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Türkler Ve Yahudiler

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Türkler Ve Yahudiler Türkler ve Yahudiler TARİHÎ, SİYASÎ TETKİK AVRAM GALANTİ Emekli Üniversite Profesörü ve Niğde eski Milletvekili Hakikati konuşmaktan korkmayınız Gazi Mustafa Kemal (K. Atatürk) İLAVELİ İKİNCİ BASKI İSTANBUL TAN Matbaası 1 9 4 7 Türkler ve Yahudiler TARİHÎ, SİYASÎ TETKİK AVRAM GALANTİ Emekli Üniversite Profesörü ve Niğde eski Milletvekili Hakikati konuşmaktan korkmayınız Gazi Mustafa Kemal (K. Atatürk) İLAVELİ İKİNCİ BASKI İSTANBUL TAN Matbaası 1 9 4 7 İstanbul Muserî Cemaati Reisi tiziz dostum Bay Hanrı Soriano'ya ithaf edilmiştir. A. G. - 3 - Bu kitap eski Arap harfleriyle 1928 de, bazı ilâvelerle Fransızca tercümesi de 1932 senesinde basılmıştır. Bu defa, yeni ilâveler ve yeni Tiıık harfleriyle basılmıştır. Eserin yazılışındaki maksat, tarihi aydın­ latmaktır. Muharrir ÖNSÖZ Bu eserin ismi yeni değildir, eskidir. 1914 - 1918 Cihan Harbi senelerini takip eden Mütareke esnasında, İstanbul ve Türkiyenin bir kısmı, İtilâf devletleri tarafından işgal edil­ mişti. O zaman, İstanbulda Türkçe, Musevice - İspanyolca gazetelerden başka çıkan gazeteler, Türkiyede sakin kurtulmamış unsurlardan ve on­ ların kurtuluşu lüzumundan bahs ve bu unsurlar meyanına Musevî unsurunu idhal etmişlerdi. Bu neşriyattan maksat, işgalin lüzumunu te- yid etmek ve haklı göstermek idi. Gazetelerde gördüğüm bu neşriyat üzerine “ Türkiye, kurtulmamış Yahudilerin sığmağı’1 namiyle bir maka­ le yazarak, (1) tarihten alınma on iki misal ile Musevilerin Türkiyede tamamiyle rahat yaşadıklarını ve Türkiye dışında bulunan Musevilerin de, Türkiyeye bir “ Sığınak” nazariyle baktıklarını isbat ettikten sonra aynen şunu yazdım; “Ben bunu (on iki misali) hissiyatın tesiri altında yazmıyorum. Ben ilim adamıyım ve o sıfatla daima hakikati ararım, ister ise o hakikat aleyhime çıksın. Yazdığım şeylerde hakikate mugayir hiç bir cihet yoktur. Zaten böyle mühim meseleler, bir makale ile tetkik edilemez. Ahval inkişaf ettiği vakit “ Türkler ve Yahudiler” adiyle bir eser yazıp bu iki unsurun mütekabil hizmetlerini tarihî vesikalara daya­ narak sayacağım. Museviler, bu memleketin yükselmesi için çok fayda­ lı bir unsurdur. Ben, Türklerin terakki yolundaki satvetli adımlarına kaniim. Kanaatim de Tabiat kanunları ve İçtimaî seviyelerine müstenit­ tir. Türklerin bu terakki ve yükselme hizmetlerine Museviler dahi işti- râk etmişlerdir. İstihdaf edilen gaye de istikbale yardım etmektir” . Bugün, bu eseri yazmağa beni sevdeken âmil nedir? Bu âmil, 1926 ve 1927 yıllarında zuhur eden iki hâdisedir. Birinci hâdise — 1926 senesi Şubat ayı içinde, İstanbul gazeteleri­ nin bir kısmı, Kristof Kolomb’un dört yüzüncü yıldönümünün kutlaıı- (1) 21 Mart 1337/1921 tarihli ve 118 numaralı “Vakit” gazetesi. - 4 — ması münasebetiyle, gûya İstanbul ve İzmir Musevilerinden mürekkep üç yüz kişinin ispanyaya bir telgraf çektiklerini yazmışlardı. Bu neşri­ yat üzerine Hükümet tahkikat yapmış ve tahkikat hiçbir müsbet netice vermemişti. O sırada İstanbul Musevi cemaati "yeni gayeler dairesinde cemaatin idare tarzı hakkında Hükümetin emir ve mütalâalarını telâkki etmek ve her zaman vatanın pek samimî evlâtları bulunmuş olup bü tün hayat müddetlerince ona bağlılıkları muhakkak olan Musevileriu bazı ricalarını mübeccel Hükümetimize arzetmek vazifesiyle” Ankaraya bir heyet gönderdi. Tüccardan Beneberit reisi Hanri Soriano, dâva ve- kili Şimon Levi efendiler ile bu eserin muharririnden mürekkep olan bu heyet. Başvekâlete hitaben 16 Şubat 1926 tarihli bir ariza hâmil idi. Heyet 25 Şubat 1926 da - Başvekil ismet Paşa seyahate çıkmak üzere olduğu için - Dahiliye Vekili Cebil Bey tarafından kabul olunarak, ariza kendisine takdim edilmiştir. Heyet maruzatında, Musevilerin, dünya işleri din işlerinden ayrıldı­ ğı cihetle, Hahamhanenin Cumhuriyet umdeleri dairesinde sureti idare* sinin tesbitine lüzum gördüklerini, mekteplerinde resmî ve ana lisanı Türkçe olarak kabul edeceklerini, mekteplerin idaresini mahallî heyet­ lere terk ve hayır müesseselerinin, özel bir heyet tarafından idaresini, Hahamhaneden tamamen alâkasını kesmeğe karar verdiklerini söyledik­ ten sonra, İspanyaya çekilen telgrafı bahis mevzuu ederek,, Türkiye Musevîlerinin vatanlarına olan sarsılmaz bağlılıklarından bahsetti. Ve­ kil Bey cevaben, Ispanya telgrafı meselesini gazetelerde okuduğunu vc Türkiyenin Madrid sefareti nezdinde yaptırdığı tahkikatta “ İspanyol Musevileri” tarafından böyle bir telgrafın çekildiğini söyledi. Heyet, Ce­ nubî Amerikada müteaddit Ispanyol Musevileri cemaatleri bulunduktan başka Birleşik Amerika cumhuriyetlerinde, Merakeşte, Pariste, Viyana* da, Sırbıstanda, Bulgaristanda da müteaddit cemaatler bulunduğunu ve İspanyol Musevilerinin tâbiri gayet müphem bir tâbir olduğunu ve za­ ten Türkiye Musevileri tarafından “ üç yüz imzalı” bir telgraf keşide edilmişse de, imzalarının behemehal telgrafhanede mahfuz olacağını ce­ vaben söyledi. Cemil Bey, Türkiye Madrid sefareti vasıtasiyle tahkikatı derinleştireceğini beyan etti. Heyet gördüğü hüsnü kabulden dolayı ken­ disine teşekkür ederek ayrıldı. ikinci hâdise: — 1927 yılında, Osman Ratıp Bey adında bir kimse sevdiği Elza Niyego isminde bir Musevi kızını, Galata Bankalar soka­ ğında öldürerek, ertesi gün cenazesi kalabalık bir halk kütlesi tarafından kaldırılmıştır. Cinayetin sureti vukuu ve öldürülen genç kızın yaşı, ga­ leyan fazlalığı getiren ruhî âmillerdendir. Bu galeyan fazlalığı, Hükü­ mete karşı bir nümayiş mahiyetinde telâkki etmiş olan bazı gazeteler, meseleyi büvütmüşler ve adliye buna vaz’ı yed ederek, dokuz Musevi- ı l #■ ' ■ - 5 - yi maznun sıfatiyle muhakeme ettikten sonra beraetlerine karar ver­ miştir. (1) Muhakeme cereyan ettiği sıralarda, tanıdıklarım, bu mesele hakkın da ne düşündüğümü sordular. Ben cevaben: “Bu işte kasit yoktur, Hü­ kümet aleyhine mürettep nümayiş yoktur ve olamaz. Bu, olsa olsa ani bir teessürün galeyanıdır” dedim. Ben, bu sözleri, bu eserde göstereceğim gibi, tarihî vesikalara isti­ naden söyledim. Yine bu vesikalardan anlaşılacağı veçhile, Türkiye Mu- sevileri, değil Türkiye aleyhine nümayiş tertip etmek, o nümayişin göl­ gesini bile düşünmeği hatırlarına bile getirmezler, Türk Musevileri, yi­ ne vesikalardan anlaşılacağı üzere» her vakit bu memleketin iyiliklerini büyük nimetşinaslık ve minnettarlıkla hatırlar ve buna da Musevi ciham dahi iştirak eder. Eski İmparatorluğun enkazından çıkan yeni Türkiye için yeni Türk Musevi lâzımdır. Bu cihet de ayrıca eserimizde tetkik ediliyor. Son bölümden gayri, baştan aşağı bir vesika mecmuası olan bu eser, Türkiye tarihinin bir parçasıdır. Bu eserin metninde, Türkiye tarihine ait olup, şimdiye kadar meçhul kalan bazı vakalar vardır. Bunlar bil­ hassa îbrânice eserlerden alınmıştır. 1492 de Türkiyeye gelen Musevile; Türkiyeye matbaa getirmişler ve o zamandan itibaren tab ettikleri eser­ lerde, Türkiye hakkında pek mühim malûmat vermişlerdir. Bundan altı sene evvel ismini düşündüğüm ve vatanım Türkiyeye hizmet etmek arzusiyle yazdığım bu eseri neşretmekle bahtiyarım. Sene: 1928 Profesör Avram Galanti Adres: Prof. A. Galanti Kmalıada, İstanbul. 1 (1) Bu dokuz maznunun isimleri şunlardır: David Botton, Daniel Karasso, Benoit Yeni, Leon Macar, Rahamim Levi, Nissim Eşkenazi, Norbert Leİtes, £>a- moel oğlu Moiz ve nefer Avram. Şahitlerden biri, bunların Türklüğe hakaret ettiklerini söyliyerek, mahkeme bu hususu da nazarı itibara almış ve bir suç göremeyince beraetlerine karar ver­ miştir <*) {* ) Maznunları müdafaa eden İstanbulun tanınmış avukatlarından İbrahim Nom’dur, Müdafaa metninin tercümesi Istan bulda çıkan fransızca İstanbul gazete­ sinin 21/23 Eylül tarihli nüshalarında BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM Yahudiler ve İslâmJar — Türklerin Yahudilerle olan ilk temasları Yahudiler ve İslâmları Ahdi atık mucibince, Ibrahimin iki çocuğu vardı. Biri, Mısırlı cari- yesi Hagar'dan doğan İsmail, diğeri, karısı olan Sara’dan doğan îshak'- tır Bir gün Sara, İshaktan on dört yaş büyük olan İsmail1 in oynadığını ve eğlendiğini görerek kocasına "Bu cariye ile oğlunu kov, zira bu ca- riyenin oğlu, oğlun Ishak ile miras yemiyecektir” demişti. (11 İbrahim bundan teessür duymuşsada, Allah kendisine "Eşinin sözlerinden dola­ yı kederlenme, ikisi de çocuğundur. İkisinin zürriyetini de büyük kıla­ cağım” dedi (2). İbrahim, cariyesi ile oğlunu uzaklaştırmış ve (Biiri Seb') sahrasına gitmişlerdir. Bunun gibi Ahdi atik, İsmail'in on iki oğlunun isimlerini sayıyor (3) ve bunların arazisinin hududunu çiziyor. (4) Bu hu­ dudun çizilmesinden oğullarının sayısı değil, haritada yerleri gösterilen on iki kabile olduğu anlaşılır. Yahudiler, Ahdi atîk'in bu rivayetini şu suretle tefsir ederler: İs- mail ve İshak kardeştirler. Babaları İbrahimdir. İsmail Arap kabileleri­ nin babasıdır. İslâm peygamberi İsmail gibi Arap olduğundan, ona men­ sup olduğu gibi, İslâmiyeti kabul etmiş olan ve Arap olmıyan milletle­ rin dahi İsmaile mensup oldukları addolunur. İshakın oğlu Yâkub ve bilâhara kendisine verilen isim "İsrail” olduğundan, Beni İsrail namiyle mâruf olan Yahudiler, İshaka ve dolayısiyle İsmaile, ve kezalik dolayı- siyle Yahudiler ile bütün İslâmlar ve İslâm ailesine mensup olan Türk- ler ile kardeştirler. Bu, eski dinî İbrânî edebiyatında böyle kabul olun­ duğu gibi halk indinde de kabul olunmuştur. İbrânicede Türkiyeye "Tür­ kiye memleketi” dendiği gibi "İsmail memleketi” de denir. Mektep gör­ memiş Yahudiler indinde İslâm olan Mısırlılar, Cezayirliler, Afganlar ilâh. Türk türler. Tarih bakımından İbrâniler ve Araplar Sami, lisanları Sami, örf ve âdetleri hemen hemen birdir. İkisinin de dinleri Allahın birliği esasına dayanmaktadır. İkisinde de namaz, kurban, oruç, taharet ilâh, hemen hemen birdir. Siyasî bir maksatla farz kılınan Hac, her
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