before 500 BP period to reach the 30 sample threshold) and only tested the results of the ethnographic bandwidth. We can see that adjusting the samples to exclude Sisiivik, NOA-00513, and KTZ-00052 does affect the outcome and results of these analyses. The local Moran’s I now indicate that Old Kotzebue is a High-Low outlier before 500 BP with no other settlements significantly clustered (Figure 11:A1).

70 Figure 11. Exploratory local Moran’s I (A) and Getis-Ord Gi* (B) analyses of settlements before (1) and after (2) 500 BP excluding the continuously occupied settlements.

71 When the continuously occupied settlements are eliminated from analysis, the clustering of settlements changes dramatically after 500 BP. This is most apparent in the fact that the original analysis indicates Sisiivik as the only settlement of significant size

(Figure 5:A2) while the new analysis indicates that Kavet Creek (XBM-00001), Onion

Portage A (AMR-00001), and Metoktu (TEL-00060) are all High-High clustered settlements (Figure 11:A2). All three settlements are located in the interior with Kavet

Creek and Onion Portage over 100 km from Kotzebue Sound on the Kobuk River and

Metoktu just over 16 km from Grantley Harbor on the Agiapuk River. While the change in clustered settlements appears significant and suggests a shift into the interior, the overarching challenge of the dataset still persists. Kavet Creek, Onion Portage A, and

Metoktu are similar to Old Kotzebue, Intermediate Kotzebue, and Sisiivik in that they are some of the largest settlements in the dataset and likely are driving the results of the analysis.

This effect is also present within the Getis-Ord Gi* spatial analyses (Figure 11:B1

& B2). All of the sites that are significant hotspots are the largest sites within the dataset or appear to be far enough outside the distance bandwidth of other settlements to present a possible false significance. For example, XHP-00017 is a 24 house settlement and over

70 km away from the nearest settlement (Figure 11:B2). What these exploratory analyses reveal is that when using these tools we must be cautious to justify our parameters and also in interpreting the results.

Next, I tested the site metric data to evaluate whether average settlement size and average house size were different pre- and post-500 BP. Neither the average settlement 72 size nor the average house size was statistically different between the two temporal periods. What the results indicate is a possible consistency in settlement formations, the range in single house to larger villages, and house sizes throughout the study period do not change even if more settlements are present after 500 BP. While the number of settlements occupied between the periods before and after 500 BP are statistically different, that does not appear to affect either of the site metric analyses.

While the site metric analyses does not indicate a change in the settlement pattern before and after 500 BP the house site analysis within each of the temporal periods may illustrate some variation in the range of house size. To explore the possible variations in house size within the temporal periods, I ran an exploratory box and whisker plot in IBM

SPSS. The results of the exploratory research are presented in Figures 12-14. Overall the pattern before 500 BP is of a wide variation in house size within some sites while the majority of the sites have an average house size below 50 m2. After 500 BP, the overall pattern shows a consistent average house size below 50 m2 with some large outliers or wide ranges. Initially comparing the two results would suggest that more large houses and large averages are present before 500 BP. Yet, the seven settlements with the larger houses and larger averages are all from Cape Krusenstern. This result is consistent with the pattern identified by prior research (Giddings 1952; Giddings and Anderson 1986) of large sized houses before 500 BP. But, since these houses were used to developed the settlement pattern may mean that Cape Krusenstern generally has large houses during this temporal period. One explanation for this pattern could lay geomorphology of the beachridge complex at Cape Krusenstern.

73 Figure 1. Range of house sizes within settlement before 500 BP.1. Range of house sizesFigure within before settlement

74 Figure 2. Range of house after 500 and sizesBEN-00029 Figure withinBP. between NOA-00474, settlements,

75 -06 -06 500and BP. XBM-00001, after Figure 3. Range of house sizes within settlements, between PSU-2013 3. Range of house between sizesFigure within settlements,

76 In the region, many sites are located on sand deposits or sediments that accumulated through aeolian, fluvial, or ocean processes. The primary deposits at Cape

Krusenstern are gravels instead of other deposits. These gravel deposits may be contributing to the larger sizes of houses as the house depressions that were measured for the analysis may be bigger due to slumpage of the deposits over time. Whereas, the sand or other sediment deposits that make up the other sites in the region may hold the shape of the original collapsed semi-subterranean house better over time. While I currently cannot test whether this explanation is correct, the fact that without the Cape Krusenstern sites the average house sizes before and after 500 BP are relatively consistent and are being smaller than 50 m2. What these site metrics do not address is the overall demographic change that is associated with the periods between 1200 - 500 BP and 500 -

100 BP.

A recent demographic study indicates a general trend of population growth during the late Holocene in northwest Alaska (Anderson, et al. Forthcoming). During the late

Holocene, the observed trends fluctuate and may represent periods of population decline and growth. Bayesian analysis of 1034 radiocarbon dates indicate a period of population decline from approximately 1300 cal BP to 1000 cal BP. This is followed by a significant population increase between 1000 and 650 cal BP. This is followed by a period of population decline starting at approximately 550 cal BP. This study does evaluate possible alternative explanations for these patterns that include taphonomic effects, patterns in the calibration curve itself, archaeological biases, and large radiocarbon 77 sample sizes from specific sites (e.g. Cape Krusenstern). Though an archaeological bias of not dating sites that indicate contact or post-contact material exists, the period of population decline after 550 cal BP still appears in demographic studies that contain a robust sample of dates leading into the contact era (Anderson and Freeburg 2013, 2014).

The results of this demographic analysis further lead us to expect a decline in the number of settlements, the average size of settlements, and average house sizes after 500 BP.

One explanation for the inconsistencies between the demographic study

(Anderson et al. Forthcoming) and this thesis is that populations within in the region could have been more densely packed in settlements and houses before 500 BP than after

500 BP. Alternatively, the houses occupied before 500 BP may represent multi-use or multi-component activities where the people who used them would re-occupy a house rather than construct a new one. This argument is based on an assumption about house occupation that comes from the ethnographic record (Burch 2006; Giddings 1961). If more than eight people lived in a house (Burch 2006:97) or houses were occupied longer than one generation, the average number of houses per village would appear lower than the population living within the region. After 500 BP, the consistency in the number of houses and the size of houses with the overall decrease in expected populations could represent the generational movement of people or the construction of new houses within the settlement area rather than reoccupying a house. While these are plausible explanations, further analysis of multiple features per site to better understand house occupation histories is needed to test these idea. Until more data are collected, I can only say that site metric data do not appear consistent with the results of demographic analysis

78 of the regional radiocarbon data and that site metrics do not change over the last 500 years.

5.3 Broader Implications and Directions for Future Research

Overall, the results of this thesis show no observable changes in settlement patterns in northwest Alaska before and after 500 BP. It is still plausible that small-scale changes in settlement patterns occurred at key sites, i.e. Cape Krusenstern and Cape

Espenberg, or more localized study areas that do not represent a region-wide shift. As stated before, the prehistory of the region was defined by archaeologists conducting research at unique sites that provided data for the cultural phase designations. While these cultural phases may provide rough temporal associations and assumptions of settlement patterns to test against, we should not apply their localized settlement patterns to the region. We must continue to conduct research that expands our understanding of the late

Holocene on a broader regional and temporal scale and move away from focusing on specific temporal periods or cultural phases.

In addition to expanding our understanding of the late Holocene on a broad scale, research must focus on a better understanding of intra-site dynamics and occupation history. Many of the sites used for this analysis were temporally defined by a small number of radiocarbon dates (an average of 2 dates for the 34 sites that have radiocarbon dates). The Sisiivik site is one of these temporally questionable settlements. A total of three radiocarbon dates have been run to date a 160 house village (BIA 2015, personal communication; O’Leary 2007). The disproportion between the number of radiocarbon

79 dates and houses raises questions of the true site occupation history. Refined occupation chronology and settlement size data could provide a more developed analysis of settlement patterns across northwest Alaska and within sub-regions.

While testing the settlement patterns on a sub-region scale, e.g. within watershed or other smaller scales, would be beneficial to the study of settlement patterns in the region, I was unable to conduct this research at the time. As stated above, the original dataset of 486 settlements within the region may provide robust analysis of regional settlement patterns the current dataset does not have adequate data to run the spatial analytical tools, i.e. minimum of 30 per temporal period. Once that threshold is reached, further research can build on my analysis and test settlements at other scale to see if variation occurs within and between sub-regional areas.

5.4 Conclusions

The results of this study provide a comprehensive statistical and spatial analysis of regional settlement pattern change in Northwest Alaska over the last 1500 years. While archaeologists still cite the 30 year-old settlement pattern, when looking at the spatial distribution of settlement pre- and post-500 BP we see no significant change in the settlement pattern. I expected that the Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi* analyses would indicate a clustering of large settlements in key coastal locations before 500 BP and a dispersal of smaller settlements in different locations along the coast and into the interior after 500 BP. While the analyses did indicate large settlements in key locations along the coast, a shift to the interior and other locations does not appear to have occurred. It is

80 entirely possible, however, that the limited sample size of before 500 BP, the exceedingly large villages (e.g. Sissivik and Old Kotzebue), or the lack of comprehensive dating of houses within each village may be masking subtle changes in the settlement patterns on a decade or generational scale.

Based on the site metric analyses, average number of houses per settlement and the average house size, I expected to see a shift from larger settlements and large houses to smaller settlements and smaller houses pre- and post-500 BP. However, the Mann-

Whitney U test show no statistically significant difference between the two time period in both the average settlement size and the average house size. These analyses indicate that this aspect of settlement patterns stays constant throughout the study periods just as the spatial distribution analysis showed. However, similar to the spatial analysis, it is possible that lack of comprehensive dating of the houses within each village or the lack of complete measurements for every house within every settlement may be obscuring possible changes to site metrics on smaller temporal scales.

While both the spatial distribution analysis and the site metric analyses did not meet my expectations, these tools and methods can provide archaeologists with ways to test if settlement patterns have changed and provide a level of statistical significance. GIS is a powerful platform with ever increasing ways to test, analyze, and interpret data. Yet, as discussed above, researchers need to be cautious with what data they include and exclude in their analyses as well as be explicit in listing and justifying their test parameters. Only by conducting research with complete transparency of methods and

81 data will other studies of settlement patterns and culture change comparable and replicable in other regions.

In addition to conducting transparent and replicable research within the region, more fieldwork is recommended to better understand the land use and activities in northwest Alaska. As pointed out previously in this thesis, much of northwest Alaska has not been systematically surveyed and specific ecoregions have likely only received aerial or photographic surveys because of many locations remote nature. By expanding systematic surveys beyond coastlines and rivers, archaeologists can gain begin to fully understand the complex interactions between humans and their environments and explore past hunter-gatherer land use within the region.

Furthermore, the statistical testing of settlement size and house size through time will broaden our understanding of other aspects of culture change. By looking at changes in settlement size and structure, researchers can expand our understanding of possible shifts in social organization through time. Similarly, additional research into changes in house size at small temporal or spatial scales may support current population reconstruction (Anderson, et al. Forthcoming) or indicate other shifts in regional population size. Through these steps we can continue to build upon current research and incorporate new and previously recorded data to expand our understanding of past human lifeways. It is a goal of future settlement pattern change research to further our knowledge of the complex nature of human-environmental interactions in northwest

Alaska.

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95 - is a 0) is 7 AHRS site (AHRS descriptions 2015). This is the is Norton-Ipiutak-Thule This Portage. Onion The of Phases principal site the district, within the Portage site Onion (AMR-1 stratified river series of deeply edge layers. occupation Immediately above Portage the site Onion the is 9000 perhaps year old Akmak site (AMR-169). Throughout the rest of the 16,000 acre district are scattered numerous settlement sites and surface Portage remains. Onion Louis first discovered was by 1941 in Giddings and excavation The of results his, 1964. in began and other's, revealed work eight bands- stratigraphic occupation layers. [Sites each subsidiary with district this the boundaries of within include the site Jade Creek Site the Kayak (AMR-007), (AMR-058), AMR-059, and AMR-060.] 3170±120; 2 2750±140; 35 36 3 Available Radiocarbon Dates (Conventional Dates) K-8 K-8 Beta-211081 3770±40; Beta-211082 3600±40; AA-74553 3542±37; AA-74554 3533±37; AA-74556 3592±37; AA-74557 3761±37; AA-74558 3581±37; AA-74559 3845±37; AA-74560 3443±37; AA-74561 3551±37; AA-75777 3655±36; AA-75778 3533±36; AA-75779 3532±38; AA-75780 3552±36; AA-75783 3691±38; AA-75784 3966±38; GX-1503 1350±80; GX-1508 8195±280; GX-0261 5735±155; GX-1502 1445±110; GX-1503 1350±80; GX-1504 2450±85; GX-1505 2780±100; GX-1506 3590±120; GX-1507 5015±145; 9570±150; K-1583 K-8 Cultural Association Temporal Association Appendix A: Settlement DataAppendixSettlement A: Before BP 500 Temporal Period 3 Number of Houses Small Village Site Type Onion Portage Onion (A) Site Name AMR- 00001 AHRS Site Number

981 982 988 998 999 4409 ±140; P-1026 3700±60;P-591A 2450±60;P-593A 920±50;P-594A 1380±60;P- 5070±70;P- 5270±70;P-984A 7920±100; P-985 8100±100; P-987 3860±70;P- 3850±70;P- 3950±70;P- 1570 4640±70;P-1027 5110±70;P-1030A 4340±70;P-1031 4010±70;P-1032 3940±70;P-1064 1490±50;P-1065 1570±50;P-1066 2370±50;P-1067 2430±50;P-1068 3530±60;P-1069A 3640±60;P-1070 3710±60;P-1071 3710±60;P-1072 4270±70;P-1073 3530±100; P-1074 4120±80;P-1075 5320±80;P-1076 7900±100; P-1109 3700±60;P-1110 3200±60;P-1111 7180±90;P-1111A 7320±100; P-1112 900±50;P-

97 -- is a is deeply 170) cludes Jade the Creek site (AMR- AMR-169). theThroughout rest of ( the 16,000the districtacre are numerous scattered settlement sites and surface remains. Onion Portage was first discovered by Louis Giddings 1941 in and excavation inbegan 1964.The of results his, and other's, revealedwork eight This is the This the is WoodlandArctic Phase Onionof Portage. The site principal thewithin district, Onion the Portage (AMR-site stratified seriesriver of edge occupation layers. Immediately above Onionthe Portage issite the perhaps 9000 old site year Akmak 007), Kayak the Site (AMR-058), AMR-059, and AMR-060.] stratigraphic occupation bands each each subsidiarywith layers. [Sites thewithin boundaries this of district in 4250±60 Cultural Cultural Association

After 500After BP

20 Large Large Village Onion PortageOnion (A) AMR- 00001

98 1.1m 1.1m

were 70m apart, are -

(about deep), 45cm a not atnot Locus A. edge of a 17m edge a of erosion17m high face, consists a of 6.3m 4.3m x raised berm feature 4.5m 2.6m x rectangularsub pit, and ina 1.9m diameter pit. Locus B, 45msome tosouthwest, the consists remains the of twoof log cabins dug the into hillside (5.4m 3.5m x and 2.2m 3m x in size), three rectangular pits (1.2m 1.2m, x .8m, x and .9m .9m),x a 2.7m 1m x rectangular trench, and a .8m .8m x possible feature corner. .9m A in diameter pit also noted was another to the 30m southeast. A metal detector scan evidenceyielded of inmetal and around the Locus B features, but Giddings located this of site fifteen pits,house all of which excavated, on a sand ridge near the islandcenter the of at the of mouth Ambler River. This consistssite two of 4m x 4m depressionshouse and accessory pits (possible sod barrows). The pits,house 50some marked by disturbed vegetation and some debris.metal Donald Smith (Kiana) reported the site visiting 1930s.during the USNPS investigators noted historic twofeatures in loci on a sand ridge feature. Locus just back A, from the ; ; ;

30 35 30 25 ± ± ± ± 370 325 265 390

141645 141642 141643 141644 - - - - Cams Cams Cams Cams

Historic Material Occupation Dates N/A

Historic Occupatio n After 500After BP Unknown

4 15 2

Small Small Village Small Small Village Large Large Village

Ambler Island

- - - MR 00083 A AMR 00066 AMR 00002

99 a

river. dating. A scan

several logs were -- 8m 8m above the - , two circular, two cache pits chronological above river.the Features noted include three house pits, a 5m x rectangular4.1m depression feature (house?) (the largest in 1.5m diameter), and rectangularfour cache pits (the largest measuring 2.3m 2.6m). x The pit featureshouse include a 3.5m 2.7m x house a long 3.6m with andtunnel a entry2.6m 1.9m x a room, 4.5m 3.6mx house with long 4.4m entrance tunnel, and a 3.5m 3.3m x house a long 2.8m with tunnel.entrance Structural elements are evident thestill in latter two house features collected for possible dendro USNPS investigators noted two pitshouse tunnel with entrances extending the from long side, seven circular cache pits and three rectangular cache pits on crest the of ridge 7 rising The houses measure 6.6m 3.7m x a 3.9mwith long entrance tunnel and 4.5m 2.5mx longa 2.9m with tunnel.entrance The caches measure1m from diameter in to in2.8m 2.7m size. x A scan a with detectormetal no evidenceyielded artifacts. of metal USNPS investigators noted cultural features extending for about 200m thealong crest a of ridge, about 8m

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

3 2

Small Small Village Small Small Village

- - AMR 00107 00106 AMR

100

ut. Twout. approximately r produced edge a of 9m

subterranean, heavily - 4.1m house pit, a 3.9m with long

cache cache pits (2.9m 2.7m x and 2.2m x in 1.5m size) and a circular cache pitdiameter) (2.7m in notedwere adjacent pit. to house the USNPS investigators located a 5.7m x tunnel,entry and a 2.9m 2.3mx cache pit approximately 15m from edge the a of 7m erosionhigh face. NPS investigators located x a 5m 5m semi sodded into built depression the hillside, an entrance with on the downhill side. No was found metal during detector Cutsurvey. spruce thewithin pits were ageof 70 years c when Inupiaq house features entrywith with a with detectometal evidence of at metal the three northernmost house pits, but no evidence at the rectangular feature tosouth. the USNPS investigators located a 6.3m 6.3mx house pit longa 4.5m with tunnel entry at the erosion high face. Two rectangular

Occupation Dates N/A N/A

Historic Occupatio n Unknown Unknown

2 1 1

Single Single House Small Village Single Single House

- - - 00111 AMR AMR 00109 AMR 00108

101

10m above Kobuk

were present the in were can

overlooking Kobuk River. features, and a dump.can Hole top cans dump. investigators in 1998.The features are on thesituated slope a of hill on east sidethe a of small drainage aboutravine, River. features. Native allotment the within NPS KOVA. pits located were and mapped by USNPS investigators in 1998.The situatedis site terrace,on a slight 5 above 10m the river. A single A bermed historic house feature3.85m) x (6.1m and two rectangular cache pits locatedwere and USNPSmapped by USNPS investigators located and mapped pits nine house and a tunnels also were noted, a one with back Severalroom. cache pits were USNPS investigators located two Inupiat house features entrancewith tunnels, a large rectangular dugout single A pit andhouse cache two number cache of pits situated along a long600m stretch a of terrace also noted. A modern drying rack was located just to SW the theof area the (possibly lower Hanson camp warehouse), several small pit

N/A Occupation Dates N/A N/A

Unknown Historic Occupatio n Unknown Unknown

9 2 1 1

Single Single House Village Small Small Village Single House

- - - - 00116 AMR 00117 AMR 00112 00115 AMR AMR 102

ith

169). Onion -

the Onion each w hearth -- of theof houses. 001), Onion the Portage site

- subsidiary subsidiary layers. [NATREG] This principle the is site the within district. It is a deeply stratified seriesriver of edge occupation layers. pits, Cache house depressions, lithics, and charcoalwood Depressions and cache pits Depressions and cache pits House depression, cache pit, fire cracked rock, charcoal, wood, lithics,fauna, and House depressions and lithics Structural members presentwere in several The principal the site district within (AMR a is deeply stratified seriesriver of edge occupation layers. Immediately above Portage perhaps the is site 9000 year old (AMRsite Akmak Portage discovered first was by GiddingsLouis in 1941 and excavation began 1964. in The results his,of and other's, work revealed eight stratigraphic occupation bands

N/A N/A Occupation Dates N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Outside Study Period Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Village Village Village Village Village Village

Onion PortageOnion Site

------00222 AMR 00223 AMR 00224 00170 AMR 00220 AMR 00221 AMR AMR 103 - -

orked chert

house pitshouse measure lined cache pits. - lined lined pit structureshouse - lined lined house pits, 37 smaller stone lined depressions, three large, deep rock structures, and several hunting blinds. No artifacts found;were testingsome conducted.was stoneNine stoneand two Excavations produced pottery sherds, stone and bone/antler beadsartifacts, and remains. faunal D.M. also Hopkins tested here in 1948. Nine pitshouse low with stone aroundwalls each, seven stone rings, 13 storage pits, and nine cairns. large amountA of antler was found the house within pits. This consistssite three of rectangular house pits and a total of six small depressions thought to be storage pits. The 6m 3m x .4m deep,x 2.5m x 4.5m x deep,.3m 2m and 3m x in size. One depressions, the of is partiallywhich superimposed by another, was noted apparenttoan have entrance along long the side. Pottery sherds, chert flakes, a bifacially w object, and abradedan rock fragment collectedwere from a test pit one theof in houses. Schaaf relocated site. the Old village coverssite areaan of 50m. x 120m 25Contains stone

40 ± 140 264829 - Beta

Occupation Dates N/A N/A N/A

After 500After BP Unknown Unknown Unknown

9 3 25 9

Large Large Village Large Village Small Small Village Large Village

Cloud Cloud Lake Village Gosling Cone Site Kuzitrin Lake #1 Skeleton Butte

- - - - 00047 BEN 00033 BEN BEN 00030 BEN 00029 104

four four

100m - es within Schaaf

80 was 80obtained an was from - large large house pits and seven lake terrace,lake for about 600m. Artifacts noted the of sitewest features included a microblade fragment and two biface fragments. Schaaf recorded as site the consisting twoof areas. Area One corresponds(which to Powers' site as originally reported) consists 35of depressionshouse and rings, tent bone two at middens, least five small cache pits, one rock alignment, and rock two pil 160m x a area70m 80some of west the shore. C14 dateA BPof 220+/ exposure associated flakes,with bone, and caribou teeth. Pot sherds alsowere noted. Two, Area located Powers, et al.,Powers, originally recorded this as consistingsite of several indistinct depressionshouse with poorly defined shapes, possibly due to superimposition otherof structures. There appearedbe to three smaller depressions, possibly representing storage pits. Another pit, house oval in shape and measuring 2m 3m, liesx 20m to the other east of the features. recorded as consistingsite the of five to six house depressions, rock cacherings, and two pits. A scatterthin artifactsof and features continued the of site,west the along ; ; ; ;

; ; ; 260 80 170 65 40 80 80 50 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 130

220 4770 380 3770 4750 3810 200

13810 39514 39515 39517 39518 39520 39521 267448 ------Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta

Occupation Dates N/A

After 500After BP Unknown

35 6

Large Large Village Large Large Village

Kuzitrin Lake West Village Kuzitrin Lake #2

- - BEN 00053 00052 BEN 105 lined enclosure, - shaped burin, he northhe of Area - lined lined depression, - ons (from 3m to x 3m ts anof 8m in 053 and 300m west of -

lined features and depressions 107.The portion western of - - ed 4m toed the 4m andnorth in a 6m in a boulderin field which forms a small point on the lakeshore, 115m east of BEN BEN this consissite diameter boulder associated ring caribouwith bone, a 7m 6m x rectangular boulder small depressionsfour 1m to from in diameter,3m rocka low wall encircling a 3m in diameter depression, or two three possible depressihouse 4.5m 4m x in size), a 4m 3m x rectangular rock and a bone bone midden with and pot sherds exposed the in backdirt beof a may what previous test pit. in a blowoutin a dune within formation 40m to t One, consists of a scatter lithicsof a within 18m23m x area. Artifacts noted include a side blade, burin spalls, microblades, a biface fragment, a mitten and numerous waste flakes. In addition, long stone a 3m arc was locat diameter ring cobblesof was located tosoutheast the 35m of the blowout. This consistssite a of total of 21 stone situated a 130m 70m within x area

N/A

Unknown

Small Small Village

- 00065 BEN 106

- - rths rths 60(Beta - diments

Based number on the of features and proximity the to the of mouth the Kougarok River, this may be the "Kogrupak"Village visited by Hobson 1854. in Habitation remnant.site Cutbank revealedsection nothced cobble and sink a hide sinker fashioned air cylinderfrom pump a of 1897 brazing apparatus. Nearby test yielded nails 15cm wire from and dated charcoal deposit43 from These48cm. organic se yielded a data 1090+/of 170273) represent a and may floor? The portioneastern site the of (some away)30m consists of two hea associated charcoal with flecks, burned and unburned bone, and pot sherds, two boulder enclosures caped slabs, a 3m in by diameter depression, three oval depressions measuring 2.5m 2m from x to 4.5m in3m x size, and a rectangular 3m x depression.5m The composedis site 8of features, 3 of appearwhich to be house remains. Other features may represent caches, fish and one may be assay pit.a miner's The location was noted by Elders as a fishing site had beenthat used for a long time.

60 ± 1090 170273 - Beta

Occupation Dates N/A

Before 500BP Unknown

1 3

Single Single House Small Small Village

Kogrupak

- - BEN 00185 BEN 00158 107

- 50 BP - pits. A small

photograph, but was Ray, 1964Ray, p.85, Kayuk.

nean features in the now Vacant orVacant use. no in longer 127629). - Buckland River. Reported a sod there coveredwas to house the S of the butchering building. Location houseof visible on 1966 aerial observednot during a over walk of site. This the homewas Minnie of Thomas. Historic cabin inbuilt the 1950s in Candle, moved to Buckland in the 1960s. The includessite remains the 19of sod1 polehouses, scatter, 1 sod area,removal a possible grave, 2 small pits and a latrine. beMay related to This alongsite bank the theof Koyuk River consists 2of sod house ruins and 3 associated insidetest one dwelling feature yielded antler, worked fishbone, and a slate blade.ground radiocarbonA test datedwas at 120+/ (Beta This believedis to be site the the of 19th century settlement of Culuvachak identified by Ray. In 1978, H.noted Smith pieces of andpottery bone implements theeroding from river bank. In 1991, Smith mapped 6 semi subterra stabilized area adjacent to the -

50 ± 5; 5 ± 120 0 ±65; DIC

6 0 0 1 ±6 0 127629 2720 2721 9 - - - DIC DIC 272214 Beta

Historic Material Occupation Dates Occupation Dates N/A Historic Material

Historic Occupatio n After 500After BP 500After BP Unknown Historic Occupatio n

19 2 6 1 1

Single Single House Single House Large Village Large Large Village Small Small Village

Minie ThomasMinie Sod House Candle Cabin #1 Unalitchuaq Kuluvachak Iqalugruaq

- - - - - 00046 CAN 00054 CAN 00044 CAN CAN 00025 00004 CAN 108

orded 13

subterranean cache, - use area. beMay related -

in the bank the thein of river 10); and a large, 6m 5m, x - 9 house, 3.5m 3m, x with a 2m - subterranean house with a 2m subterranean dwellings, with - - such such as a vertical, axe cut post. A ofvariety faunal remains were also observed. A half passage,entrance occupied by SwanClinton around 1923 (when he was semi passage,entrance which saidwas to been abandonedhave prior to Swan'sClinton time. A square cache pit located is 2m east of the toentrance the earlier structure. BIA investigatorsANCSA rec features. Nine rectangularwere bermed depressions, remnants the of semi 1from to 6 associated smaller This includessite the remains a of log school house and a log store building, a log pile, a storagewarm shelter, a semi and a garden area. beMay related to 1964Ray, p.85, Kayuk. Four sod pits,houses, two and a latrine. Ray recorded the significance and history theof site. theIncludes remains 2of sod houses, 2 caches, a shed foundation, and a tent to1964 Ray, p.85, Kayuk. The a of singleprofile house and associated living surfaces were observed

N/A N/A Historic Material N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Historic Occupatio n Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown 4 2 1

Village Small Small Village Single House Village Small Village

Unalitchuaq Unalitchuaq Unalitchuaq Unalitchuaq

- - - - - 00239 DEL CAN 00060 CAN 00056 CAN 00057 CAN 00055 109

limit) is limit)

ources note a 030) and Old 031).] of Williams structural elements - - ue (KTZue permanent village when a reindeer station was located here about 1897, upon a rests series beachof ridges the with remains of earlier, seasonal habitations. theDuring 1800s a number historicof s villagetent at this location, which was reportedly importantan trading location. Harritt (1994) found prehistoric deposits a shovelin test below thick a 48cm historic fill overburden.[See also Intermediate Kotzebue (KTZ Kotzeb NLUR states that the starting date for "Historic Kotzebue" be could 1826(Beechey's trip and exploration the of ofmouth Hotham depressions. Five theseof features had apparent antechambers. Most have historic remains, faunal remains, and/or remaining. flake cobble,A a ram horn, a post, a stove, andmetal miscellaneous artifactshistoric were scattered about site. the Charcoal, modified wood, bead and a glass seen were the in cut bank along the river. Kannirvik (the end or innamed reference to being its the furthest settlement upriver the from omouth fthe Kivalina River. The village modern Kotzebue,of which establishedwas as a

Historic Material

After 500After BP

Village

- 00001 KTZ 110 -

). 029. -

008, KTZ - across the from 028, and KTZ -

an oldan village site which has since been completely destroyed by extraction.gravel On east the side river, the of reported et site, Powers, al., noted several depressions which may be remains ofthe houses or caches associated the site. with Ray noted an that old settlement was located right bankon the of Kugruk Lagoon, possibly one the of sites Beecheynoted by in 1826. It is possible Ray that was in fact to referring the sites on the spit across river, the KTZ 027, KTZ Inlet), 1880 the (when regional trade faire moved here from Shesalik), or 1897 Mission(Friend's est. Reindeer loanedwere to the mission 1901.in This reportedly thewas location of

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

Village Village

Inmachukmiut Kugruk

- - KTZ 00004 KTZ 00003 111 - - house house

NOA

[See also NOA

005.] - 008.] - also KTZ

number seal andof beluga hunters during the summer. 007 and NOA Giddings originally noted house pits on a seriesbeach of ridges at this spit. House pits, cache pits, and tepee burials are present at the site.[See et Powers, al., reported 38 depressions in a 100m 30m x area third on the beach ridgethe from sound. leastAt 20 the of depressions identifiablewere as pits.house Tests two in theof pits produced antler worked items and a toggling harpoon head. It seems thatlikely this is the site that Giddings visited 1958, in he when Orth notesOrth this that former Eskimo village and summer camp, famous as a area,trading recordedwas in Beechey's 1831 population chart. A 100of recorded was 1880 the in Census. Giddings noted a succession of beach ridges in the area, remains apparentof with summer camps, consisting of a few pitshouse and numerous cache pits and burials. Giddings excavated one large house (burned) Westernof Thule culture [apparently at 008] performed a number and of all tests, of which indicated occupation the lastwithin 1000 years. The stillis site used by large 203 - ; P 96 611 133 - - ± P P ; ; 2244 177 125 51 ± ± ± 175 - P 2646 2635 2190

N/A Cultural Cultural Association Occupation Dates

Unknown Outside Study Period Outside Study Period

20 Unknown Unknown

Village Large Village Village

Sheshalik Spit Kugruk Lagoon Sheshalik

- - - KTZ 00008 KTZ 00007 KTZ 00005 112 room 010)]. - -

004.] -

ea D consists of s s recovered.were epressions, three also KTZ

70 was 70obtained was and a 70obtained was and artifacts - - [See

by erosion. by A C14 date BPof 170+/ number artifactof BArea consists of nine house depressions and 13 cache depressions. consistsC Area a of group 11of and single multi depressionshouse and 26 cache depressions. C14 dateA BPof 290+/ collected.were Ar Pootoogooluk'sHarvey abandoned sod a raisedhouse, cache, a grave, and historic debris. noted that notedthe that earliest houses on the seriesbeach of ridges were apparently recent than Thulemore age. Ray thatnotes Kividluk had seven houses in 1892 a and possibly kazgi (Jackson, 1895)Sheldon [Ray's map, however, locates the site on oppositethe (see bank KTZ Schaaf located areas four culturalof occupation. Area consistsA of two intact d house cache depressions, a large rectangular depression a with entrywaystanding arch constructed of ship wood parts (the kazgi?), and 12 and cache house floors exposed ;

70 70 ± ± 290 170

17958 17973 - - Beta Beta

Dates Occupation

BP After 500After

Large Large Village

Kividluk

- KTZ 00009 113 - reindeer 155 and

eak on the ng ng one theof lakes of Kungealorukof Creek. The 156, just to sites south, the - mouth mouth feature 5.7m 4.65m x measured 85cm with high walls, and had three cornerintact posts inside. circularA areasod borrow was noted on the southwest side the of house and about to 50m the south anwas upright post and a scatter of antlers. The site reportedlywas the camp winter twoof reindeer herders. Therereportedly were two atsod this houses location. Nugnugaluktuk noted by was to Ray be a fishingseasonal and/or sealing site, located ofat the themouth drainistream called (ie., Kealik perhaps at the theof mouth stream about 3.8km Ray Ray thatnotes Singyak had only one or houses two within memory, but ancienthas house depressions [Ray's map, however, locates the on site the opposite (see bank KTZ 009)]. identified a Schaaf standing roofed cabin, outbuilding oran small cabin, three sod house foundations, to four five house depressions, and a latrine trench on site the shown Singis USGS map.[See also KTZ KTZ which represent ormay be associated Singyuk.] with Schaaf located isolatedan sod house mound on the sidenorth theof

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

1 5

Single Single House Small Small Village

Nugnugaluktuk Singyuk

- - KTZ 00012 KTZ 00010 114

epressions are variable site at site this location, didbut

22 cache pits are locatedgroup a in southeast of the depressions.house The d house form. in Some looting taken has place. noted Ray this as a seasonal fishing and sealing site oldwith depressions. BLM reported an unspecified number depressions,of tentatively identified as house pits, with modern andcamps a fish netting alsosite noted. Ray asnoted this a seasonal fishing and site,sealing thought also to been a have winter village oldwith depressions.[Jeanne Schaaf (1986:p.c.), NPS, unable towas locate a find a large tosite the southeast (see north of theof north plotted location of this site). No evidence suchof was found. Schaaf noted ten house depressions and 11 cache depressions situated a along low beach ridge between the shore Goodhopeof and a Bay low wetland to the west. additionalAn

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

Unknown 10

Large Large Village Village

Tugmagluk Likliknuktuk

- - 00015 00014 KTZ KTZ 115

rectangular and - u bone,u crackedfire

of theof of mouth Rex roomed, entrystraight with - 064).]

- pied Charlie Goodhope by barrel. other Evidence two of apparent features was noted in the bankcut northeast of the house depression. informant An suggests thethat remaining feature may be remains ofthe the sod house occu early 1930s.during the Ray noted asthis a small village site. Twelve house depressions and at least four cache pits are situated thealong first beach ridge, about east 200m Creek. but two ofAll the house depressions are sub single tunnels. No or artifacts structural members noted. were Ray noted this KTZ Ray asnoted this a village site, possibly that visited by Hobson in 1854. single A 5.1m 4.9m x rectangular depressionhouse located was on the sidewest theof Cliffordof mouth Creek. The of entry the house depression erodingis into the creek and cultural exposedmaterial is in bank.cut the Items noted include seal and caribo rock, pot sherds, octagonal an rifle

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

12 Unknown 1

Single Single House Large Village Village

Uyauks Siknaugrurak Pittak

- - - 00018 KTZ KTZ 00017 00016 KTZ 116 end

50m to the

. The . surface was

Approximately littered cultural debris with and pockmarked shovel with holes. The original pitshouse difficultwere to observe. northwest an undisturbed house pit was noted. Artifacts collected from surface the include a chert scraper, antler ice an pick, an antler wedge, and potsherds. This is apparently the investigatedsite by Townsend 1969. in noted She several house pits and recovered artifacts suggesting a late Eskimo occupation. as a small village site. Ray noted this site, apparently a small village, in areaan goodof beluga hunting. visitedWhen by Hobson in 1854, this village consisted twoof good (one huts inhabited) and two in poor condition. Melchoir and Bennett reported only two finding house pits 1973.in et Powers, al., visited the 1974 in site and found it further deteriorated

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

4 Unknown

Small Small Village Village

Kiplaut Toalavik

- - KTZ 00020 KTZ 00019 117

ocation. In 1994 approximately eported 1982 in excavationthe that r visibleis at Wthe Deering,of along S side the theof airstrip. local A resident found a Western Thule togglingstyle harpoon head associated a hearth, with while excavating a storage pit behind his in house the same l revisitedDixon the andsite found it to only consist a of shallow hole in ground the a in andgrass willow covered depressions area. new 2 in diameter(1m deep;X 25cm 4m x deep)2.5m 50cm x found.were A pittest atsite the produced 70 items; including 24 Euroamerican 17artifacts, bones, mammal sawn bone,whale decayed wood Melchoir and Bennett noted an eastern group five or of six house pits, separated by from500m a western group of five pits.house The group western appeared older the than much eastern group. series A recentof burials locatedwas between the two groups of pits.house 1950In excavated Larsen this ceremonialIpiutak Thehouse. 8m x log 12m structure had a large rectangular fireplace center the in and apparentan shed at one end. Artifacts included sled and snowshoe parts, addition in to workshop items. Powers, et al., - - - 532 - - K K K K ; K ; ; ; ; 537 2608 - - 45 55 2605a 2605b 2607a 2607b 2609a 2609b 170 75 ------55 ± ± K K ± ± ± K K K K K K ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 973 1190 1400 320 200 200 75 55 75 75 75 75 75

1240

± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 260 - C 2605c 2606 2607c 2609c 1380 1290 1250 1180 1220 1440 1370 1290 1340

Occupation Date N/A

Before 500BP Unknown

1 11

Single Single House Large Large Village

Deering QualgiDeering

- - KTZ 00023 KTZ 00021 118

approximately 008. Both pits - contact in contactage. in -

ng theng from tunnel to a edge, oldon an beach ridge approximately .5m above the active beach, acrossimmediately the Inmachukof mouth River from TheDeering. site, which eroding,is appears to post be et Powers, al., located two house pits on a beach ridge, of800m west KTZ appear tolarge central rooms have (measuring 2m in diameter and 2m 3m inx size) a tunnelwith and cold trap at end. the pitOne has a side leaditunnel small room. fragments, fragments, and 21 splintered bird bone fragments. et Powers, al., noted 18 house pits approximately 20m the from waters

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

2 18

Small Small Village Large Large Village

- - KTZ 00027 KTZ 00026 119 - -

that 15m to the hadwest

are connected tunnels. by

Each Each house pit has a large central (measuringroom 3m, 5m, and in 6m diameter) andentrance an tunnel (two apparentwith cold traps). The large rectangular pit and the T shaped are trench the result of very recent activity. Powers, et al.,Powers, located three house pits on a beach ridge near the tip of spit atthe the Kugrukof mouth Lagoon. Each pit has several rooms that Several small depressions nearby appear bearea to cache pits. An approximately irregulara very surface indicated some kind disturbance,of possibly additional house pits obscured the vegetation. by et Powers, al., located three house pits, six square depressions, a larger rectangular depression, and a T shaped on trench the tip very the of spit at the Kugrukof mouth Lagoon.

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

3 3

Village Small Small Village Small

- - KTZ 00029 KTZ 00028 120 - - 036) - nt than nt 030. The - fines offines the

030). excavated VanStone - e Isaac Material Lake Site boundary for the boundary Kotzebuefor the Archaeological District (KTZ revisedwere according to the findings. andWithin, outskirtsat the of, the modern village Kotzebueof (KTZ 001) anof olderremains lie the site Giddingsthat called Old Kotzebue. asAs 200many house features have been estimated site,for the the with majority thewithin con presentvillage. Giddings excavated three houses here during the 1940s, which datedhe 1400,to AD predating Intermediate Kotzebue (KTZ eight house pits 1951. here in [The locationexact theof excavations Some Some 30 pits house are situated on three beach ridges between the beach and Issac Giddings Lake. excavated five house pits here 1940s,during the one of which was a large kazigi. Dated about from AD 1550, issite this rece more remains at the Old Kotzebue (KTZ 031). Historic items recoveredwere tests from at the southernmost end site. the of Scott excavated multiple burials at the insite 1976. 2014In newly discovered cultural resources and human remains found within th construction area discoveredwere and contributed to KTZ

Occupation Dates Occupation Dates

Before 500BP Continuou s Occupatio n

200 30

Large Large Village Large Large Village

Old Kotzebue Intermediate Kotzebue

- - KTZ 00031 00030 KTZ

121

beach ridges,

haps haps about seven, Giddings and wooden structural

which are culturalorigin, in were noted during a brief reconnaissance. The 1m from pits range to 3m in diameter and are deep. up to 1m The pits,house per entrancehave tunnels. Two 50cm x tests,50cm placed adjacent the to cabin, revealed no cultural material. The built cabin during thewas 1980s. Surface ofmanifestations this site consist of the remains a of house By thewall. of angle logs the it appears to be the back restthe of wall, the house has likely been destroyed by erosion. This representssite an occupational area two spanning conducted by VanStone is unknown.] Harritt (1994) documented both surface and subsurface cultural deposits of pottery,fauna, and FCR beneath lot 4601. 12' A 16' plywoodx shelter cabin, numerous posts, and over 37 depression features, at least of some

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

1 2 7

Village Single House Small Village

Kividluk Kividluk Shelter Cabin

- - - 00040 KTZ 00038 KTZ KTZ 00033 122

s five five posts are

artifacts andartifacts bone a 30m x within area60m about 23m from the lakeshore. The are sod 30cm walls andhigh bases the of present. The structure two has rooms, measuring 80cm 90cmx and 2.4m 2m (interiorx dimensions). Artifacts noted include a star drill, a curved section1m ironof pipe, a large tree chopping trunk block, stovepipe, enamelan coffee pot, and rusted cans. The locatedis site a along volcanic beach. largeA ice pressure berm buries of some the Theartifacts. issite reportedly a fox hunting camp belonging to James Moses and occupiedwas from the 1930s to1950s. the along analong old channel. Two different occupations or residential two areas be represented.may Two possible depressionshouse noted,were both threatened by erosion. Numerous cache pits noted,were and up to five cache pits have eroded away, a evidenced by large amounts of cemented on thesands channel beach and eroding support and logs.lining Up to 20 posts, representing at least two dog yards and several rack structures, were noted. featureA few depressions notedwere between the ridges. This consistssite a of small sod structure and a scatter of historic

Occupation Dates

Historic Occupatio n

Single Single House

- KTZ 00048 123

ne of ne - s thes lake. At

rooms, oriented roughly

1m 1.7m .7m 1m x andx within a within 120m 30m x area along River.Kitluk The entryways have enlargements at the end opposite the depression.house Artifacts found surface on the include a wooden bow fragment and a small scatter of pot sherds. The pits house measure 4.5m 2.15m x 3.9m .45m, x 1.5m x .25m,x and 4.36m .35m. 2m x x This consistssite twoof house depressions and three cache pits a within 60m15m x area on the beach ridge above White Fish Lake. Both houses have entryways, with small entry towards the lake. The house pits measure 3. 2.2m 3.2m 1.2m.x x The cache pits This consistssite 47of house depressions and some small cache pits a 520m 50m within x area on secondthe relict ridge thefrom shorenorth lake. the of The depressions are andshallow the entryways open toward endthe west the of a is site scatter historicof includingartifacts, the remains a of tent camp (tent stakes, door leatherwith frame hinges, stovepipe, cans,fuel rusted cans, and scrap lumber). bone sledA runner a was found intest in o house the depressions. This consistssite three of sub rectangular house depressions

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Association

After 500After BP Continuou s Occupatio n 500After BP

2 47 3

Small Small Village Small Village Large Large Village

- - - KTZ 00054 KTZ 00053 KTZ 00052 124 - - 055.

- tryways KTZ

d a "lance" type Singeakpuk River. No pits within pits a 220m 30m within x area along actively an eroding beach ridge, about 500m ESE of erodedPartially depressions and artifacts were cutbank,noted the in bone,as ash,were and charcoal. Several artifacts collectedwere the from beach, including an ivory ulu handle, a slate ulu blade, plain potware sherds and a lamp fragment, an projectile point. This consistssite fourof poorly defined possible house depressions smalland two cache pits a within 40m 15m x area the along edge a of terrace stranded above a dry meander of measure .7m .7m x .5m, .9mx x 1.1m .4m, x and 1.8m 1.1m x .5m. x The appear features to be relatively age,recent in either late prehistoric historic.or early This consistssite 12of house depressions and possiblefive cache pits a 40m within area150m x on an old beachThe ridge. round to sub rectangular house depressions range size in 1.8m 1.9mfrom x to 4.1m x and 2.3m, shorthave en oriented lake.towards the This consistssite 16of house depressions and possiblefour cache

N/A Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Association

Unknown After 500After BP 500After BP

4 12 16

Large Large Village Small Village Large Large Village

- - - 00058 KTZ 00056 KTZ KTZ 00055 125

- 061 and - cache cache pits 018. The house 018 and 900m - - beach ridge about

e s s exposedhas 060.Three theof - f KTZf

collected eroding the from beach face. This consistssite fourof house depressions and three a along low dun east of 250m KTZ of west KTZ pitshouse are rectangular, single roomed sod block features having short, ocean oriented entryways enlargedwith entry chambers. One theseof feature structural members roundwith Thenails. fourth pit ishouse vaguely defined, an has oval main room measuring 3.5m 4.6m, x with long entrywaya 2m inland.facing entryways entryways defined on thewere pits,house which measured 2m x 1.6m 2.3m .18m, x 2.1m .25m,x x 3.6m .22m,2m x x and 2.3m 2.7mx .32m.x Several shovel tests yielded results.negative This consistssite a of single rectangular house depression (measuring 7.2m 3.7m x .45mx deep) cache and pita locatedsmall on a small ridge on the sidewest of the a of mouth small drainage. The 900mis site east of KTZ 1.4km east o pit been has vandalized. A barbedunilaterally point, ivory an object,ivory and a sherdpot were

N/A Cultural Cultural Association

Unknown After 500After BP

4 1

Small Small Village Single Single House

- - 00061 KTZ KTZ 00060 126 013. - 4m 4m - - sub e northwest posite side of om om features 015), which

- ro -

single

five five cache pits were found on a gravel terrace,gravel at basethe theof bluffs near a small point on the east side Pish the of River estuary. In thegeneral houses are rectangular long straightwith entryways, measuring on the average, 7.5m x 0.4m5m x deep, entrys 2 with Occasionallylong. there evidenceis axillaryan of room off the entry.[This be the may of site Likliknuktuk (KTZ Ray's places tomap th here,of but which Schaaf was tounable locate.] A total of A five house depressions and terrace aboutKTZ of 1km west smallA drainage bisects the site. Three depressions house the of average 5m 3m in x size and have relatively short entryways facing inland. vaguely Two defined house depressions, on the op drainage,the 3.2m measure x 4.3m 3.2mand 5m x in size, and have entrywaysshort the facing water. A pot sherd and a flake utilized were noted beach. on the Roughly 11 house depressions and at least six cache depressions were thefound along back edge of a

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

11 5

Large Large Village Small Small Village

- - KTZ 00064 00063 KTZ 127 he he room - x 0.2mx

side the of mouth cache cache pits, and two sod

about 40cm Thehigh. house is eroding along lagoon the shore. T consistsgrave theof scattered remains a of plank box and miscellaneous skeletal members. 200mAbout NNE theof house a is small themound with remains a of small wooden structure (possibly an elevated cache or box burial) and a rectangular, 0.65m 1m x depression. The threeof foundations sod houses, one large cache, and six small rectangular cache pits were found on a terrace baseat the a of on the bluff east Francisof Creek. A number of historic artifacts associatedwere the with site. Two theof houses have suffered vandalism. The standing a of walls two sod one house, fourgrave, rectangular borrow areas found were on a terrace the along shore about 300m south theof of Singeakpukmouth TheRiver. house measures 3.2m x overall 5.1m and its stillwalls stand

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

3 2

Small Small Village Small Small Village

- - 00066 KTZ KTZ 00065 128 - 1.4m 1.4m - ide river the of long, a subwith

1.85m 1.85m long, 0.8 - t sherd. depression, a cache depression, and a on a grave dune ridge on the barrier Shishmaref bar between Inlet and Chukchi Sea. The house feature measures 13.2m rectangular room main measuring 0.55m4.1m 3m x x deep. Thehouse descendsentry the dune slope, widening to a 5m x 2m room. An roomaxillary be presentmay the off east side theof entryway, but it is poorly defined. Three upright posts are present, each ofone in the rooms. oval, An 2.85m 2.3m x x deep0.3m cache depression is located house.near the nearby Also a is driftwood log pile, possibly a collapsed rack or firewood cache. This consistssite three of rectangular depressions, probably cache pits, and one amorphous feature at basethe theof long sand peninsula formed where Singeakpuk emptiesRiver into Shismaref Inlet. The situatedis site on two adjacent ridges on the s west mouth. The depressions range in 1 size from andwide, are about 0.25m deep. A the in test other feature, a subtle 3m rectangular4m x depression, revealed clay, charcoal, and pulverized fish bone lenses and a posingle This consistssite a of house

Cultural Cultural Association N/A

Before 500BP Unknown

1 3

Single Single House Small Small Village

- - KTZ 00068 KTZ 00067 129 d

room - slight and 18 cache pits lithics. A C14 date 90 was 90obtained. was -

The include houses single features, houses one orwith two roomsaxillary entryoff the tunnel, and houses joined at entry.the Thirteen houses are oriented towar sea, the seven toward the mainland, towardand four channel the dividing the site. Cultural material noted deflation in exposures and in a subsurface test included shell, burned and unburned bone, fire cracked rock, pot sherds, a drilled item,ivory and BPof 590+/ About 35m eastAbout of the house is a wooden cross lying in a depression crest on the of the dune. Human skeletal members were noted on the tundra wet below the dune. This consistssite a of series of 27 depressionshouse situated a along ridge,narrow on either side a of prominent drainage.

90 ± 590

17965 - Beta

Occupation Dates

Continuou s Occupatio n

Large Large Village

- KTZ 00069 130 - 090. m 3m x m - 4 - corner post - ong entry off 30m north of

eposits exposedwere a in

5m 3m x rooms main with room features longwith entry - - approximately 069 and across a west, ed.Ten depressions house and - construction, appears to be more recent than the other features. Structural aremembers visible in theof some features. A single slateground point "toy" notedwas a in deflationminor exposure and midden d den. fox This a is large, probably multi component village site composed of unknownan number of house and cache depressions. Due to time constraints, only the easternmost theof 50m site portion(that which subjectis to erosion) immediate was mapp 24 cache pits mapped were within portionthis theof site. Scatters of Eleven Eleven house depressions and nine cache pits locatedwere along the crest a of prominent ridge about south 120m of outer the coast the of cape, KTZ prominent channel, KTZof Seven theof houses are 3 single tunnels, enlargedan entry chamber, and a lateral theof room entry. Three houses arethe of features 4 with entryways having two axillary 6.7mrooms. A 4.3m x house feature, a 3.7m l with one corner and four of ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

120 40 40 70 70 70 90 60 ± ± ± 38 ± ± ± ± ± ± 250 360

440 700 1020 790 720 730

740

28194 286171 286172 28006 28007 28008 28009 28011 ------78262 - Beta Beta Beta AA Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta

Occupation Dates Cultural Cultural Association

Before 500BP Continuou s Occupatio n

10 11

Large Large Village Large Village

- - KTZ 00087 KTZ 00086 131 - d m and m 069, 80m west roo - -

091, and east of270m -

room house depressions and prominent channel on the - 092. Cultural material noted - three three cache depressions were mapped. Exposures of shell, bone, and crackedfire rock noted.were Artifacts noted include a straight stemmed triangular chipped point, plain pot sherds, and a ground slate punch. seriesA sixof discrete artifact scatters, two house depressions, and a number isolatedof artifacts were a found along 250m extent of a relict beach ridge on the west side the of outside coast the of cape, about south 110m of KTZ KTZof KTZ include a bonepoint, arrow waste burned bone fragments, shell, caribou/reindeer bone, small mammal bone, crackedfire rock, andoccasional the artifact have been exposeddeflation arounby houses.the This consistssite an of unknown number houseof and cache depressions on a low ridge truncated erosionby along Kotzebue the coast.Sound theOnly easternmost theof 50m site, that threatenedmost erosion,by recorded. was that In portion, eight multi single ; ; ; ; ;

40 80 100 50 ± 34 55 ± ± ± ± ± 120

310 730 300

207 436

17963 28013 28195 286170 - - - - 78263 78264 - - Beta Beta Beta Beta AA AA

Cultural Cultural Association Occupation Dates

Continuou s Occupatio n Continuou s Occupatio n

2 9

Village Small Village Large Large

- - KTZ 00089 KTZ 00088 132 -

the the

soaked sand - defined house 086. Exposed - - , sand,cemented iron 069 and east, across

- 088. toDue time - defined, very deep house -

cultural includedmaterial shell, bone, charcoal fragments, a bone point, a bone harpoon socket iron stains,with and a flake. Nine depressionshouse and 12 cache pits found were on the eroding east end a of ridge on the eastern tip theof cape, about 100m east of KTZ constraints, the further westward extent of the site was not mapped. The depressions house within eastern 60m theof aresite well defined, consisting large of rectangular rooms, long main entryways having chambers at the terminus, and one or rooms two flakes, flakes, slate flakes, an abrader, pot sherds, fire cracked rock, shell fragments, burned and unburned bone fragments, and oil chunks. The indistinct house depressions resemble Western Thule houses. Nine well depressions, one less depressions, and four cache pits locatedwere on relict beach ridges prominent east of the channel on the outer coastcape, the of about 50m KTZof north channel,the KTZof ; ; ; ; ;

60 50 90 70 90 70 ± ± ± ± ± ± 210 260 290 240 100 200

17967 28019 28021 28022 28196 28197 ------Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta

Occupation Dates N/A

After 500After BP Unknown

9 10

Large Large Village Large Large Village

- - KTZ 00101 KTZ 00090 133 te of room room

gs. stamped pot - five five single - yielded a date of

component village is site 60 was obtained60 an was from - room house depressions - - depressions, and three graves depressions have outlines,vague obscured denseeither by the vegetation or looter's diggin Artifactual material noted on the surface include waffle sherds, worked bone, flakes, waste charcoal, and faunal material. This multi located second on the coastal ridge, about 100m south of the Chukchi Sea coast. Twenty and multi and 10 cache depressions were noted.C14 sampleA collected from eroding an hearth 1422AD (calibrated). Cultural materials notedthe in blowout below the includehearth a biface fragment, waste flakes, pot sherds, connected toentryway. the Scatters burnedof bone, shell, and pot sherds exposed.were A C14 da BP210+/ apparent eroded floor. house A human skull cap and a fragment of a slateground artifact were found in the flats below mud the site. leastAt 22 depressions, house 27 cache were thefound along bank west of Espenberg River, on the second and third ridges inland the from Chukchi Sea coast. Most of the house

80 ± 500

17970 - Beta

Occupation Dates N/A

Before 500BP Unknown

25 22

Large Large Village Large Large Village

- - KTZ 00130 KTZ 00111 134

adjacent

component village -

briefly examined, 15but Espenberg River. Two theof f the site. the f damaged by looting. Exposed cultural includesmaterial pot sherds, slate fragments, crackedfire rock, remains.and faunal This located is site east on the edge a of ridge on the sidewest of Espenberg River. The site was incompletely recorded, but whale bone, remains a of the possible cache structure, pot sherds, a faint depression,house and an cache depression noted.were This large multi locatedis site on the second ridge inlandthe from Chukchi Sea coast, of west Espenberg River. The site was only depressions,house a number of bone, a steel trap, fragments, metal and cemented sand. Recent graves notedwere about 200m to the east o Ten depressions, large house three smaller possible house depressions, cachesand two notedwere on the fourth ridge inland from the Chukchi Sea coast, on the west bank of depressionshouse are eroding into river the and a number the of features have been severely

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Cultural Association N/A

After 500After BP Before 500BP Unknown

15 10 1

Single Single House Large Village Large Large Village

- - - KTZ 00138 KTZ 00137 00131 KTZ 135

use

most ridgemost of - p noted.were ins, a slateground ulu, cabin (on wood posts), and stamped pot sherds, and an - The of remains five eroded house features and at least two probable arecaches exposed profile in along severelythe eroding dune face on east sidethe the of of mouth Kitluk TheRiver. houses are constructed of driftwood posts and planks.hewn Faunal rema a retouched flake, a waste flake, bone sled runners, decorated pot sherds, a single notched pebble, and trade (a copperitems and sheet a glass bead) associated were the with features. Additionally,remains the a of camrecent tent cache cache depressions, bone,whale waffle ivory foreshaft noted.were sodNine house depressions, an elevated several associated caches were located inland on the series ofthe ridges just ofwest Espenberg River, just south of the Goodhope reindeerThis corral. settlement associatedwas with reindeer and herding early with adjacent the of corral and was occupied early 1900s. the in The cabin used 1947.was until

N/A Occupation Dates

Unknown Historic Occupatio n

5 9

Small Small Village Large Large Village

- - KTZ 00145 KTZ 00140 136 -

ural ural material noted caches, and 13 eroded eportedly the settlement of ridge face. Apparent rotted floor historic historic debris also was noted, 69 to126m the of west B.Loci This consistssite at of least 25 cultural features extending for about along500m erodingan beach ridge Chukchi on the Sea coast. The features noted include six late historic sod houses, associatedwith andracks structural features earlierfrom occupations. variety of A miscellaneous historic items were noted, as remains,faunal were decoratedpot sherds, a bone sled runner, and apparentan wooden box. The recent portion more the of r is site Ullugsaum, and early 1900s winter This consistssite twoof loci situated on the of bank west an unnamed drainage on the Chukchi Sea coast. Loci consists A five of eroded floors exposedfeature a in cut charcoal,remnants, and bone were noted, nobut artifacts. BLoci consists sixof house depressions, five cache depressions, and isolated scatters culturalof locatedmaterial on ridges about 150m southwest of Loci Cult A. included scatters shellof and bone, decoratedpot sherds, a bone blunt, and a bone sled runner. upright An configuration postsof and some

80 ± 430

17959 - Beta

Cultural Cultural Association Occupation Dates

After 500After BP Unknown

25 11

e Large Large Villag Large Large Village

Ullugsaun

- - KTZ 00149 KTZ 00148 137

- 60. - 010). - 010). of Two - BP 1410+/ 8). Extensive

- southwest of the

70 to -

pression. It is possible this that debris noted. A sub was faint rectangular depression also noted representmay earlier an house de representssite the late 1800s village Singyuk of (see also KTZ This consistssite houseof pits and cultural (includingmaterial human remains) eroding blowoutsfrom on a beach ridge (E threeof testing house depressions andarea activity an was conducted, apparentyielding Ipiutak artifacts and C14 dates (uncalibrated) from BP1300+/ village. Six periodhistoric sod house depressions, five cache depressions, and unidentified feature remains locatedwere a sandalong ridge, about 500m Singyuk cabins (KTZ featuresthe are partially eroded and others arethe very near the eroding bank. small amountA of historic ; ;

70 60 90 ± ± ± 1300 1410 1360

28024 28026 28198 - - - Beta Beta Beta

Occupation Dates N/A

Unknown Unknown

1 6

Single Single House Large Large Village

- - KTZ 00157 KTZ 00155 138

subterranean houses - 5m 5m square 50cm high with semi on this on spit.this gravel testA - included a toggle harpoon ure ure 2 consists a of main room USNPS investigators identified at least four house pits during a brief visitsite to document a reported incident.looting Four house pits notedwere at the site. Feature 1 consists threeof rooms connected long tunnelsby to entrancean room. Feat and a possible connectedkitchen by tunnels toentrance the room. The other two features are apparently roomsingle houses long with tunnels.entrance Several Several located excavation in one theseof yielded numerous historic artifacts. The finds head, bone, worked worked wood, and forged iron. harpoonAnother head and a bone projectile point alsowere found on the gravel road property. on the depression,A house measuring about 4 berms, noted at was the head a of surge channel (Bf). No ormetal historic debris notedwere during cursory inspection.

70 ± 100

41833 - Beta

Cultural Cultural Association N/A Cultural Association

Outside Study Period Unknown 500After BP

Unknown 1 4

Small Small Village Single Single House Village

Fletcher Fletcher Gregg Spit Site

- - - KTZ 00171 KTZ 00162 KTZ 00158 139

169]. - what is is what The date with with subterranean and laq (brown bear): - or men's

k tures matches Karigi period village which as - use areas, a scatter polesof and - ocated Deering within tes. Oral history documents 3 entrance tunnel.entrance The cache pit is inabout diameter, 1m irregularly sloping walls. the of house fea closelyremarkably a with radiocarbon Ipiutak date from Burial 4 (Reanier et al. 1998a) and Ipiutakan ceremonial excavatedhouse the in early 1950s scientists by from the Danish National Museum in Copenhagan (Larson 2001). [L Archaeological District, KTZ This consistssite a of single grave 1952from a marked whitewith painted cross, 11 probable house depressions, 59 other depressions, 6 tent a stakes.of cluster Modern debris was found scattered throughout the si occupations at A a contact abandoned prior fish 1900, fall to a camp, and a reindeer herder's camp. Buried houseIpiutak under now the Postnew Office building. The is house semi rectangularroughly in shape. The S corner replacedis a short by ; ;

80 40 40 30 ± ± ± ± 1620 1250 1220 100

138564 138562 231493 304045 - - - - Beta Beta Beta Beta

Dates Occupation Dates Occupation

500BP After 500After BP Before

1 11

Single Single House Large Large Village

Aklaq

- - KTZ 00299 KTZ 00298 140

- 169]. - 40 - -

40(Beta 3.2m. The length - 169]. - 03 probably and was 12 - 138568). the Charcoal from es the from house kitchen - mammal oil. A treesingle ring date AD of 1203 obtained was from ofanalysis structural woodthe from timbers.house This wood had a spangrowth 163of between years 1040AD obtained as driftwood. [Located Deeringwithin Archaeological District, KTZ Site consists of a room main measuring 3.7m x entrance the of tunnel and presence/absence of a side areroom unknown due to limits testof excavations. age estimateAn AD of 1260 assumed site. is for the [Located the Deering within Archaeological District, KTZ This feature a is 2.5m square house a with room, main 6.4m long S entrancefacing tunnel and a side presumably room functioning as a Itkitchen. constructedwas of driftwood, andwhalebone, sod. A total 4of C14 datesobtained, were the reliablemost date from is charcoal thebeneath main house room floorboards,BP 910+/ (Beta basehouse the of entrance tunnel dates to BP940+/ 138565).Two additional C14 sampl antechamber been may have contaminated by ancient sea ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

80 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 870 830 900 850 870 790 920 1080 1190

138568 224229 224230 224231 224232 189091 138565 138566 138567 ------Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta

Occupation Dates Occupation Dates

Before 500BP Before 500BP

1 1

Single Single House Single House

Deering WesternDeering Thule House 1 WesternDeering Thule House 2

- - KTZ 00301 KTZ 00300 141 om the om 347, a -

and .

contact

- bed the 347. THRC - subterranean house - subterranean house - semi room house pit and one

semi subterranean house subterranean house - - collecting artifacts and faunal remains that disturbedwere by trenchingboth from sites.count A 2329of and artifacts unmodified remainsfaunal are reported fr sitestwo combined. GCI trench was approximately 1 meter deep.The cultural deposits likely were from between ~75 and 100 centimeters below surface, consistent with what was found in testing KTZ in nearby alsosite consisting of a prehistoric semi One One multi cache pit. leastAt eight house pits. cementedA sediment feature and possible hearth feature. This containssite a pre buried semi feature, either a cache pit or midden. The site identified by THRCwas when a GCI trench through cut the 2013 in site and distur deposits. trench The same also disturbed KTZsite conducted data by recovery

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

8 1 1 1

e Single Single House Singl House Large Village Single House Site Site

GCI Trench #1

- - - - KTZ 00386 KTZ 00382 KTZ 00383 KTZ 00384 142 th th

house house

1600. - subterranean - and three biface fragments. shaped biface. A second test, in - excavations conductedwere the in theof two house features damaged. Dating to circa1750 AD is anticipated. [Additional sites/features identifiedwere on the nearby lake shore: 13 cache pits located knoll on the to 425m the SSW; apparent an house pit wi andtunnel three cache pits located 570m on a knoll toSSW; the and a cache oldof Blazo on the cans shore to575m southwest.] the Foote reported late prehistoric or historic Eskimo winter houses. Burch (p.c. to Hall) as anoted this concentrationfall zone for families the from Upper Noatak regional Hall reported eight locating rectangular semi pits, lengthmedium entrancewith passages, lakeshore. on the No karigi was noted. small test one A in the of pitshouse produced 33flint and flakes a fragment of a large leaf another house pit, produced six spalls The condition caribouof bone thefound in pitstest indicated that features the are relatively older than others found during the survey, perhaps circa1500 AD Following1995 the discovery of atvandalism site, the 199 in ; ; ;

30 30 30 30 ± ± ± ± 400 385 245 405

141638 141635 141636 141637 - - - - Cams Cams Cams Cams

N/A N/A Occupation Dates

Unknown Unknown After 500After BP

Unknown Unknown 8

Large Large Village Village Village

Lake Lake Kaiyak Ninguqtutsiaq

- - - 00071 MIS 00032 MIS 00070 MIS 143 d and oburins andoburins shape - subterranean - semi te boulder decorated a with

s, s, midden deposits, and a concentration zone for families the soil. the Also present at the site 21 rectangular house karigi/"council circle" of consisting 13 seats. Near of sets one seat was a quartzi starburst design. A number of other quartzite boulders (ranging from 18in. to 24in. diameter) in are present. These boulders are not indigenous and have must been transported area. the into Hall noted thethat karigi U was thethat open end faced the lake. smallTwo tests by Hall produced 276 antler cut flakes, pieces, the base a of drill,hand and 1 thick potsherd.[Originally described as group. Burch (p.c. to Hall) as a noted this fall the from Upper Noatak regional group. Site found in approximately 1951 a by geological survey group. According to Mr. the Mangus, site locatedis spoton a flat above the on lake a feature.moraine The site appears to a represent long occupation as the artifacts ranged clearfrom obsidian micr microblades to decomposing snowshoes that half buriedwere in

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

21 Unknown

Large Large Village Village

Katyaak

- - 00352 MIS MIS 00079 144 n

subterranean - 00352.

- er, the with 077, on side of west - run cabin by built the

Several Several house pits located on a knoll directly south MISof Former Eskimo village recorded a populationwith of 25 the in 1880 Census and visited by D.H.Lt. Jarvis, USRCS, in 1898. Anderson noted remains of housewinter pits, camps,fish racks, fish and cache pits beach on the ridge spit at the Tukrokof mouth Riv oldest apparently being located near basethe theof spit. NPS investigators noted a total 197of features, including pits,house cache pits, and other features, in the ofvicinity the rangercurrent station and Shelter Cabin. The shelter cabi a is mail part of MIS lake.] Site consists of 5 semi houses and cache pits.

Cultural Cultural Association N/A N/A

After 500After BP Unknown Unknown

7 5 Unknown

Large Large Village Small Small Village Village

Aniyak

- - - 00003 NOA MIS 00697 MIS 00698 145 -

sible the along Kivilina

se") 1, on Lot Block 12, office office was established in 1940. Anderson noted house that pits are readily vi beach ridges, although none appeared olderbe a to few than centuries. BIA investigators noted presencethe twoof depressions the(reportedly house and cache of propertythe owner's parents) and a low mound (said to be "old an hou Kivalina town site, USS 5582 (owned by Willard and Alice Adams). Burned bone fragments notedwere on the ground surface of low the mound. 2005In number this was determined toall include the of features the within village and Alaska Alaska Road Commission about 1925. Excavations conductedwere at cabin the in 1987.[SeeNOA also 140.] CAKR project mappedsite the and recorded 7features. Thehouse BIA report indicated features. 20 house Eskimo village originally located at N the end theof lagoon, reported in 1847 L.A. by Lt. Zagoskin. In 1920 populationthe was 87.The post

N/A

Unknown

Village

Kivilina

- 00004 NOA 146 -

311

- now 007.] -

328. - miut." refer This to may - 004). U.S. On Navy - 005 and NOA - nding N along the spit to at least "Kivalinag present the village Kivalinaof (NOA Hydrographic Office Chart 68, asshown "Kechemudluk." Giddings noted four deep semi subterranean rectangular house pits long entrancewith passages here, and excavated one the that had not been rather extensively potted. Excavation theof structure, which had burned, produced evidence a of Western Thule culture occupation thewithin 1000last years.[See also KTZ Thisand tundrawillow covered deltaic island was noted by E.S. Burch, Jr. (p.c. to Hall) as a fall exte S end thethe of runway. Specific areas/features thewithin village been have individualgiven AHRS numbers, including NOA NOAthrough Eskimo village or camp, abandoned, mentioned by P. Tikhmeniev on his 1861 map as

Association N/A N/A Cultur

500BP Unknown Unknown Before

4 Unknown Unknown

Small Small Village Village Village

Kitqlikquriaq Cape Sepping

- - - 00009 NOA 00008 NOA 00005 NOA 147

012 -

016.] - congretation covered base - 011 and NOA - as a fall as a fall

zone for families from

Giddings located houses two and tested at this apparent site aof reindeer corral.Burch, E.S.Jr. (p.c. to Hall) as a noted this fall congregation Kotzebuethe regional group.[Subsumes NOA E.S. Burch, Jr. (p.c. to Hall) noted as this concentrationa fall zone for families the from Kotzebue regional group. Giddings noted this as the site an of oldreported village a Native by on hearsay. concentration zone for families from Kotzebuethe regional group. Probably the same as Hall's N 13 site. Giddings originally noted several houses at this apparent location. Hall noted a considerable number of houses, at the willow bluff the of in 1965, and others reported Eskimos 1972. by in E.S. Burch, Jr. (p.c. to Hall) the willow covered point zone for families the from Kotzebue regional group.[Previously this location given threewas AHRS NOAnumbers; have beensince subsumed.]

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown 2 Unknown

Village Village Village Village Small

Kimmik Saniniq Qipisungnik

- - - - 00017 NOA 00020 NOA 00015 NOA NOA 00010 148 Eli and regional 022; see - locate sitethe the in uses here. Hall - 057.] - cated and actually needed to lo - regional regional group. D.C. Foote (1965:Map 24) also apparently noted ho winter tested two houses, recovered historic items such as rifle shells, a musket ball, a a flint, kaolin pipe cutstem, antler, seal and caribou bone, items,beads, and metal a felt Thehat. owedsite its existence to heavy the salmon run up the Noatak Rivers that could be easily tapped Other, at village. the older houses are probably located back the from river.[2012 BIA survey attempted to re area it that was mapped the in AHRS, it was determined that it was mis Apparently the anof site old Native settlement noted here by was Philip S. (1913:45), Smith USGS. E.S. Burch, Jr. (p.c. to Hall) noted the area concentrationas a fall zone for families the from Kotzebue group. W.N. (p.c. Irving to Hall) reported a tepee (the identity grave interred the of known tois people of Noatak Village) on the riverbank.[Subsumes NOA also NOA Hall reportedover 30 pits and house over 52 site,cache pits at this which was noted by E.S. Burch, Jr. (p.c. to Hall) concentrationas a fall zone for families the from lower Noatak

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

30 Unknown

Large Large Village Village

Arviraq Nauyoazag

- - NOA 00024 NOA 00021 149

043.] -

the lower Noatak 1949, others date the regional regional group. surveyDuring in 1974 Hall noted seven of a total major features (including house collapsed log cabins and depressions oldermarking houses), cache pits, and historic debris. Reportedly three theof cabins were occupied in earlier,from perhaps around 1900.[Subsumes NOA E.S. Burch, Jr. (p.c. to Hall) noted as this concentrationa fall zone for families the from lower Noatak regional group. be approx 2mi. beS of approx 2mi. it where was, although the site was visitednot this bewill corrected] E.S. Burch, Jr. (p.c. to Hall) noted as this centrationa fall zone for families from

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

7 Unknown

Large Large Village Village

Maraqtuq Uninyuaq

- - NOA 00027 NOA 00026 150 - -

composed spruceof village village at this location. BIA a fall concentrationa fall zone for

E.S. Burch Jr. (p.c. to Hall) noted as this concentrationa fall zone for families the from lower Noatak regional group. E.S. Burch Jr. (p.c. to Hall) noted as this concentrationa fall zone for families the from lower Noatak regional group. D.C. Foote (1965:Map 24) noted houseswinter this in Invicinity. 1964 Hall located a house floor and logs recovered .44 caliber shells.[In 1974 Hall unable towas relocate site; this see also NOA 044.] D.C. Foote (1965:Map 23 and p.c to Hall) apparently noted the houses of a winter D.C. Foote (1965:Map 24) apparently noted houseswinter here and E.S. Burch, Jr (p.c. to Hall) noted concentrationit as a fall zone for families the from lower Noatak regional group. surveyDuring in 1974, Hall noted a collapsed x 4m 4m historic cabin axe cutwith logs long and entrancea 2m passage, 1m two 1m cachex pits, and historic debris.[Subsumes NOA 046.] E.S. Burch Jr. (p.c. to Hall) noted asthis families the from lower Noatak regional group.

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Village Village Village Village Village

Kakiaq Qamaniq Napaktusugruk Inilaq Kiiziq

- - - - - 00033 NOA 00031 NOA NOA 00029 NOA 00030 NOA 00028 151

essions essions

ound and were r is considerablyis upriver apparently apparently noted houses of

middle ("hourglass" shape) possible houses on the tip a of Kasmanik in a 1966 report, which be themay same site]. D.C. Foote (1965:Map 25 and p.c. to Hall) a village at thiswinter location. E.S. Burch Jr. (p.c. to Hall) noted as this concentrationa fall zone for families the from lower Noatak regional group, however, as this location the from other lower Noatak fall activity zones, there someis asquestion to authenticity. its Hall located and tested three rectangular cache pits and a number of spurrlow behindimmediately Dr. cabin.Rabeau's He also noted an ANCSA investigatorsANCSA recorded 15 features and 6 upright posts in a Theclearing. features include: the remains 3of log cabins, 5 small, circular or square depressions (possible storage pits), 4 small, shallow, rectangular depr (possible storage pits, sod barrow pits, etc.), and 3 piles boards, of andlogs, posts. Each house had one theseof nearby. Thewoodpiles 6 upright posts extended 80cm from toabove 95cm the g cut axe.an with had thinning in All the which indicate may these that were dogs stake [Hallouts. mentions

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Village Village Village

Imarvik Dr. Rabeau's Cabin Akaekkingyorru k

- - - NOA 00037 NOA 00036 NOA 00035 152 -

over 52

047;

- 025.] - e also NOA with a shortwith entrance 100' theof north present water - five five cache pits(?), 7m a slight x rectangular3.5m depression (with apparent under logs surface the parallelrunning to long its axis), and a total six of more probably old depressions.house E.S. Burch Jr. (p.c. to Hall) vicinitynoted as a this concentrationfall zone for families the from lower Noatak regional group.[Se subsumes NOA Hall notedpossible two rectangular depressions,house measuring 4m x and 2m3m 3m x in size. This consistssite a 3mof 4m x pit house locatedtunnel at the southeast corner depression. the of A wide above burial ground box on the spurr, 300' cabin. behind the Hall noted a total 20of semi subterranean houses and circular cache pits scattered 2 along miles a of beach ridge 10' above and 20 Twelveline. houses and a number cache of pits inwere one cluster. Hall performed a number small of andtests recovered chert, glass, cut antler, and ground slate. One house cruciformpit outline. in was Hall noted 4m a 4m x ground level log cabin, a probable house with

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

1 20 1 2

Single Single House Small Village Single House Large Large Village

Tununaaq

- - - - 00062 00048 NOA 00055 NOA NOA 00038 NOA 153

houses, - 165.] - subterranean - th depression and a

possible semi evidence of evidence at of least six sod substantialwith sod stillwalls tostanding a height of 1m and some visible wall supports. The is site ofprobably late prehistoric or early historic age. Several suspicious depressions, including a subterranean house measuring 4.5m 3m x a 3m longwith entrance passage, notedwere 40m north of oldan river channel and 400m north and 3m above presentthe river channel. test revealedA river only tosilt at frost a depth 40cm.of berm berm surrounds the house pit, which about is deep.[This 1.2m site may be a duplicate NOA of This consistssite a of large house feature, a somewhat smaller house, a number cache of pits, and two possible graves. The larger house feature 7m 5m, measures isx a typical semi winged structure bencheswith on either side a of central hear long entrance3m passage terminating in antechamber.an The second house feature measures 4m x and 4m similarlyis constructed. low bipartiteA containsmound

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown 6

Village Village Large Village

- - - NOA 00104 NOA 00100 NOA 00099 154

y 003.] - whale whale

1.6m 1.4m x x .7m nd nd a steamer trunk

depression about 7.5mmeasuring x 6.3m .4m deep.x Two large vertebrae noted the in were depression, has been which disturbedburrowing. by About 6m east of the house feature, a 30.5cm x 24cm wooden bowl was noted. Both cache the of pits measure approximately deep. USNPS briefl investigators revisited the insite 1995 and collected bowlthe wooden (which had about 30m moved east of its earlier location). USNPS investigators noted five pitshouse and four grave sites (at least five burials) distributed along theof 1km bluff edge. The single house room pits measure from 4.4m to 6m 7mx 6m x in size, with entry ways long. up to Wood 3m coffins, human bone, a notedwere in the graves. The village site was reportedly occupied 1925.[Seethrough also NOA possible A pit andhouse cache two pits noted were beach on the fourth ridge theback from north shore of Kotlik by USNPSLagoon, investigators in 1987.The house feature consists anof irregular

Association Occupation Dates Cultural

500BP After 500After BP Before

1 7

Single Single House Village Large Large

Anigaaq

- - 0 NOA 00158 NOA 0014 155 -

20m the from

defined house - rectangular house pit, -

the insite 1995. possible house pit

sence of roofof sence and fall floor approximately m deep. m Feature 3, a sub USNPS investigators briefly revisited As reported USNPSinvestigators by 1987,in consistssite this a of single pit, house situated on the first beach ridge, shore Kotlikof Lagoon. The feature measures 7.7m 4.5m x .46mx deep, a 2.7m with 2m entryway x facing lagoon. the In 1995, USNPS investigators excavated a 50cm x test50cm inside the house feature. Although the stratigraphy indicated prethe material, no artifacts were recovered. In 1987,In USNPS investigators reported two well pits, one (seriously disturbed ground by squirrel burrowing), and two probable cache pits third on the and fourth beach ridges back from the northern shore Kotlikof Lagoon. The cache pits 1.9m 1.7m measure x .24mx deep diameter in and 1.2m x .25 rectangular house pit, measures 3.6m 2.7m .32mx x deep, a with entryway.1.8m 1.4m x Feature 4, another sub measures 4.83m 4m x .3m deep,x a 6.1m with 1.22m x entryway.

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Cultural Association

After 500After BP After 500After BP

1 3

Single Single House Small Small Village

- - NOA 00162 NOA 00161 156 cache cache

rectangular - sub

.05m in .05m diameter .2m x tional tional features, possibly small site in 1995 in site and noted several addi cache pits. As reported USNPS investigators by 1987,in consistssite this 12of circular to pits and a larger depression which representmay a house pit, located second on the beach ridge back the from northern shore Kotlik of Lagoon. The possible consists house basin,a of slight measuring 4.2m x in 3.2m size. The cache pits vary a 1 from deep circular depression to x a 2.3m shallow2.1m basin. The of remains a freight sledwooden iron with runners alsowere noted about 30m tosouthwest. the USNPS investigators briefly revisited the

Cultural Cultural Association

After 500After BP

Single Single House

- NOA 00163 157 - sub house features

2m 2m asl. One nd of the beach nd the of -

1.5

ts. Only TP #3 had a depression measuring possible irrel burrow disturbed features, both the previously within identified areasite and main to the SW, e towards the ridge. possibleTwo features, apparently previously unrecorded, alsowere found and 275m 310m NNE1987 the of Three datum. 50cm 50cm x pits test placedwere orin adjacent to features. poss No artifactual material recoveredwas the from tes possible cultural layer, it was damagedextensively (and by perhaps thetotally result of) ground squirrel activity. In 1987,In 2 and 4 apparent cache pits 5th on the beach ridge theback from NW shore Kotlikof Lagoon, approximately house feature roughlyis circular depression 5.3m measuring x 4.8m .2m deep,x other the is rectangular 7.4m The 4.5m. x rectangular cache pits vary a 2.6mfrom 2.2m x .8m x deep 1.2m .13m x 2m tox deep.a squTwo areas, possibly representing cultural features alsowere noted, and122m NE128m theof datum.site In 1995, a number additionalof potential

Cultural Cultural Association

After 500After BP

Small Small Village

- NOA 00164 158

- material

sis, butsis, be cache may pits. ne, ne, and a chert block fragment. a distance aboutof 210m. the Along top beach the of ridge, possible features were mapped for a distance aboutof 415m, all 50mwithin of eroding the bank. The features were generally small pits unknownof gene Several larger depressions could be pits.house Historic period debris scatteredwere on the surface and in sod. the A number subsurfaceof banktests stratigraphic cuts, auger and tests, test pits excavated.were In 1987,In USNPS investigators reported and features cultural material exposed for 120m some the along erosion face, which included at least 1 house floor, 2 seal oil poke storage pits, oilan soaked hearth, wood and bark fragments, sea mammal and caribou bo No features were on thevisible surface. The relocated,site was mapped, and tested1995. in The 1987 was relocated,not datum site so correspondence the between 1987 and1995 the cultural material was possible.not Cultural was noted eroding the from bank for

Cultural Cultural Association

Before 500BP

Single Single House

- NOA 00170 159 3.5m x avated to -

end theof entryway. .39m deep.39m a tunnel with entry tunnel and a 8.4m - acial end or side blade, chert cache cache pits) noted.were Remains of crosses 2 theof marking shallow depressionsgrave read KATHRINE WEBSTER and ...TUCK. One bif flakes, pot sherds, and faunal remains alsowere noted. This is locationalso this that Burch records as Agiagruat, a spring settlement of Napaaqtugmiut.the In 1995, site the was mapped. A number of subsurface tests excwere evaluate damagethe to features recent from vandalism and the total context.site Cultural material collected included chipped bifacial and unifacial tools; waste, utilized, and retouched flakes; ground slate One houseOne pit, five cache pits, a tent andring, two unidentified stone features locatedwere a smallin Ovalclearing. pit ishouse 4.8m x 2.7m .22x measuring 4.8m long and 6 wide. m post,Large possibly bone,whale found at each Tent ring measuring 1.65m x 1.22m size in made large up of cobbles and small boulders. 1987,In 2 pits (a house 6.4m x depression5.5m a 3 with 1.6m wide 5.8mx oval depression a with 4.5m entry long tunnel), 2 or more graves, and a number depressions (some

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Cultural Association

After 500After BP After 500After BP

2 1

ingle ingle Small Small Village House S

Agiaguat

- - NOA 00217 NOA 00188 160 ession a with depression with

rectangular - ed and cut antler and whale s were s entrywaynoted were the in sub 30 and cartridge casing; faunal - number cache of pits and other depressions on the edgenorth a of beach low ridge between Tukrok andRiver Chukchi the Sea coast. The house distinct pits include a 4m shallow 4m deprx long entry 3m and a 1.9m 1.8m x off theroom entry; a shallow 5.8m x 4m long entrya 3m and a 2.5m x 1.9m off theroom entry; and a shallow 3m rectangular5m x depression a 5.9mwith long entry. Two square post near the house one wallof in the pits.house The possible grave is marked by the remains of a whalebone jaw. A modern hunting tools and fragments; whetstones; work bone; plain pottery sherds; wood and soil samples; metal afragments; 30 remains. This consistssite three of or four pits,house a possible andgrave, a

Cultural Cultural Association

Before 500BP

Small Small Village

- 00274 NOA 161 -

Feature

den wick lude a 5m x 3m 6 yielded structuralwood

Feature least 42 posts (Feature 6).wall Other features inc depression a which may mark wall sitetent (F3), several cache pits, and several triangular, post configurations. 1995,In site the was mapped and 9 subsurface tests were excavated. test outside A yielded chips, charcoal,wood fire cracked rock, bone, andjacket the approximatelyan of .50 caliber bullet. test A thewithin room main of material, wood (possiblychips axe cut), worked bone,wood, and charcoal, chert a grey flake, a wooden plank, a woo trimmer, and a glass bead. 1995,In blind or and driedlimbs grass was also noted site. on the includeFeatures a 3.9m 2m x house a 2.2mwith long entry markedat by least 25 posts (Feature 1);wall a 4.6m 3.4m x house a x 2.3m with attached1.6m room marked by at

Cultural Cultural Association

After 500After BP

Small Small Village

Atiligauraq

- 00284 NOA 162 subterranean et on logs, -

semi xposed 1995 in a bermwide around 9 consisted 12of posts

recent cabin, ofbuilt plywood and 2x4s. The roof gabledis a and has tarpaper Furnishings covering. and clothing been rummagedhave presumablythrough, by bears, and scattered for about 20m upriver. There outhouse,an is s about to 30m the SE. A sod structure traditionalof Eskimo construction stands 26m N of the cabin. Its sloping are walls constructed trimmedof spruce poles androof the plywood. of is Sod is laid over all, has but mostly fallen away, creating structure.the The in windows the andwalls inroof the coveredwere plastic.with Four Feature protruding from beach the (which be themay remains of part of a large house), aligned two in parallel aboutrows 1.7m apart and perpendicular tobeach. the The additional posts e be attributedmay to continued erosion 1988. since Historic site. Remains include a

N/A

Unknown

Small Small Village

John Goodwin SiteCabin

- 00288 NOA 163 e and

, Feature er side of a ravine , and Feature .5m x 1m.5m x and diameter diameter diameter

few few years. The residents of berms, and are probably

s s found,were thesethree of Chukchi Chukchi Sea on the upp ridge.the The 25 round features aboutwere 0.85m deep.0.3m Feature 46 a large was depression 8.71m 445.5m was 472.84m diam. was There were numerous sharply rectangular features averaging 1 0.6mfrom todeep. 0.2m Their regularity leads to the speculation they that may have held boxes or at one cans time. There also were 11 55gal storage drum containers placed ground. the in There no is evidence that the site was used in last the Kivalina could providenot much house are close in proximity tocabin the andstanding the sod structure, the at fourth is the edge of to100m W. the These house pits are defined,well squar high, with shaped historic. shovel testA dug one in of pits producedthe no cultural remains. This consistssite of small,many square and rectangular pits, round depressions, and 55gal drums placed ground, the in scattered a along beach ridge on the NW end Imikrukof Lagoon. The heaviest concentration featuresof is near the

N/A

Unknown

Village

Imikruk Imikruk Lagoon

- NOA 00299 164

use pits, visited by visited by definite age - In 2011In the

299; numerous drum metal 476. be This the spring may the Maniilaq Association for - - crew proceededcrew and came west upon laterwhat found was to be site NOA lined cache pits, possible ho and similar features. allotmentLieb was re archeologists M. Garcia and M. Goade. being surveyed After multiple times and interviewing the land owner BIA has determined that there are at least two components to site. the historical historical info about this site. This be themay same recorded as site NOA camp Usak,of which was named for a person, reason the but was lost. Used recently,until a could benot assigned tosite. the It represents recent more subsistence patterns that are not studied.well In 2010 allotment Lieb the was accessed via plane float by BIA archeologists M. Garcia and R. Meinhardt response in to a request from archeologicalan inventory prior to advertisedan sale of property. the Landing at Imikruk the Lagoon,

165

diameter 0.5m in - aerial photo.

may have servedmay as

and 4.44m 2.06m. x More plywood lying nearby, a tent wall andframe overturnedan couch in poor Camps condition. closer to Kivalina are being still used. Thi campspring be partmay of Kiniktuuraq, which "littlemeans old the rise in ground." the During 18th century, the major of outlet Kivalina Lagoon was here. Site consists of possible house pits on a visible 1967 Reported possible and gravesite location historicof sod house. informantLocal reported that several families had occupied several historic sod houses at the extreme endwestern town.of Site This (aboutsite 120m 140m)x consists of smallmany round and rectangular depressions along Igugaivik bank.Creek There are 55gal barrels buried vertically into groundthe that storage containers. There 34are round features 1.2 and 16 rectangular features averaging 1.5m 0.75m x 0.6mx deep.The 2 large rectangular features that be remainsthe may of pitshouse or floors tent were 6.2m x 3.5m recent evidence useof 2were upright posts that served as a drying a rack folding with table, and

N/A Occupation Dates N/A N/A

Unknown After 500After BP Unknown Unknown

Unknown 2 Unknown 1

Small Small Village Village Single House Village

Igrugaivik Igrugaivik Creek Camp

- - - - 00328 NOA 00322 NOA 00323 NOA NOA 00301 166 e ed by river

alvanized iron cache

surrounding buildings listedwere as builtNative log cabins and caches. post officeA opened 1940. in possiblyLithics related to the Northern traditionArchaic wer found on the ground surface in the ofvicinity Block 6, USS 4486 in 1976prior to installation ofthe andwater sewer lines. informantsLocal report ruin a house betweenend the existing the of Noatak andrunway the westernmost thechannel of Noatak River. The be ruin associatedmay the with Wendell Boothand family predate settlementthe of Noatak in 1908. haveMay been destroy erosion. may be themay same as that located during a BIA 1989 of the survey allotment.Adams The Noatakof village listedwas by thePetroff in 1880 as Census Noatagamute. 1908In Friends the beganChurch a government sponsored and schoolmission at the present village site. a In 1937 thesurvey school parcel consisted Friends the of Manse, a log church, schoolhouse,a frame a tramway and rivertrack up the to bluff the school, a log cabin, a g and shed, and a frame outhouse. The parcel is listed as USS 2037. The

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

1 Unknown

Village Single House

- - 00342 NOA NOA 00341 167 - semi

could represent

house

house made from

subterranean - regional regional prehistory. The site was observed from air only the and so no collections were made. theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument Cape Krusenstern National Monument Cape Krusenstern National Monument Cape Krusenstern National Monument Cape Krusenstern National Monument The consists site one of subterranean spruce Sitelogs. observedwas only the from air and at a relatively high altitude and speed. This actually is several sites strewn along3/4km the beach. The size of each individual site difficultwas to determine aerialfrom inspection alone. The consists site of several semi depressions and numerous cache pits. The pits house culturalany affiliation and temporal period overpast the 500 years. Thus these sites the have potential to provide significant knowledge to the ;

25 30 ± ± 1190 1480

93950 94051 - - OS OS

N/A N/A N/A N/A Occupation Dates N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Before 500BP Unknown Unknown Unknown

1 1 1 Unknown 7 2 1 1

Village Single House Single House Single House Single House Village Large Village Small Single Single House

------NOA 00398 NOA 00408 NOA 00425 NOA 00383 NOA 00384 NOA 00397 NOA 00346 NOA 00343 168

299. - Krusenstern

along a 197m stretch

identified National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument This site identifiedwas first in 2010 BIAby archaeologists. revisitA to insite the 2011 areasrevealed five culturalof remains. Forty features were berms.of This be samethe may recorded as NOAsite theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument Cape Krusenstern National Monument Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern -

- 40 OS - - ; ±

35 25 OS OS Beta

± ± ; ; ; 1030 30

25 25 25 ± 745 170 ± ± ±

210

485 115 410

226688 - 93954 93710 - - OS Beta OS 93686 93687 93688 326114

N/A Occupation Dates N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Occupation Dates Cultural Association Occupation Dates N/A

Unknown Before 500BP Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Before 500BP Before 500BP 500After BP Unknown

Unknown 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 1 1

Single Single House Village Small Village House Single House Single House Single House Large Village Single Single House Single House Single House Single House Single

------00509 NOA 00476 NOA NOA 00474 NOA 00457 NOA 00468 NOA 00473 NOA 00453 NOA 00454 NOA 00456 NOA 00427 NOA 00434 NOA 00440 169

within the within Cape Krusenstern Site theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument Site National Monument - - - - ; ; ; ; - ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; - - - - - 40 50 40 40 OS ; - - - 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ± ± ± ± ; OS Beta Beta Beta ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 25 ± OS OS OS OS ; ; ; ; 25 ± Beta OS OS OS ; ; ; ;

± ; 30 30 30 30 ; ; ; 380 400 190 570 1050 320 470 390 1780 280 1590 6420 25 30 25 35 30 ± ± ± ±

30 25 30 20 ± ± ± ± ± 1350 430 ± ± ± ±

2230 1020 1110 1170

1600 1850 1780 540 505 1620 325 385 1330

226148 226149 226150 226151 226152 226153 226687 226692 226693 223219 223220 223222 ------81279 81281 - - Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta OS OS 81284 81428 81429 81431 326105 326106 326107 326109 93953 93955 93975 96757 93957 Beta Beta Beta

Occupation Dates Occupation Dates Cultural Association

Outside Study Period Continuou s Occupatio n 500After BP

1 45 9

Large Large Village Large Village Single House

00002 and 00242. 00002 and 00242. - - - - Associated with NOA NOA Associated with NOA NOA

- - - NOA 00516 NOA 00519 NOA 00513 170

Monument Monument Site theSite within Cape Krusenstern National theSite within Cape Krusenstern National theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument Site theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument ------OS OS ; ------; ; 25 OS OS OS OS OS 25 35 ± OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS ; ; ; ; ;

± ± ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

25 50 30 25 25 80 25 35 30 25 30 25 25 25 30 25 30 25 30 ± ± ± ± ± ± 675 1630 910 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

330 590 1470 1300 1390 830 595 510 625 570 720 110 305 685 755 1030 650 2430 1210

78583 78588 81644 - - - OS 78584 78585 81283 81403 81427 81434 81440 81441 81442 81582 81743 81746 93947 93948 93934 OS OS 81677 81678 81753 81968

N/A N/A N/A Occupation Dates Occupation Dates Cultural Cultural Association

Unknown Unknown Unknown Continuou s Occupatio n Before 500BP Before 500BP

8 1 10 8 3 2

Small Small Village Large Village Single House Large Large Village Small Small Village Large Village

00002 and 00242. 00002 and 00242. 00002 and 00242. 00002 and 00242. 00002 and 00242. 00002 and 00242. ------Associated with NOA NOA Associated with NOA NOA Associated with NOA NOA Associated with NOA NOA Associated with NOA NOA Associated with NOA NOA

------00544 00534 NOA 00538 NOA NOA 00533 NOA NOA 00531 NOA 00532 171 Krusenstern

Site theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument Site theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument theSite within Cape National Monument theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument - - - - - OS OS ;

------; ; 40 25 OS OS OS 25 25 ± ± OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS OS ; ;

± ± ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 5; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 25 2 40 25 25 25 25 25 30 25 25 25 25 25 30 30 25 25 30 30 25 25 ± ± ± ± 1320 1140 955 965 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ±

390 920 275 665 585 490 675 695 875 950 1020 1090 900 570 9430 975 810 830 1010 910 100 630

93938 94112 93718 93689 - - - - 93750 93751 93753 93754 OS OS OS 93897 93720 93721 93748 93749 93756 93757 93760 94384 93936 93937 OS 93712 93713 93714 93715 93716 93717 93719

Occupation Dates N/A Occupation Dates Occupation Dates N/A

Continuou s Occupatio n Unknown Before 500BP Before 500BP Unknown

6 2 1 3 7

Large Large Village Small Small Village Large Large Village Small Village Single House

00002 and 00242. 00002 and 00242. 00002 and 00242. 00002 and 00242. 00002 and 00242. ------Associated with NOA NOA Associated with NOA NOA Associated with NOA NOA Associated with NOA NOA Associated with NOA NOA

- - - - - 00558 NOA NOA 00556 NOA 00555 NOA 00553 NOA 00554 172 0), and

component midden -

Site theSite within Cape Krusenstern National Monument Between 1948 and 1952, Giddings conducted extensive excavations of largethis multi site, reachedwhich depths of over The7'. upper contained levels Nukleet phase materials (AD 1000 1700),to AD middle the level deposits contained Norton phase (BCmaterials 500 40to AD lowerthe levels contained Denbigh complexFlint materials (earlier than BC 2500). ------OS OS OS Beta ; ; ; OS Beta OS OS OS Beta OS Beta OS Beta OS OS OS ;

; ; 30 ; ; ; ; 30 ; ; 30 ; ; ; ; ; 30 30 ± ± ± 35 35 25 25 25 30 30 25 35 25 25 25 25 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 510 1450 1410 1280 640

925 290 160 585 740 645 490 715 765 210 715 745 370

93761 93763 326115 326116 93764 93879 93880 93932 326117 94064 93940 326118 96756 93952 326120 93755 93758 93759

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Cultural Association

Before 500BP Before 500BP

Unknown 5

Village Small Small Village

00002 and 00242. - - Iyatayet Associated with NOA NOA

- - 00002 NOB 00578 NOA 173 - -

artifacts

miut." Baron 185m long, -

061]. been It has - disturbed 2 burials and associated a trading station, called

n , disturbedboth by approximately wide, andwide, 1m deep. -

construction and pot hunting. The reportedartifacts Giddings by appearrepresent to historic occupation but only, other artifacts reported represent late may prehistoric occupation. Site of Big Sam's Roadhouse. 1994,In PHS constructio a habitation Thefeature. human remains and reinterredwere the in village cemetery. redefinedArea 1992 in to belarge the of that midden occupying part eastern of the beach front 60m Eskimo village reported 1842 in 1844by Zagoskin, recorded who its asname "Kvynkhak OttoBenedeleben, von theof Western Union Telegraph Expedition, the name wrote "Konyukmute" 1865. in The village a became centersupply for local and mining, "Norton Station," Bay was established 1900 in NOB [see also 019 and NOB investigated by Hrdlicka, Collins, Giddings (see Gal, Robert 1971: Appendix), and Gal, as aswell others. Midden deposits have been located

N/A

Unknown

Village

Koyuk

- NOB 00004 174

examine this

g, andg, a series of the pilethe of wood as a

for fishing and berry

Christian burial. - locate house the pit, though some depressions observed,were which he towas unable due test to permafrost conditions. He did note a rotted pile a wood, brokenof sled with shoeinmetal upright posts presumed to be for stretching nets. Johnson and Sorensen relocated site, this identifying pre Although Gal did not receivedsite, he repeated reports of existence.its Indeed, there be may settlements,two on opposite banks river. the of informantAn also gave Gal three artifacts (and he saw a fourth) could bewhich placed Nukleetwithin culture. Reported Ray to beby a summer village picking. Though no tests were dug, Gal thoughtlikely the location of village the was the grassy north slope headland the of immediately south theof of Kuiuktulikmouth River, where a number of depressions occur. Gal noted oldan village site consisting threeof house pits. Two tests attempted,were permafrostbut conditions prevented excavation the culturalof material. pitA house was reported as to Gal at this being location. Gal did not

Cultural Cultural Association N/A N/A N/A

Before 500BP Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown 3 Unknown

Village Village Small Small Village Village

liq

Maqluktu Kwighuk

- - - - NOB 00023 NOB 00018 00017 NOB 00013 NOB 175 , associated settlement all (Brooks, A.H.

ctures in the N end of rap creek the and in trapping above structuresground (remains of log two stru site the associatedwith debris scatter), recent trappingand two campsites N partin of the site. Evidence of wood cutting presentis throughout the S portion theof site. Artifacts a found 50cmwere in x test50cm pit. The is site reindeerwith and herding It fishing. was first used as a winter fishing by site Koyuk people (Eskimo) late 1800ssince 1900s.or In early late the 1920s, a Koyuk man a built cabinof north the where earlier occupants dwelled, operating a fish t nearby. From the late 1920 to the up This village, reported Zagoskin by a as being largevery was located at the of mouth Tubuktulik River. of One Ray's informants said that long ago it was a large village a kazgi,with thatbut of the most village had washed away. Other informants remember it as a only summer fishing village, as did W.C. Mendenh et al. 1901:215). remainsCultural are the in clearings dominated by disturbance grasses. Site features include house remains (three grassy mounded area the in southern of half the site with associated cache pits and debris),

Historic Material Cultural Cultural Association

Historic Occupatio n Historic Occupatio n

Unknown Unknown

Village Village

Tipuktuliuraq Tunbuktulik

- - 1 NOB 00053 NOB 0003 176 - zing zing

029), which is - of Rectangular and

N/A IditarodTheTrail. Bonanza Roadhouse (NOB associated the Iditarodwith trail, was located the in village site. Site consists of at least 15 semi subterranean house depressions, extending 1,300' the along narrow beach ridge, Eimmediately of village, across river. the Site consists square depressions. Most lie along beachthe ridge edge overlooking Tagoomenikthe River. 1940s,other Koyuk residents also used the site, campedbut in tents. In 19291930or Koyuk Reindeer the Co. a built shelter cabin at Tipuktuliuraq, using the surrounding area as gra winter land. Abandoned native village site on

N/A Cultural Cultural Association N/A N/A

Unknown Historic Occupatio n Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown 15 Unknown

Large Large Village Village Village Village

Utkusinnaq Ungalik

- - - - NOB 00069 NOB 00084 00063 NOB 00067 NOB 177

150m long and

wiped theout entire ground, aboutground, 100 yards back p midden in p1974 midden produced have been a have village severalof houses long ago, but no one has lived there within memory." Bockstoce asnoted this a still inhabited small settlement, at a good sea winter mammal hunting location. Its midden was approximately showedremains the of many house pits. The was midden eroding into sea. the Excavations in the up to 1m dee evidence that the site was not more 500than old. years D. Sparks reported pits house on high beach, the of at the narrows between twothe portions Salmonof Lake. reportedRay as a this village of about six houses which was occupied the 1918 until influenza epidemic village. fox rancher, A Peter X. Peterson, lived reportedly on top of village the site. This issite also reportedly occupied King by Islanders insummer the and the site they to likewhich would to tomove permanently. Reported Ray to by "supposed to

N/A N/A N/A Cultural Association

Unknown Unknown Unknown Before 500BP

Unknown 6 Unknown Unknown

Village Large Large Village Village Village

Ayasayuk Singigyak Pingo Salmon Lake

- - - - NOM 00009 NOM 00006 NOM 00007 NOM 00004 178 -

NOM two. two. The

to, apparently to, apparently

former site of . Sources

002). -

round residents. innakhtagovik." - - reffered noted both1880 in the Census and 1890 The site Census. was occasionally incorrectly, as Aziak indicate that site the locatedis on east sidethe island. the of Reportedly, there at is least one other village onsite island. the Ray noted a that formerly small village existed at the ofmouth Snake River, now the of site Nome, known Kingfor its Crab fishery offshore. Ray indicates this that is village ofthe "Chitnashuak" the of 1880 which had Census, a population 20of [see also is089, Orth's location which for "Chitnashuak"]. Ray Ray asnoted this the name of Nome as River well as a summer fish camp, and possibly a winter settlement of a family or 1880 reported Census a population 10of "Oo for Today a dozen orfamilies more have summercamps fish here and aresome year Apparently the BrothersLomen slaughterhouse alsois located here, the in vicinity theof Fort (NOM Davis The applies name to bothisland the andprimary the village on the island. The island visited was by E.W. 1881, in Nelson is andsite the

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Village Village Village

Ayak Sitnasuak Uinakhtaguik

- - - NOM 00025 NOM 00015 NOM 00010 179 - round round

- - 170m south of the 1895 it became the

by Ray as a small by year

round, located left on the bank - bank of theof bank river. The village was wiped by out the influenza epidemic 1918.of circularTwo depressionshouse and a rectangular sod featurewalled on thefront lagoon channel, approximately turnaround at endthe Woolleyof Lagoon Road. acrossDirectly the channel the from turnaround, on the barrier beach,summer the is camp King of Island Natives. single A shovel probe the 8m x within 10m rectangular feature appeared be to culturally sterile. 50cm 50cm x A test placedwas the within southernmost of the two 4m in diameter house depressions. An Noted Ray as a small by year village at a stream betweenmouth Snake River and Sinuk River. Noted village, once five with houses. Noted Ray as a by old,very but probably small, settlement aboriginally, sometimes occupied year river. the of In headquarters for the Eskimo first owned reindeer herd, Charlieof that Antisarlook (Antesiluk). A Methodist andmission a public school establishedwere on the right

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

2 5 Unknown Unknown

Small Small Village Village Village Small Village

Woolley Woolley Lagoon Site Singuk Nagoluk Kailiosuak

- - - - 00045 NOM NOM 00029 NOM 00026 NOM 00027 180

- as term, during - 025.]

- cupation

round village -

season, oc lined area hearth and - -

Ray Ray noted Rodney that Creek once had three houses, supposedly for hunting and fishing. Ray noted accordingthat, to informants, this village oldwas very and had a kazgi. 1893In it reportedly had ten 1867houses, in there deserted two were houses and one occupied reported, house and after 1900 houses five were reported.This location was, apparently shown mistakenly, "Nook" 1899 on Nelson's map and Petroff theby in 1880 Census.[Formerly listed as TEL 003.] apparent rock structural timbers noted.were The estimatedis site to be a short perhaps single relativelyof recent age. Ray noteda that year was located at the Pennyof mouth River, where seal and duck hunting and fishing especially were good, it and that was still occupied summer.[Seethe also NOM

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

10 Unknown 3

Large Large Village Village Small Village

Kalulik Sitnasuakak Rodney Creek

- - - NOM 00093 NOM 00089 NOM 00092 181 113 - Parcel C

riginally riginally ic scatters at 003 o - 112 and NOM - into three into sites.

112), across directly from 113), just to southwest the of - - 003 east on the shore of the - separated looking houses on a small spit - rings, two ofrings, two which had hearth rings inside. Scatters caribouof bone notedwere and 670 artifacts, of apparent and Choris Norton affiliation, surface were collected.[NOM included all three parcel, hasbut been NOM lake, and NOM on the shorewest lake.] of Originally Originally D. Sparks (BLM, 05/02/69, reportedreport UAF) to old east on the shore Glacierof Lake. In 1976Bockstoce noted a chipping at station this location. CPSU investigators noted a ringstone 1m diameter in and 12 lith location,this Parceltheir Two A. other localities alsowere noted on the west side lake. the of Parcel B (NOM peninsula,the consists twoof stone rings, scattered lithics, and exposed midden to a depth 40cm.of (NOM Parcel B, includes tentstone four

N/A

Unknown

Village

Glacier Lake 1

- 00113 NOM 182 t - - - house

50 (Beta

located that was

- Semi 50(Beta

- was destroyedwas

subterranean mains. In 2006mains. In the 60 (Beta206697). -

- ems to be a Yukon Lined semi subterranean house subterranean house - - Late WesternLate Thule period.

midden midden that was more than 50% excavated. Radiocarbon dates were between B.P. 290 +/ 222487)B.P. and 100 +/ 22486). collected Artifacts include a blue single trade bead, hunter's tool cache, diagnostic pottery, charcoal, reand faunal partial remains a of second pre contact was encountered, as as a well concentration artifacts.of This depositartifact relatively was thin and toolsyielded and other items. This collection appears to todate the Confirmed by several radiometric Thesamples. highest and lowest Heavily disturbed late prehistoric semi during construction. Appears to be late Thule period, charcoal dated to B.P. 240 +/ Artifacts recovered 20 include sherds,pottery ivoryan wedge, antler point, and a drilled caribou rib.The sherdspottery rewere fitted, it se pot.style tall 4' A sharpened house alsopost present. was subterranean house during construction activities. Later construction uncovered a second semi completely excavated and a shee ; ; ;

60 40 50 50 ± ± ± ± 250 240 130 110

222487 206697 222485 222486 - - - - Beta Beta Beta Beta

Occupation Dates

After 500After BP

Small Small Village

Snake Snake River Spit Site

- NOM 00146 183 - (see vory vory 50BP and -

50.This hassite thus far

- 003). - Single occupation.Single Ray asnoted this a small village considered to be round a year settlement and always occupied during oogruk and seal hunting seasons. The is site mistakenly identified as "Sinrazat Shelter Cabin" USGS on the (seemap SHF 001). notes Koutsky this that site was also known as Owevuk, which recordsRay as a separate site SHF conventional conventional radiocarbon date are listed here, BP 250+/ 110+/ yielded late prehistorictwo houses, tools, shards, pottery i an wedge, antleran point and other items.

N/A Cultural Cultural Association

Unknown After 500After BP

Unknown 1

House Village Single Single

Itibluk

- - - SHF 00002 PSU 2013 006 (Nuluk) 184

med that med 800' south the of

- 700

012.] 002).[Previously also - -

ersum ersum noted a large number of the insite the 1816, the largestit was the village in area. Hrdlicka visited insite the 1926, noted it was that disturbed timeat that by a fox farm. Wi andhouse cache pit depressions on a seriesparallel of beach ridges and evidence of human burials. Ray asnoted this a former fishing village. Ray asnoted this a former fishing village. Ray Ray noted Owevuk that had four houses in 1892 Sheldon (Jackson, 1895:97). location K. this At Woodworth, BLM, noted several depressions, probably house pits, located elevated on an sand ridge, approximately outer shoreline; assuit is are these the same site. Koutsky associates the name Owevukof with (SHFItibluk listed as SHF Eastthe of Shishmaref runway are heavilythe disturbed of ruins the siteoriginal theof present day village Shishmaref.of First reported Otto by Kotzebue, von who visited

Occupation Dates N/A N/A N/A

Historic Occupatio n Unknown Unknown Unknown

4 Unknown Unknown Unknown

Village Village Village Small Small Village

Kikiktuk Nonatak Lungyat Owevuk

- - - - 00006 SHF 00007 SHF 00004 SHF SHF 00003 185 knoll at theknoll endwest

arently present. arently Several recent ed. Faunal remains present seal bone. The depressions, which extend for 105msome along the terrace, 1m from range 2.3mx to in2.3m 1.8m size andx from 10cm depth. toin Many30cm more of these depressionssubtle are app camp sites alsowere noted at the locality. A stratifiedA depositmidden and a series17 of rectangularshallow depressions foundwere along the primary alluvial terrace on the north side the of Troutof mouth Creek. The in a midden, linear mound 2m and high long, 30m is located at the base a of high site. the of The has been midden disturbedheavily looting. by One exposure revealed midden extending to a depthbelow 1.8m of surface.the potA sherd, abrader, an bonea fossil adze, and some alteredminimally cobble tools were not include bird, caribou, and whale,

N/A

Unknown

Large Large Village

- SHF 00019 186 lined - of shallowof

on the northeastern arm of one one of them. Nails and a bone consists a of series shallowof oval depressions, a 6m long scatter of wood, charcoal, cemented sand, pot sherds, and rocks, an eroded infant and adult burial, and a wood seal oil cache. This consistssite five of depressions, standing rack supports, isolatedan cache pit, and isolatedan locatedartifact on a sand ridge behindimmediately Chuckchi the Sea coastal ridge theof barrier bar fronting Shishmaref Inlet. Four the of depressions appear to be cache features the while fourth may be a house feature. The consistedartifact a of broken, long 18cm wood shaft This consistssite three loci,of containing burials, house remains, and caches, a within 120m 100m x area located south on sidethe the of coastal barrier bar between Arctic Lagoon and Chukchi Sea. Locus A consists sevenof definable features and a number depressions which may be either blowouts or altered Present features. are at least one house depression, several caches, and the probable base a of burial box. Locality B consists of five intact burial boxes, with human bone apparent only with sled runner noted.were Locus C

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

5 Unknown

Small Small Village Village

- - SHF 00024 SHF 00021 187 in in

measure 4.5m measure x rectangular

- approximately sub lined house -

present. Several sod borrow areas alsowere noted. Theis older house located a about blowout in 66.5m to northwestthe of the sod house. It anhas oval or room measuring 2m 1.7m,x a 3.9m straightlong entryway, and a 1.7m x axillary1m room entryway.off the 1.1m Thex .7m 2m deepx cache is located aboutsoutheast 59m of the sod house. partiallyA collapsed sod house, a standing shelter cabin, a house depression, cache two depressions, and a scatter of and rubbermetal debris found on a relict sandwere ridge aboutsouth 35m theof Chukchi Sea coast, barrier on the with a piecewith rawhideof tied around it. 20th A Century sod an house, earlier plank depression, and a cache depression notedwere on the barrier bar on fronting the northeastern arm of Shishmaref Inlet, of750m west VABM "Tart."The sodremains house Structural3.2m. members, historic debris, remains and arefaunal

Historic Material N/A

Historic Occupatio n Unknown

2 1

Single Single House Small Village

- - 00027 00025 SHF SHF 188 lined - e has a 4.2m eastern arm of an entry room

lined andwalls a portion -

room feature measuring 7m x - rectangular house depressions with entrancestheir a dryfacing pond. The situatedis site on a sand dune. Thereevidence ofsome is looting, site the but generally appears to be preserved.well depression,A house a log cache, and four cache depressions locatedwere a 40m within 30m x area dune on a on small the coastal barrier the bar fronting northeastern Shishmarefarm of Inlet, about south 120m of the Chukchi Sea coast. The featur house 3m x .65m x main room and a 7m entrywaylong a small with lateral off one room side. upright A few andplank post structural members bar fronting the bar the fronting north Shishmaref Inlet. The house depression a is vaguely defined, two cache,4m. A is which 2m from the depression,house 1.1m measures x and 0.9m a driftwoodhas pole cover. The sod house measures and4.3m 3.6m x has attached a via short passageway. The plank split logthe of and sod roof are still Thestanding. shelter cabin measures 2.75m 2.09m. x A number other,of unidentified features were noted. Wiersum noted a number of

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

1 Unknown

Single Single House Village

South Sarichef

- - SHF 00036 SHF 00033 189 Shishmaref try chamber,try and is 500m south of the lined house and the

lined cache depression, and - pitched protrudesroof which 53cm above groundthe surface. The house measures 3.65m long, hasa 1.87m 1.55m x rectangular room 1.3m with cantedhigh awalls, .85m 1.57m x en constructed the with use roundof iron nails. largeA plank possible remains a of cache structure found were on a ridge on barrierthe the bar fronting northeastern arm of Inlet, about 250m south theof Chukchi Sea coast. The house walls are by inoutlined situ posts and planks androof the appears to be below intact driftingthe sand. The are present. still A wooden bowl fragment was found on the ground surface. subterraneanA driftwood house, a wood erodedan cache feature found were a within 40m50m x area on the barrier the bar fronting northeastern Shishmarefarm of Inlet, approximately Chukchi Sea coast. The house has intactan driftwood and frame

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

1 1

Single Single House Single House

- - SHF 00042 SHF 00038 190 m

eposits are 5m 1m 5m x

covered house -

5m 3.5m5m x room, main anwith entry and way an axillary roo measuring about 3m in diameter. The secondhas feature a 4.1m 4m x and main room a passageshort which connects to a 5.5m 2.5m x chamber.entry Structural members are present. The"modern" village thatsite dates back to1920s. the The is site marked by scattered and sporadic midden deposits that appear be to concentrated the in SW end of town. Thedeposits aremidden comprised sea of bone mammal mixed with other refuse. The d located eroding the along bluff edge. feature 13mis long a with trapezoidal room measuring main 3.75m,4m x a 2. passageway leading to a 6.5m x entry 2.5m chamber, and another 1.5m3m x passage connecting to another room or house measuring about 4m. 3m x Artifacts noted include a bone harpoon foreshaft, bone sled runner fragments, and a decoratedpot sherd. grassTwo depressions foundwere on the crest dunea of low eroding along the Chukchi Sea coast the of barrier bar the fronting northeastern coast of Shishmaref Inlet. One house has a

Historic Association Cultural Cultural Association

Historic Occupatio n After 500After BP

Unknown 2

Small Small Village Village

Shishmaref

- - SHF 00045 SHF 00043 191

scatters. d at the

four house four pits and at River. TwoRiver. house pits room house pit and one -

side of the side creek. the of This summer camp utilized was into 1900s. the Anderson and Anderson located grassy midden areas on both banks Kugarakof are the in situated larger midden area bankon the theof west river. houseOne pit on is east the bank. Further to east of the the eastern a is locality 1930s reindeer corral area. Several pits,shallow possibly cache pits are locate confluence Panuksigvikof Creek. beThere earlier houses may somewhat away the from eastern bank. Possible pit, house possible post, three cemented sand lenses. houseTwo pits, caches,four four marine mammal bone Five pits,house seven cache pits, mammal cranium, contemporary wooden feature, and nine posts. One multi cache pit. Three pits and sevenhouse cache pits. Three pits, 39house cache pits, and human remains. Anderson and Anderson noted three and possibly least 15 cache pits on the northeast

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

2 2 5 1 3 3 4 1

Small Small Village Village Small Village Small Village Single Single House Small Village Small Village Single House Small

Paniksigvik Kuutchiaq

------SHU 00007 SHU 00006 00054 SHF 00056 SHF 00059 SHF 00065 SHF 00052 SHF 00053 SHF 192

which may

Shungnak. The depressions

odule, a chert flake, and

large large stones. The house was estimated theto date from mid 1800s,or a perhaps earlier.little Giddings excavated two the houses found at this site, both of which differed from the Ambler Island inpattern only apparenthaving an chamberentry at the outer end of tunnel.the Anderson noted a 4.5m single 2m x pit, house a 2m longwith entrance, betweenhalf way a high bank cut of Kugarak River and a lake, about bends abovetwo the ofmouth Rabbit River. 50cm A 50cmx test center pitthe in theof depression revealed edge the a of athearth about 42cm. Anderson and Anderson reported about 15 pits facing house Isragalik Creek, drains which largest the lake region. the in cacheAdditional pits and shallow bepits are house located at the theof mouth creek. Tests produced a graphite n potterysome lamp sherds. Giddings excavated one severalof pitsshallow concealed by willow thickets, on the bank opposite the presentvillage of 15.5'9.5' x house, a 12' with tunnel, was on built the same plan as the Ambler Island houses. nearly 6' A oval long fireplace outlinedwas by

N/A N/A Cultural Association N/A

Unknown Unknown 500After BP Unknown

1 15 5 2

Small Small Village Single House Small Small Village Large Large Village

Pick River Shungnak Shungnak Site Isigalik

- - - - SHU 00013 SHU 00010 SHU 00009 SHU 00008 193 - at hose at Island.

30 cache pits on a

associated this with

Ambler Island. Giddings noted several house pits and tested at this site. Giddings noted several houses intervals. BIA investigators noted a log cabin, a cache,standing and posts for an additional a cache clearedin area and three large depressions just E of clearing.the Depression 1 measures 4.7m 3.2m 1m deepx x and has a long entryway.2m Two small cache pits are depression. Depression 2 measures 1.2m4.7m 3m x deep,x is well Giddings excavated of two at least five houses located at this willow and alder coveredThe site. houses likewere at those Ambler jadeMany fragments noted.were A blue single bead indicated a relatively recent age for one the of houses. Giddings noted eight pitshouse and approximately sand ridge on the left of bank Black eightRiver. All houses, one of which have been a may kazgi, were excavated. The houses differed from the IslandAmbler pattern only in apparentthe roof design. The site be slightlymay older t than

N/A Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Association N/A N/A

Unknown After 500After BP 500After BP Unknown Unknown

3 5 8 Unknown Unknown

Village Small Village Large Large Village Village Small Small Village

River Cleveland Homestead Site Black River OppositeSlough Black River Mouth BendRiver Below Black Tekeahruguruk

- - - - - 00028 SHU 00023 SHU 00024 SHU 00022 SHU 00021 SHU 194 -

well es that the shaped - particular location.

d informants stated that the walls, walls, hasbut no apparent

ryway. 1883, Jacobsen stayed at the house hisof guide, on a Inuktok, point of theland in bay. Ray not village Inuktokof (Inyuktuk) on Igloo Point refers to a fight deadly Selawik with people. Keith Woodworth, BLM, reported site a consisting of several probable house pits and was identifiedwhat as an old at site cemetery this location. Bucklan representedsite a battleground anresulting from attack by Selawik residents, and also stated that some excavations had been performed at by site the Otto Geist. It is assumed all thisof that refers to the same site, at this defined, and has a T entryway. rectangularA pit lies off one corner. Depression 3 measures 3.1m 3.5m .6m x deep,x has defined ent remainsCultural consist of a collapsed cache, 11 wooden small pits, 6 log piles, and arrangementan stakes.of A former Eskimo village or camp was reported Point on Igloo in 1898 E.P.by Lt. Bertholf, USRCS. Apparently Charles Lucier, UAF, conducted excavations here. In

N/A Historic Material

Unknown Historic Occupatio n

Unknown 11

Village Large Large Village

Inuktut Qimmin Akuniq

- - SLK 00006 SHU 00036 195

both

occurring

containing on on the left limit of the

which according to Orth is Island patterns. secondA excavated pit, house Squirrel, proved to be somewhat older, slate some combining with jade and work armor plate and sled Byshoes. inference it was dated early the in 1600s. The Kianaof village became centera supply Squirrelfor the placerRiver about 1909.mines Giddings reported extensivean village abandoned in historic times, structureswith partially standing. Giddings' location ismap as plotted; see also Ten Post, some mile to 8km east, the also known as Oksik. Giddings reported areathe that about the Squirrelof mouth River encompasses a large number of pits,house of them most singly at intervals along sand ridges presentnear the streams as well as analong oxbow lake which was once open an slough. excavatedOne pit, house on the right limit of the Squirrel, alongbuilt was Ambler

N/A Cultural Association

Unknown Before 500BP

Unknown Unknown

Village Village

Kiana Oksik

- - SLK 00002 SLK 00001 196

1951 1951 - Kotzebue phase.

nus the mandible, were of included openan socketed barbed harpoon a blade with slot opposite barb,the concentric circle paddled pottery fragments, and a bone lance a headsloping with shouldered tang. A former Eskimo camp or settlement reportedwas on Chamisso Island Beechey by in 1827. Apparently Charles Lucier, UAF, conducted excavations here; site the may be laterof age, ranging thethrough This village reportedwas first by Zagoskin as being "large." 1881In crew theof members CORWIN saw a deserted at the hut mouth, the probably fishing of site Kikkiktuak. 1890About a it became point supply activitiesfor mining in Candlethe area. 1950In Charles Lucier, UAF, excavated a deep, early Thule, probably house pit located of tipwell west the the of spit. The structure may have been burned at abandonment. Of the material found inside house,the a headless human skeleton and a wolf skull, mi especial note. collectedArtifacts

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Association

Before 500BP 500After BP

Unknown Unknown

Village Village

o Island

Chamiss Kiwalik

- - SLK 00005 SLK 00004 197 - bles - lu , and -

park 1000. - - 058. - with SLKwith

8' 8' 24'. Eachx 056 - scapulimancy Stoney, USN. associated ns dated to BC 700 048 and SLK - affinity andaffinity house pits bothof modern age and BP 500 age were also present on seawardmore beach ridges. included Also the in site is historican shaman’s sitegrave marked by 2 large whale mandi togetherstanding arc.toan form The is site 046 Former Eskimo village or camp recorded 1886 in as "Nah lik"G.M. by Lt. The refers only site to Giddings' "Choris and Village Area", the nearby "Late Choris Hearths" and several associated features. In 1956 and 1958 excavated Giddings 3 houses on the back beach ridge. The large, oval houses measured 42' x 24',24', 31' andx 3 had smalleran associated feature to seawardthe side. Notably, a heavy proportion Raindeerof (a small bonevariety) present.was Linear stamped pottery, fine diagonal flaking were evidenced. Giddings the felt Choris remai anof Flints intermediate cultural

Cultural Cultural Association Historic Material

Before 500BP Historic Occupatio n

Unknown Unknown

Village Village

Napaklulik

- - SLK 00013 SLK 00007 198

side theof stream like mound on the - k. Signsk. recentof

and three cache pits were mapped and other house pits notedwere on river the ban activity noted.were Reportedly a traditional caribou crossing and an excellent fall and fishingwinter spot, continues use today. The last housewinter was built here in 1909 or 1910. Anderson and Anderson located this archaeological andsite spring camp on a bankgrassy surrounded by andwillow alder. reported They six pitshouse and at least five cache pits east on the and mouth cache pitsfour and a small midden side.west The remains a of recent spring muskrat hunting camp a with camp andstove tub wash were also located side. on the west Anderson and Anderson located this archaeological andsite tent fall camp on a high grass at bank the a of mouth swift flowing stream which drains a lake. Two house pits

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

6 Unknown

Village Large Large Village

Ikaagiak Katlisiguik

- - SLK 00017 SLK 00016 199 one one

defined sod - latively latively recent and ponent is expected situated on a large sloping hill

northeastern side theof creek. A large midden mound betweenis the southernmosttwo house pits. Anderson and Anderson reported a large corrugated sheet metal warehouse in good condition, two pits,house and other many features, such as cache pits, racks, etc. Anderson and Anderson reported an estimated 40 pits of house various sizes on both sides of the of mouth a lake which empties into Kugarak River. pitstest Two thedug, were deeper reaching 88cm depth before ground encountered.frost was Historic items encountered,were although a prehistoric com Anderson and Anderson located this archaeological andsite spring muskrat hunting camp on both (25' banks a of high) small stream draining a lake. Five pitshouse and five cache pits are situated on the southwestern side theof creek. The pitshouse are re are by outlined well blocks. A midden mound behindis house the ruin nearest the main river. Tent outline stakes a 5m 5m x area and adjacentwere to two them stacks of poleswillow for tripod caches. Four to six house pits, of exceptionallyis which deep, and five cache pits are situated on the

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

40 10 2

Small Small Village Large Village Large Large Village

Nilik Navapraat Napaaqtuqtuugr uaq

- - - SLK 00023 SLK 00021 SLK 00018 200

). The low low

pits on the north formed of formed a of 13' 14' x room with a entranceshort tunnel. Numerous includingartifacts, organics, and construction details collected.were Anderson and Anderson noted a total seven of house pits on the banknorth "Tuklomarakof River" and tip on the theof peninsula at the confluence a of outlet.lake A graveyard situatedis on the highest theof ground peninsula. BLM investigations noted two mounds, measuring 4m and 3m in diameter, at this location (between river the channel and a shallow, unnamed tolake the larger hasmound, apparentlywhich been potted, remains the has a of to beThis thepresent. is largest villagewinter locatedsite the in Selawik River drainage. Anderson and Anderson reported at least six house pits on the north and bank three house ofsouth bank the now almost dry creek draining Niglaktok Lake, just east of Selawik. The hassite been pottedheavily by Selawik residents. 1969In and Anderson Anderson excavated one of the pits.house The apparently prehistoric dwelling was

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

7 9

Large Large Village Large Large Village

Tuklomarak River Niglaaqtuq

- - 00025 SLK 00024 SLK 201

noted 030].

- to SLK

refferring excavating a circa 1900s house

small lake small lake Foxwith River. The group six of house pits have tunnelsentrance facing a dried up channel. BLM investigations a singleonly 2m 3m depressionx on the of bank west the stream channel and a low mound located in coveredgrass area just W smallof channel and E dense of alder Pottinggrowth. has been considerable. Anderson and Anderson (1977:20) make mention of pitsite at1976 this in [but they may been have raised burial box on one slope. Anderson and Anderson noted three pitshouse and a small shedmetal on tip the theof peninsula. Informants reported other that house pits have eroded away. Anderson and Anderson reported three house pits on the east bank and six house pits on the west bank a of channelstream connecting a

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

9 3

Large Large Village Small Small Village

agruk

Kaiyuqtuq 1 Tuqluma Paanga

- - SLK 00028 SLK 00026 202 -

100m from the -

house pits and a tent site circa 1900 pits house were excavated in 1976. Anderson and Anderson noted that several depressions have been reported bank on this high along the former channel Fox of River, approximately channel. The site was noted a from boat passing. in Anderson and Anderson reported house four pits on a low gray peninsula formed at a tight meander old the of channel of Fox River. Additional house pits be may located a of at sloughthe onmouth oppositethe theof bank channel, about 200 toeast the yards Anderson and Anderson located five deep pits house winter on the south Foxof bank River, opposite SLK 028. This that likely is site visited Purcell inby 1884, one of and that old the of trading families whose decendents moved to Selawik in 1908. Anderson and Anderson located seven house pits on the western and bank three house pits on the eastern bank a of former channel of River.Fox the On opposite, banknorthern, Foxof River two additional noted.were Several the of house pits are eroding theinto river. Two

N/A N/A N/A N/A

wn Unkno Unknown Unknown Unknown

4 5 7 Unknown

Village Small Village Large Large Village Small Small Village

Kaiyuqtuq 4 Kaiyuqtuq 6 Kaiyuqtuq 3 Kaiyuqtuq 2

- - - - 00033 SLK SLK 00031 SLK 00030 00029 SLK 203 [The location [The location

frames, and a gravesite two disturbedtwo areas, by Anderson andby

site, site, described situated as being pits are peninsula on the facing Selawik River are and two eroding lake. the into Several drying fish racks, tent are dispersed over area an between lakes. two Some theof houses were sincebuilt the 1930s. this of issite unclear. The locational description could not thematch map location provided 1972their in report.] Anderson and Anderson reported and possiblyfour five pitshouse on bankgrassy the of the stream connecting Niglaiktok toLake a seriesother of lakes to the west. Additionally, a garden plot, used in 1968, and Anderson and Anderson reported three exceptionally large house pits, of two which over were deep. 5' Other possible house pits may be located bank stream on the opposite.[The locational description provided Anderson does at not all match the map location provided their in 1972 report.] Anderson and Anderson reported at leastthat 13 pits and house probably more lie scattered around this on high terraingrassy surrounding a large and marsh arealake connected to Selawik Six River. theof house

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

4 3 13

Large Large Village Small Village Small Small Village

Imukgiatchiaq Paalitkiing Iggiaq

- - - 37 SLK 000 00036 SLK SLK 00035 204

een potted the by

depressions. incised potteryincised vessel fragment, a fragment of bone armor or sled runner, birch bark, apparent ground stone fragments, and a bone implement were noted. This consistssite twoof (more or depressions,less) possibly house pits, located adjacentimmediately to River.Buckland tent frameA and cache locatedwere just to north the the of which be tent may sites, were noted. Apparently the stream createdwas the digging by of a ditch between two waterways. apparentAn house pit locatedwas a shallowin swale between a streamnarrow channel and a small cove an of unnamed lake. No outline was apparent, area the but is covered grass as opposedwith to the andwillow alder the in surrounding area.The b has site allotment applicant and his family; charcoal noted the in backwas dirt. examinationDuring theof site, an

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

1 2

Small Small Village Single Single House

- - 00042 SLK 00038 SLK 205

s, s, and 195605) 195604). 35cmbs. house is ate of ate of - -

- 60m S of the

p (local name). The subterranean - 2 lagoon outlets about 2mi. 50 years BP50 years (Beta 70 years BP70 years (Beta semi - - approximately vegetation and 3 depressionvague are Testhouse. revealed cultural material at a depth 70cm.of Charocal, bird bone, andtip the a of bone liester recovered. D 190+/ returned. Close proximity datesof supports single designation.site The remains continue on the S side of outlet the additionalwith graves cache pits, house depressions and 1930s eraremains. Singak cabin refers to apart, theis northernthis one. Several Several widely scatterd cache pits, a Kotzebuesingle period house, 3 driftwood grave a markers, single surface grave associatedwith human remains, modern fish track remains on the N side a of lagoon the in outlet of vicinity "Arctic the Circle" land stri house 4m 7m x a 5m tunnelwith entrance to opening the beach. Tests revealed poor preservation, structural few andartifacts, uncalibratedan date of 220+/ Hearth slabs, wooden stake charcoal at a depth 30of areaAn relativelyof dense

50 ± 60

208261 - Beta

Occupation Dates

After 500After BP

Single Single House

- SLK 00044 206 5

057, and Kotzebue - - 058), North Bluff poles. The - 046). BIA - - of 2of house features

007), South the - 047), SLK

- 056), Thule - 2.35m, other four consists component site along the - 048). total 225of A - a fish rack. a fish

Bluff Bluff (SLK Locus Locus (SLK (SLKVillage historicthe Mendenhall Camp (SLK prehistoric and historic features been identified,have including 2 standing structures, 5pads, tent rings, 5tent hearths, 3 rock cairns, and 4 burials. The site thealong beach N of Choris Village. "House 4" a small was dwelling dating from 18th the century. "House 5", is about which S, 150m dates to about 15th the century. The partis site of the SiteChoris (SLK The usedsite camp. awas as fish The consists site twoof house depressions, 3.09m 2.1mx and 0.85m x depressions, a collapsed sod structure, 1.5m, 1.38m x and a 2m x 4.67m cache the with height of the ridge pole 2.15m. Therebeing a is sitegrave located allotment, on the marked by spruce upright posts represent the remains of A multi beach and bluffs on the above. It includes the main "Choris Village and Areas" and "Late Choris Hearths" (SLK

Cultural Cultural Association Historic Material Cultural Association

Continuou s Occupatio n Historic Occupatio n Continuou s Occupatio n

6 2 Unknown

Village Large Village Small Small Village

Kotzebue - Qutisugruk Thule Village Tommie Tommie Snyder Allotment

- - - SLK 00047 SLK 00046 SLK 00045 207

- , sod

tes 6 houses in lithic scatter, subterranean ature 8 an has - 55 Choris the of - semi

wood and wood artifacts. metal 046). houses are Both - Feature Feature 55 possible the is grave feature, consists ofwhich a depression 2.2m 1.5mx with associated twoOn beach ridges a total of 160 andhouse cache depressions, 8 graves, a chert light and several cultural distribution areas.test pitA excavatedwas a within house depression. Cultural material recovered the from test pit included pieces, pottery burnt bone fragments, numerous chert and debitage,lithic and charcoal. ANCSA reportANCSA indica village. the The includessite 2 standing sod houses and a probable grave Native 7,8,(features 53 site, SLK rectangular, covered dwellings. Feature 7 a has collapsed gable roof and measures 9.8m. 16.6m x Fe roofintact standing 1.8m high and measures 9.9m 9.3m. x Features 53 and 54 are roughlydepressions, 5m square and 5.4m 5m, respectively.x ; ;

40 40 100 ± ± ± 300 400

610

23386 287532 287533 - - - Beta Beta Beta

Dates Historic Material Occupation

n Historic Occupatio n Continuou s Occupatio

160? 2

Large Large Village Small Small Village

Sisiivik Mendenhall Camp

- - SLK 00049 00048 SLK 208

012.] - located

were two large areaswere that

in a lower channel of Selawik

011.] - river.[Listed report in as SHU Anderson and Anderson one, possibly two, house pits and cache pitsfour east on the bank of Fish River, near the of mouth a small stream. Anderson and Anderson located a eroding rapidly house pit on a tiny island River. Anderson and Anderson located at least one house pit and an old willow frame (qaanaq) for a round on thetent point bar formed at a broadbend Selawik in River, where joinedit is Taggagvik by River. Also noted appear beento disturbedhave digging.[Listedthrough report in as SHU Anderson and Anderson located six deep cache pits,pit, one house and logscut (apparently from a log cabin) benchon a flat a of cut high on thebank outer bend a of meander Tagagavikof River, a small where channelstream joins the main

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown 1 1 1

Single Single House Single Single House Single House Village

Qusrimmaktuiaq 2 Anigulaaq Kivgalum Kuuvgitchiam Katayaak

- - - - K SLK 00060 SLK 00063 SLK 00055 SL 00054 209

fish the channel and

house pitshouse locatedwere on the opposite the of bank main channel. Anderson and Anderson located one large house pit a tunnel,with four rectangular depressions of undetermined function, and three cache pits on a peninsulagrassy at entrancethe to a lake. The of walls depressionsthe are steep and appear tobeen have made relatively Therecently. end theof tunnel and one rectangular depression are eroding. Anderson and Anderson located two pits,house oldan cache/storage pit, and a recent tent andframe on racks a bankgrassy at the outlet a of small stream a into oftributary Anderson and Anderson located this at site the a of mouth small stream draining a intolake lower the Selawik River andarea the at the bend the in main channel on the opposite nearlyOne bank. complete partiallyand two eroded house depressions and two cache pits on one insidebank the theof mouth creek. Fish racks, a tent frame, and a small fish storage house were located theof at the creekmouth on same the side of racksfish and another tent frame locatedwere opposite on the bank creek. the of One possible house pit, one andintact partially two eroded

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

2 4 1

e Single Single Hous Small Village Small Small Village

Sikanugan Ayugrauq Qilagaq

- - - SLK 00068 SLK 00067 SLK 00064 210

house pits. leastAt

house depressionshouse and

, apparentlyresult the of a great a large lookout tower, rack,a fish and a boat)plank on both sides of Noyyatuuq River. 400m About a upstream boxgrave was noted. The several has site high mounds on it deal of digging for the pits.house Anderson and Anderson located at least four house pits and two cache/storage pits a in grassy area thealong Kuutchiaq River, near the of outlet a small lake. The largest depression trapezoidalis plan and in be themay result of two partially superimposed one house pit eroding is into the river. Anderson and Anderson located the lowerthe Selawik River. Anderson and Anderson located house four pits on edge the of a large bankgrassy along a waterway leading a large from lake in the lower part of Selawik River. of Two house the pits are half throughgone erosion andsite the sufferingis localfrom pot hunting. Anderson and Anderson located at least three numerous recent occupation features (including deep cache pits,

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

4 4 4 3

Small Small Village Small Small Small Village Small Village

Utqusriasaq Paaqliq

- - - - SLK SLK 00071 SLK 00070 SLK 00069 211 - pits on

r house pits have long pits are andintact two dense dense coveredwillow lined house depression - site consistssite 4.5mof 3m x and two otheand two tunnelsentrance storm with shed areaslike at the outer end. Anderson and Anderson located one large sod adjacent to a large middengrassy area a along Kuutchiaqof bank just River, ofupstream its bendfirst from Inland cacheLake. A pit was noted at oppositethe the of midden. Several other house pits are reported toeroded have away. This depression,house a 40cmwith high andberm a 2m long Two entry. accessory pits are along the house pit's SW and NE Standingmargins. four house four pits and three cache pits tundra on a high covered knoll at a sharp bend Kuutchiaq in River. Two the of house are eroding. The house intact pits relativelyhave long entrance tunnels apparentlywhich terminate storm in sheds. Anderson and Anderson located six pitshouse and several cache tundraa high covered peninsula between Kuutchiaq River and a large lake. One theof depressions a lacks tunnel and be a may karagi, one appears entrances totwo have extending opposite in directions and be twomay superimposed houses,

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

1 6 1

Single Single House Single House Large Large Village Village

Kuutchiapaamiit Milugiivik

- - - SLK 00082 SLK 00076 SLK 00074 00072 212

- log -

defined - and a nail were

ular ular house depression. notched foundation -

small lake. The depression theis remains a of sod house bybuilt Annie andSun disturbance the area dog was the yard. Consists fourof regular house depressions entry with tunnels and several small circular depressions arethat probably cache pits. The a is site historic seasonal fish camp. includesFeatures an ax notched log pole cache, split shed, cache depression two with axof rows posts, smokehouse, oldan house foundation, structural foundation, and a rectang wood structural elements and debris noted,were as large were round nails. 5.5m A 2.8m .35mx x deep depression noted at thewas base of bluff,the about 25m the from modern beach. 1x1m unit was excavated thewithin depression. Vague stratigraphic contours, structural members, recorded unit. the in The consists site a of well depressionhouse expansean with of disturbance vegetation (150m x extending20m) E to the shore a of

N/A Cultural Cultural Association Historic Material N/A

Unknown Continuou s Occupatio n Historic Occupatio n Unknown

1 1 1 4

Village Single House Single Single House Single House Small

Poiny FishJohnson Camp Selawik Selawik House Depression House Depressions OkokAbove

- - - - SLK 00097 00088 SLK 00095 SLK SLK 00086 213 -

port poles, 093.] -

[In Gannon's report this pits. The house was

site consists site 4of house

Donald (Kiana) Smith reported the name. site referredis site to as SLK The depressions and a possible cache pit. Tests depression on house revealed burned and charcoalwood and structural elements consisting ax of hewn beveledis wood which and notched. house Another depression consisted 3of upright sup 3 rafter beams, and and9 wall roof poles. third depression A house appeared the recent than more rest site. the of Several remnants of upright poles notedwere at corners and supports.wall This containssite at least 5 house depressions and numerous cache pits. Three house the of depressions consist of one room entrancewith tunnels. The other 2 2 have rooms with no discernable entrance tunnel. testA pit done inwas 3 the of house depressions. This consistssite a of 3.5m x 3.5m depressionhouse on a steep slope adjacent tributary to a small stream. Three associated pits noted,were at basethe theof slope and above the depression.house boxA wooden squarewith nails was found near one the of estimated to be 19thof century age.

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Cultural Association Historic Material

Historic Occupatio n Continuou s Occupatio n Historic Occupatio n

4 5 1

Small Small Village Single Single House Small Small Village

Kobuk Kobuk House Depressions Dobuk Kiwalik Kiwalik Spit Village

- - - 00105 SLK SLK 00102 00100 SLK 214 - -

cache

Flood (1903 lacks an entrance ip. The second rectangular h - sub ich faces river. the have entrancehave tunnels on the northwesterly walls. There a is large square depression (to S and the W sod the of houses) that was suggested to be a large cache or a small house, it but Twotunnel. pits alsowere noted at site.the The consists site a of small ovoid depression,house couldwhich have been a sodcabin. It isor frame 5.4m 3.4m,x an and has entrance on the SW. The NW aboutside cut is 1m bluff. the into berm A measuring slightly than 0.5m more high, skirts the wall wh Possible structural elements, in the of form upright poles, are NE on the This consistssite 2of burials, 2 (and a possible third) sod house depressions, and 2 cache pits. One burials the of has a marble headstone that reads Blankenship, Walter Robert Blankenship (1884 1959) and Nellie E. 1953). Thisburial the is ofsite Walter Blankens grave, is fenced,which a has wooden grave and themarker is graveactual ofsite Nellie (nee Flood) Blankenship. (Mrs. Blankenship born andwas raised in immediatethe area.) The depressions predate burials.the The 2rectangular somewhat sod houses

Historic Material Historic Material

Historic Occupatio n Historic Occupatio n

1 2

Small Small Village Single House

Blankenship Grave Site Kobuk River Depression

- - SLK 00109 SLK 00108 215

9.5m long

approximately subterranean houses. -

N/A drum drum furnace (55gal?) seen becan protruding from the surface, as well as other unidentified objects.metal stick A frame house, on built a wood foundation, onis the northern edge sod the of house. Overall site appearsintegrity to be intact. Semi corner. Historic debris area the in consists coffeeof cans, kerosene containers, and a square gallon can. The composedis site a of collapsed sod house 7m x wide long the axiswith oriented parallel ofto bank the west Selawikthe TheRiver. house was originally built by Phillip Carter in 1940 and reportedis lived in he that house the 1971.until The a of end

N/A Historic Material N/A

Unknown Historic Occupatio n Unknown

Unknown 1 Unknown

Village Single Single House Village

Saayou

- - - SLK 00118 SLK 00175 SLK 00111 216 - y extendedy [The western

es at both sites. 8 squared and

n 1993,n investigators OHA stated approximately bermed house depressions, ranging 4m to from 8m. The depressions are located just above upperthe edge of beachthe in a linear arrangement, and are characterized b entryways beachwhich the face (SE). be particallySome may filled stormwith debris. complex is now designated SOL 093.] Called by Bockstoce "New the Beach Sites," designation this apparently includes the relatively recent villages Nuk of (the eastern site) and Mupterukshuk, as noted by WhenRay. Hrdlicka visited the area 1926,in counted apparently he over 30 structur house Bockstoce thatnotes a large storm 1974in and later road construction of the most houses. 1977In only about six house depressions could be located at SmithNuk, where conducted excavations twoof of (includingthem a possible karigi). I this sitethat comprisedis of

Cultural Cultural Association

Continuou s Occupatio n

Unknown

Village

Nuk

- 00002 SOL 217 - ed 1867, by by P. - te ends of myut" - of Nome of Peninsula"

mos. mos. great A many

style graves behind is the - of the Eski the of deserted igloos remained and a only borefew of recent habitation,marks their but burial grounds reached backaway totundra the on both sides of the stream." Koutsky notes therethat are said sectionsto be two the of village, at opposi lake, andthe a that graveyard with old village. a reliefApparently cabin is located here. Eskimoan Site of village shown on 1900the "Map J.M.by Davidson and B.D. Blakeslee. Site of an Eskimo an Site of village reported 1861in "Chiukak as Tikhmeniev. The Western Union Telegraph Expedition, 1865 reported village as the "Knecktakimut," apparently, according to Ray, following the lead andZagoskin of Hrdlicka in mis the locating village at Ignituk. Petroff,the in 1880 list Census, "Chiookak" ("Chiokak" on his map) a populationwith of 15. Ray's informants consider village the to been large,have consisting of four housesor five prior togold the rush. According to one prospector, it "was at one time a populous center

Historic Material N/A

Historic Occupatio n Unknown

Unknown 4

Small Small Village Village

Chiukak Kuiuktalik

- - SOL 00012 SOL 00017 218

ak," - structure

ka -

subterranean

semi 067.] - adhouse" at this site. The Alaska SOL CPSU investigators noted two dwelling structures, one 3.6m x above8.4m ground log structure and one sodwith around the framed walls. A in 1.5m diameter pit, 12" deep, was also noted, as historic debris.were Kuksuktapaga was noted as early as 1851, as both a and summer winter settlement, and reportedwas have to two houses. The remains noted apparently relate to lateror use modification. This village, the main village in the Fish River region, was visited by Bourchier 1851. in Former Eskimo village reported in 1880the as "Tup Census population 15, and thelisted in 1890 Census as "Taphok." A mining camp appears beento sethave up here about 1900 and1908"Map the Sewardof Peninsula" by Arthur Gibson shows a "Topkok Ro Road Commission purchased the Christianson at Cabin Tapqaq in 1922repaired and asit for use a cabin shelter (ARC 1922:90).[Formerly also listed as

Material N/A Historic N/A

n Unknown Historic Occupatio Unknown

2 Unknown Unknown

Small Small Village Village Village

Kuksuktapaga Tapqaq Fish Fish River Village

- - - SOL 00033 SOL 00028 SOL 00024 219

This

044 for -

which which inhabitedwas in which was inhabitedwhich in the ofthe Niuklukmouth River.

was was reportedly a wiped in out landslide. It be Jacobsen'smay Singakloget, 1882. Ray thisnotes as a village which was often occupied round.year Its inhabitants died 1900 the in measles Thisepidemic. be Jacobsen'smay Ojeralik, 1882. This seasonal reportedsite Ray by be themay site Giddings,noted by where "housethe pits obscuredwere a combinationby soilof creep and thick but determinedmoss, we that alsothey belonged toNukleet, the rather earlier,than an culture. aboutlies site abovefifty feet sea level, on a gentle slope at topthe of a bluff" [See also SOL another candidate]. Ray notedthere that a smallwas settlement on Fish 5River miles above Ray asnoted this a village which was often occupied round.year It

Cultural Cultural Association N/A Historic Material Historic Material

Before 500BP Unknown Historic Occupatio n Historic Occupatio n

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Village Village Village Village

Popikiuk Kukuktaoluk Chauipak Chungauroktulik

- - - - SOL 00052 00047 SOL 00051 SOL 00043 SOL 220 - o the dates.

50' 50' above the - 40 267) visited the 267)site the visited in - radiocarbon population 100;of 1890 the Census listed a population 64.of BIA noted seven house pits and 17 graves a along terrace, and remains of log cabins. Buried cultural deposits yielded 3 According tothis Ray, thewas largest village theof Golovin area. Apparently Zagoskin and Hrdlicka mistakenly placed (SOL Chiukak 012) location. at Jacobsenthis (1884:259 1882, 200 peoplewhen had gathered to celebrate a Feast t Dead, describeshe detail.which in The village was also noted by Otto Bendelebenvon in 1866 and in 1880E.W.by (1899:252),Nelson who described at it as built the a of mouth small canyon, with the lower houses on the upper edge of abruptan slope beach. The 1880 listed Census a ; ; ;

60 70 50 80 ± ± ± ± 190

620 390 770

23393 123465 23391 23392 - - - - Beta Beta Beta Beta

Occupation Dates

Continuou s Occupatio n

Large Large Village

Kuvrawik

- SOL 00065 221 ng a ng houses

ng ng and fill

Topkok Head.

subterranean - 124 features

semi

round graves. roomed structures) from - passes through the site), a late eramining structure, the remains of earlier cabins, depressions (some multi traditional and associated features and remains abovegof This reported towas Ray by have been a permanent village site, located dry groundon high on the east side Capeof Nome. It was apparently still inhabited as late as 1899. Bockstoce unable towas locate site, the which perhapswas destroyed by road buildi collection. According tothis Ray, village, situated at the Spruceof mouth [Cache] Creek, saidis by informants tohad as have asmany 10 houses, although Petroff reported 12 only inhabitants 1880. in Apparently Zagoskin and Hrdlicka mistakenly located village at the 1984,In BIA ANCSA archaeologists reported documented approximately (numerous house pits and graves) scattered over a long600m area, extending from westward the endwestern Taylorof Lagoon. This hassite recent remains (includi portion Iditarod the of trail that

80 ± 10

127628 - Beta

N/A Occupation Dates

Unknown After 500After BP

Unknown 14

Village Village Large Large

Okpiktulik Setuk

- - 0068 SOL 00070 SOL 0 222 - - 002) - room - The eastern room structures. These in the room main one of

nfluence. 1995,In Feature 12 was excavations revealed a collapsed wooden structure and a sequence of preserved floors in wood stratigraphic context. The is site thought to date 1700around AD 1750, ofat beginning the European i mitigated and found to contain cultural onlythe materials in upper 5cm. Between and four seven house pits noted,were extensively disturbed erosionby and vandalism. Sea mammal remains and pottery were scattered about site. the Reportedly, Diomede Islanders returning home St. Michaelfrom encountered an early and storm winter forcedwere The consists site a of least 9 pit features, including multi depressionhouse as aswell smaller features, on both side theof Nome Council Road. 1926In Hrdlicka thefound that "Nook" site was comprised aboutof 30 depressions two in discrete areas. theis locus Nuk (SOLsite the while western locus the is is settlement of Mupterukshuk. In 1993, BIA archaeologists mapped features the (8 major structures and 6 other surface features), recorded andvandalism, conducted minor excavations the of multi ;

90 90 ± ± 260 360

48454 48455 - - Beta Beta

N/A Occupation Dates

Unknown After 500After BP

4 9

Large Large Village Small Village

Nuglene Nuglene Site Imaqliq

- - SOL 00111 SOL 00093 223 to by to by

reffered may have may both

corral inbuilt the

excavations on one twoof house pits noted here. Bockstoce estimated thethat house pit tested was inhabited about 500 ago.[Inyears passing Bockstoce thatmentions several house pit clusters were noted lake.] on the The site investigated andwas labeled but a village, no other descriptions given. were to build andsod houses overwinter here. Reportedly diedmany of starvation. The site prehistoric and historic components represented. Ray notedthis that village was thought by Eskimos to have been "a bigpretty village once, and inhabited all year."This may be the village "Chaimut"of Zagoskin. Koutsky reported the that site later was used by reindeer herders a and that early 1900s stands. still 1976In Bockstoce carried test out

N/A Cultural Association N/A

Unknown Continuou s Occupatio n Unknown

Unknown 2 Unknown

Village Village Small Village

Kuvrawik Ipnuchauk

- - - SOL 00131 SOL 00138 SOL 00130 224

fact been found

, Mr. Tommy Punguk, subterranean house - semi Stone Stone arrowheads had constructionduring the buildingof 86. petroglyph consisting A of a circle anenclosing X was found at site the was shown to investigators Mr. Punguk.by This representmay a land claims corner datingmarker the from before 1910.The landowner indicated a that number artifactsof had been collected property on the by his mother threeand that house depressions locatedwere of north currenthis house. This part visible of this site consists a of located underneath a modern house. Subsurface remains reportedwere Tommyby Punguk under building 92. The included remains trade beads, fragments, pottery bone fragments and corner the anof old "cabin" Shaw foundation. found a drilledsingle antler arti (probably of a half net weight) beside building 92. PungukMr. also provided on the information site boundaries. Mr. Punguk found a jade from eroding the adze embankment created cutting in the platform for (buildinghis house 84).

N/A

Unknown

Village

- SOL 00142 225

8 as a vings. areArtifacts depressions, none larger than

In 1854In notedHobson 30 inhabitants and two small dirty huts old on the channel of Kuzitrin Powers,River. et al. located three house 3m, at 3m x this apparent location. The consists site singleof large structure (>100 a square with m) driftwood frame resembling the qargiIpiutak at Cape Krusenstern. Wood extensively was used at this for site construction and heating. Caribou bones abundantwere as caribouwere car similar to both andIpiutak Norton. ceramic Two oil lamps (made a with paddle)pottery indicate oil was burned. recoveredNo iron was but cut on marks several ivory pieces ofare typical those made by iron tools. Site excavatedwas 199 schoolfield the Golovin by Native Corp.

Occupation Dates Cultural Association

Outside Study Period 500After BP

1 3

Single Single House Small Village

Qitchauvik Qargi Sungiyorat

- - TEL 00001 SOL 00143 226

her her ures ures have r also having an

lined passages. entry On the - bluff to bluff the twonorth, rectangular depressions (measuring about 4m x 4m) locatedwere on either side a of circular depression in(5.5m diameter), andor ten storage twelve pits noted.were 150m About furt toadditionalnorth the cultural remains notedwere on a storm beach, eroded severely by wave action. Eskimo village or camp reported in 1867a Western Unionby Telegraph exploration party. Apparently the village had houses andfour a kazgi. Site formerSite of habitations and current campsfish on both sides of the Tuksukof mouth Channel. et Powers, al., noted at least two dozen structural features a within 5000 area square on meter a low, peninsulagrassy on the bank. west Nearly all theof feat stone twoeast bank apparent localities noted,were one on a small spit and other the on a low bluff just to the Twonorth. large circular depressions (5m and 7m in diameter) notedwere at spitthe large locality, the roomentry and passageway. theOn

Material N/A Historic

BP Unknown 500After

5 Unknown

Village Small Village

Singuaurak Amilrokmiut

- - TEL 00006 TEL 00005 227

noted. banks. The

cache cache pits. thick 4m A

indicated a relativelywas general, general, the depressions are oriented two in lines parallel toriver, the theirwith entrances for the most part opposite in facing directions. Cemetery areas alsowere Ray thatnotes this settlement was located southwest on the side a of between bluff CreekFox and Nickle Creek. Koutsky reports the that village abandonedwas before the 1918 epidemic. influenza Giddings noted cultural material in three cross sections oldof beach by ridges cut Singauruk Channel. Artifacts had eroded andout house floors invisible were the youngest beach ridge contained items similar to Old Bering Sea Establish late by the 1700s, not if earlier, village this was first noted Europeansby in1800s. the 1854In Hobson noted it as having seven large houses and a qargi. anDuring archaeological survey in 1929, Collins noted 16 pits house in what testing his late site. Collins also collected a number burials,of all but one of which extended.were Powers, et al., mapped a total 29of or complete partially eroded large depressions at site, a the number of couldwhich be interpreted as erodingof section midden was exposed the along river bank. In

Cultural Cultural Association Historic Material N/A

Outside Study Period After 500After BP Unknown

Unknown 29 Unknown

Village Village Large Large Village

Akavingayak Singauruk Channel Kauwerak

- - - TEL 00011 00009 TEL 00007 TEL 228

6" and 5' - located on

here is apparently here apparently is some 147) shown 147)as shown - these structures 2'were

"Mugistokivik" USGS on the map). This long200m issite steepthe bank theof bluffs toS the present the of village Wales.of Site contains extensive and deeply stratified deposits at leastfrom the Thule times. 1928In Jenness excavated two superimposed houses brow on the theof bank. The floors of below the surface, respectively. A more modern ruin, containing several historic items, also was excavated. 1936In also Collins conducted excavations at this site. Site has been only superficially investigated. artifacts. Theartifacts. older two beach ridges contained Norton culture stonework. According anto Ray Eskimo missionary establishedwas at this 1897. in site The village was abandoned following the 1918 influenza epidemic. H.B. Collins apparently excavated here in 1928, making note of the typehouse as relatedbeing toThule the type.[T confusion between this andsite another alsosite called "Mitletavik" (TEL

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Cultural Association

Before 500BP Before 500BP

Unknown Unknown

Village Village

Wales Hillside Site Mitletukeruk

- - TEL 00025 TEL 00020 229

h of of

of theof shovel tests cultural recoveredmaterials during appeartesting to represent a diverse assemblage representing domestic during thelife transition between prehistoricthe and historic periods. Faunal remains recoveredwere sevenfrom excavated thewithin Wales Beach Site. Mammal bones thewere most typeabundant and dividedwere into three categories: sea mammal, land mammal, and that mammal could benot identifiedimmediately to a lower classification. Only one fis recoveredbone from was testing. Several pieces boneof exhibit some type of modification. total ofA 24 bone fragments are burned or In 1926In excavatedJenness two house onsites the sand spit in the heart of the village Wales.of The villagers asserted their that forefathers, harassed by Siberian raiders, once abandoned and Wales fled to Barrow. Jenness recovered extraordinaryan number includingartifacts, apparent European items, which felt he indicated just such a sudden exodus. Most of the modern City Walesof is located on top Beach the of Site, which alsois known as Kiatanamiut. CRC conducted archaeological testing here in 2014 and collected over 500The items. ; ;

50 50 50 ± ± ± 460 1030 520

129590 134829 164464 - - - Beta Beta Beta

Occupation Dates

Before 500BP

Unknown

Village

Wales Beach Site

- 26 TEL 000 230

sic sic 139 and - or whetstones,

n 45n to - grained grained black -

140. - depression thefound were in ofvicinity this site as well. et Powers, al., located one possible depressionhouse diameter)(3m in and nine circular pits for used herring storage on the north half of island.the This (Powerssite #23c) associatedis TELwith TEL calcined. Nearly of half the identified phocids are either neonates or juveniles. Preliminary allowedanalysis only a ba ofinventory the specimens collected.Two grind of three flakes blue light chert, and flakesfour of fine basaltrecovered were during Severaltesting. fragmentsmetal were intactfound in deposits in shovel 5, test betwee 82cmbs. Logs, timbers, and other pieces of wood encounteredwere in of themost tests containing cultural material. below A ground meat cache and a round surface

N/A

Unknown

Single Single House

Qikiqtagruk 1

- TEL 00028 231 time,' but there there is some

through thethrough 153 may be153 may in rock in houses. -

[TEL

037, with 037,which with - According to"this Ray, settlement on a spit near Point Jackson had 'quite a few houses at one they in constant dangerwere of inundation. In 1890s the Reverend T.L. Brevig said that familiesfour lived at Point Jackson." This village once the was largest in Port Clarence. Beechey noted a andkazgi a burial ground he when visited 1827. in a short It was distance toeast the of here where JacksonSheldon established, in 1892, Teller the Reindeer Station (TEL confusion). duplicate this of site.] Former Eskimo village, reported in 1880the as Census having a population 200,of same the and in year as having about 40 houses. In summerthe the residents lived in square parchment houses on stilts theand in winter Theresidents former have moved to the mainland, returning to the island seasonally.only 2005A monitoring project documentedremoval the of access the (fromstairs tidewater to village) the and the ofmoving small items to clear a trail village. Ray thatnotes a settlement was located here.

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown 40 Unknown Unknown

Village Village Large Large Village Village

Mizek Sinramiut Ukuivuk Ikpiung

- - - - 00036 TEL TEL 00035 TEL 00033 TEL 00034 232

situated

winter housewinter and approximately use pits. use mounds are formedmounds

subterranean houses, and - shoreline. Theshoreline. name, currently, is also applied toarea the between Offield andCreek McKinley Creek, where Powers, et al., noted 12 isolated running parallelmounds to shore.the The accumulatedof deposits,midden backdirt the from excavation of semi dense grass vegetation. The largest mound covers an 1500 area. square meter Each mound contains surface features of one orho more Ray Ray asnoted this a small village composed a of or family two. Ray noted one that 10 camps12or fishing summer locatedwere on this sand spit in 1894. Noted Ray as a settlementby often inhabited in both andwinter summer, name the may have been appliedstrictly togroup the of approximately 20 house pits just of west the of Offieldmouth Creek, which reportedwere Powers,by et al. These pits are house a along 200m extent of a beach ridge 50msome present the from

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

1 20 Unknown

Large Large Village Village Single House

Kasilnuk Ikpiumizua Iklighilauk

- - - TEL 00042 TEL 00039 TEL 00040 233 was was

south bank

round village saidis - arly rectangulararly than two depressions were -

abins andabins tents." items. The historic first reports of village the duringwere early the 1850s. Reportedly an old village, extinct in nineteenththe century, was located here. 1900In camp a mining was established post here. officeA was established 1900 here in and was discontinued in 1902. 1907By York was described collectionas "a small c of This small year tohad six have or seven house at 1894 In one time. the winter population 40. was Ray'sof One informants thought the village placed too about to 2far miles the northwest on the USGS map of Powers, et al.,Powers, noted at 39least depressions indistinct four groups, on both banks Kuzitrinof River. Twenty located one group in on the north theof bank river; on the eight,groups of three, and six depressions noted.were The depressions measured x 2m from to 6m 2m 5m inx size, many with passageways and several entry with Therooms. house sits on the south side river the of larger, deeper,were and cle more on those the bank.north testA of one the of house pits on the north side river the of produced historic

Historic Material N/A N/A

Historic Occupatio n Unknown Unknown

6 Unknown Unknown

Village Large Village Village

Anaktkowatuk Palazrak Kektoaschliuk

- - - TEL 00047 00046 TEL TEL 00045 234 - - a 141),

- 048), 200m x - shaped

- 2m deep, and - small village

approximately

goose hunting, reportedly had three houses in 1892. CPSU investigators reported finding house four pits and a reindeer corral.The driftwood corral measures 100m. The pits house measure 10m 5.5m 1m deepx x and attachedwith 14m8m room, x 1 x 12m 5m x 1m deepx (overlying smaller house pit, 4m measuring x 1m deep).3m x bowl A wood andartifact pottery fragments noted.were 1892In three houses reportedlywere located here. Ray asnoted this a reportedly having one house in 1892. 1950. This place Palazrak between (TEL 047)Tapkarak (TEL and thought tobeen have ancientan village site, was a reindeer herding thecamp in 1890s. [The AHRS havemaps this locatedsite the in Tin City LRRS (TELfacility archaeological an but survey did not locate site the thewithin facility. Hoffecker did a new find (TELsite 155), be themay samewhich site.] This anvillage, in area noted for its

N/A Historic Material N/A Historic Material

Unknown Historic Occupatio n Unknown Historic Occupatio n

4 1 Unknown 3

Small Small Village Village Village Small Village

udlawak Issak Imiengnak Umeveyuk Agh

- - - - 00053 TEL 00052 TEL TEL 00049 TEL 00051 235 -

ils ils were 129 for

- kazgi before

see TEL

115; date to early 1800s. the - also found on the site. Parcel B consists someof 11 burials. The site was reportedly abandoned following 1918the epidemic. influenza [CPSU reports this the is that site reported, say incorrectly they but located, Powers, et by al. (1982:113 site/locationthat entry).] CPSU investigators noted four pits,house one sod structure, two cache pits, a frame cabin, and recent paraphernalia. The pits house reportedly The site abandonedwas as a winter village following 1918 the influenza Theepidemic. cabin, duringbuilt 1920sthe Company,by Lomen is Ray Ray noted this that village, reported tothree have houses in 1892, was informantssaid by to have had more ten than houses and a Thethat. apparentlyarea was noted flounderfor its K. fishing. Woodworth, BLM, located three pitshouse and three graves just beach behind the here in 1976. CPSU investigators reported two locating loci, on opposite sides a of Parcelslough. consists A of 23some features, including multi house room pits, squared house pits, possible cache pits, and a rectangular posts.mound with Milled and lumber na wire

30 ± 230

325694 - Beta

Historic Material Historic Material Occupation Dates

After 500After BP Historic Occupatio n 500After BP

4 3 17

Large Large Village Small Village Small Small Village

Metoktu Igloo Singaurak

- - - TEL 00061 TEL 00060 TEL 00055 236 -

room features), six - 46 house pits

all oriented along the terrace miscellaneous historic debris. associatedGenerally reindeerwith herding,site the have a may prehistoric component associated caribouwith hunting. CPSU investigators reported a village consistingsite of five house 4m pits from 3m tox 8.5m 3m x rooms) (two in size and six mounds measuring 1m to from 2.8m long, to 2.5m 1m andwide, .6m to 1.2m high, edge. Vandalism was evident. associated Igloo with Corral (TEL 062). abandoned It was during the 1930s. CPSU investigators located approximately (including multi reported and graves, miscellaneous (historicartifacts and apparently prehistoric) three loci, in and an area possibly used stakingfor the of out dogs. CPSU investigators noted 11house pits 2.5m (from 2.5m x to 4m x in 5.2m size), five cache pits, and

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

46 11 5

Small Small Village Large Large Village Large Village

Graves Aveoltvik Olanna Koksuktik B

- - - TEL 00067 TEL 00066 TEL 00063 237 - 087. he he - four

gained through room house -

room house depressions - 86.6m 86.6m southwestand

structures in the village. A subterranean community

- an elevatedan rack or cache. The site locatedis a 60m70m x within area tundra on the bluff about 300m from shore,the across and old drainage from TEL 085 ofnortheast and 50m TEL Walrus, andwhale, recent reindeer bones are scattered across the site and pot sherds notedwere near one the of features. The house features appear one to tofrom have each.rooms Two multi and at least three cache pits were found at the end a north of dune on top tundra about the of bluffs 250m the from shore, about 50m southwest and across a small Semi house structure planks,of drift logs, and native stone, aboutmeasuring 20'. 20' Entrancex is undergroundan and tunnel a hole in floor.the deteriorating, Although traditionalthis structure is the in best condition theof three such kazgi 2005 survey monitoring found the roof to be collapsed, although t tunnelentrance appeared to be intact. This village consistssite at of least deep,six multi depressions, one possible kazgi, six cache depressions, and posts the of ; ;

; 70 50 90 60 ± ± ± ± 220 10 410 330

17951 33761 33762 33763 - - - - Beta Beta Beta Beta

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Cultural Association Occupation Dates

After 500After BP After 500After BP 500After BP

2 1 7

Large Large Village Small Village Single Single House

Nutaat

- - - TEL 00087 TEL 00086 TEL 00078 238

ciation on on and are 086 and 80m - 088. The house - extensive sparse but 118m northeast of

092 southwest and 50m of 094.The cultural features have - - Western Thule style house feature and at least four cache depressions are present. ofA variety structural aremembers present the in features, and than one housemore may be represented. Fire cracked rock and andwhale bonewalrus alsowere noted. Three house four depressions,or five cache depressions, at least two burials, and an scatter isolatedof cultural material were thefound in dunes on top of tundrathe backed bluffs about inland300m present the from shore. bone arrowA point a singlewith lateral barb,pot sherds, and faunal remains noted were asso in drainage drainage from TEL ofnortheast TEL features appear three toor have four each.rooms This consistssite a of linear series featuresof arranged the along crest a of relict beach ridge, about 150m the from present shore, approximately TEL TEL been by deflatimodified somewhat difficult to define, except as diffuse scatters and indistinct depressions. plankOne lined,

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Cultural Association

After 500After BP Before 500BP

4 3

Village Small Village Small Small

- - 00096 TEL TEL 00093 239 - 100. - t of t of TEL room house features. about 150m inland -

led runners, and a defined, with structuralmany - The features arehouse deep and well members visible. of A variety artifacts were noted, including an ironbarrel, rifle a cast iron bucket, wood andbucket bowl wood fragments, wood barrel boneparts, and iron s decoratedpot sherd. Four house depressions and 11 cache depressions were found on a dune adjacentformation, to a thaw channel,outlet lake on the tundra backed bluffs the from coast. The house features consists a of rectangular main room, connected to entryan chamber a by long entrywaynarrow having one with the with multi The suffered has site potting.some burialsAdditional and cultural material notedwere to the north, a within Native allotment, which USNPS permittednot was to investigate. least At five historic or protohistoric depressions,house 12 cache depressions, and extensivean scatter bone,of enamelware,wood, grinding stones, and other cultural remains locatedwere sand on two ondunes top tundra the of bluffs, about 150m southwes

Cultural Cultural Association N/A

After 500After BP Unknown

4 5

Small Small Village Small Village

- - TEL 00099 TEL 00098 240 -

room - like artifactlike - 106. Cultural obtained.60 was multimulti - - st andst 250m room house - ast. Cultural material ed poted sherds, and rock multi

nd nd decorated sherds pot notedwere noted includes structural members, andshell bone remains, a bone sled runner, a whetstone fragment, decorat spalls. Seven depressions, at least 15 cache depressions, and at least one burial were dunefound on two crests at edge the theof bluffs, about 175m inlandcoa the of ofnortheast TEL material noted includes cobble manuports, and cementedwood sand scatters, a wood bowl fragment, pot sherds, bone,whale and a slateground ulu blade. A C14 date BPof 290+/ axillary room.axillary Whale and walrus bone are associated the with features. bone, A adze a blowouts.in Date inferred the from cultural 1986.material found in Seven single and depressions,house 18 cache depressions, three eroding wood oilseal framed caches, and deflation exposed scatters culturalof material were mapped site, at this which is located a sand dunein formation capping the bluffshigh about 150m the from co ; ; ; ;

; ; ; ; ; ; 30

30 30 30 ± 60 80 70 70 70 70 130 50 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 1000 180 540 880

590 100 250 200 470 770 760 290

17954 17955 20029 33765 33766 33767 33768 17953 388179 388180 408915 408916 ------Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta

Occupation Dates Occupation Dates

Continuou s Occupatio n Continuou s Occupatio n

8 7

Large Large Village Large Large Village

- - TEL 00105 TEL 00104 241 3m 3m f a

shallow ified ident like depressions -

framed seal pokeframed caches, - 109 and southwest200m of 107. rectangularTwo caches - - btle passage to a larger TEL TEL measure 1.5m 1m x and 1.5m x a 2.5m, third a is 2m 1m oval,x thewhile fourth measures 1m in diameter. The possible house depression consists a of 3m depressionx connected by a su rectangular depression, only partially discernable. Two eroded, wood bone,walrus and some posts were also noted. et Powers, al., noted house depressions concentrated two in localitiesdistinct at this site. A series20 of apparent house Research inResearch 2012 possible house new feature and cache pit. Additional radiocarbon collectedsamples and sent for analysis. Four small cache andsubtle the remains a of possible depressionhouse found were on the edge a of vegetated dune, overlooking a relict lakethaw drainage, on the edge theof bluffs about 175m from coast,the approximately 300m northeast o

; 30 ± 30 ± 70 1100

388178 408917 - - Beta Beta

Dates N/A Occupation

n Unknown Continuou s Occupatio

1 38

Single Single House Large Village

Puibluk

- - TEL 00123 TEL 00108 242 -

uth uth and

nd nd this loci. A 12 distrubed - mp, the the site reportedlymp, was loci consist 15a) of: remains the the the seven of old houses and a modern camp; 15b)fish eight poorly defined depressionshouse situated behind present the beach;storm and 15c) approximately 10 pitshouse and three large mounds hillside on the behi large depression, 9msome across, thefound in third represent loci may a qargi Various feature. house andmembers artifacts noted.were et Powers, al., located a possible former village insite areaan disturbeda by former fox farm operation. east Just the of modern cabin at least onewas 4m 4m x pit. house a smallAcross inlet 500m depressions locatedwere along beachof 300m on the east side of peninsula.the Another 18 house pits are located hillside on the so east behind first loci.the all Nearly are large circular depressions (from 3m to 3m x 6m 6m inx size) connected by a short passageway to a depression.smaller A few features representmay complex,more multi houses.room Noted as by Ray an old ca inhabited as late as 1903. et Powers, al., noted house ruins in three loci at this reportedsite by asRay oldan village site located at a camp. fish modern West to east,

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

Unknown 25

Large Large Village Village

Kangaruk Tapqaq

- - TEL 00126 TEL 00124 243

nother

measured 3m in 3m measured 060.] - L st sidest river, the of west type stove type remainsstove and a 2.5 - artifacts artifacts collectedwere a from bar,gravel although their source was located.[CPSUnot reports that et Powers, al., incorrectly located site, thatthe it is instead located to north,the at TE et Powers, al., noted two house depressions on a low bluff overlooking river. the One was rectangular and measured 3m x (Feature3.5m 1).The other (Feature 2) circular and was diameter. 1993,In BSNC archaeologist noted historic debris (barrel gallon galvanized bucket) associated Feature 1,with which was a sod cabin probably dating to the to east, the lush vegetation suggested location the a of obscure site. An rectangular depression 3.5m measuring x 4m was noted, however it could be interpreted as a natural feature. et Powers, al., noted nine houses, one sodwith still standing. walls Milled and lumber nails wire were evidence.in Most rectangular,were onebut circular house was noted, as threewere small cache pits. A series of fish racks modern alsowere present. 1km About tonorth the was a recent cemetery 15with burials. theOn we the of village,sherds rim and bone

Historic Material N/A

Historic Occupatio n Unknown

2 9

Small Small Village Large Large Village

Metuktuk

- - TEL 00130 TEL 00129 244

pearsbe to eroding at the [Powers had this site

entrance; the others ted insite the 1926. Ales Ales Hrdlicka (1930:118) may have visi et Powers, al., located five house pits on the south bank the of slough entering the lake. Four square were to rectangularoutline. in One measures 4m and5m x a 2mhas x 2m storm measured 3m to 4m square. A fifth depression, circular and 2.5m in diameter, also noted. was et Powers, al., noted 11 collapsed houses group in two clusters, all but three of are which edge.slough The southern loci consists six of circular depressions, a one sod stillwith standingwall over The 1m high. northern loci from the from first 20 this of years century. Feature 1 ap older Feature than 2. Both features exposed,have (<20cm)shallow probes,shove apparentlyresult the potof hunting. located downstream further in the SW quarter Sec.of 20.] et Powers, al., reported a of cluster three depressions, measuring in 4m diameter, tip on the theof spit. A similar house pit, noted 120m away, had bone exposed.whale Twelve apparent cache pits alsowere noted.

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

11 3 5

Small Small Village Large Village Small Small Village

Isuktukpaga Isuqtuq Paniruhk

- - - 00134 TEL TEL 00133 TEL 00132 245

137 and depression -

single

on on a

within sight of sight within

138. one Within 137. - - the associated sites,

tempered type. -

138. 136TEL and 136TEL and - - - ere no mere than 3m in diameter. relatively high knoll associatedthe TELsites, TEL et Powers, al., located three large depressions,house measuring 7m across, on a relatively high knoll sightwithin of TEL a post apparently shaped a with adzestone noted. Vandalism was revealedhas potsherds a of thick walled, sand et Powers, al., located a depression,house measuring 3.5m across, on a relatively high knoll sightwithin of the associated sites, TEL consists of consists of five house pits, in one of which found were lumbermilled and can.a rusty tin All features w et Powers, al., located several house features situated on opposite sides a of small inlet. The locality eastern consists a of 4m 4m depressionx and a 2m auxiliary3m x possibly used for storage. The localitywestern consists two,of 3m diameter,in circular depressions. et Powers, al., located house four depressions, 3m measuring from x to 4m 3m 4m inx size,

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

2 Unknown 4 3

Small Small Village Single House Village Small Village

Iglaurak 2 Iglaurak 3 Isuqtum KaniaIsuqtum Iglaurak 1

- - - - TEL 00137 TEL 00138 TEL 00136 TEL 00135 246 small small

028 village village -

009.] -

140. -

heir origin may be a 139. - 028TEL and - evidently evidently used for whitefish storage.[See also BEN et Powers, al., noted three depressions, and a possible fourth, on sandya low ridge on east the side river. the of The area been has disturbedheavily denning by fox activity, and as no cultural remains notedwere in tests three of of the depressions, t of result such activity. According to Orth, "Mugisitokiwik" the is anof site Eskimo village or camp reported 1940 about by andUSC&GS published on Chart 9380. to According Ray, this was unknown by that name. The area noted productivefor its was Powers, et al.,Powers, reported pita house on site the of north mainland a at island the head Imurukof Basin. This (23a)site associatedis with TEL et Powers, al., noted a 5m 3m x rectangular house depression and an associated cache pit on the mainland southwest of a small island at the head Imurukof Basin. This site (23b) associatedis TEL with and TEL et Powers, al., noted one definite 3m 2m x depression,house possible two depressions,house and 13 small circular and square depressions,

N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown 1 1 3 3

Small Small Village Village Single Single House Small Village Single Single House

Qasigiat Mitletavik Qikiqtagruk 3 Atnaq Qikiqtagruk 2

- - - - - 00147 TEL TEL 00143 TEL 00142 TEL 00140 TEL 00139 247 - atawne," - cut

- village village atsite the

200' 50' pondx he

to oldan

were thewere remains twoof additional houses which excavated.were C14 dates of BC 600 and BCwere 350 returned. Fourteen house pits and several cache pits. Wood structural elements are present in several depressions (not visibly sawn). Historic glass bottles, ceramic, and metal fragments were found in several houses. flounder fishery.[See also TEL 020.] Ray thatnotes "Topp Hobsonvisited by 1854, in probably reffered Deseof mouth Creek. While performing reconnaissance of beach 1959, ridges in Giddings located prehistoricon remains "Kugzruk Island." an In approximately originally noted Norton culture lithics, andpottery, organics eroding a from housewinter ruin. Nearby

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown 14

Large Large Village Village Village -

Cut - Pond Site Topp Atawne

- - - 00153 00149 TEL TEL TEL 00148 248 - - 1mi. ar cross arent arent

d irregular

approximately uster largerof mounds and 2550 2000BP?). to At south end siteof a is small depression and three parallel graves, "Ailak one Diedwith Oct 1908" carved on the marker. East along the Grantley Harbor ais shoreline somewhat low and discontinuous moundparallels that the shore for about Shallow 40m. an small andmounds depressions continue or continuouslymore less theof north graves, and there is also a outhouse andmodern a fairly recent cold storage cache similar to seenthose along bluff the (TEL 00199). shoreline the As mound ends, a cl depressions occurs, including one This consistssite at of least 20, possibly circular more, house depressions on the shoreward beach ridge slope above area.a marshy tendThey to occur clusters in 3of to fashion5, lineal overin a distance of There(1.6km). are no app organic eachbut middens, occupation issite marked by quantities of sea bone,mammal in contraststark to surrounding the areas. Observed include artifacts pierced, sand tempered pottery exhibiting a lineal pattern and an pointivory a triangulwith (perhapssection Choris period,

N/A Occupation Dates

Unknown Outside Study Period

Unknown 20

Village Village

Port Clarence House Pits

- - TEL 00191 TEL 00176 249

193 was ere has - historic age. - 10x30m and

the eastthe edge. approximately other with one,other several otherwith pits without and mounds, smallermany irregular depressions. The trail runs of west the site, removed by about 20and meters, a distinct gravel ridge runs near Another worked bone piece a with drilled to antler hole the similar observedartifacts at TEL observed northernnear the pit the in larger large squaremound. A hole with modern trash near the north end the of is site considerednot historic. There obviouslittle is evidence recentof pot hunting at this site, and it is considered to have historic significance. Just south of Allotment 12585 mound including several house pits with multiple rooms. North thisof is another distinct clearmound with activitypotholing and several more small but distinct pits. Th been disturbancesome at this site there but are still many undisturbed features. The date grave on the and relativethe visibility theof features that it isimply protoof Consists twoof one mounds, with two pitshouse it and within the

N/A

Unknown

Small Small Village

- 00196 TEL 250 t subterranean t to erosion, test - t it represents a

each each corner, do but not, many one plywoodhas inside, and three have "fresh" back dirt this piles. As site was about 50m the from transmission line corridor and potentially subjec pits dug not were here. Archaeological excavation would be necessary to date andsite the confirm thewhether large pit is a house. The possible pit about is house 8m long, than a more meter deep at its lowest point, and anis irregular oval, consistentis which with the remains a of semi traditional house. The depression is partially flooded and athere is thapossibility drainage or feature. frost No cultural materials were found eroding of out adjacentthe bluff face. Thereare seven apparent small pits west of larger the pit (3 them of quite shallow), one off the northwest corner, and about ou 20 strung thealong bluff toeast. the Several theseof pits have driftwood poles in

N/A

Unknown

Single Single House

- 00198 TEL 251 .

had urface

s , each to F002 an has elow -

feature mammal mammal KI

features 50cm b

lunate stone -

Feature lcoves. House dimensions

windbreak or The house. feature commands a panoramic view the of andisland ocean the toNW. the According to a local informant, an "Isrigak" reported house was for this locale. The a is "hidingIsrigak man" or someone has becomewho detached the from community of humankind. Several possible house features. probableTwo features house associated cache pits andwith activity area. single A cemented sediment feature associatedwith wood. Site Site consists of a cluster 4of stone house features. The floor plan may been rectangularhave roundedwith corners, there are no discernable entryways. alcovea partial with wall visible on Wthe side. No other similar a range 7m from 8m tox 3.5m x 4m. pitstest Two dug were using a soil probe outside the approximately Artifacts located test the in pits include charcoal, pottery fragments, and fragmentary sea bones. a Site is semi

N/A N/A Cultural Cultural Association N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Before 500BP Unknown Unknown

2 1 4 1 4

Single Single House Small Village Small Village Single House Small Small Village

- - - - - 00232 TEL 00233 TEL 00237 TEL 00218 TEL TEL 00216 252

feature

sediments, two wood 011 a of single consists 015 a of consists feature 007 of consists five 008 a of consists feature 009 a of consists - - - - -

2013 2013 2013 2013 2013 - - - - - of cementedof sediments, three pieces structuralof wood, and burned marine mammal bones. PSU feature cementedof sediments and wood debris, to bethought the ofremnants a occupationsingle feature. PSU cementedof scatters, four vertical posts, and remainsfaunal scattered across a 30 (north to m south) by 117 meter (east to blowout. dune west) The thoughtis site to be erodedthe remains a of single occupation. A single A cemented sediment feature with four wooden posts protruding horizontally from sediment. A slateground tool found 5 was cm the from feature. PSU features of cemented sediments with associated vertical posts, two faunal scatters, and a single piece lithicof material. PSU cementedof sediments, a buried layer cementedof sediments, three scatters,faunal two vertical posts, and a glass scatter. PSU

Cultural Cultural Association N/A Cultural Association Cultural Association Cultural Association Cultural Association

After 500After BP Unknown 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP

1 1 5 1 1 1

House Single House Single Single House Single House Single Single Single House Small Village

------TEL 00256 TEL 00252 TEL 00250 TEL 00251 TEL 00249 TEL 00238 253

cultural

cal posts 016 a of consists 017 the likely is - - y dune erosion. pottery y A 2013 2013 - - been negatively impacted due to erosion caused that dune the butblowout there anis intact occupation layer. Verti the mark possible boundary of the andhouse tunnel. the On the surface possible the in tunnel area are large pieces structuralof wood, mammoth ivory, worked bone, pottery fragments, and remains faunal all disturbed their from original position b sherd, vertical posts, and terrestrial mammal remains were noted on the surfaceground at probablethe theof junction andhouse tunnel. Ground slate and other lithic raw materials were noted dune on the PSU concentration erodingof cemented sediments. The areasite is approximately 6 inmeters diameter. No other cultural material or artifacts were associationfound in the with cemented sediments site. PSU ofremnants a single house or small settlement. Materials recorded at includesite the a house feature, a concentration cemented sediments, remains,faunal and other Theartifacts. areasite is approximately 108 eastmeters to andwest 22 tonorth meters south. Both house the and the tunnel have

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Cultural Association 500

After 500After BP After BP

2 1

Small Small Village Single Single House

- - TEL 00258 TEL 00257 254 ere tunnel

023 twoof consists small 024 threeof consists 019 remains the is of - - -

2013 2013 2013 - - - PSU features of cemented sediments and associated debriswood are that remains likely the occupationof features. PSU former occupation features that have erodedbeen heavily by wind and water. that remainsAll are cemented sediments, wood debris, andsherds. pottery surface in thesurface in house and areas.concentration A of eroding of cemented andsediments wood debris located west 95 meters the of first house feature are thought to be remnantsthe a of second occupation feature. PSU probablywhat was once a small settlement. The consists site twoof erodedhighly occupation features; remainsall that of former occupation are concentrations two cementedof sediments. No cultural or artifactsmaterial w found the area.site within

Cultural Cultural Association Cultural Association Cultural Association

After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP

2 2 3

Small Small Village Small Small Village Small Village

- - - 00263 TEL 00264 TEL 00260 TEL 255 -

subdivision

d in a well subterranean - Possible

025 twoof consists sists of sists of wooden - 2015.Possible subdivision 00176. 00176. 00176. 00176. 00176. - - - - - 2013 - Site Site identified during field work in 20132015.Possible and subdivision TELof Site identified during field work in 20132015.Possible and subdivision TELof Site identified during field work in 2013 and TELof Site identified during field work in 20132015.Possible and subdivision TELof Site identified during field work in 20132015. and TELof PSU occupation features associatedwith cache pits and cultural material. Feature 1 a is semi occupation feature or cache pit located a large blowout.within The feature con structural elements and fragments of grass matting. The grass matting was collected for further analysis. A drilled artifact alsowooden was associationfound in Featurewith 1. PitCache 1 a is small 1.5 1 meter by meter depression situate vegetated area dune. the of A theof sample grass mat was collected for radiocarbon dating

Occupation Dates Cultural Cultural Association Occupation Dates Occupation Dates Cultural Association Cultural Association

After 500After BP After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP

3 2 4 2 3 3

Small Small Village Small Village Small Village Small Small Village Small Village Small Village

------TEL 00278 TEL 00280 TEL 00272 TEL 00273 TEL 00265 TEL 00269 256

- 045, - Black - In 1998,In

house features

Creek, Giddings - 30 noted) the in 003), excavatedthose

- limit bank. Several burned a while human other surface

- ns. [See ns. also XBM and 190+/ depressio apparently features thiswithin site.] Described Giddings as by a "Continuation of Ahteut site (XBM 003) on right pits appearancesimilar in to those excavated [at Ahteut].""An undetermined number houseof pits are located them of [here], some alderwithin thickets." USNPS investigators located three pitshouse and a number cacheof features at this location. The site was mapped. theDuring 1940s, Giddings excavated eight house pits (of the approximately Of a number Of of house pits of agesvarious on the gentle slopes at the Kavetof mouth excavated two in 1947. Although Giddings noted that pits some may be same the of age as those at Ahteut (XBM appeared relatedclosely more to theof those Island Ambler cultureRiver period. the of One houses was a (with body jade blade its among ribs andits cranium)missing lay inside. late 1700sA AD age was indicated. USNPS investigators visited insite the 1996, mapping approximately 28+/ ;

35 35 ± ± 830 840

141640 141641 - - Cams Cams

Occupation Dates Cultural Association Cultural Cultural Association

Before 500BP Before 500BP After 500After BP

3 29 28

Small Small Village Large Village Large Large Village

Ahteut Continuation Ahteut Site Kavet Kavet Creek Site

- - - XBM 00003 XBM 00002 XBM 00001 257 10

048 for -

liest liest house features occupied within approximately See also XBM

Large Large village site memory living of people. Reported to Giddings. limitRight above bank Kallarichuk FourRiver. orhouses. more Giddings noted house pits on both sides of the river near Kidway's TestsCamp. indicated that most late were period ruins. Collections a steepfrom bluff on the bank left indicated the that eroding bank had agean Ahteut (AD 1250) occupation.[ possible partial duplication.] southern southern portion theof andsite four pitshouse (of the noted) the in portion.northern Dated at 1250,about AD houses the excavated thewere ear Giddings found on Kobuk River. In 1998, USNPS investigators mapped site. Thethe southern loci consists a of total approximately of 29 house features and numerous cache pits. The loci,northern separated by 200m,some consists of approximately seven and numerous cache pits. Several house pits exposed in river Surfacebanks. collection. AOHA 2009

Association N/A N/A N/A Cultural

500BP Unknown Unknown Unknown Before

Unknown Unknown Unknown 4

Village Village Village Small Village

Kidway's Camp Kaligurickeark River Salmon River Village Kallarichuk River

- - - - XBM 00008 XBM 00007 XBM 00004 XBM 00006 258 - 2000

064 and 1100 -

028, XBM - , adzes, spoons, a subterranean ebue of site -

approximately

030.] covered knoll near a - approximately - 1900. [See also XMB described site this as being -

071.] [See also XBM

- square (about feet 95% of the site) and recovered Theseartifacts. included projectile points, arrowheads harpoon head, fishing gear, labrets, 1268 pounds faunalof remains, 359 pounds spalls,of and numerous wood fragments. A dendrochronological date of AD obtained.1578 was prehistoricLate Eskimo; closely resemblingmost Intermediate Kotz Giddings. Fall concentration zone for families from upper Noatak regional group. Located by E.S. Burch (p.c. to Hall). 029, XBM Giddings on a brush small lake off a small slough of Squirrel River, 8some upmiles Kiana.from During 1940s, the 11 of estimatedthe 20 houses were excavated. date A of 1400AD was assigned. XBM oldSite of settlementNative located USGSby party. Occupied between 1850AD Rectangular, semi house with entranceshort passage, cache and hearth outside house. Hall excavated 29 - 141646 - P 141647 141648 141649 - - - ; 31 - 150 Cams P ± Cams Cams Cams ; ; ; ; ; 780 30 20 25 30 200 220

± ± ± ± ± ± 16 - 615 735 710 815 P 720 820

Historic Material Occupation Dates Historic Material Occupation Dates

Historic Occupatio n Before 500BP 500After BP 500After BP

Unknown 20 Unknown 1

Single Single House Village Village Large Large Village

Kangiguksuk Kizuqtarvik Kugururok River Ekseavik

- - - - 00027 XBM 00012 XBM XBM 00009 XBM 00010 259

- 030.] 029.] - - AD AD 1800;

- [See also

half of anhalf of tested. - 029, XBM 028, XBM - - 034.] one -

subterranean house; -

XBM 035.] 027, 027, XBM - - - from from upper Noatak regional group (E.S. Burch p.c. to Hall). Fall concentration zone for families from upper Noatak regional group (E.S. Burch p.c. to Hall).[Seealso XBM Four houses; two houses and midden extensively Recovered cultural material includes projectile points, arrowheads, labrets, two metal "tags," caribou bone, etc. Estimated date1700: AD of probable affinity Islandto Ambler on Kobuk River. [See also XBM A dozen A or slightly more semi subterranean, rectangular houses in willows below bluff. Caribou bones recovered. Probably post late prehistoric Eskimo. XBM Approximately eroded semi Hall excavated 32 square feet. A harpoon foreshaft, projectile points, points,arrow etc. recovered.were Estimated date1600; AD of late prehistoric Eskimo: Kangigusuk and Intermediate Kotzebue.[See also XBM Fall concentration zone for families

Association Historic Material Cultural Association Historic Material Historic Material Cultural

BP After 500After BP 500After BP Historic Occupatio n Historic Occupatio n 500After

4 12 1 Unknown Unknown

Small Small Village Single Single House Village Village Large Large Village

Siesieaijak Aayukalik Sisigak Killiktavik 2

- - - - - XBM 00035 XBM 00034 XBM 00030 XBM 00033 XBM 00028 260 -

on) Creek [See also [See 037.]

- he hearth areas hearth he were subterranean houses (still - [See also XBM

036.] - concentration zone for families (E.S. Burch p.c. to Hall). XBM Fall concentration zone for families Upperfrom Noatak regional group. Aklummayuak sometimesCreek served as a route to Upper Noatak PeterbourghRiver. canoe, bobsled frames, and umaypak parts. Fall concentration zone for families Upperfrom Noatak regional group. Hall noted umaypak parts. Fall Upperfrom Noatak regional group (E.S. Burch p.c. to Hall). Two semiTwo partially standing) and two hearths. The two winter houses are the in willows on the west side theof creek; the hearths are one moss covered on the ground east side of creek.the T tested; recoveredmaterial includes .44 beads, shells, antler tools, small scrapers, and spalls. The houses may benot as old hearth as the areas: a Noatak informant told Hall Oscar that Henry's family lived at the Sapunof mouth (Sapo 1928.in Fall concentration zone for families from upper Noatak regional group

Material Historic Material Historic Material Historic Material Historic Material Historic

n Historic Occupatio n Historic Occupatio n Historic Occupatio n Historic Occupatio n Historic Occupatio

Unknown 2 Unknown Unknown Unknown

Village Village Village Small Small Village Village

Aqlamagzuaq Uliqsaun Isarukturvik Sapun

- - - - - 00039 XBM 00040 XBM 00038 XBM XBM 00036 XBM 00037 261

40 square 001).] known

- - ll antler wedges,

200m pointof bar on

covered river bank. Hall approximately -

Kenneth Kenneth BLM Ludy, surveyor and sketch Donovanmap by Harris to J.P. Cook, 1974. [These reported features appear tothe be within Kavet Creek (XBMSite 1985,In USNPS investigators noted over 40 including features, house pits and cache pits, along approximately south the side Kobuk of River. Artifacts noted eroding the from adjacent river includes bank pottery and bone and worked sinkers,net and projectile points. Possible pits test noted were one in the of pits.house 1996,In USNPS investigators mapped site, the recording approximately 28 houses Portion erodingof rectangular house on willow excavated Culturalfeet. includedmaterial slateground ulu blades, arrowheads, caribou bones, etc. Probable affinity with Ambler Island on Kobuk River. 4' diameter in A depression connected to 5' a x 7' depression by tunnel a 2' and10' x 5' two depressions connected to a 7'x 5' depression located [9.05m] 45 links ofnortheast the Thesefirst. are situated about 100' above river the overlookinglevel a we caribou crossing. Information from

N/A Cultural Cultural Association N/A

Unknown After 500After BP Unknown

Unknown 1 2

Village Small Small Village Single Single House

Igliqtiqiugvigrua q Mitkotaylyuk

- - - XBM 00047 XBM 00045 00041 XBM 262

red 008 for date of

- 009 and - XBM 058, a site - 009).The house - 20m terrace.20m The - [See also

dendrochronology 071.] - bark - size. The tinof dump cans was situated about 15m the from depressions. possible partial duplication.] Giddings excavated one twoof obscure pits noted at the of mouth Canyon Creek, about 2 from miles (XBMEkseavik excavated appeared to be closely related to at those Ekseavik. Additionally, Giddings noted that several house pits discovewere thealong banks a of former slough betwen Ekseavik and Squirrel River, tests which showed to be a of late period.[See also XBM XBM (many of complexof (many addition in form) to200 nearly cache pits or other features. eastern the At end the of eroding site, an log feature yielded a near 1908.A.D. apparently is [This a duplication XBMof reported to, by, notbut visited Giddings.] large Two depressions, associated cache pits, and a dump site were noted on a 15 depressions, probably dwellings, measured 4m and 4m x in 4m x 5m

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

2 2

Small Small Village Small Small Village

Canyon Canyon Creek

- - XBM 00064 XBM 00048 263 Roughly Ambler

e early shaped - ring dates indicatering -

3m high sand ridge. The 064 (possible - -

three three fallen and partly buried

discontinuous berm, the feature is about deep. 30cm This feature, and others,two relocated was by USNPS investigators in 1998. Subsurface of the features, thought to be features, thaw negativeyielded results. This consistssite at of least six pitshouse and over 25 cache pits on top high cut a of just3m bank west a of 2 low, pitshouse near the river have entryways of variable length and orientation. The site reportedwas to Mason as having been tested by J.L. Giddings during the 1940s. [See also XBM duplication).] Oswalt brieflyOswalt excavatingnotes one of Eskimo houses on a dead slough across from Archie's Landing, about 12 up Squirrel miles TheRiver. excavated house measured 14' x 122.5' a 2'straight 8' x tunnel, with and resembled Giddings' Island house dated to th 1700s.The tree the that structures builtwere circa 1879.AD 1989,In pit house a depression noted on thewas north edge a of forested terrace on the south side Kobukof River. outline, oval in a diffuse,with

N/A Historic Material N/A

Unknown Historic Occupatio n Unknown

6 3 1

House Large Village Small Small Village Single

- - - XBM 00071 XBM 00067 XBM 00065 264 nd nd l entrances

actively eroded

piece blue of shell mussel was also noted. Several small shovel tests placed areaan in aboutto 75m the (Locuswest 3) revealed a midden yielded chert flakes, bone, charcoal, and a sherd.pottery 2006In was site enlarged toconfluence the as debris visible is the in cut all bank the way tocreek the mouth. At leastAt nine apparent house features and several cache pits are situated on a 2m high terrace above Maiyumerak Creek, two in loci separated oldan channel.by The site, including several theof features, beingis and substantial deposits,midden including antler, bone, charcoal, and crackedfire rock noted.were The largest features atthe insite, a 6.6m diameter, deep 1.3m features (H5) representmay a karigi. Two the of house features tunne have twowhile others have jointed tunnel entrances. C14 samples recovered the from erosion at face H8, where a ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

40 40 50 40 40 40 40 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 ± 100 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 325

520 360 130 470 620 360 270 260 270 380 310 280 170 280

780

141693 - 228016 76675 223360 223361 223362 223363 223364 223365 223366 223367 223368 223369 223358 223359 228015 ------Beta Beta Cams Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta Beta

Occupation Dates

Continuou s Occupatio n

Large Large Village

Maiyumerak VillageCreek

- XBM 00131 265

. lyak lyak the long

of erodingof 046, as reported previously). - rectangular depression features eroding and cultural material is alongevident portions of the erosion face. 2009AOHA USNPS investigators noted the remains a of 4.6m 4m x log cabin, two without tunnel entrances (4.8m x and 5.6m3.6m in 2.9m size),x a rectangular4.4m 3.4m x depression featurea 1.9m long tunnelwith entrance, three cache pits, a number posts,of and historic debris. Possiblycamp the of Oo (Stonewall Jackson), a key informant of J. GiddingsLouis early 1940sduring the (rather than XBM In 1996,In a brief restduring stop, USNPS investigators noted two pitshouse on the terrace front in of a frame cabin modern on an allotment. ofOne the pitshouse appeared late of beprehistoric to age (rectangular structure a with entrancelong tunnel off wall), thewhile other be of may historic age (larger rectangular structure entrancea long with tunnel). USNPS investigators revisited and mapped insite the 1998. total 12of A pits house and numerous cache pits were noted a along 450m stretch Severalbank. the of features are

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

3 Unknown

Small Small Village Village

Oolyak's Camp Ruth B.Ruth Sandvik Allotment Site

- - 00145 XBM XBM 00144 266 ng ng r. Most of yielded subterranean -

semi 5m 5m andwide less than - s vary s almost from round to rectangular and trapezoidal, but - series of seriessmall of ridges/knobs and projectingswales toS the the from end a of major ridge the overlooking bank right of Kobuk Rive housesthe are on or topsnear the of knobs.the The house sub are 3 all from deep..5m Several show suggestions structuralof wood under obscuri vegetation and one (H6),in many splitlogs, logs, and hewn planks althoughsurvive, an in entirely collapsed state. A detectormetal thisof scan house entirelywas negative. Surface indications in several houses suggest presence the USNPS investigators noted the remains a of 4.1m 2.85m x house pit a 3.2mwith long entrance tunnel large and cachefour pits (two rectangular and two circular). The pit ishouse located than 6m less the from edge theof eroding bank. A detectormetal scan evidence of metal. 1m .5m A test x thewithin house pit yielded a coffee the in can a of shallowfill (later) pit and a small birch bark basket from house the interior. USNPS investigators and mapped about 10 pits and 27+house additional depression features a within 200m 80m x area, on 5 a of

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

10 1

Large Large Village Single Single House

- - XBM 00148 XBM 00147 267 and

d central fire pits.

pit and cache two pits

and seven cache features situated NPS in 1998.

Originally reportedOriginally a USNPS by Park 1995, ranger in site this was mapped USNPS by investigators in 1998.The consistssite of a single house adjacent to ofconfluence the a small drainage Kobukwith River and four cache pits on a small behindhill the site. to seven Six houses and numerous cache featuretwo in loci. Mapped by Three pits and numeroushouse cache pits noted threewere in loci. Mapped NPS 1998. in by 1998,In USNPS investigators located and mapped a single house pit of side of benches an Other features at the site include a ofvariety round and rectilinear pits 1m diameterfrom to 2m sq. Tests conducted 1998 in revealed a late prehistoric cultural inventory with no Euroamerican trade goods. The house floors frozenwere contained a rich assemblage of faunal material.

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

3 1 1 6 7 or

Single Single House Large Village Small Village Single House

Ranger Reported Site

- - - - 00157 XBM 00155 XBM 00156 XBM XBM 00149 268

20m 20m addition -

- back the from karigi, and

western endwestern of US lined -

002).] - apparent Inupiat site, the site appears remains tothe of the be 1898 periodrush gold Lou "Jessy Camp." ReportedJohn Cook toas a large area pits and mounds. with USGS a map hand with written note that "pits and thismounds found in area." Not by field verified archaeologists abut fallen log cache noted is on the No.Survey 5151, 2 Lot (1973). Hall located, didbut test, not a total seven of rectangular semi subterranean houses entrancewith passages, a small, apparently circular, stone midden deposits. Moving north on on a hilltop/terrace about 15 above river. the USNPS investigators located and mapped three pitsor house four and 10 cache features situated on a high, ridge aboutdry 150m river beach. [Thisbe, or bemay a part identified of,site the by Giddings as Ahteut Continuation (XBM USNPS investigators located and mapped site 1998. this in In to allotmentan cabin, the site consists six of house pits, three bermed tent wall features, and the a ruins of log cabin. As as well an

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

14 3 6 Unknown

Village Large Village Village Large Village Small Small

Feniak Lake Grace Outwater Allotement Site

- - - - 00004 XBM 00177 XHP 00159 XBM XBM 00158 269

1970. Burch subterranean - subterranean - roximately roximately 1500 Ipiutak occupation. -

flakes, flakes, bone, and birch bark. The apparentlyhouse represents a Norton Irving (p.c. to Hall) located six readily visible semi houses and over 12 cache pits theamongst willows and cottonwood at basethe theof bluff. Pottery and spalls recovered.were Hall visited site the in (p.c. to Hall) as anoted fall this concentration zone for families from Upperthe Noatak regional group. along thealong east shore lake the of they encounteredwere order the in of two houses, then five houses and the karigi. Hall located and excavated a rectangular, semi house anwith entrance passage and interioran hearth located on a small knoll near a creek about 3/4 up mile east shorethe lake the of from the stream.outlet Two cache pits were also noted. App artifacts recovered,were including adze heads, side and end blades, pebbles,incised antler,worked discoidals, slate, ground waste

Occupation Dates N/A

Outside Study Period Unknown

1 6

Large Large Village Single Single House

aiaq Anis

- - XHP 00011 XHP 00010 270 cut bones - The house regional regional groups to 2.5' thick, were e, possibly the same Map 24) apparently 24)Map apparently

017) south on the shore of - at number tentof rings were Desperation Lake. features different were thosefrom in village. the Irving located about dozen two large rectangular houses a of winter village onsite south the shore of Desperation Lake. Two house pits and up midden, tested. Pottery recentof appearance and ground jade and slate were noted throughout the midden, toleading speculation that the village was foundedlate the in prehistoric period. Saw alsowere noted. Aroundvillage the a gre noted, nobut associated artifacts other than caribou bones.special Of Burch (p.c. to Hall) noted a fall concentration zone for families from Upperthe Noatak south Desperationof Lake, where (Uivaksak)Fry Creek joins another westward flowing beforestream becoming the Anisak D.C.River. Foote (1965: noted houses winter just west of Desperation Lake in the Anisak drainagRiver locality. Irving (p.c. to Hall) reported two locating rectangularshallow houses on the beachstorm near the late prehistoric/historic village (XHP

N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown

24 Unknown 2

Large Large Village Village Small Village

Uivaqsaat

- - - XHP 00017 XHP 00016 XHP 00013 271

subterranean noted this noted this -

otak regional otak regional group.

(p.c. to Hall) reported that locality as alocality concentrationfall zone for families the from Upper Noatak regional group. Seven or semi more houses and numerous cache pits locatedwere at this site. T.D. Hamilton site the was stratified, Hallbut found no evidence to support this contention. Spalls notedwere but apparently retained.not Burch (p.c. to Hall) locality noted this as a fall concentration zone for families from Upperthe Na Burch (p.c. to Hall) as anoted this concentrationfall zone for families the from Upper Noatak regional group. This represented is locality note note ovalan was karigi, some 35' in longest its interior dimension, marked by boulderswall up toin 5' diameter, of some which bear petroglyphs. D.C. Foote (1965:Map 24) apparently locates houseswinter in upperthe reaches of Tupichalik Creek, drainswhich into Desperation Lake. Burch (p.c. to Hall)

N/A N/A N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown

Unknown Unknown Unknown 7

Large Large Village Village Village Village

Makpik Nazvarzug Tupichalik Creek Nanirailik

- - - - 22 00028 XHP 00026 XHP XHP 000 XHP 00024 272 - more more 009, - 034.] - subterranean willow willow tent -

cloaked hillside 10 - - 008, XPH - 029, and XPH -

XPH er Noatak regional group. 004, - 010, XPH

- the the Makpikof mouth Creek (location exact).not Irving (p.c. to Hall) reported a summer camp 8 of frames, bow pieces, and wooden dish fragments on the south side of river,the at Okak Bend. Irving suggested the that stream had been dammed for a Burch (p.c.weir. to Hall) noted Okak Bend as a fall concentration zone for families from Uppthe Apparently D.C. Foote (1965:Map 24) houses also noted winter at this location.[See also XHP S.B. (1887) McLenegan apparently noted houses on the north side of Okak Bend. by a by number recordedof sites (XPH XPH 399). Hall located semi two houses on a willow about 400 east of the yards southeast corner Feniakof Lake. The are house similar to, but than,compact others at the lake. A midden deposit was noted south of houses.the A small test yielded caribou bone. S.B. (1887) McLenegan apparently noted houses on the banknorth of Noatak River, just upstream from

N/A N/A N/A Occupation Dates

Unknown Unknown Unknown Historic Occupatio n

Unknown Unknown 2 Unknown

Village Village Small Small Village Village

Okak Bend

- - - - 00034 XHP 00033 XHP XHP 00031 XHP 00029 273

ly and ly house pit subterranean - yer. Behind this located 14 cache pits

covered bank. stream Hall - et al., later investigated area, the 14noting cache pits, a possible pit, house a scatter of modern garbage, and Hall's pits. test A test 5m the of 2m possiblex failed to produce evidence of cultural activity. secondA area, about to 49m the southeast, consisted thicka of 10cm bone layer exposed eroded the in 1m high bluff. late prehistoricA antler projectile recovered point was from bluffbelow the la on a bluff, small anknoll, apparent ring tent and hearth were noted. P.S. Smith (1913:45)P.S. Smith apparently noted several abandoned huts and boat and frames covers on the willow investigated the insite 1962, noting one rectangular semi andhouse four hearths, and excavated one house complete one house partially. Three other summer houses disturbed.not were artifactsThirty and caribou bones recoveredwere and a collection of pottery was from the made riverbank. Hall originally and caribou bone on a beach ridge at norththe end theof lake. Davis,

N/A N/A

Unknown Unknown

1 5

Single Single House Small Small Village

Kiingyak Kiingyak Lake

- - XHP 00036 00035 XHP 274 - passage - rectangular in

- wn cultural wn affiliation abandonment as has linear linear and well lightly lower than the terrain on the at the at time the of been observed in mid Dorset structures dated to around 800 ago in the years Canadian InteriorArctic. dimensions are ca. 3 3.5m. x m The structure does not appear tobeen deliberately have into dug surface, the its but floor is s northern side, probably because small rocks clearedwere from the floor and tossed that in direction during construction. The is structure sub itsform; southern and western walls are generally defined, and its northern and eastern lessones clear apparentlybut somewhat curved. The structure was disturbed at pointsome after abandonment, and several rocks itsfrom northern wall were removed, probably to construct a cairn unkno of and age, located ca. to 40the east m at edge the theof outwash delta. Cobbles once that formed part of the northern thehalf of axial feature been piledhave incenter the the of structure, perhaps occupants by the

Cultural Cultural Association

Outside Study Period

Single Single House

Hick's Hick's Site

- XHP 00583 275

table

Data table Data Data table Data table Data table Data table Data table Data table Data table Available Measurements Data presented Data table Data table Data table Data table Data table

Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers Reference PowersBIA; 1982 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Multi Multi Single House Type Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Single Room Multi Single Room Multi Multi Multi Single Room Single Room

20.00000000000 16.50000000000 7.00000000000 Main Room Area (sq m) 10.50000000000 12.00000000000 36.79000000000 13.00000000000 18.00000000000 32.50000000000 3.14000000000 19.00000000000 13.75000000000 44.58000000000 21.00000000000 6.00000000000

Appendix B: House Size Data Size Appendix B: House

12 13 14 Feature Number 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Temporal Period Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500

Site Name

00185 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 ------KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ AHRS Site Number BEN 276

presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data table Data table Data table Data table Data table Data table Data presented

1982 VanStone 1955 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers Powers 1950Larson VanStone 1955 VanStone 1955 VanStone 1955 VanStone 1955 VanStone 1955 VanStone 1955 VanStone 1955 Powers 1982Powers

Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Single Single Room Multi Single Multi Multi Multi Single Room Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Room Multi

20.07000000000 12.30000000000 15.54000000000 30.02000000000 25.00000000000 7.18750000000 10.07000000000 10.50000000000 96.00000000000 18.21000000000 14.86000000000 13.47000000000 14.86000000000 13.24000000000 13.94000000000 13.94000000000 16.14000000000

House House 8 Feature 1 Feature 1 16 17 18 19 20 N/A House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5 House 6 House 7 15

Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500

Old Kotzebue Old Kotzebue Old Kotzebue Old Kotzebue Old Kotzebue Old Kotzebue Old Kotzebue Old Kotzebue

00087 00031 00031 00031 00068 00031 00031 00031 00023 00031 00031 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 00008 ------KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ 277

Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented

1988 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988

Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Multi Multi Multi Single Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Multi Room Single Room

11.55000000000 15.21000000000 15.05000000000 18.13000000000 18.50000000000 31.32000000000 17.17000000000 14.35000000000 10.80000000000 9.30000000000 11.70000000000 8.50500000000 9.67250000000 11.37500000000 18.06000000000 15.60000000000 26.60000000000

Feature Feature 6 Feature 7 Feature 11 Feature Feature 2a Feature 3 Feature 4 Feature 5 Feature 13 Feature 14 Feature 15 Feature 16 Feature 17a Feature 17b Feature 1b Feature 4a Feature 5 Feature Feature 2a

00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00087 00087 00130 00087 00087 00087 00087 00087 00087 00087 00087 00087 ------KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ 278

presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data

Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Single Single Room Single Room Single Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi

8.96000000000 11.40000000000 14.44000000000 10.35000000000 17.60000000000 12.18000000000 10.30000000000 8.25000000000 21.07000000000 12.76500000000 8.75000000000 24.15000000000 28.80000000000 10.23000000000 22.55000000000 24.18000000000 10.92000000000

15 Feature Feature 8 Feature 9 Feature 10 Feature Feature Feature 16 Feature 17 Feature 18 Feature 19 Feature 20 Feature 21 Feature 22 Feature 23 Feature 24 Feature 1a Feature 3 Feature 4b Feature Feature 12 500

Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500

00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 00130 ------KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ 279

Data presented Data and map measured Data and map measured Data presented Data and map measured Data and map measured Data and map measured Data and map measured GIS measurements GIS measurements Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented

McClenahan and Gibson 1990II CAKR Project CAKR Project Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Bowers 2009 Bowers 2009 Bowers 2009 McClenahan and Gibson 1990II McClenahan and Gibson 1990II McClenahan and Gibson 1990II Schaaf 1988

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Single Single Room Single Room Single Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Multi Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Room Single Room

26.21000000000 6.92286929658 9.10146901234 24.08000000000 12.25000000000 18.75000000000 13.20000000000 31.02000000000 28.60000000000 7.56000000000 17.57500000000 18.65000000000 11.84000000000 47.25000000000 22.42000000000 32.45000000000 14.70000000000

13 4A 6A Feature Feature 4 Feature 6 Feature 9 Feature 10 Feature 11 Feature 12 Feature 7 34 AU House 1 House 2 N/A 6 10 Feature Feature 13

00383 00274 00274 00274 00383 00158 00300 00301 00131 00131 00299 00131 00131 00131 00131 00130 00131 ------NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA KTZ KTZ NOA KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ 280

measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements

CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project

Room Room Room Room

- - - - Single Room Single Room Single Single Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Single Room Multi Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Room Single Room

116.8753553180 0 38.05476854300 49.85900849670 13.70862706360 14.19956757160 77.85282400000 118.1980430000 0 33.91073441210 8.97990795452 26.69562000390 41.11413500000 112.5331440000 0 66.69711800000 87.21116400000 95.91951400000 37.31861544000 9.78832854229

2A 1 2 5A 3A Unknown Unknown 2 1A 1 3 1 3 1 2 1A 1A

00531 00473 00509 00509 00531 00473 00473 00473 00473 00473 00473 00383 00383 00383 00468 00383 00383 ------NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA 281

GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements Data presented Data presented GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements

Project Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 CAKR Project

Room Room Room Room

- - - - Multi Multi Multi Single Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Room Single Room

8.88000000000 14.04000000000 5.40000000000 39.98657900000 72.28651700000 45.80259389280 13.47628743770 18.57947589540 14.84406000000 170.9883270000 0 92.75229000000 186.6273230000 0 41.06903100000 32.42737200000 48.45000000000 49.50000000000 9.31076900000

House House 3S House 14S House Unknown Unknown 1B 1B 1B Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 3 5 Unknown

Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut

00003 00003 00003 00578 00578 00578 00556 00578 00578 00534 00555 00556 00556 00534 00534 - - - 00093 00093 ------XBM TEL TEL XBM XBM NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA 282

GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements

NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Single Single Room Single Room Single Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi

8.12000000000 14.26000000000 9.66000000000 16.25000000000 12.21000000000 11.76000000000 9.00000000000 6.90000000000 12.03500000000 12.06000000000 15.12500000000 12.64000000000 9.60000000000 4.00000000000 13.80000000000 14.40000000000 20.12500000000

House House 7S House 8S House 9S House House c House d House e House f House g House h House i House j House k House l House a House b House c 15S House a

Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut Ahteut

00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 ------XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM 283

presented measured Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented GIS measurements GIS measurements Data presented Data presented Data Data and map measured Data and map measured Data and map

Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Unpublished NPS data Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Unpublished NPS data

Single Single Room Single Room Single Single Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Room Single Room

13.01000000000 12.63000000000 14.86000000000 27.28000000000 24.42715970000 22.69955330000 21.39981070000 21.39891070000 24.14293580000 25.47518400000 18.50745600000 25.68549600000 39.01927680000 81.84000000000 20.88000000000 17.84000000000 17.22000000000

House House 4 House 5 House 6 House House b House 1 House 2 House 3 House 4 House 5 House 6 House 7 House 8 House 11 House 1 House 2 House 3 House House 13S 500

After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500 BP Before 500

Ambler Island Ambler Island Ambler Island Ambler Island Ambler Island Ambler Island Ekseavik Ekseavik Ekseavik Ekseavik Ekseavik Ekseavik Ekseavik Ahteut Ahteut Ekseavik Ekseavik

00002 00002 00002 00002 00002 00009 00009 00002 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00003 00003 ------AMR AMR AMR AMR AMR XBM XBM AMR XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM 284

Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Giddings, JL 1952 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 1977Adams 1977Adams 1977Adams Giddings, JL 1952

0 12.54000000000 27.88000000000 16.32000000000 14.31000000000 15.61000000000 18.95000000000 13.01000000000 16.72000000000 20.07000000000 11.71000000000 19.42000000000 18.00000000000 11.25000000000 241.250000000 27.50000000000 36.00000000000 16.35000000000

9 Feature Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 3 House House 8 House House 1 House 11 House 12 House 13 House 14 House 15 House 1 House 2 Feature 6 Feature 7 Feature 8 House House 7

After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After

Cloud Cloud Lake Village Cloud Lake Village Cloud Lake Village Ambler Island Ambler Island Ambler Island Ambler Island Ambler Island Ambler Island Ambler Island Ambler Island Ambler Island

00002 00002 00002 00002 00002 00002 00002 00002 00002 00053 00033 00033 00053 00053 00029 00029 00033 ------BEN BEN BEN BEN BEN BEN BEN BEN AMR AMR AMR AMR AMR AMR AMR AMR AMR 285

Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 BIA Report (F22908) BIA Report (F22908) Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988

Room Room Room

- - - Multi Multi Single Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Room Single Room

10.08000000000 4.56000000000 11.56000000000 64.60000000000 26.40000000000 27.84000000000 17.16000000000 15.12000000000 10.88000000000 26.24000000000 25.37000000000 21.84000000000 26.64000000000 14.40000000000

Locality C Feature 9 Locality C Feature Feature 6 Feature 7 Feature 9 Feature 13 Feature 14 B D Feature 1 Locality A Feature 2 Locality A Feature 3 Locality A Feature 5 Locality C Feature 6 Feature Feature 4

After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After

Kividluk, Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Iqalugruaq Iqalugruaq Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo

00004 00004 00053 00053 00053 00053 00053 00053 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 ------KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ CAN CAN BEN BEN BEN BEN BEN BEN 286

presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented

Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi

11.55000000000 10.56000000000 14.10000000000 26.17500000000 18.50000000000 9.60000000000 38.28000000000 33.77500000000 17.28000000000 17.00000000000 14.44000000000 9.45000000000 13.17500000000 13.97200000000 7.04000000000

Feature Feature 12 Locality B Feature 13 Locality B Locality C Feature 14 Locality C Feature 1 Locality C Feature 3 Locality C Feature 4 Locality C Feature 7 Locality C Feature 11 Locality C Feature 1 Locality B Feature 3 Locality B Feature 7 Locality B Feature 8 Locality B Feature 10 B Locaity Feature Feature 10 Locality C Feature 13

After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After

Kividluk, Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk,

00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 00009 ------KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ 287

presented Data Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented

1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Giddings 1952 Giddings 1952 Giddings 1952 Giddings 1952 Giddings 1952 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988

Room

- Single Single Room Single Room Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Single Room Single

9.75000000000 4.48000000000 5.13000000000 28.48000000000 12.64000000000 9.20000000000 49.05000000000 8.36000000000 15.33000000000 7.04000000000 5.27000000000 4.41000000000 8.75000000000 5.04000000000 9.43000000000 30.82000000000

Feature Feature 5 Feature 6 Locality B Feature 2 Locality D House 1 House 3 House 7 House 8 House 12 Feature 2 Feature 1 Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 3 Feature 4 Feature Feature 2 Locality B Feature 11

BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP

Intermediate Kotzebue Intermediate Kotzebue Intermediate Kotzebue Intermediate Kotzebue Kividluk, Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Kividluk, Kividlo Intermediate Kotzebue

00055 00055 00055 00055 00054 00055 00055 00030 00030 00054 00009 00030 00030 00030 00009 00009 ------KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ 288

presented

Data presented Data presented Data presented Data Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented

Room

- Room Single Room Single Room Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Single Single Room Single

4.16000000000 4.32000000000 8.40000000000 7.36000000000 5.52000000000 6.00000000000 3.42000000000 7.56000000000 14.00000000000 8.41000000000 4.75000000000 5.44000000000 5.27000000000 5.44000000000 4.20000000000 6.51000000000 3.99000000000

Feature Feature 10 Feature 11 Feature 12 Feature Feature 8 Feature 9 Feature 10 Feature 11 Feature 12 Feature 2 Feature 1 Feature 3 Feature 4 Feature 5 Feature 6 Feature 7 Feature 8 Feature Feature 7

00056 00056 00056 00056 00056 00056 00056 00056 00056 00056 00056 00055 00055 00055 00055 00055 00055 ------KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ 289

Room Room Room Room Room

- - - - - Multi Multi Multi Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Single Room Single

18.52500000000 27.84000000000 13.60000000000 9.02000000000 4.42000000000 5.40000000000 26.64000000000 9.36000000000 14.40000000000 8.50500000000 11.10000000000 14.21000000000 10.56000000000 8.74000000000 10.44000000000 14.35000000000 7.20000000000

Feature Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 3 Feature Feature 14 Feature 15 Feature 16 Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 6 Feature 1 Feature 3 Feature 4 Feature 5a Feature 5b Feature 7 Feature 8 Feature Feature 13

00090 00088 00090 00090 00088 00088 00088 00088 00088 00088 00088 00056 00060 00088 00056 00056 00056 ------KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ 290

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Room Single Room Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Multi

12.25000000000 15.64000000000 19.35000000000 30.38000000000 26.10000000000 21.85500000000 21.24000000000 40.71000000000 27.29500000000 21.60000000000 15.48000000000 14.00000000000 17.55000000000 17.50000000000 17.72000000000 6.60000000000 16.66000000000

Feature Feature 3 Feature 7 Feature 3 Feature Feature 6 Feature 8 Feature 9 Feature 5 Feature 7 Feature 11 Feature 1 Feature 2 Feature 4 Feature 5 Feature 6 Feature 9 Feature 10 Feature Feature 4

00148 00101 00101 00101 00101 00101 00101 00090 00101 00101 00101 00090 00090 00090 00090 00090 00090 ------KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ 291

presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented

al. 2012 22301 22301 - - Darwent et BIA F BIA F Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Darwent et al. 2012 Darwent et al. 2012 Darwent et al. 2012 Darwent et al. 2012 Darwent et al. 2012 Darwent et al. 2012 Darwent et al. 2012 Darwent et al. 2012 Darwent et al. 2012 Schaaf 1988

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Multi Single Room Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi

14.39506670000 16.07000000000 17.00000000000 24.20000000000 27.00000000000 23.00000000000 131.0400000000 0 9.45248765800 14.16579864000 20.96926316000 11.66212230000 17.24431918000 10.52851791000 14.74659501000 20.12622107000 12.74086604000 26.40000000000

15 2 4 Feature Feature 10 Feature 1 Feature 9 Feature 11 3 1 2 7 6 5 9 11 13 Feature Feature 4 500

BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP After 500After BP After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP

00298 00171 00171 00298 00171 00171 00171 00171 00171 00171 00171 00148 00148 00171 00148 00148 00148 ------KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ 292

presented presented measurements

GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS GIS measurements GIS measurements Data presented Data presented Data presented Data Data presented Data presented Data GIS measurements

22301 22301 22301 22301 22301 22301 22301 ------CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project BIA BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project CAKR Project BIA BIA F

Room Room Room

- - - Room Single Room Single Room Room Multi Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Single Single Room Single

32.31866500000 17.73475500000 14.37435800000 11.16000000000 21.04000000000 26.95000000000 11.53000000000 50.46000000000 24.80000000000 30.78992300000 20.99588100000 29.12839800000 15.59010900000 15.06170200000 22.89644400000 18.91865300000 9.50000000000

Unknown Unknown Unknown 11 17 20 31 53 54A/B Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown 6

Aniyak Aniyak Aniyak Aniyak Aniyak Aniyak Aniyak Aniyak Aniyak Aniyak

00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00003 00298 00298 00298 00298 00298 00298 00298 ------NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA KTZ NOA NOA NOA KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ KTZ 293

presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented GIS measurements GIS measurements Data presented Data presented Data presented Data Data presented Data presented

1990II McClenahan and Gibson 1990II McClenahan and Gibson 1990II CAKR Project BIA F21237 C BIA F21237 C BIA F21237 C BIA F21237 C BIA F21237 C BIA F21237 C BIA F21237 C McClenahan and Gibson 1990II McClenahan and Gibson 1990II McClenahan and Gibson 1990II McClenahan and Gibson 1990II McClenahan and Gibson 1990II McClenahan and Gibson CAKR Project

Room Single Room Single Room Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Single Single Room Single

33.30000000000 12.96000000000 40.40000000000 23.63868900000 12.00000000000 9.00000000000 14.00000000000 30.00000000000 8.10000000000 17.60000000000 38.50000000000 12.24000000000 26.76200000000 34.65000000000 26.25000000000 25.44000000000 8.50591700000

6 1 6 Unknown 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 3 4 1 10 3 Unknown

Agiaguat Anigaaq C Anigaaq C Anigaaq C Anigaaq C Aniyak Aniyak Anigaaq C Anigaaq C Anigaaq C

00217 00164 00164 00188 00161 00162 00163 00140 00140 00140 00161 00140 00140 00140 00003 00003 00140 ------NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA NOA 294

21889 21889 21889 21889 21889 Project

- - - - - BIA BIA F BIA F BIA F Giddings 1952 Giddings 1952 Grover, M. 2001 Grover, M. 2001 CAKR Project Nuluk Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Giddings 1952 BIA FF17627B AHRS BIA F BIA F McClenahan and Gibson 1990II

Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Multi Multi Multi Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Single Single Room Single

48.87000000000 35.60500000000 58.96000000000 10.83000000000 18.00000000000 21.70000000000 9.14640000000 11.61247192890 2.90722000000 17.50000000000 16.40000000000 13.68000000000 12.00000000000 12.25000000000 90.60000000000 34.36000000000 57.45000000000

F L M House House 1 House 2 1 2 1B 1 Feature 1 Feature 2 n/a 8 1 A B 10

Dobuk Okpiktulik Okpiktulik Okpiktulik Okpiktulik Okpiktulik Shungnak Agiaguat Aitiligauraq Aitiligauraq Igrugaivik CampCreek Igrugaivik CampCreek

06 -

00301 00301 00474 00217 00284 00284 00009 00068 00068 00068 00068 00044 00102 00068 00043 00043 - - - 2013 ------SOL SOL SOL SOL SHU SLK SLK SOL (Nuluk) SHF SHF NOA NOA NOA PSU NOA NOA NOA 295

presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented Data presented

1982 21889 21889 21889 21889 21889 21889 21889 21889 21889 ------F Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers BIA BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA BIA F BIA F 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers Powers 1982Powers BIA BIA F

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Room Multi Multi Single Room Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi

16.00000000000 45.00000000000 23.00000000000 55.80000000000 19.08000000000 94.17000000000 54.22000000000 133.2300000000 0 68.73000000000 88.33000000000 48.28000000000 15.00000000000 61.50000000000 45.70000000000 67.00000000000 68.15000000000 52.41500000000

6 7 8 S Z CC GG HH II SS XX 1 2 3 4 5 Q

Okpiktulik Okpiktulik Okpiktulik Okpiktulik Okpiktulik Okpiktulik Okpiktulik Okpiktulik Okpiktulik

00068 00068 00068 00068 00068 00068 00068 00068 00068 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 ------TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL SOL SOL SOL TEL SOL SOL SOL SOL SOL SOL 296

Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers Powers 1982Powers

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Multi Multi Multi Room Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Single

84.00000000000 82.00000000000 36.50000000000 25.00000000000 42.75000000000 40.50000000000 35.00000000000 68.00000000000 27.50000000000 36.00000000000 20.00000000000 9.00000000000 79.00000000000 25.00000000000 48.00000000000 56.00000000000 38.50000000000

24 25 26 10 11 12 13 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 9 500

BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP

00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 00007 ------TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL 297

21978A 21978A 21978A 21978A 21978A 21978A 21978A 21978A 21978A 21978A 21978A 21978A 21978A 21978A ------BIA BIA F BIA F BIA F Powers 1982Powers 1982Powers BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F BIA F Powers 1982Powers

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Single Room Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi

37.84000000000 45.20000000000 38.00000000000 46.50000000000 42.25000000000 38.25000000000 57.76000000000 11.88000000000 19.63000000000 31.80000000000 59.17000000000 28.00000000000 105.7900000000 0 67.28000000000 43.00000000000 53.50000000000 66.75000000000

13 14 15 28 29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 27

00060 00060 00060 00060 00060 00060 00060 00060 00060 00060 00060 00060 00060 00060 00007 00007 00007 ------TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL 298

1988 21978A 21978A 21978A - - - Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 BIA BIA F BIA F Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf 1988 Schaaf Schaaf 1988 BIA BIA F

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Room Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Room Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Room Single Single Single Room

10.08000000000 7.00000000000 10.89000000000 54.59000000000 43.70000000000 24.50000000000 7.36000000000 19.50000000000 17.55000000000 22.00000000000 8.19000000000 16.80000000000 16.10000000000 13.50000000000 12.00000000000 15.20000000000 26.18000000000

Feature Feature 5b Feature 3 Feature 5 18 19 Feature 7a Feature 8 Feature 12 Feature 14 Feature 3 Feature 4 Feature 2 5 Feature 7,9,10 Feature 1 Feature 10 Feature 5a 17

00099 00096 00096 00099 00087 00096 00096 00086 00086 00086 00087 00086 00086 00086 00060 00060 00060 ------TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL 299

GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements Data presented Data presented GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements

Nuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk Schaaf 1988 ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk Schaaf 1988

3.13391000000 13.77320000000 3.02080000000 11.78000000000 8.44323000000 7.39544000000 13.89940000000 8.12271000000 111.2220000000 0 45.63680000000 14.42540000000 11.09900000000 10.54930000000 0.67460000000 5.31187000000 1.46389000000 17.28000000000 -

A 1A 14 1A 2A 3A 4A 1A 2A 1 2A 3A 4A 1A 1A Feature Feature 6 Feature 1 500

BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP After BP 500After After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP

00257 00251 00252 00256 00249 00249 00250 00233 00233 00249 00249 00232 00232 00232 00099 00099 00232 ------TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL 300

measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS measurements GIS

Port Clarence Project Port Clarence Project Port Clarence Project Nuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk ProjectNuluk Port Clarence Project Port Clarence Project Port Clarence Project Port Clarence Project Port Clarence Project Port Clarence Project Nuluk ProjectNuluk

32.65190000000 16.99770000000 46.59770000000 6.85063000000 3.44095000000 5.57867000000 4.96776000000 14.46940000000 2.31564000000 2.05634000000 9.89934000000 27.49700000000 17.55140000000 26.43860000000 13.34460000000 12.11100000000 3.29509000000

5 8 10 1A 2A 1A 2A 1A 2A 3A 1 2 3 4 3 1

00272 00272 00273 00273 00269 00269 00272 00264 00264 00269 00269 00263 00263 00264 00258 00260 00260 ------TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL 301

Project

NPS data

Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Port Clarence Port Clarence Project Port Clarence Project Port Clarence Project Port Clarence Project Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Port Clarence Project

Room Room Room Room Room Room Room

------Room Single Room Single Room Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Multi Single Room Single Single Single Room Single

10.01000000000 9.76000000000 10.51000000000 20.37500000000 10.77090000000 27.15880000000 20.43860000000 15.69160000000 17.32000000000 21.88000000000 24.94000000000 28.67000000000 35.06000000000 15.04000000000 4.94000000000 13.15000000000 27.11730000000

House House b House c House d 2 6 1 2 3 House f House g House p House House u House v House z House a 1

Kavet Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek

00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 ------00278 00278 00278 00278 00278 00278 ------XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL TEL 302

NPS data NPS data

Unpublished Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data Unpublished NPS data

Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Room Single Single Room Single

29.27000000000 26.69000000000 15.72000000000 7.29000000000 7.77000000000 17.72000000000 9.65000000000 14.71000000000 15.82000000000 11.36000000000 16.51000000000 10.55000000000 23.07000000000 17.28000000000

House House h House i House j House k House l House m House n House o House q House s House t House x House y House House e

BP 500After BP 500After BP After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After After 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP 500After BP

Kavet Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek Kavet Creek

00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 00001 ------XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM XBM 303