University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics Linguistics 2014 Compounding and Incorporation in the Ket Language: Implications for a More Unified Theory of Compounding Benjamin C. Smith University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Smith, Benjamin C., "Compounding and Incorporation in the Ket Language: Implications for a More Unified Theory of Compounding" (2014). Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics. 1. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/1 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Linguistics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Benjamin C. Smith, Student Dr. Gregory T. Stump, Major Professor Dr. Gregory T. Stump, Director of Graduate Studies COMPOUNDING AND INCORPORATION IN THE KET LANGUAGE: IMPLICATIONS FOR A MORE UNIFIED THEORY OF COMPOUNDING THESIS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences At the University of Kentucky By Benjamin Cody Smith Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Gregory T. Stump, Professor of Linguistics Lexington, Kentucky 2014 © Copyright Benjamin Cody Smith ABSTRACT COMPOUNDING AND INCORPORATION IN THE KET LANGUAGE: IMPLICATIONS FOR A MORE UNIFIED THEORY OF COMPOUNDING Compounding in the world’s languages is -­‐ a complex word formation process that is not easily accounted for. Moreover, incorporation is equally complex and problematic. This examination of compounding and incorporation in the Ket language seeks to identify the underlying logic of these processes and to work towards a typology that captures generalizations among the numerous ways in which languages expand their lexicons through these processes. Canonical Typology provides a framework that does just this. A preliminary canonical typology of compounds is proposed here, one that subsumes a range of compounds as well incorporation. For this reason, the , Ket language which relies ily heav on compounding and incorporation, will be used as a test case. The aim is to define the canonical compound and to plot the degree to and dimensions along which various kinds compounds as well as incorporation coincide or deviate from the ideal compound. KEYWORDS: Compounds, Incorporation, Ket language, Canonical Typology, Morphology COMPOUNDING AND INCORPORATION IN THE KET LANGUAGE: IMPLICATIONS FOR A MORE UNIFIED THEORY OF COMPOUNDING By Benjamin Cody Smith Gregory T. Stump Director of Thesis Gregory T. Stump Director of Graduate Studies April 11, 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The present work has benefited greatly from the expertise, discussion, and direction of many people. First, I wish to thank those on my Thesis Committee, Greg Stump, Andrew Hippisley, and Rusty Barrett, for their willingness to be a part of this process in addition to their expertise. In particular, I am grateful for the many challenging but fruitful discussions with Greg Stump and Andrew Hippisley, and for their insights that have helped me improve every part of o this thesis. I would als like to thank Ed Vajda for his willingness to share his expertise and insights on Ket, especially his assistance in understanding Ket verbal morphology. In addition to those mentioned above, I am very appreciative of the comments and feedback on earlier LINCD presentations Research of this work, including that from Mark Lauersdorf and those involved with (Linguistics Incubator for Collaborative Digital Research) at the University of Kentucky, as well as those who participated in the poster session at the American International Morphology Meeting 2 conference. Finally, I wish to thank my family for . their support in this process I am especially grateful to my wife, Lauren Smith, for her encouragement and perseverance throughout my pursuit of the Master’s. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ................................ .................................................................................................. iii List of Tables ................................ ................................................................................................................ v Chapter 1: Introduction ................................ ........................................................................................... 1 1.1 Why compounding? ................................ ...................................................................................... 1 Chapter 2: Compounding and incorporation ................................ ................................................. 2 2.1 Previous work ompounding on c ................................ ............................................................. 2 2.2 The trouble with defining incorporation ................................ ........................................... 3 Chapter 3: Compounding and incorporation in Modern Ket ................................ .................. 6 3.1 Compounding in Modern Ket ................................ .................................................................. 6 3.2 Incorporation in Modern Ket ................................ ................................................................ 11 Chapter 4: Moving towards a more unified theory ................................ .................................. 25 4.1 A structural definition of compounding ................................ ............................................ 25 4.2 Addressing past problems ................................ ...................................................................... 26 4.3 A canonical approach ................................ ................................................................................ 29 4.4 A modified canonical approach ................................ ............................................................ 32 Chapter 5: Conclusion ................................ ........................................................................................... 41 5.1 Assessment and Conclusions ................................ ................................................................. 41 Appendices Appendix A: List of Abbreviations ................................ .............................................................. 43 Appendix B: Ket Verb Template and Possible Values ................................ ......................... 44 References ................................ .................................................................................................................. 45 Vita ................................ ................................................................................................................................. 4 7 iv LIST OF TABLES Table 1 3. , Ket Verbal Position Classes ................................ ........................................................... 12 Table 2 3. , Frequently Incorporated Adverbs ................................ .............................................. 16 Table B, Ket Verbal Template and Possible Values ................................ .................................. 44 v HAPTER C 1 1.1 HY COMPOUNDING W ? Compounding poses many challenges for any linguistic typological framework. It exists in the space between morphology and syntax; it exemplifies obvious features of both, and yet is not one or the other. Because compounding involves a kind of derivation that intersects with semantics to produce highly idiosyncratic results, it becomes very hard to define the limits of compounding and equally as hard to categorize the kinds of compounds that one finds in language. For these reasons, I will propose a canonical approach to the typology of compounding because the canonical approach allows for a broad space that is capable of capturing what actually happens