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FINLAND IN FIGURES 2016 ISSN 2242−8496 (pdf) ISBN 978−952−244−560−5 (pdf) ISSN 0357−0371 (print) ISBN 978−952−244−559−9 (print) Product number 3056 (print) Contents and Sources Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery ...... 2 Sources: Natural Resources Institute Finland (luke.fi), Finnish Food Safety Authority Evira (evira.fi), TNS Gallup Food and Farm Facts Ltd (tns-gallup.fi) Construction ...... 4 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi) Culture and the Media ...... 5 Sources: Statistics Finland (stat.fi), Ministry of Education and Culture (minedu.fi), The National Library of Finland (nationallibrary.fi), MediaAuditFinland Oy (mediaauditfinland.fi), Finnish Film Foundation (ses.fi) Education ...... 6 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi) Elections ...... 7 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi) Energy ...... 9 Sources: Statistics Finland (stat.fi), Finnish Energy (energia.fi) Enterprises ...... 10 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi) Environment and Natural Resources ...... 11 Sources: Statistics Finland (stat.fi), National Land Survey of Finland (maanmittauslaitos.fi), Finnish Environment Institute (ymparisto.fi), Finnish Meteorological Institute (fmi.fi), Ministry of the Environment (ymparisto.fi), Metsähallitus (metsa.fi) Financing and Insurance ...... 13 Sources: Statistics Finland (stat.fi), NASDAQ OMX Helsinki Ltd. (nasdaqomxnordic.com), Bank of Finland (bof.fi) Government Finance ...... 15 Sources: Statistics Finland (stat.fi), Ministry of Finance (vm.fi), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (formin.fi) Health ...... 17 Sources: Statistics Finland (stat.fi), The National Institute for Health and Welfare (thl.fi) Housing ...... 18 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi) Income and Consumption ...... 20 Sources: Statistics Finland (stat.fi), Natural Resources Institute Finland (luke.fi), The National Institute for Health and Welfare (thl.fi) Justice ...... 22 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi) Labour Market ...... 23 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi)

finland_in_figures_2016.indd 2 23.5.2016 13:56:52 Contents and Sources Manufacturing ...... 25 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi) National Accounts ...... 26 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi) Population ...... 29 Sources: Statistics Finland (stat.fi), National Land Survey of Finland (maanmittauslaitos.fi), Finnish Immigration Service (migri.fi), Ministry of Employment and the Economy (tem.fi) Prices and Costs ...... 35 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi) Science, Technology and Information Society ...... 37 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi) Social Protection ...... 38 Sources: The National Institute for Health and Welfare (thl.fi), Finnish Centre for Pensions (etk.fi) Trade ...... 39 Sources: Statistics Finland (stat.fi), Finnish Customs (tulli.fi) Transport and Tourism ...... 41 Sources: Statistics Finland (stat.fi), Helsinki Region Transport (hsl.fi), VR Group Ltd (vrgroup.fi), Finnish Transport Agency (liikennevirasto.fi), Finavia Corporation (finavia.fi), Finnish Transport Safety Agency Trafi (trafi.fi) Wages, Salaries and Labour Costs ...... 44 Source: Statistics Finland (stat.fi) Foreign Countries ...... 46 Sources: UN, Demographic Yearbook, Population and Vital Statistics Report (unstats.un.org); UN, The State of World Population (unfpa.org); Eurostat (ec.europa.eu/eurostat); CIA, The World Factbook (cia.gov); World Bank, World Development Indicators (worldbank.org); ILO, ILOSTAT Database (ilo.org/ilostat); OECD, Economic Outlook (oecd.org); IMF, World Economic Outlook (imf.org)

Symbols

* preliminary data . . data not available or too . category not applicable uncertain for presentation, - magnitude nil or subject to secrecy

A horizontal or vertical line drawn across a time series indicates substantial breaks in the homogeneity of a series

Finland in Figures as online service: stat.fi/finlandinfigures

finland_in_figures_2016.indd 1 23.5.2016 13:58:05 2 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Farms

Farms Average arable Organic farms Average arable land area land area of an % of organic farm No ha No all farms ha 2005 69 517 33.0 4 296 5.8 34.4 2006 69 071 33.3 3 966 5.7 36.5 2007 66 938 34.4 3 896 5.6 38.2 2008 65 802 35.0 3 811 5.5 39.4 2009 64 175 35.9 3 967 5.9 41.2 2010 1) 59 483 39.0 3 939 6.1 43.4 2011 58 283 40.0 4 036 6.6 45.8 2012 55 816 41.0 4 260 7.2 46.4 2013 54 398 41.5 4 215 7.4 48.9 2014 52 775 43.0 4 180 7.9 50.9 2015 50 999 45.0 4 251 8.3 52.8

1) From 2010, agricultural and horticultural enterprises Production sectors of farms, 2015

Crop production

Milk production

Other cattle farming

Pig and poultry farming

Other production

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Livestock

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1 000 Cattle 926 914 913 912 914 915 Pigs 1 367 1 335 1 290 1 308 1 245 1 235 Poultry 1) 4 232 4 050 3 916 4 290 4 359 4 163 Sheep 126 129 130 136 138 155 Horses 74 76 75 75 75 . . Reindeer 194 196 192 192 187 191 1) Egg-laying hens and chickens

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Agri2 23.5.2016 13:58:05 Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery 3 Self-sufficiency in foodstuffs

Production as % of consumption Product group 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Cereals 97 123 114 115 154 115 Dairy products, fluids 100 129 121 128 165 116 Dairy products, fats 70 75 65 26 80 107 Beef 83 83 79 81 81 82 Pork 109 103 99 100 99 100 Poultry meat 99 103 106 105 103 99 Eggs 117 116 111 115 113 114 Sugar 46 57 36 39 49 33

Forest statistics Forestry land (incl. protected areas) in 2009–2013 totalled 26.2 mil. ha, of which 53% was owned privately, 35% by the state, 7% by companies and 5% by others. The volume of growing stock was 2 356 mil. m3, of which 50% was pine, 30% spruce and 20% non-coniferous.

Industrial roundwood removals Increment and drain of the growing stock Mil. m3 70 Period Incre- Drain ment 60 Total Mil. m3 per year 58 55 50 1970–74 1975–79 67 46 1980–84 73 53 40 78 55 Pulpwood 1985–89 1990–94 82 53 30 1995–99 87 65 2000–04 96 69 20 2005–09 103 67 Logs 2010–14 105 76 10 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015* m3 = cubic metre, solid volume over bark Catches of fish and production of fish farming

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1 000 kg Commercial fishery 126 633 124 240 137 692 143 160 154 254 Recreational fishery 29 201 1) 29 201 24 505 2) 24 505 28 555 Food fish production 3) 11 772 11 275 12 659 13 613 13 322 Total 167 606 164 716 174 856 181 278 196 131 1) 2010 – 2) 2012 – 3) Ungutted fish

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Agri3 23.5.2016 13:58:05 4 Construction Construction Unit 2013 2014 2015 Completed buildings All buildings mil. m3 33.95 33.47 29.94 Residential mil. m3 12.08 11.59 10.77 Commercial and office buildings mil. m3 4.57 4.79 4.70 Industrial buildings and warehouses mil. m3 7.48 6.87 6.50 Other mil. m3 9.82 10.22 7.97 Completed dwellings All dwellings number 29 663 29 246 28 672 Detached houses number 9 712 8 337 7 725 Attached houses number 3 737 3 510 3 508 Blocks of flats number 15 356 17 125 17 221 Other than residential buildings number 858 274 218

Volume index of newbuilding

2010 = 100 140

120

100

60 Other than residential buildings All buildings Residential buildings 40 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 Turnover of construction, year-on-year change

% 45

-15 Civil engineering Construction of buildings Construction -30 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015*

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Const4 23.5.2016 13:58:05 Culture and the Media 5 Public libraries 1)

Unit 2012 2013 2014 2015 Libraries number 828 815 790 765 Collections 1 000 38 764 38 144 37 427 36 500 Loans 1 000 94 908 92 776 90 870 89 219 Borrowers 1 000 2 070 2 041 2 031 1 994 Library visits 1 000 52 838 51 293 50 379 49 357 1) Excl. Åland Books published in Finland 2011 2012 2013 2014 Total of books published 11 404 11 513 10 401 10 352 Books in national languages Non-fiction 5 242 5 229 5 107 4 637 Fiction 1 782 1 830 1 813 1 753 Newspapers and periodicals 2011 2012 2013 2014 Newspapers Dailies (7 – 4 times a week) 48 47 46 46 Non-dailies (3 –1 times a week) 140 136 137 136 Total 188 183 183 182 Circulation, 1 000 2 745 2 547 2 382 2 246 Periodicals 1) 2 933 2 814 2 641 2 471 1) Issued at least 4 times a year Largest newspapers 2012 2013 2014 2015 Circulation Helsingin Sanomat, Helsinki 337 962 313 062 285 223 267 094 Ilta-Sanomat, Helsinki 132 253 118 358 110 226 . . Aamulehti, Tampere 121 135 113 066 106 842 100 231 Turun Sanomat, Turku 99 220 94 185 88 992 84 462 Iltalehti, Helsinki 91 219 77 345 71 195 . . Kaleva, Oulu 72 107 69 540 65 572 60 008 Keskisuomalainen, Jyväskylä 65 327 61 163 57 260 52 672 Savon Sanomat, Kuopio 59 289 57 235 52 934 50 099 Kauppalehti, Helsinki 63 471 57 367 50 747 47 732 In Swedish: Hufvudstadsbladet, Helsinki 43 101 39 662 36 719 30 735 Cinemas

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Cinema halls 283 284 282 294 311 Seats, 1 000 50 49 49 51 48 Premieres 191 176 200 197 202 Visits per inhabitant 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.6

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Culture5 23.5.2016 13:58:05 6 Education Population with educational qualification 1), 2014

Age 15–19 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–64 65–69 Males 70– Total Females 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 1) Population by age group with a qualification from upper secondary schools, vocational schools and colleges, polytechnics or universities Students and qualifications attained

2012 2013 2014 Students 1) Basic comprehensive school education, compulsory education school 539 545 540 477 542 932 Basic education of adults 2 530 2 440 2 112 Upper secondary general education 107 412 105 898 103 914 Vocational and professional education 276 471 I 313 972 321 736 Polytechnic education 139 876 138 880 138 719 University education 169 041 167 179 163 759 Total 1 234 875 I 1 268 846 1 273 172 Qualifications attained Leaving certificates from comprehensive school compulsory education 61 170 59 886 58 009 adult education 408 478 537 Upper secondary general school qualifications 32 002 32 125 32 064 Vocational and professional qualifications 70 803 69 206 71 987 Polytechnic degrees 2) 23 914 24 833 25 002 University degrees 29 357 30 322 31 164 Total 217 654 216 850 218 763 1) Students in education leading to qualifications 2) Incl. second-cycle polytechnic degrees

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Educa6 23.5.2016 13:58:05 Elections 7 Parliamentary elections 2015

Party Votes % Change Seats from 2011 2015 2011 % points KESK 626 218 21.1 5.3 49 35 KOK 540 212 18.2 -2.2 37 44 PS 524 054 17.7 -1.4 38 39 SDP 490 102 16.5 -2.6 34 42 Green League 253 102 8.5 1.3 15 10 LEFT 211 702 7.1 -1.0 12 14 RKP 144 802 4.9 0.6 9 9 KD 105 134 3.5 -0.5 5 6 Other parties 56 402 1.9 0.3 - - Others 16 731 0.6 0.2 1 1 Total 2 968 459 100 200 200 Females 1 264 405 42.6 0.8 83 85 Voting turnout 1) 70.1% (66.9% incl. Finns resident abroad) Explanations: KESK = Centre Party of Finland, KOK = National Coalition Party, PS = The Finns Party, SDP = The Finnish Social Democratic Party, LEFT = The Left Alliance, RKP = Swedish People’s Party in Finland, KD = Christian Democrats in Finland 1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland Voting turnout 1) in parliamentary elections, 1908–2015

% of persons entitled to vote 100

80 Males

Females 40

0 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland * Corrected 13.9.2017

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Elect7 13.9.2017 14:20:51 8 Elections Municipal elections 2012 Party Votes % Party Votes % KOK 545 890 21.9 RKP 117 865 4.7 SDP 487 924 19.6 KD 93 257 3.7 KESK 465 167 18.7 Other parties 21 550 0.9 PS 307 798 12.3 Others 41 358 1.7 Green League 213 100 8.5 Total 2 493 524 100 LEFT 199 615 8.0 Voting turnout 58.3% See page 7 for explanations. Presidential election 2012 1st round on 22 Jan. 2012 2nd round on 5 Feb. 2012 Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Sauli Niinistö 1 131 254 37.0 Sauli Niinistö 1 802 328 62.6 Pekka Haavisto 574 275 18.8 Pekka Haavisto 1 077 425 37.4 Paavo Väyrynen 536 555 17.5 Total 2 879 753 100 Timo Soini 287 571 9.4 Paavo Lipponen 205 111 6.7 Paavo Arhinmäki 167 663 5.5 Eva Biaudet 82 598 2.7 Sari Essayah 75 744 2.5 Total 3 060 771 100 Voting turnout 1) 72.8%, Voting turnout 1) 68.9%, (69.7% incl. Finns resident abroad) (66.0% incl. Finns resident abroad)

Sauli Niinistö was elected President of the Republic in the second round of the elections. 1) Finnish citizens resident in Finland European Parliament elections 2014 Party Votes % Change in votes Number of cast 2014–2009 Euro-MPs % points elected KOK 390 376 22.6 -0.6 3 KESK 339 895 19.7 0.6 3 PS 222 457 12.9 3.1 2 SDP 212 781 12.3 -5.2 2 Green League 161 263 9.3 -3.1 1 LEFT 161 074 9.3 3.4 1 RKP 116 747 6.8 0.7 1 KD 90 586 5.2 1.1 - Others 33 115 1.9 0.1 - Total 1 728 294 100 - 13 Females 840 903 48.7 2.2 7 Voting turnout 41.0% (Finnish citizens resident in Finland) See page 7 for explanations.

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Elect8 23.5.2016 13:58:05 Energy 9 Total energy consumption 2014 *2015 Annual change, % Petajoule (PJ) % 2014 *2015 Wood fuels 339 333 25.6 0.2 -1.8 Oil 310 311 23.9 -2.4 0.4 Nuclear energy 247 244 18.7 -0.1 -1.4 Coal 126 104 8.0 -16.6 -17.7 Natural gas 95 80 6.1 -10.8 -16.4 Hydro power 48 60 4.6 4.5 25.3 Net imports of electricity 65 59 4.5 14.3 -9.1 Peat 59 53 4.1 5.5 -11.0 Wind power 4 8 0.6 43.1 110.8 Other energy sources 53 50 3.8 5.8 -5.4 Total 1 346 1 301 100 -1.9 -3.3 Renewable energy sources 1), % 33.1 34.8 1) Includes, inter alia, wood fuels, hydro and wind power, the biodegradable proportion of recycled fuels Supply and total consumption of electricity

2014 *2015 Annual change, % GWh GWh % 2014 *2015 Hydro power 13 240 16 586 20.1 4.5 25.3 Wind power 1 107 2 334 2.8 43.0 110.8 Nuclear power 22 646 22 323 27.1 -0.1 -1.4 Conventional condensing power 6 310 4 338 5.3 -29.0 -31.3 Combined heat and power, industry 9 495 8 800 10.7 4.7 -7.3 Combined heat and power, district heat 12 635 11 784 14.3 -11.4 -6.7 Total production 65 433 66 165 80.2 -4.2 1.1 Net imports 17 966 16 337 19.8 14.3 -9.1 Total consumption 83 400 82 502 100 -0.8 -1.1

Electricity consumption by sector % 100 Transmission and distribution losses Services and public consumption 80

Households and agriculture 60

40 Industry and construction

0 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015*

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Energy9 23.5.2016 13:58:05 10 Enterprises Enterprises, 2014

Industry (TOL 2008) Enterprises Personnel Turnover % 1 000 % € million % Agriculture, forestry and fishing 80 629 22.2 57 4.0 2 167 0.6 Manufacturing 21 042 5.8 303 21.1 130 284 33.8 Construction 41 827 11.5 154 10.7 28 998 7.5 Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycle 44 342 12.2 246 17.2 116 846 30.3 Transportation and storage 21 580 5.9 125 8.7 23 109 6.0 Accommdation and food service activities 11 687 3.2 58 4.0 6 049 1.6 Information and communication 9 718 2.7 78 5.5 17 862 4.6 Financial and insurance act. 7 267 2.0 42 2.9 - - Real estate activities 24 871 6.8 19 1.3 8 005 2.1 Professional, scientific and technical activities 35 333 9.7 98 6.9 13 254 3.4 Administrative and support service activities 13 970 3.8 118 8.2 10 076 2.6 Human health and social work activities 18 653 5.1 64 4.5 5 582 1.4 Other industries 32 668 9.0 72 5.0 23 665 6.1 All industries 363 587 100 1 434 100 385 897 100

Size of personnel 0 – 9 344 471 94.7 394 27.4 63 799 16.5 10 – 49 15 979 4.4 308 21.5 69 371 18.0 50 – 249 2 554 0.7 249 17.4 85 808 22.2 250 – 499 305 0.1 105 7.3 30 631 7.9 500 – 278 0.0 378 26.4 136 287 35.3

Enterprise openings and closures, 2014

Industry (TOL 2008) Enterprise openings Enterprise closures % of stock of % of stock of enterprises enterprises Wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 4 602 7.8 5 810 9.8 Professional, scientific and technical activities 4 561 8.8 4 845 9.3 Construction 3 640 7.1 4 700 9.1 Manufacturing 1 396 5.3 1 838 6.9 Real estate activities 1 333 5.3 1 123 4.5 Transportation and storage 951 4.0 1 528 6.5 Other industries 12 323 10.4 11 005 9.3 All industries 28 806 8.1 30 849 8.7

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Enter10 23.5.2016 13:58:05 Environment and Natural Resources 11 Geographical data Area, km2, 1.1.2016 Highest point, m Area, total 390 905 Halti 1 324 Land area 303 900 Longest river, km Fresh water 34 544 Kemijoki 500 Sea water 52 461 Largest lakes, km2 Boundaries, km Saimaa 1 393 Sweden 614 Päijänne 1 082 Norway 736 Inarijärvi 1 082 Russia 1 340 Oulujärvi 912 Limit of territorial waters 1 250 Pielinen 895 Total 3 940 Largest islands, km2 Greatest length, km a) Sea Hanko – Utsjoki 1 157 Mainland Åland 689 Greatest width, km Kemiönsaari 545 Närpiö – Ilomantsi 542 b) Inland waters Soisalo 1 540 Lakes with an area of 500 m2 or more total about 168 000, of which around 57 000 with an area of over one hectare. Islands with an area of 100 m2 or more total about 187 000. Protected and wilderness areas on 1 January 2016

Number Area, ha Water, % Protected areas 10 864 2 099 040 20.5 National parks 39 989 242 18.0 Strict nature reserves 19 153 495 1.9 Mire reserves 170 463 321 2.6 Herb-rich forest reserves 47 1 133 1.0 Old-growth forest reserves 90 9 829 2.9 Other state-owned protected areas 201 127 062 30.0 Protected areas on private land 10 244 319 376 53.5 Protected areas on Åland 54 35 582 92.6 Wilderness reserves 12 1 489 114 7.5 In addition, the Act on the Protection of Rapids protects a total of 53 individual rapids, river portions or catchment areas against power station construction. Corresponding acts have been passed on the protection of the Ounasjoki and Kyrönjoki rivers.

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Environ11 23.5.2016 13:58:06 12 Environment and Natural Resources Mean daily temperature (centigrade)

Helsinki Sodankylä (Lapland) 1981–2010 2015 1981–2010 2015 January -3.9 -0.9 -13.5 -14.1 February -4.7 0.9 -12.7 -6.5 March -1.3 2.4 -7.5 -2.3 April 3.9 5.3 -1.3 0.9 May 10.2 9.3 5.3 6.3 June 14.6 13.3 11.6 10.2 July 17.8 16.4 14.5 12.0 August 16.3 17.5 11.7 13.5 September 11.5 13.7 6.2 9.5 October 6.6 6.4 0.1 0.6 November 1.6 5.6 -7.1 -2.5 December -2.0 3.3 -11.7 -8.9 °F = 9/5°C + 32 Air emissions

Unit 1990 2000 2010 2013 2014 Greenhouse gas 71.3 70.0 75.9 63.3 59.1 emissions, CO2 eq. mil. tons Carbon dioxide 1) mil. tons 52.6 52.8 59.0 47.4 43.4 250 81 67 48 44 Sulphur (as SO2) 1 000 t Nitrogen oxides 1 000 t 299 228 177 149 140 1) Emissions from combustion of fossil fuels and peat Greenhouse gas emissions and removals

1 000 000 t CO2 equivalent 100

-20

-40 Emissions Removals 1) -60 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 1) LULUCF (land use, land use change and forestry)

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Environ12 23.5.2016 13:58:06 Financing and Insurance 13 Stock of deposits and loans 1) by monetary financial institutions End of year € million Interest rate, % 2014 *2015 2014 *2015 Public’s deposits from the euro area 144 802 148 085 0.33 0.24 Non-financial corporations 2) 30 205 34 873 0.16 0.08 Households 3) 80 812 81 624 0.37 0.30 Loans to the public in the euro area 214 426 216 571 1.75 1.61 Non-financial corporations 2) 68 373 72 502 1.84 1.63 Households 3) 118 807 121 982 1.89 1.73 Housing loans 89 762 91 955 1.44 1.24 Consumer credit and other loans 29 045 30 027 3.29 3.22 1) Euro-denominated – 2) Incl. housing corporations – 3) Incl. non-profit institutions serving households Households’ withdrawals of new housing loans 1)

€ million % 30 000 12 New housing loans, € 25 000 Average interest rate, % 10

20 000 8

15 000 6

10 000 4

5 000 2

0 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 1) Euro-denominated new loans by monetary financial institutions to households in the euro area Financial assets of households

€ billion 350 Other Quoted shares 300 Unquoted shares and Insurance technical reserves other equity Deposits 250 Mutual fund shares

200

150

100

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Finan13 23.5.2016 13:58:06 14 Financing and Insurance Market rates of interest, %

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Euribor rates 1 month 0.570 1.178 0.325 0.130 0.131 -0.072 3 months 0.813 1.393 0.571 0.221 0.209 -0.020 12 months 1.352 2.009 1.108 0.536 0.475 0.167 Yields on government bonds 5 years 1.78 2.08 0.87 0.81 0.51 0.10 10 years 3.00 3.00 1.89 1.86 1.44 0.73

Domestic credit institutions’ profit for the financial year

€ million 3 500 Other domestic credit institutions 3 000 Savings banks Co-operative banks 2 500 Commercial banks 2 000

1 500

1 000

500

0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 OMX share indices (28.12.1990 = 1 000)

1 000 12

OMX Helsinki 9

3 OMX Helsinki Cap

0 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Finan14 23.5.2016 13:58:06 Government Finance 15 Central government budget

Balance Budget 1) Budget Change sheet proposal 2014 2015 2016 2015–2016 Revenue € million € million € million € million % Taxes and other levies 39 270 39 911 40 782 870 2 On income and property 12 328 11 993 12 895 902 8 On turnover 17 459 17 850 17 813 -37 -0 Excise duties 6 563 7 107 7 059 -48 -1 Other taxes 2 760 2 853 2 902 49 2 Other levies 160 109 113 4 4 Miscellaneous revenues 5 180 6 050 5 344 -706 -12 Interest income, income from sale of shares and profits entered as income 2 597 2 768 2 451 -317 -11 Loans, net 6 177 5 135 5 514 378 7 Total 53 225 53 864 54 090 226 0 Expenditure Parliament 153 164 173 8 5 President of the Republic 34 19 13 -6 -30 Prime Minister’s Office 111 186 208 21 11 Ministries: Foreign Affairs 1 378 1 212 1 048 -163 -13 Justice 911 900 906 6 1 Interior 1 289 1 226 1 331 105 9 Defence 2 671 2 659 2 886 227 9 Finance 17 024 16 956 17 527 572 3 Education and Culture 6 593 6 773 6 770 -2 -0 Agriculture and Forestry 2 645 2 662 2 567 -95 -4 Transport and Communications 3 087 2 898 2 932 35 1 Employment and the Economy 3 446 3 521 2 874 -648 -18 Social Affairs and Health 12 895 12 719 13 083 364 3 Environment 283 204 199 -5 -3 Interest on central government debt 1 713 1 766 1 573 -193 -11 Total 54 234 53 864 54 090 226 0 1) Excl. supplementary budget € billion 60 Central government expenditure excl. debt servicing 55

35 Central government revenue excl. net borrowing 30 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Govern15 23.5.2016 13:58:06 16 Government Finance General government deficit and debt

% of GDP 80

60 Debt (EDP) 40

0 Deﬁcit (EDP) -20 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015* Taxes

Taxes, € million Tax rate, % of GDP 2013 *2014 *2015 2013 *2014 *2015 All taxes 88 688 90 021 92 144 43.6 43.9 44.5 State taxes 42 179 42 680 43 419 20.7 20.8 21.0 Income taxes 1) 11 453 11 828 12 127 5.6 5.8 5.9 Value added tax 18 888 18 948 19 019 9.3 9.2 9.2 Municipal taxes 20 726 21 174 21 864 10.2 10.3 10.6 Social security funds 25 616 25 996 26 695 12.6 12.7 12.9 European Union 167 171 166 0.1 0.1 0.0 1) Incl. duty on interests and church tax of corporations Public development cooperation

Net disbursements, € million Bilateral Multilateral Total % of GNI cooperation cooperation 2005 480.1 245.6 725.7 0.44 2006 377.3 283.9 661.3 0.38 2007 426.6 290.2 716.9 0.38 2008 480.6 327.6 808.2 0.42 2009 568.1 358.4 926.5 0.51 2010 633.5 372.9 1 006.4 0.53 2011 615.7 395.5 1 011.2 0.51 2012 619.2 406.0 1 025.2 0.51 2013 618.0 463.1 1 081.1 0.53 2014 706.7 525.3 1 232.0 *0.59 2015* 509.0 417.3 926.3 0.44

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Govern16 23.5.2016 13:58:06 Health 17 Health and medical care 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Physicians 20 734 21 106 21 404 21 714 21 980 Persons per physician 260 257 254 252 249 Dentists 4 878 4 983 5 069 4 976 5 000 Nurses 71 170 72 483 73 664 74 793 77 459 Practical nurses for social and health care 93 946 101 384 108 663 116 815 124 257 Head dispensers 2 532 2 593 2 647 2 707 2 747 Pharmacists 6 684 6 811 6 908 7 012 7 511

Causes of death, 2014 Cause of death Deaths % Males % Females % total Diseases of the circulatory system 19 555 37 9 421 36 10 134 38 Neoplasms 12 270 23 6 476 25 5 794 22 Dementia, Alzheimer’s disease 8 116 15 2 499 10 5 617 21 Accidents (excl. accidental poisoning by alcohol) 2 226 4 1 379 5 847 3 Alcohol related diseases and accid. poisoning by alcohol 1 841 4 1 430 6 411 2 Diseases of the respiratory system 1 837 4 1 149 4 688 3 Diseases of the digestive system 1 253 2 582 2 671 3 Suicides 789 2 599 2 190 1 Other causes of death 4 522 9 2 329 9 2 193 8 Deaths total 52 409 100 25 864 100 26 545 100

Health care expenditure

€ billion (at 2014 prices) 20

0 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014*

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Health17 23.5.2016 13:58:06 18 Housing Buildings and free-time residences

1990 2000 2010 2013 2014 1 000 Residential buildings 1 005 1 111 1 235 1 266 1 278 Detached houses 908 993 1 102 1 128 1 139 Attached houses 53 66 76 79 79 Blocks of flats 45 52 57 58 59 Other buildings 158 189 211 218 220 Free-time residences 368 451 489 499 500 Saunas 1) 932 1 212 1 502 1 581 1 591 1) Only saunas in flats. The total number of saunas was estimated to be over 2 000 000 at the end of 2014. Household-dwelling units by type and size, 2014 1)

Size of household- All Detached Attached Blocks Other or dwelling unit buildings houses houses of flats unknown 1 person 1 098 023 230 981 156 366 683 316 27 360 2 persons 869 454 407 311 117 561 332 303 12 279 3 persons 286 621 157 381 42 602 82 998 3 640 4 persons 235 790 158 058 32 012 43 532 2 188 5 persons 88 521 66 172 8 739 12 736 874 6+ persons 39 371 30 520 2 616 5 562 673 Total 2 617 780 1 050 423 359 896 1 160 447 47 014 1) A household-dwelling unit consists of all persons occupying the same dwelling on a permanent basis Dwelling units by tenure status of dwelling, %

1990 2000 2010 2013 2014 Owner-occupied dwelling 66.8 58.1 59.2 58.4 58.2 Rented dwelling 1) 24.7 30.8 29.3 28.9 2) 31.0 Right of occupancy dwelling . . 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.4 Other form of tenure or unknown 8.4 10.1 10.3 11.4 9.4 1) Includes also official residences and employer-provided dwellings 2) From 2014 onwards also including empty dwellings in buildings inferred as rental buildings Dwelling units

1990 2000 2010 2013 2014 Dwelling units, 1 000 2 210 2 512 2 808 2 906 2 918 Floor area per dwelling, m2 74 77 80 80 80 Floor area per person, m2 31.4 35.3 39.1 39.8 39.9 Persons per room 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 Overcrowding 1), % of dwelling population 30.4 23.7 17.9 17.5 17.5 1) More than one person per room, excl. kitchen

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Asu1:18 23.5.2016 13:58:06 Housing 19 Prices of dwellings 1)

Old blocks of flats New blocks of flats Helsinki region Rest of Finland Helsinki region Rest of Finland Average unencumbered prices per m2, € 2010 3 262 1 592 4 346 2 853 2011 3 402 1 616 4 554 2 960 2012 3 511 1 644 5 003 3 140 2013 3 650 1 673 4 974 3 215 2014 3 684 1 689 5 102 3 373 2015 3 721 1 692 5 122 3 403 1) Data on old dwellings based on the Tax Administration’s data, data on new dwellings based on the largest real estate agents and building contractors Dwellings in old blocks of flats: real price indices

1983 = 100 220

Helsinki region 180

Rest of Finland 140

100

60 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2015 Prices of real estate

Detached houses Plots for detached houses Average price Real price index Average price Real price index €/m2 2005 = 100 €/m2 2005 = 100 2010 1 474 111.1 16.7 128.3 2011 1 508 110.3 18.0 120.4 2012 1 526 107.1 19.6 120.8 2013 1 519 103.9 21.5 122.6 2014 1 505 101.1 23.3 126.3 2015 1 554 101.6 23.2 117.1 Average rents of rented dwellings, €/m2/month

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Government-subsidised dwellings 9.90 10.25 10.64 10.96 11.21 Non-subsidised dwellings 11.54 11.98 12.43 12.84 13.30 All rented dwellings 10.79 11.19 11.61 11.98 12.34

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Asu1:19 23.5.2016 13:58:06 20 Income and Consumption Income recipients 1) by income bracket, 2014

Income bracket, € Income recipients Income Taxes Taxes Males Females Total as % of 1 000 1 000 % % % income – 4 999 217 217 9.4 0.6 0.1 3.2 5 000 – 9 999 204 254 9.9 2.8 0.9 7.2 10 000 –14 999 221 363 12.6 5.6 2.1 8.6 15 000 –19 999 209 310 11.2 6.9 4.2 13.9 20 000 –24 999 200 265 10.0 8.0 6.0 17.0 25 000 –29 999 202 265 10.1 9.8 7.9 18.2 30 000 –39 999 375 378 16.2 19.8 18.3 20.9 40 000 –49 999 244 164 8.8 13.8 14.9 24.4 50 000 –59 999 142 73 4.6 8.9 10.7 27.2 60 000 –79 999 130 54 4.0 9.5 12.6 29.9 80 000 –99 999 49 18 1.4 4.5 6.5 32.8 100 000 – 57 17 1.6 9.8 15.9 36.7 Total 2 248 2 380 100 100 100 22.7 The average income in 2014 was €28 400 per income recipient, €32 737 for males and €24 302 for females. 1) Natural persons Income of households and low income earning

Disposable cash income Persons Low income (in 2014 money) in low income earners of Mean Median Low income limit households population €/household €/consumption unit 1) 1 000 % 2000 30 610 25 546 11 160 534 10.5 2001 31 856 26 504 11 530 596 11.6 2002 32 460 27 555 11 850 582 11.3 2003 33 481 28 129 12 130 573 11.1 2004 35 100 28 672 12 680 612 11.9 2005 35 712 30 177 13 160 656 12.7 2006 36 154 30 331 13 260 679 13.1 2007 37 247 30 658 13 700 721 13.8 2008 37 387 30 964 13 910 728 13.9 2009 38 020 31 920 14 170 697 13.2 2010 38 440 31 879 14 320 728 13.7 2011 38 520 32 166 14 380 704 13.2 2012 38 459 32 135 14 350 635 11.9 2013 38 093 31 855 14 410 690 12.8 2014 37 778 31 764 14 300 674 12.5 1) Consumption units were calculated by giving the members of a household the following weights: the first adult 1, other persons aged 14 or over 0.5 and 0 to 13-year-old children 0.3

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Julki1:20 23.5.2016 13:58:06 Income and Consumption 21 Household expenditure

1980 1990 2000 2010 *2014 % Housing and energy 18.6 18.2 24.6 26.2 27.6 Food and non-alcoholic beverages 21.3 16.3 12.6 12.1 12.7 Transport 14.4 14.5 13.3 12.3 12.0 Recreation and culture 10.2 11.2 11.3 11.8 10.8 Hotels, cafés and restaurants 6.4 7.7 6.4 6.3 6.2 Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house 6.1 5.4 4.9 5.3 5.0 Alcoholic beverages and tobacco 6.3 6.6 5.8 5.0 4.7 Health 2.1 2.9 3.8 4.4 4.4 Clothing and footwear 6.1 5.6 4.6 4.7 4.3 Communications 1.1 1.4 3.1 2.5 2.3 Education 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.4 Miscellaneous goods and services 7.2 9.8 9.2 8.9 9.6 Total consumption expenditure 100 100 100 100 100

Consumption of selected commodities per person

Unit 1980 1990 2000 2010 *2014 Milk products kg 263.0 222.9 193.9 183.3 178.4 Butter kg 11.7 5.5 3.8 3.3 3.9 Margarine kg 7.9 7.6 7.7 . . . . Vegetable oils kg . . 3.3 4.9 5.2 . . Cheese kg 6.6 12.7 16.5 19.0 24.9 Eggs kg 11.7 11.1 10.1 9.8 10.8 Wheat kg 44.7 43.5 45.9 46.4 46.0 Rye kg 20.8 17.4 15.3 16.1 14.9 Rice kg 3.6 4.6 5.6 5.2 4.9 Potatoes kg 59.8 60.3 61.6 . . . . Fresh vegetables kg 21.1 41.5 52.8 56.1 65.3 Fresh fruit kg 49.8 51.0 45.2 47.0 54.2 Meat kg 58.9 64.1 68.3 75.3 76.4 Fish kg . . 18.9 13.2 15.2 . . Coffee 1) kg 10.3 10.2 8.7 8.3 7.8 Sugar kg 36.8 34.7 32.0 31.8 29.5 Tobacco kg 1.2 1.0 0.6 2) 0.6 2) 3) 0.6 Soft drinks and mineral water l . . . . 67.6 61.3 57.3 Beer l 57.3 83.3 78.4 82.8 77.7 Wine l ...... 12.2 11.8 Alcoholic beverages, 100 % l 6.3 7.7 7.0 8.1 3) 7.3 1) Sales of roasted coffee – 2) Incl. untaxable consumption – 3) Final data

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Julki1:21 23.5.2016 13:58:07 22 Justice Criminality 1)

2012 2013 2014 2015 All offences 2) 425 421 424 786 417 898 413 233 Manslaughter, murder, killing 89 95 101 96 Attempted manslaughter, murder or killing 350 264 327 299 Assault 38 231 35 515 32 928 33 874 Sexual exploitation of a child 1 567 1 657 1 416 1 230 Rape 1 009 975 1 009 1 052 Theft 138 750 141 395 143 141 138 295 Robbery 1 616 1 524 1 689 1 550 Damage to property 44 417 43 375 42 516 37 619 Fraud, embezzlement 24 218 26 409 26 590 29 003 Drunken driving 19 134 17 994 17 608 17 638 Offences involving narcotics 20 102 22 656 21 781 23 400 Alcohol-related offences and infractions 4 601 4 474 3 686 3 195 Endangering of traffic safety, traffic infraction 435 271 444 616 410 398 405 779 1) Offences recorded by the police, the Finnish Customs and the Finnish Border Guard 2) Excl. endangering of traffic safety, traffic infraction Bankruptcy petitions

50 000 Personnel 40 000 Bankruptcies

30 000

20 000

10 000

0 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015*

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Justice22 23.5.2016 13:58:07 Labour Market 23 Population by activity

2000 2010 2014 2015 1 000 persons Mean population 5 176 5 363 5 462 5 480 Population aged 15–74 3 901 4 043 4 095 4 102 Labour force 2 589 2 672 2 679 2 689 Employed 2 335 2 447 2 447 2 437 Unemployed 253 224 232 252 Inactive population 1 312 1 372 1 416 1 413 Labour force rate, % 66.4 66.1 65.4 65.6 Unemployment rate, % 9.8 8.4 8.7 9.4 Employment rate (persons aged 15–64), % 66.9 67.8 68.3 68.1 Employed 2 335 2 447 2 447 2 437 Employer Private 1 692 1 774 1 764 1 759 Local government 486 510 534 532 Central government 151 153 139 136 Unknown 610109 Status in employment Self-employed persons and unpaid family workers 319 328 343 346 Employees 2 016 2 120 2 105 2 090 Industry (TOL 2008) Agriculture, forestry and fishing; mining and quarrying 146 115 109 109 Manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning and water supply; sewerage and waste management 473 388 359 352 Construction 147 172 169 168 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 277 298 290 284 Transportation and storage 152 156 140 137 Accommodation and food service activities 77 83 86 87 Information and communication 89 95 100 106 Financial, insurance and real estate activities 70 71 74 73 Professional, scientific and technical activities; administrative and support service activities 184 250 269 278 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 115 117 106 106 Education 165 174 180 179 Human health and social work activities 326 379 402 404 Arts, entertainment and recreation; other service activities 109 139 151 145 Industry unknown 612119 Hours worked, million hours 4 019 3 998 3 956 3 947 23

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Labour23 23.5.2016 13:58:07 24 Labour Market Employees by type of employment relationship

All employment relationships Employees, Permanent Permanent Fixed-term total full-time work part-time work work 1 000 persons 2007 2 178 1 625 205 348 2008 2 207 1 678 196 333 2009 2 123 1 610 201 311 2010 2 120 1 581 209 330 2011 2 143 1 585 222 336 2012 2 146 1 588 222 336 2013 2 127 1 580 217 330 2014 2 105 1 558 218 329 2015 2 090 1 549 219 322 Unemployment 1 000 persons 500

400 Total 300 Males 200

100 Females

0 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015

Unemployment rate, % Long-term Total Males Females 15–24 years unemployed 1) of age % of unemployed 2000 9.8 9.1 10.6 21.4 27.2 2001 9.1 8.6 9.7 19.8 24.0 2002 9.1 9.1 9.1 21.0 23.1 2003 9.0 9.2 8.9 21.8 23.4 2004 8.8 8.7 8.9 20.7 22.3 2005 8.4 8.2 8.6 20.1 23.5 2006 7.7 7.4 8.1 18.7 23.7 2007 6.9 6.5 7.2 16.5 22.7 2008 6.4 6.1 6.7 16.5 18.0 2009 8.2 8.9 7.6 21.5 16.5 2010 8.4 9.1 7.6 21.4 23.4 2011 7.8 8.4 7.1 20.1 22.4 2012 7.7 8.3 7.1 19.0 21.5 2013 8.2 8.8 7.5 19.9 21.0 2014 8.7 9.3 8.0 20.5 22.8 2015 9.4 9.9 8.8 22.4 24.9 1) Unemployed continuously for 12 months or longer 24

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Kansa1:24 23.5.2016 13:58:07 Manufacturing 25 Industrial statistics, 2014

Branch of industry (TOL 2008) Establish- Person- Value added ments nel in production 1 000 € million % Total industry 27 718 327 29 448 100 Mining and quarrying 1 064 6 374 1.3 Manufacturing 23 612 300 24 596 83.5 Food products 1 904 31 2 147 7.3 Beverages 143 3 329 1.1 Textiles 763 3 164 0.6 Wearing apparel 983 2 127 0.4 Leather and related products 193 1 110 0.4 Wood and of products of wood and cork 2 156 19 1 253 4.3 Paper and paper products 276 19 2 575 8.7 Printing and reproduction of recorded media 1 110 8 499 1.7 Coke and refined petroleum products 35 3 138 0.5 Chemicals and chemical products 407 12 1 663 5.6 Basic pharmaceutical products and pharmaceutical preparations 45 4 1 075 3.6 Rubber and plastic products 645 12 934 3.2 Other non-metallic mineral products 1 037 13 918 3.1 Basic metals 197 13 1 439 4.9 Fabricated metal products, except machinery and equipment 4 916 38 2 272 7.7 Computer, electronic and optical products 643 23 1 684 5.7 Electrical equipment 507 16 1 365 4.6 Machinery and equipment n.e.c. 1 631 42 3 362 11.4 Motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers 268 6 399 1.4 Other transport equipment 387 7 400 1.4 Furniture 990 6 285 1.0 Other manufacturing 1 336 4 242 0.8 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment 3 040 18 1 217 4.1 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 1 214 12 3 443 11.7 Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activites 1 828 9 1 036 3.5

Volume index of industrial output (2010 = 100)

Branch of industry (TOL 2008) 2011 2012 2013 2014 *2015 Total industry 101.7 99.6 96.5 94.7 93.9 Forest industry 97.0 94.6 94.5 93.1 92.7 Chemical industry 105.9 106.2 105.8 107.2 108.4 Metal industry 104.4 102.3 96.3 95.0 93.6 Electronics and electrical industry 97.8 90.4 80.3 76.3 72.1

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Manuf25 23.5.2016 13:58:07 26 National Accounts Gross domestic product at market prices

At current prices At 2010 prices Annual change in volume € billion €/inhabitant € billion % 2005 164.4 31 335 179.6 2.8 2006 172.6 32 777 186.9 4.1 2007 186.6 35 280 196.6 5.2 2008 193.7 36 457 198.0 0.7 2009 181.0 33 908 181.7 -8.3 2010 187.1 34 885 187.1 3.0 2011 196.9 36 536 191.9 2.6 2012 199.8 36 903 189.2 -1.4 2013 203.3 37 385 187.7 -0.8 2014* 205.3 37 576 186.4 -0.7 2015* 207.2 37 819 187.4 0.5

National balance of supply and demand

2013 2014* 2015* € billion % € billion % € billlion % Supply GDP 203.3 71.6 205.3 72.1 207.2 73.0 Imports 80.7 28.4 79.5 27.9 76.6 27.0 Total supply 284.1 100 284.7 100 283.8 100 Demand Exports 78.9 27.8 77.6 27.3 77.3 27.2 Consumption expenditure 161.6 56.9 164.5 57.8 166.5 58.7 – private 111.3 39.2 113.7 39.9 115.6 40.7 – government 50.3 17.7 50.8 17.8 50.9 17.9 Gross fixed capital formation 43.1 15.2 42.2 14.8 42.1 14.8 – private 34.6 12.2 33.7 11.8 33.8 11.9 – government 8.4 3.0 8.5 3.0 8.3 2.9 Changes in inventories, acquisition of valuables 0.5 0.2 1.5 0.5 -1.3 -0.5 Total demand 284.1 100 285.8 100 284.6 100 Statistical discrepancy 0.0 -1.0 -0.7

Net national income, % 2012 2013 *2014 *2015 Wages and salaries 1) 50.0 49.7 48.9 48.8 Employers’ social contributions 11.7 11.6 11.4 11.5 Net property and entrepreneurial income 22.6 22.5 23.7 23.6 Taxes on production and imports received by general government less subsidies paid by general government 15.6 16.1 16.0 15.9 Net national income 100 100 100 100 € billion 162.6 165.0 168.1 169.7 1) Including wages and salaries receivable from the rest of the world, net

finland_in_figures_2016.indd National26 23.5.2016 13:58:07 National Accounts 27 Industries’ value added as a proportion of gross value added, %

Industry (TOL 2008) 2011 2012 2013 *2014 Agriculture, forestry and fishing 2.7 2.7 3.0 2.8 Mining and quarrying 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 Manufacturing 18.9 16.9 16.9 16.6 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.2 Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 Construction 6.4 6.6 6.5 6.3 Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 9.8 10.1 9.8 9.6 Transportation and storage 5.1 5.2 5.1 5.0 Accommodation and food service activities 1.6 1.7 1.6 1.6 Information and communication 5.0 5.2 5.3 5.5 Financial and insurance activities 2.7 2.7 2.5 3.0 Real estate activities 11.4 11.6 12.0 12.3 Professional, scientific and technical activities 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.0 Administrative and support service activities 3.3 3.4 3.3 3.3 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.3 Education 5.7 5.9 5.8 5.8 Human health and social work activities 9.5 9.9 10.0 10.0 Arts, entertainment and recreation 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Other service activities 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8 Gross domestic product at basic prices 100 100 100 100 Primary production 2.7 2.7 3.0 2.8 Secondary production 28.9 27.0 27.0 26.5 Services 68.4 70.2 70.0 70.7 Households’ indebtedness rate and savings ratio As % of disposable income 150

120

90 Households’ debts 1)

30 Households’ savings 0

-30 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015* 1) Incl. households’ share of the debts of housing companies

finland_in_figures_2016.indd National27 23.5.2016 13:58:07 28 National Accounts Current account 1)

€ billion % 14 14 12 Current account, € 12 10 Current account, 10 % of GDP 8 8 6 6 4 4 2 2 0 0 -2 -2 -4 -4 -6 -6 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015* 1) According to National Accounts Finland’s foreign assets and liabilities, € billion

Stock at year-end 2012 2013 *2014 *2015 Assets 726.3 648.9 719.1 697.8 Finnish direct investments abroad 145.4 136.2 127.7 129.6 Finnish investments in foreign securities 239.9 251.6 286.1 291.3 Other investments abroad 197.0 167.6 167.3 167.4 Financial derivatives 135.6 85.3 129.2 100.3 Exchange reserves 8.4 8.2 8.8 9.2 Liabilities 702.9 641.1 725.2 705.8 Foreign direct investments in Finland 103.9 95.2 108.4 124.9 Foreign investments in Finnish securities 241.1 263.9 291.6 297.7 Other investments from abroad 230.8 201.7 203.4 186.2 Financial derivatives 127.2 80.3 121.7 97.1

Structural change of the economy % of gross value added 100

Tertiary production 80

Primary production Secondary production 20

0 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2015*

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Ympa1:28 23.5.2016 13:58:07 Population 29 Area, population and GDP by region

Region Land Population Change, GDP 2) GDP per area, km2 % € million capita 3) 1.1.2016 31.12.2015 1) 2015 1) *2013 *2013

Mainland Finland: 302 347 5 458 325 0.3 201 341 100 Uusimaa 9 097 1 620 261 1.1 77 496 132 Varsinais-Suomi 10 663 474 323 0.3 15 900 91 Satakunta 7 819 222 957 -0.5 7 678 92 Kanta-Häme 5 198 174 710 -0.4 5 558 85 Pirkanmaa 12 585 506 114 0.5 17 384 94 Päijät-Häme 5 124 201 615 -0.2 6 057 80 Kymenlaakso 5 149 178 688 -0.7 5 818 86 South Karelia 5 328 131 155 -0.5 4 689 95 Etelä-Savo 14 257 150 305 -0.8 4 327 76 Pohjois-Savo 16 768 248 129 -0.1 7 562 82 North Karelia 17 761 164 755 -0.3 4 775 77 Central Finland 16 703 275 780 0.2 8 186 80 South Ostrobothnia 13 444 192 586 -0.4 5 848 81 Ostrobothnia 7 752 181 679 0.3 6 810 102 Central Ostrobothnia 5 019 69 032 0.3 2 252 88 North Ostrobothnia 36 812 410 054 0.4 12 872 86 Kainuu 20 197 75 324 -1.0 2 069 69 Lapland 92 667 180 858 -0.5 6 060 89 Åland 1 553 28 983 0.2 1 338 126 Whole country 303 900 5 487 308 0.3 202 743 100 1) According to the regional division of 1 January 2016 2) Gross domestic product at market prices. According to the regional division of 1 January 2015. 3) Whole country = 100 Largest municipalities 1)

Population Change, % Population Change, % 31.12.2015 2015 31.12.2015 2015 Helsinki 628 208 1.2 Pori 85 363 -0.1 Espoo 269 802 1.6 Joensuu 75 514 0.6 Tampere 225 118 0.9 Lappeenranta 72 875 0.1 Vantaa 214 605 1.8 Hämeenlinna 68 011 0.1 Oulu 198 525 1.1 Vaasa 67 619 1.0 Turku 185 908 1.1 Rovaniemi 61 838 0.5 Jyväskylä 137 368 1.2 Seinäjoki 61 530 1.1 Lahti 118 743 0.1 Mikkeli 54 665 0.1 Kuopio 112 117 0.7 Kotka 54 319 -0.4 Kouvola 85 855 -0.7 Salo 53 890 -0.6 1) According to the regional division of 1 January 2016

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Popula29 23.5.2016 13:58:07 30 Population Population structure

Unit 1900 1950 1990 2000 2015 Population 31. Dec. Total 1 000 2 656 4 030 4 998 5 181 5 487 Males 1 000 1 311 1 926 2 426 2 529 2 701 Females 1 000 1 345 2 104 2 572 2 652 2 786 Age 0–14 years % 35.0 30.0 19.3 18.1 16.3 15–64 years % 59.6 63.3 67.2 66.9 63.2 65– years % 5.4 6.7 13.5 15.0 20.5 Language 1) Finnish % 86.8 91.1 93.5 92.4 88.7 Swedish % 12.9 8.6 5.9 5.6 5.3 Lappish % 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Russian % 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.3 Other % 0.0 0.1 0.4 1.4 4.7 Marital status Single % 60.9 53.3 45.5 47.1 48.0 Males % 63.0 55.6 49.5 51.1 51.9 Females % 58.9 50.8 41.7 43.2 44.3 Married 2) % 33.6 39.4 41.6 38.3 36.6 Males % 34.0 41.2 42.8 39.2 37.1 Females % 33.2 38.0 40.5 37.5 36.0 Divorced and widowed 2) % 5.5 7.2 12.9 14.6 15.4 Males % 3.0 3.2 7.6 9.7 11.0 Females % 7.9 11.2 17.8 19.3 19.7 Religion Lutheran National Church % 3) 98.1 95.0 87.8 85.1 73.0 Greek Orthodox Church in Finland % 4) 1.7 1.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 Other % 0.2 0.5 0.9 1.1 1.6 Census register or unknown % - 2.8 10.2 12.7 24.3 1) Finnish and Swedish are the official languages 2) In 2015 including registered partnerships 3) Incl. other Lutheran churches 4) Incl. other Orthodox churches Population projection

Unit 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 Population 1 000 5 595 5 769 5 861 5 914 5 979 0 – 14 years % 16.2 15.3 14.8 14.6 14.3 15 – 64 years % 61.2 59.1 58.9 58.1 56.9 65 – years % 22.6 25.6 26.3 27.3 28.8

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Popula30 23.5.2016 13:58:07 Population 31 Age structure of population on 31 December 2015

Total population 5 487 308 Age Males 2 701 490 Females 2 785 818 95– 90–94 85–89 80–84 75–79 70–74 65–69 60–64 55–59 50–54 45–49 40–44 35–39 30–34 25–29 20–24 15–19 10–14 5– 9 0– 4 200 000 100 000 0 100 000 200 000 In 2015 the mean age of males was 40.9 years and that of females 43.6 years. The age of 100 years or more had been reached by 759 persons, 112 of whom were males and 647 females. Vital statistics

2013 ‰ 1) 2014 ‰ 1) 2015 ‰ 1) Live births 58 134 10.7 57 232 10.5 55 472 10.1 Deaths 51 472 9.5 52 186 9.6 52 492 9.6 Excess of births 6 662 1.2 5 046 0.9 2 980 0.5 Immigration 31 941 5.9 31 507 5.8 *26 363 *4.8 Emigration 13 893 2.6 15 486 2.8 *14 464 *2.6 Net immigration 18 048 3.3 16 021 2.9 *11 899 *2.2 Population growth 24 596 4.5 20 483 3.8 15 555 2.8 Marriages 25 119 4.6 24 462 4.5 24 708 4.5 Registered partnerships 373 0.1 333 0.1 318 0.1 Divorces 13 766 2.5 13 682 2.5 13 939 2.5 Divorces from registered partnerships 101 0.0 109 0.0 133 0.0 1) Per 1 000 mean population

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Popula31 23.5.2016 13:58:07 32 Population Life expectancy at birth Years 90

85 Girls

75 Boys 70

60 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015*

Families, 2014

All With With Persons families children children per aged aged family 0–17 0–6 Total of families 1 473 666 573 566 289 134 2.8 Change 2013/2014, % 0.2 -0.4 -0.1 Family type Married couple without children 527 238 . . 2.0 Cohabiting couple without children 211 673 . . 2.0 Married couple with children 429 811 343 428 175 250 4.0 Cohabiting couple with children 121 499 110 069 70 144 3.7 Mother with children 149 668 103 115 40 308 2.5 Father with children 31 342 16 430 3 046 2.3 Registered male couple 1) 991 3 - 2.0 Registered female couple 1) 1 444 521 386 2.6 1) Incl. registered partnerships with children

Families and families with children by the number of children, 2014

Number of children under 18 1234–Total Children in families 247 882 440 974 228 099 138 808 1 055 763 % 23.5 41.8 21.6 13.1 100 Families with children 247 882 220 487 76 033 29 164 573 566 % 43.2 38.4 13.3 5.1 100

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Popula32 23.5.2016 13:58:08 Population 33 Foreigners in Finland

Country of 2014 % Annual 2015 % Annual citizenship change, % change, % Estonia 48 354 22.0 8.0 50 367 21.9 4.2 Russia 30 619 13.9 -0.4 30 813 13.4 0.6 Sweden 8 288 3.8 -1.1 8 174 3.6 -1.4 China 7 559 3.4 6.2 8 042 3.5 6.4 Somalia 7 381 3.4 -1.1 7 261 3.2 -1.6 Thailand 6 864 3.1 5.9 7 229 3.1 5.3 Iraq 6 795 3.1 7.0 7 073 3.1 4.1 India 4 728 2.2 8.1 4 992 2.2 5.6 Turkey 4 508 2.1 2.5 4 595 2.0 1.9 Viet Nam 3 993 1.8 11.1 4 552 2.0 14.0 United Kingdom 4 280 1.9 5.7 4 427 1.9 3.4 Germany 4 044 1.8 1.8 4 112 1.8 1.7 Poland 3 684 1.7 11.0 3 959 1.7 7.5 Afghanistan 3 527 1.6 10.1 3 741 1.6 6.1 Former Serbia and Montenegro 3 360 1.5 6.5 3 535 1.5 5.2 Others 71 691 32.6 8.4 76 893 33.5 7.3 Total 219 675 100 5.9 229 765 100 4.6

Finnish citizenships granted 1)

Country of previous citizenship 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Russia 1 925 1 652 2 477 2 103 2 317 Somalia 131 96 609 814 834 Iraq 78 106 457 521 405 Estonia 243 302 521 436 382 Turkey 132 166 278 271 257 Afghanistan 108 100 510 479 251 Iran, Islamic Republic of 137 145 451 341 219 Sweden 104 196 190 146 186 China 85 88 124 154 161 Myanmar 3 9 56 177 141 Ukraine 92 95 148 157 141 Viet Nam 54 82 150 150 114 Bosnia and Herzegovina 41 67 112 123 113 Former Sudan 17 24 228 252 99 Former Serbia and Montenegro 109 106 297 209 94 Syria 623202216 Others 1 069 1 301 2 459 2 575 2 530 Total 4 334 4 558 9 087 8 930 8 260 1) Persons permanently resident in Finland

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Popula33 23.5.2016 13:58:08 34 Population Population by language

2012 2013 2014 2015 Finnish 4 866 848 4 869 362 4 868 751 4 865 628 Swedish 290 977 290 910 290 747 290 161 Sami 1 900 1 930 1 949 1 957 Other languages: Russian 62 554 66 379 69 614 72 436 Estonian 38 364 42 936 46 195 48 087 Somali 14 769 15 789 16 721 17 871 English 14 666 15 570 16 732 17 784 Arabic 12 042 13 170 14 825 16 713 Kurdish 9 280 10 075 10 731 11 271 Chinese 8 820 9 496 10 110 10 722 Albanian 7 760 8 214 8 754 9 233 Persian 6 422 7 281 8 103 8 745 Thai 6 926 7 513 8 038 8 582 Vietnamese 6 549 6 991 7 532 8 273 Turkish 6 097 6 441 6 766 7 082 Spanish 5 470 6 022 6 583 7 025 German 5 792 5 902 6 059 6 168 Others 61 438 67 289 73 543 79 570 Total 5 426 674 5 451 270 5 471 753 5 487 308

Asylum-seekers and refugees

2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Asylum-seekers 3 088 3 129 3 238 3 651 32 476 Decisions on asylum 1) Asylum granted 169 553 556 501 1 112 Residence permit granted 2) 2) 1 102 2) 1 048 2) 1 271 2) 845 2) 767 No asylum or residence permit granted 1 890 1 738 1 903 2 050 1 307 Family reunification Positive decisions 495 611 875 1 094 986 Negative decisions 1 004 1 030 1 692 1 035 406 Quota 750 750 750 1 050 1 050 1) Decisions of the Finnish Immigration Service 2) Incl. residence permits granted on the basis of humanitarian and subsidiary protection

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Popula34 23.5.2016 13:58:08 Prices and Costs 35 Consumer price index (2010 = 100)

2013 2014 2015 Total index 107.9 109.0 108.8 Food and non-alcoholic beverages 117.7 117.9 115.7 Alcoholic beverages, tobacco 110.3 114.6 116.0 Clothing and footwear 102.6 102.2 102.8 Housing, water, electricity, gas and other fuels 108.5 109.8 110.7 Furnishings, household equipment and routine maintenance of the house 105.4 106.0 105.7 Health 102.9 106.0 109.3 Transport 110.0 109.2 107.1 Communication 85.6 86.8 83.1 Recreation and culture 100.8 101.5 100.2 Education 107.9 114.2 113.1 Restaurants and hotels 111.1 113.8 115.5 Miscellaneous goods and services 108.1 110.7 111.0

Inflation

Consumer price index: average annual change % 20

-5 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Cost-of-living index (1951:10 = 100)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2014 2015 Total index 138 223 651 1 248 1 501 1 751 1 910 1 906

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Prices35 23.5.2016 13:58:08 36 Prices and Costs Coefficients for monetary value

By coefficients it is possible to convert the Finnish markka used in 1960–2001 and the euro of the years 2002–2014 into 2015 euro Year Coefficient Year Coefficient Year Coefficient 2015 = 1.000 2015 = 1.000 2015 = 1.000 1960 0.0232 2003 1.2086 2010 1.0885 1970 1.4402 2004 1.2063 2011 1.0520 1980 0.4925 2005 1.1960 2012 1.0232 1990 0.2568 2006 1.1753 2013 1.0083 2000 0.2136 2007 1.1465 2014 0.9980 2001 0.2082 2008 1.1018 2015 1.0000 2002 1.2192 2009 1.1017

Building cost index

Total index 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2010 = 100 103.3 105.8 106.9 107.9 108.5 2000 = 100 131.7 134.9 136.3 137.7 138.4 1964 = 100 1 196.0 1 225.0 1 237.4 1 249.8 1 256.1 Average annual change, % 3.3 2.4 1.0 1.0 0.5

Selected mean prices

Unit 2012 2013 2014 2015 € Low fat milk l 0.87 1.05 1.10 1.03 Butter 500 g 2.92 3.06 2.87 2.48 Cheese, Emmenthal kg 13.82 14.13 14.02 14.52 Eggs kg 3.93 4.25 3.68 3.60 Potatoes kg 0.82 0.94 0.87 0.93 Macaroni 400 g 0.41 0.43 0.42 0.40 Wheat flour 2 kg 1.24 1.38 1.36 1.35 Wheat bread 500 g 1.78 1.94 1.95 1.90 Minced beef kg 9.65 10.68 10.20 10.11 Beef roast kg 15.87 16.88 16.74 16.21 Chicken breast fillet kg 13.12 13.75 13.47 13.18 Sausage kg 4.44 4.80 4.94 4.64 Rainbow trout, whole kg 8.43 9.04 9.56 8.50 Tuna fish, tinned 150 g 1.71 1.85 1.81 1.75 Coffee, packaged 500 g 4.11 3.56 3.59 3.87 Caster sugar kg 1.06 1.13 1.08 0.93 Tomatoes kg 3.24 3.08 3.25 3.19 Cucumbers kg 2.60 2.77 2.57 2.50 Oranges kg 1.52 1.61 1.53 1.55 Bananas kg 1.58 1.70 1.69 1.67 Petrol 95 E10 l 1.67 1.64 1.61 1.46 Cinema ticket ea. 10.86 11.12 11.22 11.36

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Prices36 23.5.2016 13:58:08 Science, Technology and Information Society 37 Research and development expenditure

2013 2014 2015 1) € million % € million % € million % Business enterprises 4 602 68.9 4 410 67.7 4 391 67.9 Public sector 2) 644 9.6 613 9.4 592 9.2 University sector 3) 1 438 21.5 1 490 22.9 1 484 22.9 Total 6 684 100 6 512 100 6 466 100 % of GDP 3.3 *3.2 *3.1 1) Estimate based on survey responses and other calculations 2) Incl. private non-profit sector 3) Incl. central university hospitals and polytechnics Use of information and communications technology by individuals

2013 2014 2015 % of population aged 16 to 89 Internet users 85 86 87 Uses the Internet several times per day 61 64 68 Smartphone in own use 56 63 69 Made online purchases in the past year 44 48 46

E-commerce of enterprises 1)

Internet sales EDI sales 2) E-commerce, total € billion 2007 17 29 46 2008 18 33 51 2009 15 29 44 2010 17 36 53 2011 19 34 53 2012 12 38 50 2013 15 44 59 2014 15 52 67 % of turnover 2007 6.1 10.0 16.1 2008 6.1 10.9 17.0 2009 6.1 11.6 17.8 2010 6.4 13.2 19.6 2011 6.7 11.7 18.5 2012 3.8 12.3 16.1 2013 5.0 14.3 19.2 2014 4.6 16.4 21.0 1) Excl. enterprises with under 10 employees 2) Electronic data interchange between organizations (EDI)

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Science37 23.5.2016 13:58:08 38 Social Protection Social expenditure by function

Net expenditure, € million 2013 % 2014 % Sickness and health 15 223 24.0 15 421 23.5 Disability 6 927 10.9 6 971 10.6 Old age 23 631 37.3 24 837 37.9 Survivors 1 802 2.8 1 803 2.8 Family and children 6 541 10.3 6 550 10.0 Unemployment 4 597 7.3 5 249 8.0 Housing 1 138 1.8 1 240 1.9 Other social protection 1 814 2.9 1 845 2.8 Administration 1 645 2.6 1 637 2.5 Total of social expenditure 63 317 100 65 553 100 % of GDP 31.1 31.9

Pension beneficiaries

Pension category 2012 2013 2014 2015 Old-age pension 1 174 470 1 209 645 1 237 541 1 270 408 Unemployment pension 10 956 5 257 380 - Disability pension 250 703 241 872 232 475 221 952 Part-time pension 23 511 20 433 16 057 12 066 Special pensions for farmers 20 155 18 304 16 811 15 322 Surviving spouse’s pension 261 135 259 932 258 354 256 330 Orphan’s pension 21 147 20 407 19 638 18 885 Total 1) 1 494 425 1 513 122 1 525 317 1 540 972 1) The same individual may be the beneficiary of more than one type of pension Total pension distribution among pension beneficiaries 1) on 31 December 2015

Total pension All beneficiaries Males Females €/month Number % Number % Number % 0 – 799 166 609 11.7 64 173 9.9 102 436 13.1 800 – 1 099 261 705 18.3 90 809 14.1 170 896 21.9 1 100 – 1 399 297 236 20.8 109 591 17.0 187 645 24.0 1 400 – 1 699 208 312 14.6 91 321 14.2 116 991 15.0 1 700 – 1 999 162 241 11.4 81 252 12.6 80 989 10.4 2 000 – 2 299 109 766 7.7 61 268 9.5 48 498 6.2 2 300 – 2 599 71 040 5.0 42 345 6.6 28 695 3.7 2 600 – 149 851 10.5 104 237 16.2 45 614 5.8 Total 1 426 760 100 644 996 100 781 764 100 Average pension, €/month 1 613 1 829 1 434 1) Finnish residents receiving old-age, disability, unemployment and special farmer’s pension

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Social38 23.5.2016 13:58:08 Trade 39 Domestic trade (TOL 2008)

Volume indices 2010 = 100 140 Sale of motor vehicles 120

Wholesale trade 100

80 Retail trade

60 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015* Enterprises, personnel and turnover, 2014 Enterprises Personnel Turnover % 1 000 % € million % Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 9 393 21 37 15 14 901 13 Wholesale trade 14 586 33 76 31 63 935 55 Retail trade 20 363 46 133 54 38 010 33 Total 44 342 100 246 100 116 846 100 Imports, exports and trade balance

€ billion 80

60 Exports

40 Imports 20 Trade balance 0

-20 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015*

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Trade39 23.5.2016 13:58:08 40 Trade Foreign trade, 2015*

Imports Exports Trade balance € million % € million % € million Main trading partners Germany 8 268 15.2 7 497 13.9 -771 Sweden 6 200 11.4 5 522 10.3 -678 Russia 5 978 11.0 3 158 5.9 -2 820 Netherlands 3 542 6.5 3 555 6.6 13 China 3 967 7.3 2 536 4.7 -1 431 United States 2 012 3.7 3 758 7.0 1 746 United Kingdom 1 709 3.2 2 780 5.2 1 071 France 2 068 3.8 1 505 2.8 -562 Estonia 1 536 2.8 1 569 2.9 33 Poland 1 413 2.6 1 407 2.6 -6 Other countries 17 564 32.4 20 542 38.2 2 978 Total 54 256 100 53 829 100 -427

Trade by country group EU28 33 975 62.6 31 757 59.0 -2 219 Euro area 21 597 39.8 20 175 37.5 -1 421 Rest of Europe 8 135 15.0 6 655 12.4 -1 480 Asia 7 375 13.6 7 884 14.6 509 Africa 645 1.2 1 291 2.4 646 North and Middle America 2 858 5.3 4 670 8.7 1 812 South America 1 134 2.1 1 063 2.0 -72 Oceania 133 0.2 509 0.9 376 OECD 37 545 69.2 38 661 71.8 1 116 Developing countries 8 558 15.8 9 138 17.0 580

Imports and exports by products by activity (CPA 2008) Imports € million % Chemical industry products 10 483 19.3 Electric and electronics industry products 7 664 14.1 Products from mining and quarrying 6 159 11.4 Transport equipment 5 645 10.4 Machinery and equipment 4 814 8.9 Other 19 491 35.9 Exports Forest industry products 11 549 21.5 Chemical industry products 10 103 18.8 Metal and metal products 7 894 14.7 Machinery and equipment 7 277 13.5 Electric and electronics industry products 6 516 12.1 Other 10 490 19.5

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Trade40 23.5.2016 13:58:08 Transport and Tourism 41 Transport

2012 2013 2014 2015 Transport network, km Length of railway line 1) 5 944 5 944 5 944 l 5 923 Length of tram line 96 96 96 96 Length of underground line 21 21 21 21 Highways 2) 78 109 78 093 78 071 77 989 Streets 3) 28 899 29 477 29 809 . . Coastal waterways 10 089 10 096 10 111 10 278 Inland waterways 9 806 9 811 9 812 9 811 Passengers by mode of transport, million Railway transport 69.3 69.3 68.3 l 76.0 Tramway transport 57.2 56.6 55.5 55.2 Underground transport 62.2 63.4 62.1 62.9 Bus and motor coach transport 4) 351.8 352.7 349.4 . . Taxi traffic 58.0 55.8 54.4 . . Water transport 5) 22.1 22.5 22.3 22.7 Air transport 5) 19.2 19.0 19.7 20.1 Domestic passenger transport performance, million passenger km Public transport 13 304 13 250 . . . . Railway transport 4 035 4 053 3 874 l 4 113 Tramway transport 125 124 122 122 Underground transport 401 401 392 396 Bus and motor coach transport 7 540 7 540 7 540 . . Coastal transport 119 126 126 132 Inland water transport 9875 Air transport 1 075 998 . . . . Passenger car transport 65 270 65 115 65 520 66 297 Domestic goods transport performance, million freight tonne km Railway transport 9 275 9 470 9 597 8 468 Road transport 21 927 20 967 20 297 21 433 Coastal transport 2 846 1 903 2 015 2 185 Inland water transport 293 290 294 248 Transit transport via Finland, 1 000 t Rail transit: Eastbound 202 207 130 60 Westbound 4 748 5 191 5 841 4 917 Road transit: Eastbound 2 002 1 620 1 285 782 Westbound ...... Sea transit: Imports 1 938 1 687 1 373 823 Exports 5 162 5 853 6 639 6 355 1) State railway line 2) Roads maintained by the Finnish Transport Agency (31 Dec.). Ramps and ferry routes excluded. 3) Roads and streets maintained by local authority 4) Includes charter transport but not private transport 5) National and international

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Transp41 23.5.2016 13:58:08 42 Transport and Tourism Motor vehicles

2012 2013 2014 2015 Passenger cars 3 057 484 3 127 399 3 194 950 3 257 581 per 1 000 inhabitants 563 574 584 594 Lorries and vans 508 011 526 098 542 894 560 890 Buses, coaches 14 930 15 536 16 251 16 856 Other 12 293 12 104 11 923 11 718 Total 3 592 718 3 681 137 3 766 018 3 847 045 per 1 000 inhabitants 662 675 688 701 Motorcycles 244 968 251 525 257 094 261 826 Tractors 391 335 399 507 407 874 415 996 Snowmobiles 1) 130 581 135 473 138 798 142 589 1) Excl. Åland Automobile stock 1 000 4 000

3 000 All automobiles

2 000 Passenger cars

1 000

0 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 -15

Road, water and air traffic accidents

2012 2013 2014 *2015 Road traffic accidents Involving personal injury 5 725 5 334 5 324 5 158 Fatal 235 244 208 237 Alcohol-related 542 561 535 500 Deaths 255 258 229 260 Persons injured 7 088 6 681 6 705 6 385 Water traffic accidents 1 407 1 666 1 932 1 948 Deaths 42 47 53 40 Air traffic accidents 21 13 7 14 Deaths 6 7 11 -

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Transp42 23.5.2016 13:58:08 Transport and Tourism 43 Number of overnight stays by foreigners at accommodation establishments 1)

Country of 2014 % 2015 % Annual change, % domicile 2015 Russia 1 339 526 23.5 782 848 14.2 -41.6 Sweden 534 358 9.4 549 870 10.0 2.9 Germany 500 057 8.8 543 294 9.9 8.6 United Kingdom 446 792 7.8 471 869 8.6 5.6 France 215 393 3.8 230 090 4.2 6.8 Japan 192 007 3.4 203 411 3.7 5.9 United States 204 036 3.6 202 546 3.7 -0.7 Estonia 196 277 3.4 188 899 3.4 -3.8 Norway 178 956 3.1 185 995 3.4 3.9 China 128 685 2.3 181 862 3.3 41.3 Other 1 774 253 31.1 1 969 666 35.7 -32.4 Total 5 710 340 100 5 510 350 100 -3.5 1) Accommodation establishments with at least 20 bed places or caravan pitches with electrical connection points, as well as hostels Finns’ leisure trips abroad 1)

Country of 2014% 2015 %Annual change, % destination 2015 Estonia 1 324 000 22.5 1 529 000 24.8 15.5 Spain 756 000 12.9 648 000 10.5 -14.3 Sweden 768 000 13.1 607 000 9.9 -21.0 Germany 256 000 4.4 326 000 5.3 27.3 Russia 237 000 4.0 238 000 3.9 0.4 Greece 203 000 3.5 237 000 3.8 16.7 Italy 265 000 4.5 230 000 3.7 -13.2 Turkey 211 000 3.6 214 000 3.5 1.4 United Kingdom 203 000 3.5 200 000 3.2 -1.5 Norway 129 000 2.2 189 000 3.1 46.5 Other 1 529 000 26.0 1 738 000 28.2 13.7 Total 5 881 000 100 6 156 000 100 4.7 1) Trips with overnight stays in destination country made by the population aged 15 to 84 Travel account

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 *2015 € million Income 2 301 2 745 3 020 3 067 2 706 2 447 Expenses 3 251 3 502 3 805 3 880 3 979 4 114 Net -950 -758 -785 -813 -1 273 -1 667

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Transp43 23.5.2016 13:58:08 44 Wages, Salaries and Labour Costs Index of wage and salary earnings Index Annual change, % 2010 = 100 Nominal Real 2014 *2015 2014 *2015 2014 *2015 Total 109.8 111.1 1.4 1.2 0.4 1.4 Private sector 109.7 111.1 1.6 1.3 0.6 1.5 Local government 109.3 110.2 0.7 0.8 -0.3 1.0 Central government 112.0 113.7 1.9 1.6 0.9 1.8 Males 109.0 110.3 1.3 1.2 0.3 1.4 Females 110.4 111.8 1.6 1.2 0.6 1.4 Index of wage and salary earnings, average annual changes % 25

15 Index of wage and salary earnings 10

0 Index of real wage and salary earnings -5

-10 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015* Total earnings by level of education and age, 2014

€/month 7 000

6 000

5 000

4 000

3 000

2 000

1 000 Age –20 20–24 25–29 30–34 35–39 40–44 45–49 50–54 55–59 60–69

Doctorate or equivalent level Lowest level tertiary tertiary education education Higher-degree level Upper secondary level tertiary education education Lower-degree level Lower secondary tertiary education education

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Wages44 23.5.2016 13:58:09 Wages, Salaries and Labour Costs 45 Total earnings by employer sector and gender, 2014 Employer sector Full-time employees Number Monthly earnings, € Total Males Females Private 931 309 3 380 3 608 3 040 Local government 374 210 3 029 3 502 2 902 Central government 72 629 3 820 4 117 3 481 Total 1 378 148 3 308 3 625 3 003 Total earnings by occupation and gender, 2014 Main category Full-time employees of occupation Number Monthly earnings, € Total Males Females Armed forces 7 778 4 317 4 348 3 780 Legislators, senior officials and managers 49 002 6 066 6 536 5 268 Professionals 308 563 4 223 4 626 3 878 Technicians and associate professionals 322 935 3 343 3 726 3 038 Clerks 104 572 2 673 2 808 2 628 Service workers and shop and market sales workers 247 686 2 492 2 719 2 404 Skilled agricultural and fishery workers 5 540 2 370 2 425 2 302 Craft and related trades workers 137 722 2 978 3 011 2 584 Plant and machine operators and assemblers 106 690 3 010 3 094 2 650 Elementary occupations 82 564 2 288 2 563 2 076 Unknown 5 096 2 994 3 080 2 688 Total 1 378 148 3 308 3 625 3 003 Wages and salaries 1) as % of national income

% 65

35 1991 1994 1997 2000 2003 2006 2009 2012 2015* 1) Including wages and salaries receivable from the rest of the world, net

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Wages45 23.5.2016 13:58:09 46 Foreign Countries Comparative international data

Area Population Population Life growth expectancy 1 000 km2 Million %/year years 2014 2014 2010–2015 2015 Finland 338 5.5 0.5 81 Sweden 450 9.7 0.8 82 Norway 324 5.1 1.3 82 Denmark 43 5.6 0.4 79 Iceland 103 0.3 0.7 83 Argentina 2 780 42.7 1.0 78 Australia 7 692 23.5 1.6 82 Austria 84 8.5 0.4 81 Belgium 31 11.2 0.7 81 Brazil 8 515 202.8 0.9 74 Canada 9 985 35.5 1.0 82 Chile 756 17.8 1.1 79 China 9 597 1 364.3 0.5 75 Czech Republic 79 10.5 0.1 78 Egypt 1 002 86.8 2.2 74 Estonia 45 1.3 -0.3 76 France 552 64.1 0.5 82 Germany 357 81.0 0.1 81 Greece 132 10.9 -0.4 80 Hungary 93 9.9 -0.3 76 India 3 287 1) 1 213.4 1.3 68 Indonesia 1 911 252.2 1.3 72 Ireland 70 4.6 0.3 81 Israel 22 8.2 1.7 82 Italy 302 60.8 0.1 82 Japan 378 127.1 -0.1 85 Latvia 65 2.0 -1.2 74 Lithuania 65 2.9 -1.6 75 Luxembourg 3 0.6 2.2 82 Mexico 1 964 119.7 1.4 76 Netherlands 37 16.9 0.3 81 New Zealand 268 4.5 0.7 81 Nigeria 924 . . 2.7 53 Pakistan 796 188.0 2.1 67 Poland 312 38.0 0.0 77 Portugal 92 10.4 -0.4 79 Russia 17 098 145.0 0.0 70 South Africa 1 221 54.0 1.1 62 Spain 506 46.5 -0.2 82 Switzerland 41 8.2 1.2 83 Turkey 784 77.2 1.7 75 Ukraine 604 43.0 -0.4 72 United Kingdom 242 64.6 0.6 81 United States 9 834 2) 316.1 0.8 80 1) 2012 – 2) 2013

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Wages46 23.5.2016 13:58:09 Foreign Countries 47 Comparative international data

GNP per capita Unem- Inflation Purchasing power ployment USD parity, USD % % 2014 2014 2015 2015 Finland 48 440 40 630 9.4 -0.2 Sweden 61 570 46 870 7.4 0.0 Norway 103 620 67 100 4.4 2.2 Denmark 61 330 46 850 6.2 0.5 Iceland 1) 46 350 1) 41 800 4.0 1.6 Argentina 13 480 . . 2) 7.0 . . Australia 64 600 44 700 6.1 1.5 Austria 49 600 47 380 5.7 0.9 Belgium 47 240 44 090 8.5 0.6 Brazil 11 790 15 570 2) 6.9 9.0 Canada 51 630 44 350 6.9 1.1 Chile 14 910 21 320 6.2 4.3 China 7 400 13 170 2) 4.1 1.4 Czech Republic 18 350 28 740 5.1 0.3 Egypt 3 210 10 280 2) 13.0 11.0 Estonia 19 010 27 490 6.2 -0.5 France 42 950 40 100 10.4 0.0 Germany 47 590 47 460 4.6 0.2 Greece 1) 22 810 1) 27 050 24.9 -1.7 Hungary 13 340 23 960 6.8 -0.1 India 1 570 5 630 2) 4.9 5.9 Indonesia 3 630 10 190 6.0 6.4 Ireland 46 520 42 830 9.4 -0.3 Israel 35 320 33 300 5.3 -0.6 Italy 34 580 35 450 11.9 0.0 Japan 42 000 38 120 3.4 0.8 Latvia 15 250 23 360 9.9 0.2 Lithuania 15 410 26 390 9.1 -0.9 Luxembourg 75 960 65 570 6.4 0.5 Mexico 9 870 16 840 4.3 2.7 Netherlands 51 860 48 860 6.9 0.6 New Zealand 41 070 36 200 5.8 0.3 Nigeria 2 970 5 710 1) 28.5 9.0 Pakistan 1 400 5 090 5.9 4.5 Poland 13 680 24 430 7.5 -0.9 Portugal 21 360 28 370 12.6 0.5 Russia 13 220 22 160 2) 5.2 15.5 South Africa 6 800 12 700 2) 24.9 4.5 Spain 29 390 33 490 22.1 -0.5 Switzerland 84 720 59 160 4.6 -1.1 Turkey 10 830 19 560 10.3 7.7 Ukraine 3 560 8 560 2) 9.3 48.7 United Kingdom 43 390 39 500 5.3 0.0 United States 55 230 55 900 5.3 0.1 1) 2013 – 2) 2014

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Wages47 23.5.2016 13:58:09 48 Foreign Countries General government deficit/surplus and debt

EU Member State Deficit (–) / surplus (+), % of GDP Debt, % of GDP 2016 2013 2014 2015 2013 2014 2015 Austria -1.3 -2.7 -1.2 80.8 84.3 86.2 Belgium -3.0 -3.1 -2.6 105.2 106.5 106.0 Bulgaria -0.4 -5.4 -2.1 17.1 27.0 26.7 Croatia -5.3 -5.5 -3.2 82.2 86.5 86.7 Cyprus -4.9 -8.9 -1.0 102.5 108.2 108.9 Czech Republic -1.3 -1.9 -0.4 45.1 42.7 41.1 Denmark -1.1 1.5 -2.1 44.7 44.8 40.2 Estonia -0.2 0.8 0.4 9.9 10.4 9.7 Finland -2.6 -3.2 -2.7 55.5 59.3 63.1 France -4.0 -4.0 -3.5 92.4 95.4 95.8 Germany -0.1 0.3 0.7 77.2 74.7 71.2 Greece -13.0 -3.6 -7.2 177.7 180.1 176.9 Hungary -2.6 -2.3 -2.0 76.8 76.2 75.3 Ireland -5.7 -3.8 -2.3 120.0 107.5 93.8 Italy -2.9 -3.0 -2.6 129.0 132.5 132.7 Latvia -0.9 -1.6 -1.3 39.1 40.8 36.4 Lithuania -2.6 -0.7 -0.2 38.8 40.7 42.7 Luxembourg 0.8 1.7 1.2 23.3 22.9 21.4 Malta -2.6 -2.0 -1.5 68.6 67.1 63.9 Netherlands -2.4 -2.4 -1.8 67.9 68.2 65.1 Poland -4.0 -3.3 -2.6 56.0 50.5 51.3 Portugal -4.8 -7.2 -4.4 129.0 130.2 129.0 Romania -2.1 -0.9 -0.7 38.0 39.8 38.4 Slovakia -2.7 -2.7 -3.0 55.0 53.9 52.9 Slovenia -15.0 -5.0 -2.9 71.0 81.0 83.2 Spain -6.9 -5.9 -5.1 93.7 99.3 99.2 Sweden -1.4 -1.6 0.0 39.8 44.8 43.4 United Kingdom -5.6 -5.6 -4.4 86.2 88.2 89.2 Tax rate in selected countries, 2014*

Tax revenue as % of GDP/GNP Denmark France Belgium Finland Italy Sweden Norway Germany Greece Spain Estonia United Kingdom Ireland United States 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%

finland_in_figures_2016.indd Wages48 23.5.2016 13:58:09 Suomi Finland

1917 Finland’s independence 1948 Member of the World Bank 1948 Member of the IMF 1955 Member of Rovaniemi the UN 1955 Member of the Nordic Council Oulu

1961 Associate Kajaani member of the EFTA Kokkola 1969 Member of Vaasa Kuopio the OECD Seinäjoki Joensuu 1986 Full member of Jyväskylä the EFTA 0 100 Tampere Mikkeli 1989 Member of Pori the Council Lahti Lappeenranta Hämeenlinna of Europe Turku Kouvola Helsinki 1995 Member of Maarian- the European hamina Union Regional division as on 1 January 2016 Town locations: National Land Survey of Finland

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Printed by: Grano Oy, Helsinki 2016

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FINLAND IN FIGURES 2016 ISSN 2242−8496 (pdf) ISBN 978−952−244−592–6 (pdf) ISSN 0357−0371 (print) ISBN 978−952−244−559–9 (print) Product number 3056 (print)