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Visualising the Vision a Study of the Plan of Ezekiel’S Temple

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Visualising the Vision a Study of the Plan of Ezekiel’S Temple Visualising the Vision A study of the plan of Ezekiel’s temple Konstantin Stijkel Cover page: Ashlars of the Western Wall of the temple mount. In the upper right corner an image of the floor plan of Ezekiel’s temple. © Copyright RCTM reclamebureau 2021 Vormgeving en druk: RCTM reclamebureau Richard Steunenberg Visualising the Vision A study of the plan of Ezekiel’s temple De visualisering van het visioen Een studie naar het plan van Ezechiëls tempel (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Protestantse Theologische Universiteit te Amsterdam - Groningen, op gezag van de rector, prof. dr. M.M. Jansen, ingevolge het besluit van het college van promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen te Groningen op vrijdag 18 juni 2021 om 12.30 uur door Konstantin Stijkel geboren op 5 februari 1945 te Berlijn Promotor: prof. dr. K. Spronk Tweede promotor: prof. dr. E. van Staalduine-Sulman Visualising the Vision A study of the plan of Ezekiel’s temple “Describe the temple to the house of Israel” (Ezek. 43:10) Table of contents Preface 14 Chapter 1. Introduction 16 1.1. Scope of the study 16 1.1.1. Reading and imaging Ezekiel’s temple vision 16 1.1.2. Envisaging the visionary character of the book Ezekiel 16 1.1.3. Architectural perspective of the study 17 1.2. State of the art 17 1.3. Thesis and research questions 19 1.4. Outline of the study 19 Chapter 1. Introduction 19 Chapter 2. The vision report 20 Chapter 3. On imagination 20 Chapter 4. Temple building in the ancient Near East 20 Chapter 5. Israelite sanctuaries 20 Chapter 6. Ezekiel’s visionary temple 20 Chapter 7. Ezekiel’s temple the ultimate imagination 21 List of architectural terms 21 1.5. On Method 21 1.5.1. Rhetorical approach 21 1.5.2. Comparative approach 22 1.5.3. Conceptual approach 22 1.6. Structure of the book Ezekiel 22 1.6.1. A well-ordered, coherent piece of literature 22 1.6.2. Tripartite content of the text 23 1.6.3. Chronological sequence of the text 23 1.6.4. Chiastic pattern of the book Ezekiel 24 1.6.5. Literary framework of Ezekiel’s visions 25 1.7. Structure of Ezekiel 40-48 25 1.7.1. The three major sections 25 1.7.2. The chiastic pattern of Ezekiel 40-48 26 1.8. Conclusions 27 6 Visualising the vision Chapter 2. The vision report 28 A text critical and philological exploration 2.1. The character of the final vision 28 2.1.1. A narrative in visual language 28 2.1.2. A rhetorical narrative 29 2.2. The text of the vision report 30 2.2.1. The text transmitted 30 2.2.2. MT text of Ezekiel 31 2.2.3. LXX text of Ezekiel 32 2.2.4. Variant text of P967 32 2.3. Studying the text of the vision report 33 2.3.1. The text examined 33 2.3.2. Translation principles 34 2.4. A text critical and philological exploration 34 2.4.1. Ezekiel 40:1-47 34 2.4.2. Ezekiel 40:48-49 and 41:1-26 46 2.4.3. Ezekiel 42:1-20 54 2.4.4. Ezekiel 43:10-11 and 13-17 58 2.4.5. Ezekiel 46:19-24 60 2.5. Conclusions 61 Chapter 3. On imagination 63 3.1. The character of biblical visions 63 3.1.1. Receiving and reflecting visions 63 3.1.2. What is meant by a biblical vision? 63 3.2. Concepts of imagination in Western history 64 3.3. Imagination 65 3.3.1. What is meant by imagination in the Hebrew Bible? 65 3.3.2. Interrelationship between biblical visions and imagination 66 3.3.3. Dynamic imagination based on memory and creativity 67 3.3.4. Ezekiel’s vision account an example of biblical imagery 68 Visualising the vision 7 3.4. Symbolism and concepts of sacred space in the ancient Near East and Israel 68 3.4.1. Symbolism of sacred space 68 3.4.2. The concept of sacred space 68 3.4.3. Historical building or a verbal icon? 69 3.5. Imitating and depicting biblical examples of sacred space 70 3.5.1. The perfect model 70 3.5.2. The arrangement of the desert encampment as a model of sacred space 70 3.5.3. The temple of Solomon as a model of sacred space 71 3.5.4. Reconstructions of Ezekiel’s temple 75 3.6. Imitating and depicting the New Jerusalem 77 3.6.1. Conceptions of the ideal classic and medieval city 77 3.6.2. Renaissance concepts of the ideal city 82 3.6.3. Concepts of the 19th century social utopia 83 3.7. Conclusions 84 Chapter 4. Temple building in the Ancient Near East 86 A historical and architectural overview 4.1. Introduction 86 4.1.1. Common culture of temple building in the ancient Near East 86 4.1.2. Etymology of the word ”temple” 86 4.2. Temple ideology 87 4.2.1. Temple ideology compared and displayed in seven interrelated concepts 87 4.2.2. Concept of the temple as divine presence 87 4.2.3. Concept of the temple as heavenly abode 88 4.2.4. Concept of the temple as the centre of the world 89 4.2.5. Concept of the temple as the embodiment of the cosmic mountain 91 4.2.6. Concept of the temple as the first fixed point in the primeval waters of creation 92 4.2.7. Concept of the temple as garden sanctuary reflecting Paradise 93 4.2.8. Concept of the temple as sacred space 94 4.3. Description of ancient Near Eastern temples 95 4.3.1. The model of ancient Near Eastern temples 95 4.3.2. Classification of temple cellae 97 4.4. Egyptian temples 98 4.4.1. Divine and mortuary temples 98 4.4.2. Architecture of Egyptian temples 101 4.4.3 Temple of Amun-Re and Khonsu at Karnak 102 8 Visualising the vision 4.5. Mesopotamian temples 105 4.5.1. Temple building strongly influenced by its environment 105 4.5.2. Architecture of Mesopotamian temples 106 4.5.3. Babylon 110 4.5.4. Temple of Marduk 110 4.6. Syro-Palestinian temples 111 4.6.1. Temples in the Phoenician region 112 4.6.1.1. Temple of Melqart at Tyre and remote Mediterranean regions 114 4.6.1.2. Temples at Kition and Paphos 115 4.6.1.3. The temple of Melqart a precursor of Solomon’s temple? 116 4.6.2. Temples in the Syrian region 117 4.6.2.1. Types of temples 117 4.6.2.2. emples of Tel Mardikh, Ain Dara and Ta’yinat 118 4.6.3. Temples in the Palestinian region 120 4.6.3.1. Temple of En-Gedi and Megiddo 120 4.6.3.2. Temple of Arad 121 4.6.3.3. Temple at Tel Motza 122 4.7. Conclusions 123 Chapter 5. Israelite sanctuaries 124 Plan and arrangement of Israelite sanctuaries from the Tabernacle to Herod’s temple 5.1. Introduction 124 5.1.1. Tent shrine and subsequent temples 124 5.1.2. Terms denoting Tabernacle and Temple 124 5.1.3. Tabernacle and Temple, heavenly blueprints? 125 5.2. Tabernacle 126 5.2.1. The Tabernacle according to the Exodus account 126 5.2.2. Ground plan and architecture of the Tabernacle 127 5.2.3. abernacle furnishings 129 5.3. Israelite precursors of the temple in Jerusalem 130 5.3.1. Tent or temple 130 5.3.2. Shrines 130 5.4. Solomon’s temple 131 5.4.1. Reliability of the sources 131 5.4.2. Solomon’s temple, a permanent earthly dwelling place for YHWH 132 5.4.3. Solomon’s temple part of the common ancient Near Eastern temple building culture 132 Visualising the vision 9 5.4.4. Solomon’s temple and palace 133 5.4.5. Description of Solomon’s temple in two biblical accounts 136 5.4.6. The temple proper 137 5.4.7. The entrance and vestibule 139 5.4.8. Design of the House 141 5.4.9. Annexes or side rooms 143 5.4.10. Courtyards 144 5.4.11. Furnishings and interior of Solomon’s temple 146 5.4.12. Reconstruction, dismantling, refurbishment and enlargement of the temple complex 146 5.5. The Elephantine temple 147 5.6. Zerubbabel’s temple 148 5.6.1. The relevance of Zerubbabel’s temple for the study of Ezekiel’s temple 148 5.6.2. The decree of Cyrus and the 2nd temple of Zerubbabel 149 5.6.3. Extra biblical sources with regard to Zerubbabel’s temple and the Samaritan temple 150 5.7. Post exilic building activities on the Temple Mount 151 5.8. Herod’s temple complex 154 5.8.1. The first and last temple as a source of inspiration 154 5.8.2. The appearance of Herod’s temple in some classical reconstructions 154 5.8.3. The temple mount and its retaining walls 156 5.8.4. Ground plan and architecture of Herod’s temple mount 160 5.8.5. The temple precinct 162 5.8.6. The temple edifice 164 5.8.7. Interior and furnishings of Herod’s temple 166 5.8.8. Location of the temple 167 5.9. The temple in the Dead Sea Scrolls 169 5.9.1.
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