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Diaspora – Partner in the Development of Tajikistan

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Diaspora – Partner in the Development of Tajikistan Diaspora – Partner in the Development of Tajikistan 1 The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM) or the Republic of Turkey. The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM or the Republic of Turkey concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Publisher: International Organization for Migration Mission in Tajikistan 22А, Vtoroy proezd Azizbekov street Dushanbe, 734013 Republic of Tajikistan Tel.: +992-37/2210302/2270206 Fax: +992-37/251 00 62 Internet: www.iom.tj ____________________________________________________ © 2015 International Organization for Migration (IOM) ____________________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. 31_15 Diaspora – Partner in the Development of Tajikistan Vladimir Mukomel IOM Mission in Tajikistan Dushanbe 2014 FOREWORD This study is a result of significant efforts to collect data through quantitative and qualitative methods and analysis. A number of experts were involved in preparing this study, and their contributions differ in content but not in importance. The author would like to thank Ekaterina Kasimskaya, Igor Kuznetsov, Anna Rochevf and Maria Yevseyeva for providing assistance in preparing this report. The author is thankful to the experts and representatives of the Tajik diaspora for their efforts and devoted time, and whose opinions were very valuable and useful. Special thanks also goes to Ms Saodat Olimova, who shared insightful remarks, and Mr Muzaffar Olimov, who provided invaluable assistance in conducting qualitative researches. The author is especially grateful to the International Organization for Migration’s Mission in Tajikistan, particularly Mrs Tajma Kurt, Chief of Mission and her colleagues – Mr Muzaffar Zaripov, Ms Malika Yarbabaeva and Ms Malika Bahovadinova – who took the most active and keenest participation in the project and rendered invaluable assistance in its implementation. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword .......................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ...................................................................................................... 9 List of Figures................................................................................................... 11 Executive Summary ......................................................................................... 13 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 17 1. The Research Methodology ......................................................................... 23 2. Profiles of the Diaspora ............................................................................... 27 3. Composition of the Diaspora ....................................................................... 37 4. Long-term Strategies ................................................................................... 49 5. Diaspora Representatives on the Labour Market ....................................... 57 6. Families and Households ............................................................................. 67 7. Diaspora Organizations and Networks........................................................ 81 8. Households’ Economy ................................................................................ 91 9. Diaspora’s Potential in the Development of Tajikistan .............................. 101 Conclusions and Recommendations.............................................................. 119 Bibliography ................................................................................................... 125 Annex: List of Interviewees ........................................................................... 131 7 LIST OF TABLES • Table 1: Number of people from Tajikistan with Russian citizenship in 1992–2013 • Table 1.1: Distribution of respondents by region and citizenship • Table 2.1: Main sociodemographic characteristics of the Tajik diaspora (%) • Table 2.2: Main sociodemographic characteristics of the Tajik diaspora, labour migrants and population in Moscow (%) • Table 2.3: Distribution of diaspora representatives by nationality and citizenship • Table 2.4: Legal status of respondents (Diaspora representatives) • Table 2.5: Types of economic activities and working class of respondents (N=698) • Table 3.1: Legal status and length of residence of respondents for the last year, in months (%) • Table 3.2: Main sociodemographic characteristics of the core, semi-peripheral part and peripheral part of the diaspora (%) • Table 3.3: Distribution of answers of representatives of different groups of diaspora to the question: What country is your home? (%) • Table 4.1: Long-term strategies of Tajiks1 based on legal status (%) • Table 4.2: Long-term strategies of Tajiks based on motives of coming to the Russian Federation • Table 4.3: Long-term strategies of Tajiks based on diaspora classification • Table 5.1: Major types of economic activities of representatives of different groups of diaspora, per cent of employed respondents • Table 5.2: Distribution of representatives of different groups of diaspora by employment (%) • Table 5.3: Average remuneration of labour for men and women by certain large-scale professional groups (Rub/month) • Table 6.1: Family status of respondents (%) (Multiple answers are possible) • Table 6.2: Composition of household in the Russian Federation to whom the assistance is rendered (Multiple answers are possible) • Table 6.3: Composition of household in Tajikistan to whom the material assistance is rendered (%) (Multiple answers are possible) • Table 6.4: Distribution of respondents by means of communication used for communicating with people in Tajikistan (%) (Multiple answers are possible) • Table 6.5: Distribution of respondents on frequency of trips to Tajikistan (%) (N=725) • Table 6.6: Language practices of diaspora representatives in different fields • Table 6.7: Distribution of parents’ preferred country for their children’s education (N=842) • Table 6.8: Distribution of parents’ preferred country for their children’s education (%) (N=368) • Table 6.9: Preferences for providing children’s post-secondary education based on respondents’ income level (%) (N=329) • Table 6.10: Preferences for providing children’s post-secondary education based on respondents’ educational attainment (%) (N=333) • Table 6.11: Preferences for providing children’s post-secondary education based on respondents’ possession of Russian citizenship (%) (N=334) • Table 6.12: Preferences for providing children’s post-secondary education based on respondents’ number of children (%) (N=334) 1 Tajiks include not only natural-born Tajiks but also people of other nationalities who were born and lived in Tajikistan and consider Tajikistan their homeland. 9 • Table 6.13: Preferences for providing children’s post-secondary education based on having a child (children) under 18 in the Russian Federation (%) (N=334) • Table 6.14: Preferences for providing children’s post-secondary education based on having a child (children) under 18 in Tajikistan (%) (N=334) • Table 6.15: Preferences for providing children’s post-secondary education based on long- term strategies (%) (N=308) • Table 6.16: Preferences for providing children’s post-secondary education based on the respondents’ wish to return home (%) (N=302) • Table 6.17: Preferences for providing children’s post-secondary education based on the respondents’ choice of home country (%) (N=317) • Table 6.18: Preferences for providing children’s post-secondary education based on the country where the savings will be spent (%) (N=227) • Table 6.19: Preferences for providing post-secondary education based on speaking Russian at home (%) (N=334) • Table 6.20: Preferences for providing post-secondary education based on speaking Tajik language at work (%) (N=334) • Table 6.21: Preferences for providing post-secondary education based on speaking Tajik language with friends (%) (N=334) • Table 7.1: Applying for help and getting help from compatriots and/or from the diaspora (%) • Table 8.1: Financial standing of families in the Russian Federation and Tajikistan (%) (Multiple answers are possible) • Table 8.2: Expenditures in Tajikistan and the Russian Federation by different groups of the diaspora (%) • Table 8.3: Distribution of answers to the question: What are the things you own now in Tajikistan? (%) (Multiple answers are possible) • Table 8.4: Intended country for spending savings among different groups of the diaspora (%) • Table 8.5: Remittances of representatives of different groups
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