3sCE417P3 Introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Regional Energy Demand Report 3.1.2

publicity July 2013, The Polish National Energy Conservation Agency;
public Consulted with: Michał Elertowicz
internet Bartosz Dubiński
print
non public This project is implemented through the CENTRAL EUROPE Programme co-financed by the ERDF

The sole responsibility for the content of this [webpage, publication etc.] lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein.

Table of contents 1. Energy demand model in Mazowsze region ...... 3 1.1. Region description ...... 3 1.2. Geography ...... 7 1.3. Economy ...... 13 1.4. Environment and climate ...... 17 1.5. Social infrastructure ...... 18 2. Definition of methodology for research execution ...... 19 2.1. Definition „Desk research” ...... 19 2.2. Information sources ...... 20 2.3. Description of respondents ...... 20 3. Energy demand ...... 22 3.1. Households ...... 26 3.2. Industry and trade...... 28 3.3. Transport ...... 30 3.4. Public sector demand ...... 33 4. Analyses of hazards and obstacles related to key report results ...... 34 5. Project results ...... 36 6. References ...... 37

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1. Energy demand model in Mazowsze region 1.1. Region description

Region description Name: Mazowsze Region classification according to NUTS 2: Mazowsze voivodeship the Nomenclature of Territorial Units NUTS 3 : Warsaw for Statistics (NUTS) Population profile - number of 5 285 604 residents residents Statistics on employed persons 2 166 898 residents (data as of 2011, Central Statistical Office (GUS), Warsaw, 2012)

The Mazowsze Voivodeship comprises 42 county districts (37 townships and 5 country districts). County districts are divided into 314 communes - 35 - urban, 50 - urban- country and 229 country communes [1].

The capital of Poland - Warsaw - is located within the territory of the Mazowsze voivodeship. The capital city is a commune - city county - (Polish: Miasto na prawach powiatu, lit. city with county rights) is a city in Poland that has the status of a county (Polish: powiat). Warsaw is divided into 18 districts which maintain their individual character and compose the entire image of the city. The districts are as follows: Bemowo, Białołęka, Bielany, Mokotów, Ochota, Praga Południe, Praga Północ, Rembertów, Śródmieście, Targówek, Ursus, Ursynów, Wawer, Wesoła, Wilanów, Włochy, Wola, Żoliborz [2].

The Mazowsze area, thanks to its location, is one of the most interesting regions in Poland. Location of Mazowsze around Warsaw, the capital city functions of Warsaw, large population and economy potential, dynamic market of products, services and labour, unpolluted area of nature including the Kampinos Forest, the Kozienicka Forest, the Biała Forest, as well as six landscape parks and over a thousand nature reserves make Mazowsze "the heart" of Poland in which all of the most important "life" processes of Polish economy gather.

Population profile

Current population of Mazowsze reaches over 5 million. It is the largest region in Poland in terms of population with young and well educated population [3].

64% of overall population are the residents of cities. Remaining 36% are the residents of countryside. Similarly to entire country, it is women who dominate in the Mazowsze 3 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Voivodeship. There are 3.6% of women more than men. An average lifetime of residents of the Mazowsze Voivodeship is higher than the average in Poland. Data on population in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2011 are presented in table 1 and figure 1.

Table 1. Population of Mazowsze Detailed list 2000 2005 2010 2011 as of 31.12.2012. Overall 5115010 5157729 5267072 5285604 Cities 3307907 3338255 3380942 3393043 Villages 1807103 1819474 1886130 1892561 Source: „Rocznik Statystyczny województwa mazowieckiego 2012”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, 2012.

Source: „Rocznik Statystyczny województwa mazowieckiego 2012”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, 2012. Fig. 1. Population of Mazowsze

13.1% of population of Poland inhabits Mazowsze which makes the region the most populated voivodeship. This is where the largest city of Poland - Warsaw - is located as well. Its population reaches around 18 million including adjacent towns - 2.5 million [4]. One can define 2 areas of Warsaw conurbation as an urban complex. The functional-spatial complex – 1st area (Metropolitan Area of Warsaw) comprises Warsaw and: Legionowo, Marki, Ząbki, Zielonka, Kobyłka, Wołomin, Sulejówek, Józefów,Otwock, Karc zew, Konstancin-Jeziorna, Piaseczno, Piastów, Pruszków, Ożarów Mazowiecki, Łomianki. Whereas 2nd area is a functional area, namely towns from the area 1 and: Nowy Dwór Mazowiecki, Radzymin, Góra Kalwaria, Milanówek, Brwinów, Podkowa Leśna, Grodzisk Mazowiecki, Błonie, Halinów, Jabłonna. 4 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

The voivodeship is inhabited by 5 285 604 persons which makes it the top scorer in terms of population in Poland. The Mazowsze Voivodeship was one of four voivodeships in Poland (along with Pomorskie, Małopolskie and Wielkopolskie), in which - compared to 2009 - relatively the highest increase of population (over 0.3 %) was noticed [5].

Typical farmland county s of Mazowsze: Siedlce, Ostrołęka and Płock countys. The lowest population inhabited in the country are characteristic of: Wołomin, Żyrardów and Otwock countys [6].

Demography

A process of suburbanisation is something one can observe in the Mazowsze voivodeship which concentrated population strongly in the capital city suburban area with simultaneous depopulation of its peripheral areas.

Settlement network map of the Mazowsze voivodeship is presented on figure 2. Migration of population - table 2.

Source: „Strategia rozwoju Województwa Mazowieckiego do 2030 r., Inteligentne Mazowsze, Projekt, Warszawa, 2012”. Developed by MBPR according to GUS data.

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Fig. 2 Settlement network map

Table 2. Internal and external migrations of population for permanent residence (2005, 2010, 2011) Detailed Influx Efflux list Balance from from from to overall cities villages abroad overall to cities villages abroad migration IN ABSOLUTE NUMBERS Overall 2005 70922 45802 24147 973 55837 30758 24644 408 15085 2010 70897 46292 23323 1282 57520 30595 26333 292 13377 2011 70042 45132 23469 1441 55688 30099 24802 797 14354 Cities 2005 44910 28169 15911 830 35667 18421 16865 381 9243 2010 42885 26913 14919 1053 37845 18690 18640 515 5040 2011 43814 27064 15575 1175 36101 18074 17365 662 7713 Villages 2005 26012 17633 8236 143 20170 12364 7779 27 5842 2010 28012 19379 8404 229 19675 11905 7693 77 8337 2011 26228 18068 7894 266 19587 12025 7437 125 6641

Source: „Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Mazowieckiego 2012”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, 2012.

According to the data presented by Central Statistical Office (GUS) in 2011, efflux of population from the Mazowsze region reached 55 837 citizens and influx 70 042. Positive migration balance results from the fact that this area provides a huge opportunity for promotion and much higher salary. One of the trends applies to citizens of neighbouring towns moving in to the capital city. These towns are as follows: Siedlce, Ciechanów and other towns near Warsaw, which recently almost became districts of Warsaw. Citizens of the Lublin Voivodeship troubled by unemployment of the Ściana Wschodnia move to the Mazovia more frequently. The capital city attracts people dreaming of carriers in large corporations, as well as people employed in services. Yet another trend is related to citizens of large towns of Mazowsze voivodeship. One can easily notice a second trend. Due to improved financial situation numerous citizens do plan to move to quieter places. This is a trend of migration from cities (from Warsaw and other big cities of Mazowsze) to countryside and suburbs of large cities. In 2011 the influx from cities in total reached 45 132 and efflux to the countryside 24 802. The third trend - migrations to other big cities of Poland (away from Mazowsze region) or even abroad. Households Assuming that the number of households is about equal to the number of flats, the data in table 3 shows that there are 2 067 000 households in the Mazowsze.

Table 3. Household resources according to census (2002, 2011) 6 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Detailed list 20.05.2002 31.03.2011 overall cities villages overall cities villages Households in thousands 1815.4 1272.8 542.6 2067.1 1476.7 590.4 Average in resources number rooms in a flat 3.48 3.35 3.79 3.59 3.41 4.02 floor surface in m 2 : 1 flat 65.68 59.26 80.74 68.15 60.67 85.56 1 room 18.9 17.72 21.35 19.01 17.8 21.53 Source: „Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Mazowieckiego 2012”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, 2012.

An average number of persons per household reached around 2.55 persons in 2011 and was lower than the national average of 2.82.

1.2. Geography

Region name Description: Location of the region and neighbouring In the south Mazwosze b oarders with Warmińsko -Mazurski e regions, including inland areas and Voivodeship, in the north-east with Podlaskie Voivodeship, in neighbouring countries the south-east with the Lublin Voivodeship, in the south with the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, in the south-west with Łódź Voivodeship, in the north-west with the Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship. The Mazowsze region does not border with inland areas and areas of neighbouring countries. Grid and network connections Description below in the text (pipelines, transmission lines, power lines), maps

Description of geographic location of the region

The Mazowsze Voivodeship is the largest voivodeship in Poland - its surface area: 35 598 km 2, which is ca. 11.4% of Poland's surface area. [7]. Figure 3 shows location of the voivodeship in the country, whereas figure 4 presents voivodeship division into administrative units.

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Source: Wikipedia (http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Mazowieckie_%28EE%2C E_NN%2CN%29.png)

Fig. 3. Mazowsze Voivodeship in Poland

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Fig. 4. Administrative division of the Mazowsze Voivodeship Source: „Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Mazowieckiego 2012”, Urz ąd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, 2012.

Grid and

network connections (pipelines, transmission lines, power lines) 9 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Natural gas in the Mazowsze Voivodeship is supplied within the national gas system. High- methane gas comes from Russia and from national deposits in Podkarpacie. The gas system is very well developed around Warsaw, however not so good in other areas of the voivodeship. Liquid fuels (crude oil) are delivered to the Mazowsze region by Przedsiębiorstwo Eksploatacji Rurociągów Naftowych „Przyjaźń” S.A. . The network radiates from Płock towards Warsaw, Poznań and Częstochowa. The company transfers Russian crude oil to the largest fuel manufacturers in Poland and Germany. Refinery in Płock uses some part of Russian crude oil. There is also a connection between Płock and the Northern Port in Gdańsk (crude oil pipeline "Pomorski"). The crude oil pipeline connects Resource Base in Płock with Handling Base in Gdańsk. This is where Russian crude oil flows and is designed for refinery in Gdańsk owned by LOTOS S.A., as well as for export via Naftport. Fuels can be transferred in two directions via the "Pomorski" oil pipeline.

Oil terminal is planned to be constructed in Gdańsk. The investment covers construction of a base for storage and reloading of crude oil, oil products and chemicals.

According to research from 2012 made for the needs of creation of „Strategii Rozwoju Województwa Mazowieckiego do 2030”, volume of power and heat energy generation from renewable resources in the area of Mazowsze is very low. Power energy constituted 1% in relation to entire energy produced in this voivodeship. There are classic system power plants within the area of Mazowsze and away from it. They provide power energy for the region. Heat and power plants, as well as local power plant operating within 110 kV high voltage distribution grids are also important. Forecasts show an increase in demand for power energy and upcoming power deficiencies enhanced by the fact that most of power generating units in system power plants reached their age of 30 years old. The system of production, transfer and distribution of power energy requires investment actions in the scope of their development and modernisation.

Transport

The Mazowsze Voivodeship takes a central place in the country in the scope of transport system. There are two Trans-European channels in the Mazowsze region:

• Channel I: (Helsinki) - Tallinn - Riga - Kovno– Warsaw • Channel II: Berlin - Warsaw - Minsk Belarusian - Moscov – Nizhny Novgorod.

Road transportation network within the Mazowsze Voivodeship is well developed and very dense. Condition of roads is described in table 4.

Density of roads in the Mazowsze Voivodeship equals 94.8 km/100 km 2 and is larger than the national average which is 87.6 km/100 km 2, urban roads constitute 19.5%, whereas 10 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

suburban as much as 80.5%. As far as the main roads are concerned, the most important are: S7- Gdańsk- Warsaw - Kraków, S8 - Suwałki-Warsaw – Wrocław and DK2 via 5 voivodeships and connecting eastern and western boarders of Poland. Mazowsze is also equipped with a developed railway system: E65, E75, E20 and E28.

There is also the Warsaw Chopin Airport located in the distance of 8 km from the city centre. The airport is also called "Okęcie" from the name of the district it is located in. The airport deals with 43.3% of air traffic. Currently Warsaw has around a hundred registered connections with national and international ports, and is increasing the number of charter flights. 8 million and 666 thousand passengers in 2010 respectively.

The table 5 presents data on railways in Mazowsze. Figure 6 shows the map of transport network of the Mazowsze Voivodeship.

Table 4. Public hard-surface roads Detailed list 2000 2005 2010 2011 including improved overall surface in km Overall 28545 29567 33700 34588 32723 National roads 2362 2364 2361 2371 2371 Voivodeship roads 2966 2970 2985 2985 2984 County Roads 12556 13143 13590 13682 13406 Commune Roads 10661 11089 14764 15551 13962

Table 5. Railways in operation Detailed list 2000 2005 2010 2011 in km Overall 1947 1777 1683 1709 Standard gauge 1782 1710 1683 1709 Narrow gauge 165 67 - - Per 100 km 2 of general surface 5.5 5 4.7 4.8

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Source: „Strategia rozwoju Województwa Mazowieckiego do 2030 r., Inteligentne Mazowsze, Projekt, Warszawa, 2012” Developed by MBPR according to Mazowiecki System Informacji Przestrzennej and data from PKP (as of II 2012) Fig. 5 Transport network map of the Mazowsze Voivodeship 12 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

1.3. Economy

Region name: Mazowsze Description: Data on GDP of the region per person In 2010 GDP per 1 resident reached the value of 60 359.00 PLN. Data on GDP of the region in reference to GDP It was 161% of the national average of the entire country (in percent) Participation of farming in the economy of the 3.3% region Participation of trading in the economy of the 34.5% region Participation of public services (schools, 25.4% hospitals, social services) in the economy of the region Participation of industry in the economy of the 15.3% region

Description of region economy

Residents of Mazowsze have very good life perspectives if compared to the status of persons from other regions in Poland. It is confirmed by figures indicating the lowest unemployment rate and relatively high level of income. The area is characteristic of high diversity of business activity, considerable financial outlays for development of science, high education level of population, high activity of residents and varied professional qualifications. Those factors affect the advantage of the Mazowsze Voivodeship over other voivodeships in the country [8].

Mazovia is one of the most economically developed regions in Poland. The region is the fastest developing region in reference to developed regions in European Union as a result of the highest participation in GDP generation of the country (21.9% in 2009) and high pace of growth of the economy. GDP per 1 resident in reference to the average GDP of EU- 27 reached 97% in 2009. In 2010 GDP per 1 resident reached the value of around 60 359 PLN which was 161% of the national average.

Basic structure of region economy resulting from tradition, trends, innovation and globalisation

Warsaw drives the economy of Mazovia. Its GDP in 2009 for the country reached 13.4%, regional - 61%. One can notice a constantly increasing role of a western Warsaw

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subregion, as well as eastern one. GDP growth within the Warsaw area, including but not limited to Warsaw western county, results from trade, storage and logistics companies being localized within its area. GDP per one resident in 2011 in Warsaw was three times higher than the national average and four times higher than the least developed subregions of the voivodeship (Ostrołęcko-Siedlecki – 74.3%, Radom – 74.3%, Eastern Warsaw 81.5% of the national average). Western Warsaw subregion (121,6%) and Ciechanowsko-Płocki subregion (109,3%) are also classified above the average [9].

A considerable growth in GDP from 152 079 million PLN in 2000 to 315 826 mln PLN in 2010 can be observed in the Mazowsze Voivodeship. This is doubled. The growth is particularly related to the development of Warsaw which is the seat of numerous international companies which generates growth of GDP.

The Mazowsze Voivodeship is the second region in the country, after the Wielkopolska Voivodeship (9.2%) with the lowest unemployment rate. The following Mazovia countys belonged to the group of regions with the highest unemployment rate in 2011: szydłowiecki (37.2%) and radomski (29.9%), przysuski (26.6%) and makowski (25%), whereas the lowest - the capital city of Warsaw (3.8%), warszawski zachodni (6.6%), pruszkowski and piaseczyński (7% each). 44% of unemployed out of 247 thousand lived in the countryside. Professional activity index in the voivodeship in 2010 reached 58.5% (in EU27 – 57.6%) and was the highest in the country. It differed considerably between women (Mazowsze Voivodeship 51.4%, EU27 - 50.6%) and men 66,5% and 650% respectively). [10].

Table 6. Average employment in the region 2011 Detailed list 2005 2010 including Overall entities Overall 1790263 2149972 2166898 1901704 public sector 653933 727257 710187 708382 private sector 1136330 1422715 1456111 1193322 Farming, forestry, hunting, fishing 19022 16846 16993 4871 Industry 334884 357787 361407 332139 Mining and extraction 1369 2359 2686 2279 manufacturing 294579 302628 306366 278977 generation and supply of power energy, gas, steam and hot water 24391 33252 32513 32163 water supply; waste and sewage management 14545 19548 19842 18721 Construction 110338 123110 134302 103172 Trade, repair of motor vehicles 329225 384495 380900 303451 14 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Transportation and storage 198882 287383 283130 266044 Accommodation and catering 37778 42024 42654 35233 Information and communication 80358 111477 107062 97826 Financial and insurance services 84183 119509 123597 120003 Real estate activities 31438 33095 33608 26327 Professional, scientific and technical activities 104946 124052 128161 102306 Administration and support services 72571 105520 106451 99254 Public administration and national security; obligatory social insurance 105013 136288 134582 132322 Education 142871 153528 155839 151042 Health services and social care 87804 99698 100243 94627 Cultural, entertainment and recreational services 24949 27952 27760 25202 Other services 26001 27208 30209 7886 Source: „Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Mazowieckiego 2012”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, 2012

Relation between employed and unemployed in 2011 reached 2 166 898 of employed and 246 739 of unemployed. The highest employment was found in the private sector (1 456 111 persons), whereas the lowest in mining and extraction industry (2 686 persons). Private companies are developing very well in Mazovia as services sector is developing strongly in the region, mainly IT. There is also good communication with other regions. Average employment went up from 1 790 263 person in 2005 to 2 166 898 person in 2011,whereas unemployment dropped from 289 872 persons in 2000 to 246 739 persons in 2011.

The first wave of the global crisis in 2008-2010 affected economy of Mazovia considerably less than Poland in general. It is evaluated that decreased GDP growth occurred delayed (i.e. after 2010: to 2.8% in fixed prices from 4.2$ in 2009), and its scale was smaller than in Poland in general (from 5.1% in 2008 to 1.6% in 2009). Reconstruction of economic activity pace begun in as soon as the second half of 2010 and in 1st half of 2011 its acceleration to 5.5% y/y (i.e. in comparison to the equivalent period of the previous year – the level higher than in the national scale. Decomposition of GDP growth from the side of demand indicates market services as the most important factor of development, particularly acceleration of Mazowsze economy in the 1st half of 2011. The role of the industry in the economy of Mazowsze is relatively small (in recent years participation in the added value in general reached 16-17%) due to relatively less developed processing industry and barely any mining. A considerable role is played by food

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industry and generation and distribution of power energy, gas and water (each 18% of industry production sold in the voivodeship). An increase of production sold by 10,3% y/y in the 1st half of 2011 was noticed in current prices and added value by 5.6% y/y. Nevertheless, as a result of a considerabl e growth of production sold prices, the real dynamics of production was slightly negative ( -1.3% y/y).

Structure of entities of Mazowsze economy is presented on figure 6.

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Source: „Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Mazowieckiego 2012”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, 2012. Fig. 6. Structure of entities of Mazowsze economy

There are literally all industry branches in the region of Mazovia. Main sectors include trade, IT, insurance, financial services, car industry, IT technologies and petrochemical industry. Apart from Warsaw a considerable role for the region is played by farming, which is a perfect supply base for processing industry. The Mazowsze Voivodeship has a great potential in terms of development of the state of the art farming, as well as related food and farm and food industry. Farmland constitute 67% of the surface area of the voivodeship. Mazovia farming is strongly represented in two business lines: horticulture and fruit farming [11].

Public sector In reference to the public sector, there were 12.8 thousand on registered entities (121.9 thousand in Poland) in Mazowsze, i.e. 1.9% of overall number of entities (3.1% in Poland). There were 93 state enterprises in the Mazowsze Voivodeship in 2010 (246 in Poland).

The list of the most active companies from the business activity sector of the region The Mazowsze Voivodeship (particularly the capital city of Warsaw) is the seat of numerous active companies from various sectors. Particular attention should be paid to telecommunications sector companies with brands such as Orange, PLUS T-mobile, Play , NC+ and energy sector PGNiG, PKN Orlen, PGE.

1.4. Environment and climate

Region name: Mazowsze Description: Present water sources in m 3 Towards unsatisfactory quality of surface water, considerable underground water source within the area of Mazovia (around 12% of national resources) seems to be considerably important for an investment. Quaternary water is dominant among them. Oligocene water is particularly important for development of businesses which require large volumes of high quality water (food industry, high technology industry). Estimated average solar radiation 950kWh/m2/year Estimated wind potential Terrain topography and arrangement of main valleys and rivers in the Mazowsze Voivodeship affect the influx of wind from the west and the 17 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

east. Wind from other direction adapt to the valleys of latitudinal course. However, north and south winds are weakened mostly, by 20-40%. In spring - domination of northern sector (NW, N), in summer and autumn - domination of south- east (SE) winds. Estimated potential of fossil fuels Description below

Fossil fuels in Mazovia - these are energy sources deposits (brown coal, county kozienicki and radomski). There are surveys performed in order to discover crude oil and natural gas in this region. Thermal water is also used.

According to the expert opinion made in the Polish Geological Institute, as well as other numerous oil companies, eastern and northern Mazovia has been included in zones of high probability for accumulation of natural shale gas.

1.5. Social infrastructure

Region name Description: Public sector infrastructure Number of schools:5964 Number of nursery schools: 1863 Number of students: 309447 – primary schools Number of cultural organisations/cultural centres/libraries: Number of communal buildings: Number of municipal council buildings: 5557 Administrative division of the region Number of communes:314

Transport infrastructure in the region Length of roads: 34588 km

Street illumination of the region Approximate number of street lamps: over 500 thousand

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2. Definition of methodology for research execution

2.1. Definition „Desk research”

Region name: Mazowsze Applied Description: Collection of data from public bodies

Collection of data from X Answers in surveys given by representatives of communes selected communes - survey results are described in Appendix 1. Collection of data from statistical X Data collected from Central Statistical Office offices (GUS) and ARE - The Energy Market Agency (Agencja Rynku Energii SA) Collection of data from energy suppliers

Collection of data from regional and national grids

Collection of data from regional heating systems

Use of sources of energy agencies X Expert knowledge of KAPE S.A. specialists

Use of sources of the Chamber of Commerce (IPH - Izba Przemysłowo Handlowa) Monitoring and collection of data Real estate agencies, companies supplying and manufacturing devices for monitoring of power consumption. Other information sources

Information on the survey among communes and enterprises, the number of sent and received data.

Methodology for development of this report was based on analyses of numerous documents, dissertations, talks with experts and own papers of KAPE S.A. Data on local and national social-economical conditions were collected as a result of "desk research" covering analyses of data from GUS/WUS/ARE publications such as: • „Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Mazowieckiego 2012”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, 2012. 19 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

• „Rocznik statystyczny województw 2012”, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa, 2012. • „Komunikat – statystyka Warszawy, rynek pracy, Nr 4, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, maj 2013. • „Komunikat o sytuacji społeczno-gospodarczej województwa mazowieckiego w kwietniu 2013, Warszawa, maj 2013. • „Koniunktura gospodarcza w maju 2013, Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Warszawa, 2013. • „Stan i ruch naturalny ludności w Województwie Mazowieckim w 2012 r.”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, maj 2013. • „Strategia rozwoju Województwa Mazowieckiego do 2030 r., Inteligentne Mazowsze, Projekt, Warszawa, 2012. • Web sites: Wrota Mazowsza (www.wrotamazowsza.pl), website of Urząd Wojewódzki w Warszawie (www.mazowieckie.pl)

2.2. Information sources

Region name: Mazowsze Description: Description of all used resources not exhausting Yes allocations References or other sources of publications Yes Archiving method of collected data Delivery of public data list Delivery of the list of existing applications Delivery of the list of other programmes of similar subject Use of data from public institutions Yes Use of data from private research centres Yes

2.3. Description of respondents

Region name The Mazowsze Voivodeship Industrial demand for energy includes total demand of all entities demonstrating business activity in: farming, manufacturing, retail services Public sector (public property of institutions in the region), total demand of communes and public institutions in the region Demand on energy in transport in the region with reference to all units of public and private transport, private expenditures on transport (air, railway, water/road) Demand on energy in households, with reference to private needs in households (non- commercial use): type of a household (ownership right, number of generation living in the household)

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In order to identify the demand on energy two groups of respondents were selected: • Industrial sector, • Public sector

Demand of the industrial sector on energy includes total demand of all legal entities realizing business activity in the sector of farming, manufacturing, retail sale. Energy consumption is related to: - consumption of natural gas for heating and generation of heat needed in the production process or optionally in the process of correlated heat generation and electricity in a production plant. - consumption of products of crude oil processing (fuel oils, diesel fuel) combustion for heating and for generation of heating process, - consumption of heat from heating system - use of renewable energy resources (solar energy, geothermal energy and biomass) for heating and generation of heat needed in the production process or optionally in the process of correlated heat generation and electricity in a production plant. - consumption of electricity produced from renewable resources (mainly photovoltaic and water installations) and co-generation of natural gas supply - consumption of electricity from local or national power grid. In order to evaluate the above mentioned demand for final energy in the industrial sector, appropriate surveys were prepared and sent to individual representatives of this sector. The template and results of surveys - see Appendix 3. As the data form surveys were not sufficient for adequate calculations, evaluation of the demand for final energy was made according to GUS data. Demand on energy in the public sector includes total demand of communes and public national institutions on heat, natural gas, crude oil refining products and electricity produced from renewable energy resources or from national power grid. In order to evaluate the demand on final energy in the public sector, surveys were prepared and sent to all communes. Results of surveys - see Appendix 2. As the data form surveys were not sufficient for adequate calculations, evaluation of the demand for energy was made according to GUS data. Unfortunately, statistics in the scope of final energy consumption in the public sector are unavailable. Therefore, few simplifying assumptions were added in order to approximately evaluate the demand for final energy. Assessment of finale energy consumption in the transport sector and household sector was conducted according to the GUS data.

21 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

3. Energy demand

Description of tendency in the region

The Mazowsze Voivodeship is the largest (apart from Śląsk) electricity consumer but produces to little in reference to the needs and mostly from coal. One can notice weaker development of high voltage transfer lines in northern and eastern part of the region. Local distribution grids create a problem in 40% of rural areas where there is a need for urgent modernisation of 35-40-year old grids in order to ensure safety of supplies to end users [12]. Tables present final consumption of individual energy carriers divided into individual economy sectors with no reference to fuels used in transport in 2006 and 2011.

22 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Table 7. Final energy consumption in the Mazowsze Voivodeship in 2006

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Table 8. Final energy consumption in the Mazowsze Voivodeship in 2011

24 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts Final Report "Demand assessment of energy sector in Mazowsze"

Figure 7 presents consumption of individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011

Fig. 7. Consumption of individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011 Whereas figure 8 compares final energy consumption in individual economy sectors in 2006 with energy consumption in 2011.

Fig. 8. Final energy consumption in individual economy sectors in 2006 and 2011.

25

Final energy consumption in 2011 compared to 2006 increased by 20% from 139.7 TWh to 167.4 TWh. In this period there was an increase of all energy carriers excluding network heat and heavy fuel oils which noticed a slight drop by approximately 5%. The drop can be explained by the influence of climate changes and thermo-modernisation processes. Whereas the largest increase in final energy consumption was found in case of natural gas by over 58% in 2011 compared to 2006. The increase should be explained by economical development accompanied by increased consumption of natural gas and electricity. Business line division shows the largest increase of energy consumption in industry and construction by 43%. Whereas the largest drop of energy consumption was found in transport (excluding liquid and gas fuels for vehicles) by 28%. The drop results from decreased demand for energy carriers in railway transport.

3.1. Households

According to the Eurostat data in Poland, as much as 55% of real estate maintenance costs is the cost of heating. Annual expenditures of a family with two children for energy in a flat or a house can be estimated in Poland as 1370 euro, i.e. ca. 5.8 thousand PLN (at exchange rate 4.20/1 EUR). This is as much as 480 PLN per month. The cost comprises electricity - around 1/3, gas - 1/5, and similar participation of coal and heating from municipal grid. Expenditures for coal, as well as heating from municipal grid result from the fact that estimations were based on an average "inflation basket". It shows share of individual goods and services in expenditures of a statistical Polish man. In order to illustrate the demand on energy in the Mazowsze Voivodeship, table 9 presents consumption of electricity in households. Table 10 - gas consumption. Figure 10 - heating systems characteristics.

Table 9. Recipients and electricity consumption in households Detailed list 2000 2005 2010 2011 Recipients (as of December 31) in thousands 1483.9 1960 2089 2108.2 Cities 1259.7 1377.3 1490.6 1502.7 Country 224.2 582.7 598.4 605.5 Consumption (annual) in GWh 3076 4086.3 4678.3 4684.9 cities 2554.2 2786.5 3102.2 3105.1 villages 521.9 1299.8 1576.1 1579.9 in kWh: cities: per 1 resident 772.9 836 919.2 917.1 per 1 recipient 2027.6 2023.2 2081.2 2066.4 villages - per 1 recipient 2327.8 2230.7 2634 2609.1 Source: „Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Mazowieckiego 2012”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, 2012

26 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Table 10. Gas grid and recipients, as well as gas consumption in the grid in households

Detailed list 2005 2010 2011 overall cities villages Distribution and transfer grid in km 12983.1 14336.2 14642 6907.3 7734.7 Connections leading to residential and non -residential buildings 287569 352403 362725 240068 122657 Consumers of gas from the grid 1101 1158.2 1164.6 1054.1 110.6 Grid gas consumption (annual) in hm 3 699.8 851.6 775.4 584.2 191.2 per 1 resident in m3 135.9 162 147 172.5 101.3 Source: „Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Mazowieckiego 2012”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warsaw, 2012

Fig. 9 Heating systems in Mazovia

Figure 10 presents final energy consumption in households divided into individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011. Comparison of theses graphs shows that the largest increase in comparison to 2006 of final energy consumption occurred in case of coal by 1 5.8% and electricity by 12.1%. Coal, due to its assets and price, is popular energy carrier mainly amongst detached house landlords. Electricity consumption increase is related to an increased number of household appliances. Whereas the largest drop (by 55 .8%_ in consumption was noticed in case of fuel oil which is related to price raise of the carrier in

27 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

recent years. Grid heat consumption drop (by 5.4%) is mainly caused by thermal- modernisation effect of multi-family buildings in cities.

Fig. 10. Final energy consumption in households divided into individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011.

3.2. Industry and trade

Largest employers in Mazovia

• Polski Koncern Naftowy ORLEN GK (Płock), payroll: 24,113 employees, • Boryszew GK (Sochaczew), payroll: 6,831 employees, • Elektrownia Kozienice (Kozienice), payroll: 2,335 employees, • Sokołów GK (Sokołów Podlaski), payroll: 4,949 employees, • PHP Polski Tytoń (Radom), payroll: 656 employees, • Avon Operations Polska (Garwolin), payroll: 2,849 employees, • Masterfoods Polska (Sochaczew), payroll: 1,394 employees, • Reckitt Benckiser Poland (Nowy Dwór Maz.), payroll: 1,786 employees, • Daewoo Electronics Manufacturing Poland (Pruszków), payroll: 1,112 employees, • McLane Polska (Błonie), payroll: 561 employees, • Ikea Retail (Raszyn), payroll: 1,300 employees, • CNH Polska (Płock), payroll: 680 employees, • Frito Lay Poland (Grodzisk Mazowiecki), payroll: 2,324 employees, • 3M Poland (Nadarzyn), payroll: 839 employees, • Zakład Przetwórstwa Mięsnego JBB Import-Export, payroll: 911 employees, • Fabryka Mebli Forte GK (Ostrów Mazowiecka), payroll: 2,843 employees, • PGE Polska Grupa Energetyczna S.A (Warszawa), payroll: 41,395 employees, • GK PGNiG S.A. (Warsaw), payroll: 32,326 employees, • Metro Group in Poland (Warsaw), payroll: 21,000.

28 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Figure 11 presents final energy consumption in industry and construction d ivided into individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011.

Fig. 11. Final energy consumption in industry and construction divided into individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011. Analyses of data from the figure 11 allows to draw the following conclusions: • There has been a considerable increase of final energy consumption for the period (by 43%) which is related to an economy growth as sold production of industry went up by approximately 65% for the same period. • The largest increase of final ene rgy consumption in industry was noticed in case of natural gas by as much as 362 %. • Slight drops of final energy consumption were found in case of heavy fuel oils and grid heat which may result from local climate conditions. • Development of industry, particularly small and medium enterprises, would result in an increase of demand on final energy - electricity mainly As statistics published by GUS do not include a trade and services section in voivodeship division, analyses wer e made in reference to data on energy consumption in small consumer which may approximately reflect the trade and services sector. Figure 12 presents final energy consumption in small enterprises divided into individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011. Co mparison of the data presented on the figure shows that: • The largest increase of consumption was found in case of light fuel oils by 65% which results from an exchange of heat sources in this sector. • A considerable increase of electricity consumption (by 2 3.45) results from the use of cooling devices and state -of-the-art household appliances, audio/video and IT devices, etc.

29 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

• Drop of grid heat consumption results from better heat insulation of trade and services buildings and their locations away from the range of heat grid.

Fig. 12 presents final energy consumption in small energy consumers divided into individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011.

3.3. Transport

Unfortunately there are no statistics available in Poland on fuel consumption in transport for the Mazowsze Voivodeship, but there are data from GUS on energy consumption in transport for the entire country and data on the number of vehicles and transport volumes for the entire voivodeship. Having the data, one can approximately estimate fuel consumption in transport in the Mazowsze Voivodeship. Characteristics of transport in the Mazowsze Voivodeship as follows. This was used to estimate demand on energy in this sector.

Privately owned vehicles Overall number of cars and tractors registered in the Mazowsze Voivodeship in 2011 was 3 701 588 units, i.e. by 3.1% more than in 2010. Cars dominated in the group in the volume of 74.0% of overall number of cars and tractors. Table 11 presents data on registered cars.

Table 11. Registered cars and tractors Detailed list 2000 2005 2010 2011 Overall 2056041 2630702 3541034 3701588 including cars 1472578 1903977 2619414 2737901 Buses 9738 11514 14410 14891 Trucks and tractors 334737 454330 547585 571015 Ballast and agriculture tractors 148376 163642 215108 222287 Motorcycles 76661 83442 122946 131703 30 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Average distance driven by a car Commission passenger transport in 2011 There were over 60 million passengers transported via commission transport in the Mazowsze Voivodeship in 2011 (most in Kujawsko-Pomorskie Voivodeship - nearly 79 million), which was 11.3% of overall passenger transport in Poland. The number of transported passengers dropped by 3.4% in comparison to 2010. An average distance of a transport for 1 passenger: 53 km and was by 14 km longer than the national average. The longest distance of transport per one passenger was noticed in Opole Voivodeship (150 km).

Average intercity distance - the distance made by one person, task division from intercity and urban transport

Tables 12 and 13 present data on group car transport in Mazovia.

Table 12. Regular bus lines Detailed list 2000 2005 2010 2011 National: number 2831 2782 2540 2456 distance in km 126282 141301 140568 134912 Intercity: number 44 111 16 16 distance in km 87517 233625 19797 16603 Table 1.5. Commission car transport Detailed list 2000 2005 2010 2011 National transport Load transport in thousands T 5560 8366.1 24389.9 27113.7 Average distance of transport of 1 ton in km 137.2 196.4 198.8 190.5 Passenger transport in thousands Persons 100258 96369.8 62171.1 60001.6 Average distance of transport of 1 passenger in km 39.8 42.8 48.4 48.5 International transport Load transport in thousands (t) 2009.5 7358.2 10513.8 11291.4 Average distance of transport of 1 ton in km 1317.8 1227.5 1053.9 1011.6 Passenger transport in thousands Persons 365.2 650.5 324.4 344.3 Average distance of transport of 1 passenger in km 2418.7 2088.5 1249.8 894.9 Source: „Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Mazowieckiego 2012”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, 2012

Table 13. Public transport

Detailed list 2000 2005 2010 2011 Transport system - lines in km 5107 5550 8162 7848 buses 5080 7775 7481 trams 5094 453 364 344 underground 13 17 23 23 Fleet: buses: in units 2139 2081 2735 3119 number of seats in thousands 280.5 274.6 315.1 375.8 31 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

trams: in units 869 859 869 825 number of seats in thousands 110.4 109.2 114.1 112.6 underground: cars 84 168 240 240 number of seats in thousands 15.8 31.9 62.4 62.4

Passenger transports (annual): ground transport 950 882 1117 1111 underground - tube 58 93 140 134 Source: „Rocznik Statystyczny Województwa Mazowieckiego 2012”, Urząd Statystyczny w Warszawie, Warszawa, 2012

Cargo transport - general description of the status of cargo transport in the region Tables 14 and 15 present a balance of cargo transport in Mazovia.

Table 14. The balance of cargo transport by vehicles in 2011 VOIVODESHIP BALANCE OF CARGO TRANSPORT BY VEHICLES IN 2011 (in tons) Sent Received - in total: 148553 - in total: 152687 - for transport within the voivodeship: - for transport within the voivodeship: 107788 107788 - to other voivodeships: 35348 - from other voivodeships: 38432 - abroad 5417 - from abroad: 6467 Transport balance (+ positive, - negative) - 4134

Table 15. The balance of cargo transport by rail in 2011 VOIVODESHIP BALANCE OF CARGO TRANSPORT BY RAIL IN 2010 (in tons) Sent Received Total: 5359 Total: 17068 - for transport within the voivodeship: 497 - for transport within the voivodeship: 497 - for transport away the voivodeship: - from transport to the voivodeship - to other voivodeships: 4471, - from other voivodeships: 15170, - abroad 391 - from abroad: 1401 Transport balance (+ positive, - negative) - 11709

Table 16 presents results of evaluation of consumption of different fuels in transport in the Mazowsze Voivodeship in 2010.

32 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Table 16. Evaluation of consumption of individual fuels in transport in the Mazowsze Voivodeship in 2010 in [Mg]

Fuel type Vehicle type Tractor Motorcycle Small Cars Trucks Buses s s motorbikes Petrol 530,878 73,160 3,034 9,000 Diesel fuel 413,763 1,000,819 8,030 82,055 Gas (LPG) 208,477 42,761 Fuel consumption 1,153,118 1,116,741 8,030 82,055 3,034 9,000 in total [Mg]

Figure 13 presents final energy consumption in transport sector excluding liquid and gas fuels for powering means of energy transport divided into individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011. The analyses shows that there was a considerable drop in consumption of all (apart from motor fuels) carriers and is related to the drop of railway transport and liquidation or modernisation of numerous railway stations.

Fig. 13 presents final energy consumption in transport sector excluding liquid and gas fuels for powering means of energy transport divided into individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011.

3.4. Public sector demand

As statistics published by GUS do not include public sector section in voivodeship division, analyses were made in reference to data on energy consumption in other consumers of energy. 33 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Figure 14 presents final energy consumption in other consumers of energy divided into individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011. Comparison of the data shows that:

• There has been an increase in final energy consumption in this period (by 341%) in case of light fuel oil with simultaneous drop of coal consumption which results from modernisation of heat sources. • Drop of grid heat consumption by 27% results from decreased heating grid loss. • Increase of electricity consumption may result from an increased in air conditioning systems in this sector, as well as an increase in the number of office appliance.

Fig. 14 Final energy consumption in other energy consumers divided into individual energy carriers in 2006 and 2011.

4. Analyses of hazards and obstacles related to key report results

Hazard type YES Despite obligation of data disclosure by commune Freedom of disclosed data only 53 of them responded to the survey Lack of willingness to collect data YES 34 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Lack of satisfactory data YES Often no reply to the survey No reply without any reason

Unification of data, time division

Local data not always available YES Problems with data Problems resulting from data confidentiality confidentiality occurred in case of enterprises Incredibility of statistics

Numerous obstacles and barriers were faced during realization of the research: • Lack of data which in other countries are publicly available, e.g. data on energy consumption in individual communes of the Mazowsze Voivodeship. • Despite legal requirement (K.P.A. - e.g. article 9), communes did not want to respond to received surveys - only 53 communes responded. • There are only few commune which have digital register of expenses, analysing and indicating real expenses of the commune. Other remain with their paper register. In such case to get information one has to search through binders. Our talks show that communes do not control the volume of electricity and heat consumption settling their bills on amounts for the service provided only - do not check "the content" of invoices. Example: Company x provides services and maintenance to our boiler rooms and we do pay for that to keep worm. What they use and how to provide the heat - we could not care less. • Similar situation is with waste - everyone concludes individual contracts and commune does not have any control over for instance waste volume. If the commune has any information then they apply to charges for entire service i.e. waste disposal, storage, segregation, utilisation, own expenses of "waste" company. There is a chance that along with the new act communes would gain greater knowledge on waste, however even in this matter communes are not entirely convinced. • Population: slight efflux of population from small communes located further from agglomerations is observed. On the other hand, lack of obligatory permanent resident registration since 01.2013 will practically disable a chance to estimate population number. Particular case is represented by Warsaw where one can observe two phenomena: daily commuters who come to work and return home and persons who leave Warsaw for weekends to go to their homes. Only according to sale of national railway/bus tickets or private transport companies can one estimate this segment of Warsaw population at around 500 to 700 thousand of citizens. 35 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

Recommendations and propagation of research results

Recommendation types

Introduction of legal Lack of willingness to disclose information obligation in this issue Introduction of balanced Increase in the number of tools monitoring energy energy management system Execution of information Increase of activity of respondents campaign among communes and enterprises

5. Project results

Survey results analyses COMMUNES: The list of replays to surveys sent to communes: Appendix 2. General conclusions from survey results analyses as follows: Conclusions:

Population: Slight efflux of population from communes located further from big cities and simultaneous slight efflux of population from big cities to satellite communes. Warsaw is very specific which can be observed by sale of railway tickets, as well as zone rail tickets. Apart from permanent residents there are two other groups: employees who commute to work and go back home daily; and so called 5-day workers, i.e. those who return to their homes for Saturdays and Sundays. Both cause an increase of: water and energy consumption, as well as waste generation. Investigation of migration of those two population groups will be handicapped soon. New act on the population census published in Journal of laws No 217, item 1427 as amended, shall come into force according to the act on change of an act on the population census and IDs and some other acts (Journal of Laws of 2012, item 1407) - 1st January 2015, and obligation of obligatory permanent resident registration shall be abolished from 1s January 2016.

Public service buildings Communes can be divided into two categories: - those which thoroughly monitor management of their buildings, looking for savings in every aspect (e.g. in electricity and heat supply); 36 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

- and those which allocate a set amount of money in the budget and only supervise the amount not to be exceeded. The data received shows which communes thoroughly supervise own expenses. Commune often commission maintenance of their object comprehensively, namely costs include all "additional" activities e.g. remuneration of stoker - no detailed list of e.g. coal or fuel oil consumption. Moreover, each institution settles their bills directly with a contractor/service provide, transferring only total costs to the commune. An increase in interest in gas carrier is observed in heat supply types. Electricity is present in some communes as other source. In case of electricity commune can best define energy purchase costs but know much less about energy consumption. They often state that calculations sent by the supplier are very unclear and it is impossible to explicitly find the value of e.g. energy consumption for the given year.

Public transport. Few communes has public transport and this is yet another place where comprehensive services are applied. It is commissioned to a relevant enterprise and communes do not know what is fuel consumption of the given carrier.

Street illumination Street illumination was or will be in the future modernised. Subsidy would accelerate decision on modernisation in about 90% of communes.

Waste management. Waste segregation presents a considerable increase in communes. Similarly to the above, communes commission a comprehensive service and do not know annual costs for waste disposal. There is only one commune which stated that they can use waste within the territory of the commune.

6. References

The list of digital resources: 1. http://mazowieckie.naszestrony.pl/?info=województwo 2. http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podzia%C5%82_administracyjny_Warszawy 3.http://www.samorzad.pap.pl/depesza/pan_reg.mazowieckie.wizytowka/dep/46563/Woje. wodztwo-Mazowieckie 4. http://zabytkimazowsza.republika.pl/page94465107849a4137841ce2.html 5. http://www.transport.gov.pl/files/0/1792084/Zaczniknr1PodziaadministracyjnyPolski.pdf 6. http://www.wup.mazowsze.pl/new/images/warszawa/STAT/raport%20roczny_2008.pdf 7. http://www.mir.pl/woj-mazowieckie.html 37 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts

8.http://plock.gazeta.pl/plock/1,35681,11000793,Najnowsze_badania_statystyczne___plocc zanie_migruja.html?pelna=tak 9.http://www.google.pl/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCwQFjAA&u rl=http%3A%2F%2Fbip.warszawa.pl%2FUMBIP%2FHandlers%2FGetBlob.aspx%3Fid%3D886 547%26fName%3Dzalnr2doXXXVI1712012.pdf&ei=5XXBUe6OBMSn4ATJp4CYBg&usg=AFQj CNGRyw-6CpnQvw0IYbALdpH9NoRGdQ&sig2=I6s- pGQJU1Z4PdEphKFZ6A&bvm=bv.47883778,d.bGE 10.http://www.mbpr.pl/user_uploads/image/PRAWE_MENU/PROJEKT%20STRATEGII/SRW MPROJ.pdf 11. https://ksu.parp.gov.pl/pl/wspolpraca_regionalna/w_maz 12. http://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/drukuj/14930.html

38 3sCE417P3 – 3.1.2, Regional Energy Demand Report introduction of Regional Energy Concepts