DOCSLIB.ORG

How the Neo-Liberal Forces Are Shaping the Warsaw Urban

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How the Neo-Liberal Forces Are Shaping the Warsaw Urban City Portrait Warsaw 2 deindustrialisation of several districts of Warsaw that in mid-2000s From post-communist to have become host to new business activities and housing. On the corporate - how the neo-liberal other hand, the unclear legal situation of majority of centrally pla- ced real estate due to the Bierut’s Decree and the lack of legislation forces are shaping the Warsaw efforts on the part of the state has led to unregulated or rather wild reprivatisation. Conditions of spatial and economic development of urban space Warsaw as a post-socialist city are therefore shaped by drastic eco- nomic pressures of global-scale corporate capital and the withdrawal of the state and local authorities from strategic navigation of this The determinants of spatial and economic develop- transformation. ment of Warsaw as a post-socialist city New economic trends Warsaw is one of those European cities that had been thoroughly destroyed during the military operations and demolitions of the Post-1989 Warsaw went through a major transformation from a Second World War. About 77 per cent of the city urban tissue ceased socialist industrial city to a neoliberal metropolis and became a part to exist. Immediately after the liberation, the regime set up the Capital of a global network of cities servicing the processes of international City Reconstruction Bureau (Biuro Odbudowy Stolicy) - an institution capital flows and accumulation. According to the Globalization and devoted to coordination and planning of post-war reconstruction of historic urban tissue of the city and rebuilding its main districts. Se- veral parts of the city centre were built anew in the spirit of socialist realism. The Old City was reconstructed according to historic plans. These large-scale projects were only made possible thanks to the so-called Bierut’s Decree according to which the Warsaw City Council could nationalise all properties within the limits of the city of Warsaw. Image 2. Warsaw Downtown by Filip Bramorski, on Flickr World Cities classification carried out at Loughborough University, Warsaw ranked 19th in the world and 6th in Europe in the classifi- cation of alpha class metropoles (higher than Zurich, Vienna, Barce- Image 1. Warsaw’s Old Town in 1945. Source: Warszawa stolica Polski, Społeczny lona or Berlin). The progressive growth of Warsaw’s importance in Fundusz Odbudowy Stolicy, wyd. II, Warszawa 1949, p. 101 the globalised economy was strengthened in 2004 by accession to The economy of the socialist capital was largely based on industrial the European Union and resilience to the effects of the 2008 crisis. activity. The population of Warsaw, drastically reduced during the war Warsaw’s global significance is in synergy with its capital function in to mere 480 thousand people, started to grow thanks to the influx a country characterised by centralized state administration structure. of workforce, reaching 1 million in 1955 and 1,25 million in 1965. In Central functions of Warsaw resulting from location of state institu- response to the population growth, the area of Warsaw was enlarged tions, power and decision-making bodies are a key location factor for in 1951 and new housing programs were established. However, since macroregional headquarters and branches of multinational corpora- they were not efficient enough, residency registration limits were tions as well as domestic companies. introduced. This concentration and synergy produces the so-called “St. Matthew The transformation of the city after 1989 has not been pre-plan- effect” (accumulated advantage), because it creates, for example, ned. On the one hand, the pressure of the market economy and the demand for creative services, which contributes to the concentra- deterioration of large parts of the city’s industry have resulted in rapid tion of not only advertising agencies in Warsaw, but more broadly the creative sector companies (film, computer games, media). The City Portrait Warsaw 3 largest research and development potential is also concentrated in słowy in the southern part of the city). Warsaw. It is most visible at the Ochota Campus created by several research organisations - science and experimental faculties of the Transformation of the service sector along the vector of increasing University of Warsaw, the Warsaw Medical University and the science added value favours the growth and cosmopolitanisation of the mid- institutes of the Polish Academy of Sciences. This area, similarly to dle class, which translates into demand for housing and expectations the office buildings of the financial sector in Wola, is woven into the of Warsaw’s urban functions (availability of leisure and quality-of-life global knowledge production system. Even though the R&D potential amenities). The process of suburbanisation, growing housing density of that area is high, it does not fully translate into commercialisation in post-industrial areas (maximizing capital efficiency per unit) and or growth of innovation-driven or high-tech start-ups. Its impact is urbanisation of former agrarian areas in peripheral districts (Bia- limited to generation of basic knowledge and human capital that can łołęka, Wawer) is constantly being accompanied by the process of only be processed into real products by global centres controlling the creating premium class housing in exclusive locations for the upper technological frontier. middle class and financial elite. At the same time, there is high invest- ment pressure on centrally located, working-class districts (Wola, Despite its nominally high and growing position, Warsaw holds mainly Praga), where modern, gated apartment buildings are increasingly subsidiary functions towards globalized capital with little impact on emerging between neglected tenement houses, creating a tensioned the creation of new technologies, organizational and normative pat- class-spatial patchwork. terns as well as innovations and trends. This situation will not change in the foreseeable future due to the distance from the technological The increasing fragmentation and complexity of this kind of metro- frontier and the weakness of the domestic capital. polisation and related transformations of the social sphere move urban development outside of the effective control of the city autho- rities, and this inefficiency is compounded by the municipality’s legal New urbanisation trends position. It’s even possible to identify a post-planning epidemic that results in spatial policy based on putting out fires and solving absurd The urban development of Warsaw is a result of interaction between problems that developers should have taken care of in the first place. processes that are running simultaneously, but often remain under One of the most visible impacts of this process is the underdevelop- tension. Growing importance of metropolitan functions causes a ment of communication, social and cultural infrastructure, which does systematic increase in demand for office space as well as housing not keep up with the transformations of urban space evolving along space. In combination with highly bureaucratic and time-consuming the vector of capital accumulation efficiency. As a result, Warsaw is planning procedures, reactive spatial policy and wild reprivatization, one of the few European cities noting the increase of the importance fast growth makes the city space chaotic, easily influenced by ad hoc of the car as the primary means of transport, with almost 9 cars per expectations, needs and interests of developers and wealthy groups. 10 people, which is much higher than Berlin (3/10), Vienna (4/10 ) or Frankfurt (4.5 /10). The increasing added value of services drives the development of Warsaw’s CBD and therefore causes relative devaluation of the exi- Does this chaos only result from disproportionate dynamics, or is sting secondary business districts, such as the so-called Mordor (an it an intentional strategy favouring capital over people, who are left office district with over 1 million sq m of space in Służewiec Przemy- to their own resources? Regardless of the answer, Warsaw and its residents have to face emergent phenomena - the consequences of The lar The proximity of airport and buildings located in S u ewiec fast city railway (SKM). complex urban system growth, such as the decreasing air quality due subzone – over 1 million m2. Modernization of Marynarska The lar street and new public-private to the increase car traffic and intra-urban and suburban emissions. park in Warsaw – Empark partnership initiatives improving (107,000 m 2). of Suwak street. One of rent rates – attractive incentive High parking r packages for tenants. buildings. New social trends SUPPLY (M 2) VACANCY RATE (%) RENT (EUR/M 2/MONTH) 1,338,300 16.2 10.5-15 SPACE UNDER 3-YEAR AVERAGE The single most important social phenomenon in today’s Warsaw is CONSTRUCTION (M 2) DEMAND (M2) 75,800 184,300 the process of evictions caused by wild reprivatization that followed BUILDINGS UNDER CONSTRUCTION AND PLANNED Building Address Developer GLA (m ) Penta Investments the regime change of 1989. Many properties were given back to their Spectra Development Hines Polska pre - 2nd World War owners, who had been dispossessed in 1945. In LARGEST TRANSACTIONS 2014-2017 Building Tenant Area (m ) Deal type some cases reprivatisation was a swindle and was based on counter- Konstruktorska Business Center PZU new deal Marynarska Business Park Netia renegotiation expansion + Astra Zeneca feit documents or legal tricks. Literally tens of thousands of residents
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sustainable Development of Warsaw 2014 – 2015 Sustainable Development of Warsaw 2014 – 2015
    SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WARSAW 2014 – 2015 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF WARSAW 2014 – 2015 WARSAW’S THIRD INTEGRATED REPORT INTRODUCTION OF THE MAYOR OF THE CAPITAL CITY OF WARSAW 5 INTRODUCTION OF THE MAYOR OF THE CAPITAL CITY OF WARSAW ABOUT THE REPORT 6 1. KEY FACTS ABOUT WARSAW 8 1.1. The quality of life 10 1.2. City of Warsaw 11 1.2.1. City of Warsaw’s structure 11 1.2.2. City of Warsaw employment 12 1.2.3. Code of Conduct for City of Warsaw’s Employees 13 Welcome to the Report on Sustainable Development of Warsaw, showing data for 2014-2015. The development of the city can be described 2. ECONOMIC FACTORS. BUDGET AND INVESTMENT 14 on many levels. This report, which you have in front 2.1. Revenue 14 of you, illustrates Warsaw’s actions in the context 2.2. Expenditure 16 of sustainable development in social, economic 2.3. Investment 18 and environmental aspects. The document provides residents and all other stakeholders comprehensive and synthetic information about the functioning of the city as well as its impact on the environment. 3. SOCIAL FACTORS. QUALITY OF LIFE 20 The report is using the G4 guidelines of the Global Reporting Initiative, the most popular current reporting model 3.1. Dialogue with stakeholders 20 3.1.1. Public consultations and participatory budget 21 as well as includes the international indicators of ISO37120, which depicts sustainable urban development. By applying 3.2. Education 22 international and universal standards, the report outcomes can be compared on a global scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Dworzec PKP Wawer – Kolejowa Architektura „Odwilży” Wawer
    architektura f architecture Andrzej Skalimowski historyk historian Zbigniew Tucholski historyk techniki technology historian Dworzec PKP Wawer – kolejowa architektura „odwilży” Wawer railway station complex – railway architecture of the “thaw” Abstrakt Abstract Tematem artykułu jest historia projektowania i budowy dworca na sta- The article describes the history of the design and construction of the cji kolejowej Warszawa-Wawer. Zaprojektowany przez inż. arch. Wa- station building at the Warszawa-Wawer railway station. Designed by cława Nowińskiego zespół dworca, zrealizowany w latach 1959-1961, the architect Wacław Nowiński and constructed in the years 1959-1961, był pierwszą awangardową, modernistyczną realizacją przełamującą this railway station complex was the first avant-garde, modernist struc- socrealizm w architekturze kolejowej. Charakterystyczną dominantą ture that put an end to the domination of socialist realism in railway budynku jest dach w formie cienkościennej łupiny żelbetowej oraz wi- architecture. The characteristic features of the building are the roof, trażowe doświetlenia jego wnętrza. Dworzec w latach 90. XX w. i pierw- having the form of a thin shell made of reinforced concrete, and the szych latach XXI w. uległ znacznej degradacji, zaś jego pierwotny detal stained-glass windows lighting the interior. In the 1990s and in the został zniszczony i zatarty. early 21st c., the condition of the building seriously deteriorated and its original details were destroyed and wore off. Słowa kluczowe: Wawer, architektura, PKP,
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Current Situation of Post-Industrial Sites in Urban Areas of Three Functional Zones: Capital City of Warsaw
    D.T1.1.4-5-6 Analysis of the current situation of post-industrial sites in urban areas of three functional zones: Capital City of Warsaw, the City of Plock and the City of Radom together with the city of Pionki Version 1 Subtitle 12 2016 Authors: Institute of Urban Development Aleksandra Jadach-Sepioło, Ph.D. Dominika Muszyńska-Jeleszyńska, Ph.D. Katarzyna Spadło, M.Sc. 2 Index Subtitle ................................................................................................................................................ 1 Version 1 .............................................................................................................................................. 1 12 2016 ................................................................................................................................................ 1 1. GENERAL BACKGROUND AND LOCATION OF THE POST-INDUSTRIAL SITES ................................... 3 2. DETAILED ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED DEGRADED AREAS ................................................................ 21 2.1. Historic background ................................................................................................................... 21 Source: zbiory własne autora. ............................................................................................................... 35 2.2. Environmental issues and critical aspects .................................................................................. 36 2.2.1 Air quaility ...........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Rozkład Jazdy I Mapa Linii Dla: Kolej R1
    Rozkład jazdy i mapa linii dla: kolej R1 R1 Warszawa — Skierniewice Wyświetl Wersję Na Przeglądarkę kolej R1, linia (Warszawa — Skierniewice), posiada 5 tras. W dni robocze kursuje: (1) Grodzisk Maz.: 00:25 - 21:51 (2) Skierniewice: 03:51 - 23:25 (3) Warszawa Wschodnia: 03:40 - 22:35 (4) Żyrardów: 04:03 - 17:51 Skorzystaj z aplikacji Moovit, aby znaleźć najbliższy przystanek oraz czas przyjazdu najbliższego środka transportu dla: kolej R1. Kierunek: Grodzisk Maz. Rozkład jazdy dla: kolej R1 48 przystanków Rozkład jazdy dla Grodzisk Maz. WYŚWIETL ROZKŁAD JAZDY LINII poniedziałek 00:25 - 21:51 wtorek 00:25 - 21:51 Dęblin 6 Dworcowa, Dęblin środa 00:25 - 21:51 Rokitnia Stara czwartek 00:25 - 21:51 Życzyn piątek 00:25 - 21:51 sobota 00:25 - 19:51 Mika niedziela 00:25 - 19:51 Wygoda Grabniak Sobolew Informacja o: kolej R1 Kierunek: Grodzisk Maz. Leokadia Przystanki: 48 Długość trwania przejazdu: 49 min Podsumowanie linii: Dęblin, Rokitnia Stara, Życzyn, Łaskarzew Przystanek Mika, Wygoda, Grabniak, Sobolew, Leokadia, 91 Warszawska, Poland Łaskarzew Przystanek, Wola Rowska, Ruda Wola Rowska Talubska, Garwolin, Pilawa, Augustówka, Zabieżki, Chrosna, Kołbiel, Celestynów, Stara Wieś, Pogorzel Warszawska, Śródborów, Otwock, Świder, Józefów, Ruda Talubska Michalin, Warszawa Falenica, Warszawa Miedzeszyn, Warszawa Radość, Warszawa Garwolin Międzylesie, Warszawa Anin, Warszawa Wawer, 35 Ogrodowa, Wola Rębkowska Warszawa Gocławek, Warszawa Olszynka Grochowska, Warszawa Wschodnia, Warszawa Pilawa Stadion, Warszawa Powiśle, Warszawa Śródmieście, Warszawa
    [Show full text]
  • Społeczna Akademia Nauk
    Zeszyt recenzowany Redakcja naukowa: Łukasz Sułkowski, Aleksander Noworól, Beata Mazurek-Kucharska Korekta językowa: Dominika Świech i Agnieszka Śliz Skład i łamanie: Marcin Szadkowski Projekt okładki: Marcin Szadkowski ©Copyright: Społeczna Akademia Nauk ISSN 1733‐2486 Wersja elektroniczna publikacji jest wersją podstawową, dostępna na stronie: piz.san.edu.pl Spis treści 5 Łukasz Sułkowski, Aleksander Noworól, Beata Mazurek-Kucharska | Wstęp 7 Część I | Współczesne problemy i perspektywy przemian Uniwersytetu – między humanistyką a technologią 9 Tadeusz P. Tkaczyk | Problemy edukacyjne wyzwaniem współczesności 31 Zbysław Dobrowolski | The Role of Universities in XXI Century 43 Małgorzata Cieciora | An Overview of Selected Missions and Strategies of Higher Schools in Poland 59 Janusz Bąk, Grzegorz Baran | Przełom na uniwersytecie – słabe sygnały zmian 75 Łukasz Sułkowski, Robert Seliga, Andrzej Woźniak | Rezultaty badań kultur jakości uczelni wyższych w Polsce 91 Beata Mazurek-Kucharska | Rola relacji interpersonalnych w budowaniu wartości kapitału ludzkiego w środowisku akademickim 109 Część II | Innowacje i innowacyjność Uniwersytetu 111 Grażyna Prawelska-Skrzypek, Grzegorz Baran | Uniwersytet wobec wyzwań innowacyjności na przykładzie kształcenia doktorantów 129 Grzegorz Baran, Janusz Bąk | Społeczności i innowacje wibrującego uniwersytetu 145 Jolanta Jurczak | Design Thinking w stymulowaniu innowacyjności i jakości kształcenia szkół wyższych 159 Paweł Kobis | Employee Mobility in Light of Cloud Computing Model 173 Marzena Kruk | Innowacyjność
    [Show full text]
  • Warsaw in Short
    WarsaW TourisT informaTion ph. (+48 22) 94 31, 474 11 42 Tourist information offices: Museums royal route 39 Krakowskie PrzedmieÊcie Street Warsaw Central railway station Shops 54 Jerozolimskie Avenue – Main Hall Warsaw frederic Chopin airport Events 1 ˚wirki i Wigury Street – Arrival Hall Terminal 2 old Town market square Hotels 19, 21/21a Old Town Market Square (opening previewed for the second half of 2008) Praga District Restaurants 30 Okrzei Street Warsaw Editor: Tourist Routes Warsaw Tourist Office Translation: English Language Consultancy Zygmunt Nowak-Soliƒski Practical Information Cartographic Design: Tomasz Nowacki, Warsaw Uniwersity Cartographic Cathedral Photos: archives of Warsaw Tourist Office, Promotion Department of the City of Warsaw, Warsaw museums, W. Hansen, W. Kryƒski, A. Ksià˝ek, K. Naperty, W. Panów, Z. Panów, A. Witkowska, A. Czarnecka, P. Czernecki, P. Dudek, E. Gampel, P. Jab∏oƒski, K. Janiak, Warsaw A. Karpowicz, P. Multan, B. Skierkowski, P. Szaniawski Edition XVI, Warszawa, August 2008 Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport Free copy 1. ˚wirki i Wigury St., 00-906 Warszawa Airport Information, ph. (+48 22) 650 42 20 isBn: 83-89403-03-X www.lotnisko-chopina.pl, www.chopin-airport.pl Contents TourisT informaTion 2 PraCTiCal informaTion 4 fall in love wiTh warsaw 18 warsaw’s hisTory 21 rouTe no 1: 24 The Royal Route: Krakowskie PrzedmieÊcie Street – Nowy Âwiat Street – Royal ¸azienki modern warsaw 65 Park-Palace Complex – Wilanów Park-Palace Complex warsaw neighborhood 66 rouTe no 2: 36 CulTural AttraCTions 74 The Old
    [Show full text]
  • Anti-Discrimination Education: We Shall Not Give Up! Advocacy in Times
    Anti-discrimination education: We shall not give up! Advocacy in times of rise of hateful rhetoric, shrinking civic space and erosion of democratic standards in Poland October 2019 1 Executive summary This report is addressed to civil society activists, decision makers in international institutions and funders interested in supporting advocacy for the anti-discrimination education in the context of shrinking civic space and political backlash. It presents key findings from the research conducted by The Anti-Discrimination Education Society (TEA) on the space for education-focused and rights- based advocacy after the right-wing conservative Law and Justice Party (PiS) took power in Poland in the general elections of 2015. Since that time, Poland has seen systematic and strategic efforts to undermine human rights and the rule of law, introduction of regressive laws and policy measures to reinforce traditional gender roles, scapegoating migrants, refugees and LGBTQI communities, and a rising tide of hate and discrimination. Consequently, the civic space for human rights activists and anti-discrimination educators has drastically shrunken and the rights they promote and uphold are under concerted attack. The Law and Justice Party’s rule has provoked a rise of a massive opposition in the streets, whilst civil society advocates have started exploring and/or developing new strategies and new approaches. For example: • Advocacy at a local level with local governments, which are in opposition to the Law and Justice Party and state their support
    [Show full text]
  • Spis Nieruchomości Dot. Naruszenia Danych Osobowych
    WOLA Al. Jana Pawła II 63 WŁOCHY Al. Krakowska 291A MOKOTÓW Al. Niepodległości 119 MOKOTÓW Al. Niepodległości 54 MOKOTÓW Al. Niepodległości 74 PRAGA-PÓŁNOC Al. Solidarności 49 OCHOTA Aleja Niepodległości 227/233 ŚRÓDMIEŚCIE Aleja Szucha 27 OCHOTA Andrzejowska 7 WOLA Anielewicza 34 PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Argentyńska 5 PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Argentyńska 5A PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Argentyńska 5A PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Argentyńska 7 WOLA Armatnia 10 WOLA Armatnia 10A WOLA Armatnia 6 WOLA Armatnia 8 MOKOTÓW Asfaltowa 7A TARGÓWEK Askenazego 4 TARGÓWEK Barkocińska 15 MOKOTÓW Belgijska 9 Belgradzka; Nowoursynowska 99A 99D 101C URSYNÓW 103 103D 105B 105D; Rosoła ŚRÓDMIEŚCIE Belwederska 44B WOLA Bema 72 WOLA Bema 87 MOKOTÓW Bernardyńska 10 MOKOTÓW Bernardyńska 19 OCHOTA Białobrzeska 13 PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Białowieska 17 MOKOTÓW Bobrowiecka 10,10B WOLA Boguszewska 2 MOKOTÓW Bonifacego 90 PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Boremlowska 35 PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Boremlowska 40 MOKOTÓW Boryszewska 10 PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Brazylijska 10B PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Brazylijska 11B MOKOTÓW Bruna 9 PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Budrysów 9 WAWER Bursztynowa 2B WAWER Celestynowska 3 WAWER Celestynowska 3A WAWER Celestynowska 3B PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Chłopickiego 49A,49B,49C PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Chłopickiego 51 WOLA Chmielna 106 WOLA Chmielna 73A,73B; Żelazna 16 WOLA Chmielna 73C MOKOTÓW Chocimska 14A WŁOCHY Chrościckiego 83 PRAGA-POŁUDNIE Chrzanowskiego 2 ŚRÓDMIEŚCIE Ciasna 10A ŚRÓDMIEŚCIE Corazziego 2 ŚRÓDMIEŚCIE Corazziego 4 MOKOTÓW Cybernetyki 13 MOKOTÓW Cybernetyki 2C,2D,2E MOKOTÓW Cybernetyki 2G, 2h MOKOTÓW Cybernetyki 3,3A,3B,3C MOKOTÓW Cybernetyki 4 MOKOTÓW
    [Show full text]
  • Wykaz Aptek Po Zmianie 1.2021
    Zał ącznik Nr 1 do umowy GO/B/III/1/8/22/2019-2023 Wykaz punktów zbiórki w aptekach na terenie m.st. Warszawy, z których odbierane s ą odpady w postaci przeterminowanych leków, wraz z opakowaniami oraz termometrów rt ęciowych Adresy aptek zbieraj ących L.p. Dzielnica Adresy aptek zbierajacych termometry przeterminowane leki 1 BEMOWO Batalionów Chłopskich 73 2 BEMOWO Bolkowska 2 A 3 BEMOWO Borowej Góry 8 Borowej Góry 8 4 BEMOWO Czumy 3A 5 BEMOWO Czumy 3C 6 BEMOWO Franciszka Kawy 44 lok. 5 Franciszka Kawy 44 lok. 5 7 BEMOWO Gen. Coopera 5 Gen. Coopera 5 8 BEMOWO Górczewska 212/226 9 BEMOWO Górczewska 224 Górczewska 224 10 BEMOWO Kaliskiego 39 11 BEMOWO Kartezjusza 2 12 BEMOWO Kazimierza Wyki 11 13 BEMOWO Lazurowa 69/1 14 BEMOWO Obro ńców Tobruku 29 lok. 177 15 BEMOWO Pełczy ńskiego 32 A/1 16 BEMOWO Pełczy ńskiego 32 lok. U05 17 BEMOWO Pirenejska 2c 18 BEMOWO Powsta ńców Śląskich 10 Powsta ńców Śląskich 10 19 BEMOWO Powsta ńców Śląskich 104 20 BEMOWO Powsta ńców Śląskich 106 D/204 21 BEMOWO Powsta ńców Śląskich 108/3 22 BEMOWO Powsta ńców Śląskich 126 lok.16 23 BEMOWO Powsta ńców Śląskich 19 Powsta ńców Śląskich 19 24 BEMOWO Powsta ńców Śląskich 80 A 25 BEMOWO Radiowa 14 lok. 9, 10 26 BEMOWO Radiowa 18 27 BEMOWO Rozłogi 10 28 BEMOWO Siodlarska 7 Siodlarska 7 29 BEMOWO Sucharskiego 8 Sucharskiego 8 30 BEMOWO Świetlików 8 lok. 210 31 BEMOWO Świ ętochowskiego 2 32 BEMOWO Wrocławska 20 Wrocławska 20 33 BEMOWO Wrocławska 21 Wrocławska 21 34 BEMOWO Wrocławska 25 A 35 BIAŁOŁ ĘKA Aluzyjna 25 E 36 BIAŁOŁ ĘKA Antalla 5 37 BIAŁOŁ ĘKA Berensona 8 C 38 BIAŁOŁ ĘKA Białoł ęcka 222 39 BIAŁOŁ ĘKA Drogowa 5 A Drogowa 5 A 40 BIAŁOŁ ĘKA Kowalczyka 11 lok.
    [Show full text]
  • Szymon Datner German Nazi Crimes Against Jews Who
    JEWISH HISTORICAL INSTITUTE BULLETIN NO. 75 (1970) SZYMON DATNER GERMAN NAZI CRIMES AGAINST JEWS WHO ESCAPED FROM THE GHETTOES “LEGAL” THREATS AND ORDINANCES REGARDING JEWS AND THE POLES WHO HELPED THEM Among other things, the “final solution of the Jewish question” required that Jews be prohibited from leaving the ghettoes they were living in—which typically were fenced off and under guard. The occupation authorities issued inhumane ordinances to that effect. In his ordinance of October 15, 1941, Hans Frank imposed draconian penalties on Jews who escaped from the ghettoes and on Poles who would help them escape or give them shelter: “§ 4b (1) Jews who leave their designated quarter without authorisation shall be punished by death. The same penalty shall apply to persons who knowingly shelter such Jews. (2) Those who instigate and aid and abet shall be punished with the same penalty as the perpetrator; acts attempted shall be punished as acts committed. A penalty of severe prison sentence or prison sentence may be imposed for minor offences. (3) Sentences shall be passed by special courts.” 1 In the reality of the General Government (GG), § 4b (3) was never applied to runaway Jews. They would be killed on capture or escorted to the nearest police, gendarmerie, Gestapo or Kripo station and, after being identified as Jews and tortured to give away those who helped or sheltered them, summarily executed. Many times the same fate befell Poles, too, particularly those living in remote settlements and woodlands. The cases of Poles who helped Jews, which were examined by special courts, raised doubts even among the judges of this infamous institution because the only penalty stipulated by law (death) was so draconian.
    [Show full text]
  • Wykaz Identyfikatorów I Nazw Jednostek Podziału Terytorialnego Kraju” Zawiera Jednostki Tego Podziału Określone W: − Ustawie Z Dnia 24 Lipca 1998 R
    ZAK£AD WYDAWNICTW STATYSTYCZNYCH, 00-925 WARSZAWA, AL. NIEPODLEG£0ŒCI 208 Informacje w sprawach sprzeda¿y publikacji – tel.: (0 22) 608 32 10, 608 38 10 PRZEDMOWA Niniejsza publikacja „Wykaz identyfikatorów i nazw jednostek podziału terytorialnego kraju” zawiera jednostki tego podziału określone w: − ustawie z dnia 24 lipca 1998 r. o wprowadzeniu zasadniczego trójstopniowego podziału terytorialnego państwa (Dz. U. Nr 96, poz. 603 i Nr 104, poz. 656), − rozporządzeniu Rady Ministrów z dnia 7 sierpnia 1998 r. w sprawie utworzenia powiatów (Dz. U. Nr 103, poz. 652) zaktualizowane na dzień 1 stycznia 2010 r. Aktualizacja ta uwzględnia zmiany w podziale teryto- rialnym kraju dokonane na podstawie rozporządzeń Rady Ministrów w okresie od 02.01.1999 r. do 01.01.2010 r. W „Wykazie...”, jako odrębne pozycje wchodzące w skład jednostek zasadniczego podziału terytorialnego kraju ujęto dzielnice m. st. Warszawy oraz delegatury (dawne dzielnice) miast: Kraków, Łódź, Poznań i Wrocław a także miasta i obszary wiejskie wchodzące w skład gmin miejsko-wiejskich. Zamieszczone w wykazie identyfikatory jednostek podziału terytorialnego zostały okre- ślone w: − załączniku nr 1 do rozporządzenia Rady Ministrów z dnia 15 grudnia 1998 r. w sprawie szczegółowych zasad prowadzenia, stosowania i udostępniania krajowego rejestru urzędo- wego podziału terytorialnego kraju oraz związanych z tym obowiązków organów admini- stracji rządowej i jednostek samorządu terytorialnego, obowiązującego od dnia 1 stycz- nia 1999 r. (Dz. U. z 1998 r. Nr 157, poz. 1031), − kolejnych rozporządzeniach Rady Ministrów zmieniających powyższe rozporządzenie w zakresie załącznika nr 1 (Dz. U. z 2000 Nr 13, poz. 161, z 2001 r. Nr 12, poz. 100 i Nr 157, poz.
    [Show full text]
  • Ze Statystyką Przez Warszawę Opracowanie Merytoryczne Urząd Statystyczny Wwarszawie, Mazowiecki Ośrodek Badań Regionalnych Pod Kierunkiem Tomasza Zegara
    Ze statystyką przez Warszawę Opracowanie merytoryczne Urząd Statystyczny wWarszawie, Mazowiecki Ośrodek Badań Regionalnych pod kierunkiem Tomasza Zegara Zespół autorski Małgorzata Bieńkowska, Anna Cacko, Joanna Podolska Skład i opracowanie graficzne Anna Cacko Projekt ikon na stronach: 9, 14, 18, – publicdomainvectors.org Publikacja dostępna na stronie http://warszawa.stat.gov.pl Przy publikowaniu danych US prosimy o podanie źródła. 2 517,2 km powierzchniaWarszawy Wisła 15,4% dzielnicaWawer Białołęka najwyższy udział w powierzchni ogółem Bielany Targówek 1,6% dzielnica Żoliborz Praga- najniższy udział w powierzchni ogółem Żoliborz Rembertów -Północ Bemowo Praga- Wesoła Wola -Południe 2 Śródmieście Ochota Ursus Mokotów Wawer Bemowo 25,0 Białołęka 73,0 Wilanów Ursynów Bielany 32,3 Mokotów 35,4 Ochota 9,7 Praga-Południe 22,4 Granice miasta Granice dzielnic Praga-Północ 11,4 Najdalej wysunięte punkty Rembertów 19,3 Śródmieście 15,6 Targówek 24,2 Ursus 9,4 Ursynów 43,8 Położenie geograficzne Warszawy Wawer 79,7 długość geograficzna wschodnia szerokość geograficzna północna Wesoła 22,9 Wilanów 36,7 o o 20 51'06"na zachód 52 22'05"na północ Włochy 28,6 Wola 19,3 o o 21 16'16"na wschód 52 05'52"na południe Żoliborz 8,5 1 Powierzchnia geodezyjna 2016 2017 według kierunków wykorzystania w 2017 r. Powierzchnia w km 2 517,2 517,2 Stan w dniu 1 I na 1 mieszkańca w m2 295 293 Średnia temperatura powietrza wo C 9,8 9,4 maksimum 20,0 19,7 minimum -2,9 -3,7 Roczne sumy opadów w mm 593 705 Średnia prędkość wiatru w m/s 3,4 3,5 Usłonecznienie w h 1836 1351 Średnie zachmurzenie w oktantacha 5,3 5,6 a Stopień zachmurzenia nieba: 0 (niebo bez chmur) do 8 (niebo całkowicie pokryte chmurami).
    [Show full text]