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Akdeniz Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Nurdaulet MEDEUOV TURİZME DAYALI BÖLGESEL KALKINMA MODELİ: KAZAKİSTAN ÖRNEĞİ Turizm İşletmeciliği ve Otelcilik Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Antalya, 2013 AKDENİZ ÜNİVERSİTESİ SOSYAL BİLİMLER ENSTİTÜSÜ Nurdaulet MEDEUOV TURİZME DAYALI BÖLGESEL KALKINMA MODELİ: KAZAKİSTAN ÖRNEĞİ Danışman Prof. Dr. Nedim YÜZBAŞIOĞLU Turizm İşletmeciliği ve Otelcilik Ana Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi Antalya, 2013 Akdeniz Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstiti.isii Mudurlugiine, Nurdaulet MEDEUOV'un bu gahgmasr jiirimiz tarafindan Turizm iglermecitigi ve Otelcitik Ana Bilim Dah Yilksek Lisans Programr tezi olarak kabul edilmiEtir. Ba*an ,?"4.b, il,1;1"" Te rir< Uye (Damgmaml,?."1'br A['J;* vialAgrr-Crt"i uye :,i,J b,r,D, \&rL i,J;*, Aevl Tez Baqhlr: .n rCrlEGl -\.ti*ljC MYil.r 6(,Lllc )t'L vALyt^,:MA f,rcOEtt ', VA}A#-ts ild Onay : Yukandaki imzalann, adr gegen dgretim ilyelerine ait oldugunu onaylanm. Tez Savunma Tarini :ftl9.5zor: MezuniyetTarihi 30/05/2013 Dog. Dr. Zekenya KARADAVUT Miidiir i İ Ç İ N D E K İ L E R TABLOLAR LİSTESİ ................................................................................................... iv ŞEKİLLER LİSTESİ ...................................................................................................... v KISALTMALAR ........................................................................................................... vi ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. vii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................. viii GİRİŞ ............................................................................................................................... 1 BİRİNCİ BÖLÜM TURİZM ve TURİZMİN GELİŞİMİ 1.1 Turizmin Tanımı ve Sınıflandırılması ........................................................................ 5 1.1.1 Turizmin Tanımı ve Özellikleri ..................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Turizmin Sınıflandırılması ............................................................................. 9 1.1.2.1 Katılanların Sayısına Göre Sınıflandırılma ...................................... 10 1.1.2.2 Seyahat Amaçlarına Göre Sınıflandırılma ....................................... 10 1.2 Dünyada ve Kazakistan’da Turizmin Gelişimi ........................................................ 13 1.2.1 Dünyadaki Turizmin Gelişimi ..................................................................... 13 1.2.2 Kazakistan’da Turizmin Gelişimi ................................................................ 20 1.3 Sistem Yaklaşımıyla Turizm .................................................................................... 26 1.3.1 Turist Gönderen Bölge ................................................................................. 28 1.3.2 Transit Bölgeler ........................................................................................... 29 1.3.3 Turist Kabul Eden Bölgeler ......................................................................... 30 İKİNCİ BÖLÜM BÖLGESEL KALKINMADA TURİZM ve KAZAKİSTAN’IN BÖLGESEL KALKINMA PLANLARI 2.1 Bölgesel Kalkınma Kavramına Genel Bir Bakış ...................................................... 31 2.1.1 Bölge Kavramı .......................................................................................... 31 2.1.2 Bölge Planlaması ve Bölgesel Kalkınmada Stratejik Planlamanın Önemi . 36 2.1.3 Bölgesel Dengesizlikler ve Nedenleri .......................................................... 38 2.2 Bölgesel Kalkınma Kuramları .................................................................................. 40 2.2.1 Keynesyen Bölgesel Büyüme Modeli .......................................................... 41 ii 2.2.2 Neo-Klasik Bölgesel Büyüme Modeli ......................................................... 42 2.2.3 Endojen Bölgesel Kalkınma Modeli ............................................................ 43 2.2.4 Cazibe Merkezi Modelleri ........................................................................... 49 2.2.5 Yeni Ekonomik Coğrafi Modelleri ............................................................. 50 2.3 Kazakistan’ın Bölgesel Ekonomik Kalkınma Stratejisi ............................................ 51 2.3.1 Yenilikçi Politikası ....................................................................................... 52 2.3.1.1 Serbest Ekonomi Bölgeleri ve Sanayi Bölgeleri ............................. 53 2.3.1.2 Kümelenmeler .................................................................................. 54 2.3.1.3 ‘’30 Kurumsal Lider’’ Devlet Programı ......................................... 54 2.3.1.4 Bilimsel Parklar ................................................................................ 55 2.3.2 Ulusal Fon .................................................................................................... 56 2.4 Bölgesel Kalkınmada Turizm Sektörünün Yeri ve Önemi ....................................... 56 ÜÇÜNCÜ BÖLÜM KAZAKİSTAN’IN SOSYO-EKONOMİK YAPISINA GENEL BAKIŞ 3.1 Kazakistan’ın Konumu ............................................................................................. 60 3.1.1 Coğrafi Konumu ........................................................................................ 60 3.1.2 İklimi ve Bitki Örtüsü ................................................................................ 61 3.1.3 Demografik Yapısı .................................................................................... 64 3.1.4 İdari Bölgesel Yapısı ................................................................................. 65 3.2 Kazakistan’ın Ekonomik Yapısını Değerlendirme ................................................... 72 3.2.1 Genel Ekonomik Durumu .......................................................................... 72 3.2.2 Kazakistan’ın Ekonomik Sektörleri ........................................................... 73 3.2.2.1 Sanayi Sektörü ................................................................................. 73 3.2.2.2 Tarım ve Hayvancılık ....................................................................... 75 3.2.2.3 İnşaat ................................................................................................ 76 3.2.2.4 Finans Sektörü .................................................................................. 76 3.2.2.5 Ulaştırma ve Haberleşme ................................................................. 79 3.3 Turistik Güzergah ..................................................................................................... 83 3.3.1 Kültürel-Tanıtım Turları ............................................................................ 83 3.3.2 Hac Turları ................................................................................................. 87 3.3.3 Çevre Gezileri ............................................................................................ 88 3.3.4 Kaplıcalar-Sağlık Turları ........................................................................... 91 3.3.5 Buz Pateni ‘‘Medeu’’ Spor Tesisi ............................................................. 93 3.3.6 Alpin Kayak ‘‘Çimbulak’’ Merkezi .......................................................... 93 iii 3.3.7 Atlı Geziler ................................................................................................ 93 3.3.8 Balık Severler İçin Özel Geziler ................................................................ 94 3.3.9 Av Turları .................................................................................................. 95 DÖRDÜNCÜ BÖLÜM KAZAKİSTAN’IN TURİZMİNE DAYALI BÖLGESEL KALKINMA MODELİNİ BELİRLEMEYE YÖNELİK ARAŞTIRMA 4.1 Kazakistan’da Alternatif Turizmi Geliştirmeye Yönelik SWOT Analizi ................. 96 4.2 Kazakistan’ın Turizm Potansiyeli ............................................................................. 97 4.3 Kazakistan Turizminin Gelişiminde Karşılaşan Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri ..... 100 SONUÇ ......................................................................................................................... 103 KAYNAKÇA ............................................................................................................... 107 ÖZGEÇMİŞ ................................................................................................................. 119 iv TABLOLAR LİSTESİ Tablo 1.1 Turizmde En Çok Harcayan ülkeler, 2011 ....................................................... 15 Tablo 1.2 Turist Kabul Eden Ülkeler-Milyon kişi, 2010/2011 ......................................... 15 Tablo 1.3 Dünyada En Fazla Turizm Geliri Elde Eden Ülkeler-Milyar $ ...................... 16 Tablo 1.4 Uluslararası Turist Sayılarının Bölgelere Göre Dağılımı (milyon kişi) ............ 16 Tablo 1.5 Asya Bölgesine Gelen Turistlerin Ülkeye Göre Dağılımı ................................ 20 Tablo 1.6 Kazakistan Turizmi İle İlgili Genel Göstergeler, 2009-2011 ........................... 21 Tablo 1.7 Dış Aktif Turizm Dağılımı, 2009-2011, (kişi) .................................................. 22 Tablo 1.8 Dış Pasif Turizm Dağılımı, 2009-2011, kişi ..................................................... 22 Tablo 1.9 Seyahat Amaçlarına Göre Dağılımı, 2009-2011, kişi ....................................... 23 Tablo 1.10 Kazakistan’da Mevcut Seyahat Acentesi ve Hizmet Sunulan Turist sayısı, 2009-2011 ...................................................................................
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