DOCSLIB.ORG

The Potential of High Heat Generating Granites As EGS Source to Generate Power and Reduce CO2 Emissions, Western Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Potential of High Heat Generating Granites As EGS Source to Generate Power and Reduce CO2 Emissions, Western Arabian Shield, Saudi Arabia Journal of African Earth Sciences 112 (2015) 213e233 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of African Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jafrearsci The potential of high heat generating granites as EGS source to generate power and reduce CO2 emissions, western Arabian shield, Saudi Arabia * D. Chandrasekharam a, b, , A. Lashin c, d, e, f, N. Al Arifi b, A. Al Bassam b, f, M. El Alfy f, g, h, P.G. Ranjith i, C. Varun j, H.K. Singh a a Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, 400076, India b College of Science, Geology and Geophysics Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia c Faculty of Science, Geology Department, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt d College of Engineering, Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia e Geothermal Resources Engineering Group, Sustainable Energy Technologies Centre, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia f Saudi Geological Survey (SGS) Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia g CPSIPW, Prince Sultan Institute for Environmental, Water and Desert Research, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia h GeologyDepartment, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt i Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia j GeoSyndicate Power Pvt. Ltd., Mumbai, India article info abstract Article history: Saudi Arabia's dependence on oil and gas to generate electricity and to desalinate sea water is widely Received 10 August 2015 perceived to be economically and politically unsustainable. A recent business as usual simulation Received in revised form concluded that the Kingdom would become an oil importer by 2038. There is an opportunity for the 22 September 2015 country to over come this problem by using its geothermal energy resources. The heat flow and heat Accepted 23 September 2015 generation values of the granites spread over a cumulative area of 161,467 sq. km and the regional stress Available online 30 September 2015 regime over the western Saudi Arabian shield strongly suggest that this entire area is potential source of energy to support 1) electricity generation, 2) fresh water generation through desalination and 3) Keywords: extensive agricultural activity for the next two decades. The country can adopt a policy to harness this CO2 EGS vast untapped enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) to mitigate climate and fresh water related issues Radiogenic granites and increase the quantity of oil for export. The country has inherent expertise to develop this resource. Desalination © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Agriculture Arabian shield 1. Introduction these countries. According to the World Energy Outlook (WEO, 2014), for each barrel of oil saved in OECD countries, two barrels World primary energy is projected to increase by 36% in 2030 more are consumed in non OECD countries to meet the growing due to the increase in consumption, at the rate of 1.6% per year demand in the transport, electricity and water sectors. The demand between 2013 and 2030. Those countries that depend on oil im- is expected to grow to 104 million barrels per day (mb/d) in 2040 ports, especially non-OECD (Organization for Economic Coopera- from the current 90 mb/d (WEO, 2014). OPEC countries, on the tion and Development) countries, have to struggle to keep the other hand, have a different kind of problem, even though their oil supply demand gap narrow without compromising the economic and gas resources are in surplus. The growing demand in these and industrial growth. About 90% of the world's population lives in countries is for water, due to drastic fluctuations in the microcli- non-OECD countries and future energy demand centres around mate system that lead to an increase in air temperatures and anomalous rain fall patterns (Almazroui et al., 2012). Saudi Arabia consumes 275 L/d per capita of water which is being generated from desalination processes using 134 Â 106 kWh of electricity * Corresponding author. Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Tech- (Chandarasekharam et al., 2014a, b). nology Bombay, 400076, India. E-mail address: [email protected] (D. Chandrasekharam). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2015.09.021 1464-343X/© 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 214 D. Chandrasekharam et al. / Journal of African Earth Sciences 112 (2015) 213e233 1.1. Desalination hydrothermal and enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Nowadays, EGS is attracting attention around the world and will be the future With increase in population growth, the demand for fresh water green and renewable energy source of the future. While the po- from fossil fuel based desalination plants will grow at an alarming tential of hydrothermal systems is site specific and limited, EGS rate (Fig. 1). It has been reported that Saudi Arabia's reliance on sources are unlimited and have enormous potential to provide fossil fuels to generate electricity and generate fresh water through primary energy for electricity generation, for direct applications desalination using the same energy source is economically and like extracting gas from oil sands, green house cultivation and politically unsustainable, and if this trend continues Saudi Arabia dehydration of agricultural products and for the generation of fresh will become an oil importer in the next two decades (Ahmad and water for domestic and agricultural purposes (MIT, 2006; Xu Ramana, 2014), leading to destabilization of the global economy. et al., 2015; Hofmann et al., 2014; Paoletti et al., 2015; Zhang Although reverse osmosis is commonly adopted for desalination et al., 2014a, b). projects around the world, Saudi Arabia still uses the energy- intensive thermal multistage flash distillation process that re- 1.2. Heat mining quires ~10 to 12 TWh to desalinate 1 m3 sea water (Ghaffour et al., 2014). The net quantity of electricity co-generated through this Heat mining technology (also known as hot dry rock technology process is insignificant (Fig. 1) compared to the amount consumed or enhanced geothermal systems) is making considerable advances during desalination process. In addition, ultimately both desalina- and by 2040 this technology will enable countries to generate an tion processes result in significant emissions of CO2 (Ghaffour et al., oversupply of electricity. The USA has initiated the process to 2014). For countries like Saudi Arabia the most efficient and cost provide 100,000 MWe from EGS by 2050 (MIT, 2006; Cladouhos effective method to obtain fresh water through desalination pro- et al., 2012) and France and Australia have already mastered the cess is to adopt technology based on solar or geothermal energy technology. Several countries have initiated EGS projects that are sources (Ghaffour et al., 2014). Although the desalination plants under research and development (R & D) or in commercial stages generate electricity, the unit cost of the power is not cost effective for power production (Table 1) and also for other applications like compared to other energy sources that generate electricity (Ahmad processing oil sands in Canada (Zhang et al., 2014a, b; Xu et al., and Ramana, 2014). This is an alarming situation that should be 2015; Hofmann et al., 2014). An EGS technology feasibility study noted by policy makers. As discussed below, Saudi Arabia's food to generate electricity from abandoned horizontal oil wells is being security is also threatened due to the high cost of energy for the carried out in the Daqing Oil field, China (Zhang et al., 2014a, b). desalination process. The most suitable rocks for EGS are the granites and its co- In addition to its domestic and irrigation purposes, water is also genetic rocks because these rocks are capable of generating enor- required for energy production. The world energy sector consumed mous amounts of radiogenic heat due to the high content of about 583 billion cubic meters of water in 2010 and by 2030 con- radioactive elements like uranium, thorium and potassium. Con- sumption will increase by 85% (IEA, 2012). Demand is directly ditions suitable for EGS is that such rocks should generate tem- linked to population growth and the need to increase economic perature of the order of 150e500 C, and capable of maintaining a growth through industrial activities (IEA, 2012). The most signifi- fluid circulation flow rate of 265 L/s through a network of induced cant water consumers in the power sector are fossil fuel and nu- fractures over an area of 16 km2. The thermal capacity should be clear powered plants. Water is required to irrigate crops to support 250 MWth. The power that could be generated under such condi- biofuel based power plants. Solar photo voltaic (solar pv) plants tions will be about 50 MWe (Potter et al., 2013). Although Saudi need water to clean the panels to maintain output and efficiency in Arabia is currently the leader in oil and gas production and export, countries like Saudi Arabia (Segar, 2014). Solar pv desalination the country's major oil companies are considering options to in- plants operate at 20% efficiency and can generate 5000 cm3/day of crease the quantity of oil and gas exported by reducing the do- fresh water (Ahmad and Ramana, 2014). The water requirement of mestic demand through the use of renewable energy sources. In geothermal power plants is low and they can be use to generate addition the Saudi Government is exploring the possibilities of fresh water for consumption as well to support industrial and using renewable energies like nuclear and solar pv to mitigate agricultural activities. A geothermal source that is inherent to the current and future demand for fresh water for the growing popu- earth system is available in the form of well-established lation, live stock, agriculture and industry. At present Saudi Arabia consumes around 3 mb/day of oil to support its electricity demand that is expected to grow to 8 mb/d in a decade due to the 6% annual increase in population (OPEC, 2014; WEO, 2014).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Saudi Voyager Magazine, Al Wahba Crater, Randa
    TITLE: Sleeping Beauty STANDFIRST: Saudi Arabia’s Al Wahba0 Crater is at the centre of one of the geographic wonders of Saudi Arabia, attracting visitors and academics from around the world. An experience not to be missed, Randa Saab Smith tells Saudi Voyager what to expect. BODY TEXT: The spectacular formations and unique terrain of the volcanic areas of Saudi Arabia have been intriguing Saudi and expatriate adventurers, scientists and explorers for decades. Even so, the volcanoes themselves have only recently begun to pique the interest of volcanologists, having largely gone unnoticed until the past decade, but now drawing interest from around the world. A number of harrats, or volcanic lava fields, cross the Kingdom. The distribution is thought to be associated with early seismic activity over the last 25 million years, and that resulted in a number of fissures splitting the Arabian Peninsula from the African continent and leading to the formation of the Red Sea. The harrats cover a broad area that links Yemen in the south to Syria in the north over a broad sweep of 180,000 square kilometres. The last well-documented eruption in Saudi Arabia occurred in the northern end of Harrat Rahat near Al Madinah in 1256AD and was preceded by significant earthquake activity for several days. Then, fountains of basalt lava spewed from the southeast of Al Madinah, with lava flow slowly advancing toward the city. The eruption would continue for 52 days, when the molten rock started to cool at just 12km away. About half a cubic kilometer of alkali olivine basalt was extruded from a 2.25 km-long fissure during this eruption, and the lava covered a distance of 23 km.
    [Show full text]
  • Conference Program
    CONFERENCE PROGRAM 03-05 March 2020 13th International Geological Conference WWW.SSG-SA.ORG 1 2 Organizers 3 4 Sponsors 5 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS About SSG 2020 ...................................................................................................................................... 13 Organizing Committee ............................................................................................................................ 15 SSG 2020 Scientific Committee............................................................................................................... 17 KEYNOTES ............................................................................................................................................... 25 WORKSHOPS ........................................................................................................................................... 33 Track1. Mining: Mineralogy, Geology, Engineering, and Investment Incentives ................................... 39 Track 2: Stratigraphy, Sedimentology, Basin analysis and Petroleum systems ..................................... 47 Track 3: Hydrology, Environmental and Engineering Geology ............................................................... 57 Track 4: Structural Geology, Tectonics, and Geodynamics .................................................................... 67 Track 5: Geodesy, Geoinformatics, GIS, and Remote Sensing ............................................................... 71 Track 6: Geophysical Exploration: Seismic, Potential Field
    [Show full text]
  • An Abstract of the Thesis Of
    AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Suhail Alhejji for the degree of Master of Science in Geology presented on June 3, 2019. Title: Timing and Composition of Volcanism at Harrat Ithnayn, Western Saudi Arabia. Abstract approved: ______________________________________________________ Adam J.R. Kent Western Saudi Arabia hosts a number of young volcanic fields, known as “Harrats”. Harrats cover a significant proportion of western Saudi Arabia and are associated with significant volcanic hazards. However, the ultimate cause of volcanic activity remains unclear. Younger volcanism (<12 Ma) is clearly represented by the north-south-trending region known as the Makkah-Madinah-Nafud (MMN) line, which consists of three moderate sized volcanic fields: Harrat Rahat, Harrat Khaybar, and Harrat Ithnayn. Harrat Ithnayn is the northern-most and the least studied volcanic field of the MMN line, and it has been suggested that Ithnayn represents the youngest field produced by age progressive volcanism along the MMN line. Harrat Ithnayn is thus a critical piece in the puzzle in determining the causes of the volcanic activity in the MMN line region. This research focuses primarily on investigating the age and composition of the volcanic activity at Harrat Ithnayn and how it changes through time. I apply geochronological, geochemical, and petrological methods to understand the origin and tectonic controls on volcanism in this region. I report new age determinations on 10 lava flows, one sample from the northern part of Harrat Khaybar and 9 samples from Harrat Ithnayn, by the 40Ar-39Ar laser step heating method. All ages are younger than 2 Ma and most of these lavas range in age between ~500 and 120 Ka.
    [Show full text]
  • A Proposed Framework for Resilience to Biological Disasters:The Case of Mers-Cov Threat in a Transient Mass Gathering Event
    A PROPOSED FRAMEWORK FOR RESILIENCE TO BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS:THE CASE OF MERS-COV THREAT IN A TRANSIENT MASS GATHERING EVENT Saud Ali Alshehri A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Cardiff School of Engineering Cardiff University 2015- 2016 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed …………………………………... (Candidate) Date.……………………………. STATMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD. Signed …………………………………... (Candidate) Date.……………………………. STATMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed …………………………………... (Candidate) Date.……………………………. STATMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for interlibrary loans, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed …………………………………... (Candidate) Date.…………………………… I ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, thanks and all praises most go to GOD (Allah), for giving me the opportunity, patience and the ability to complete this study. In completing this research, I am grateful to the following persons and organisations. Firsitly, I would like to take this special opportunity to express my deep gratitude to Saudi Arabia government for supporting me in many ways during four years of this study. Furtheremore, with a deep sense of gratitude, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my main supervisor, Professor Yacine Rezgui, who has continuously given his full support throughout my PhD journey.
    [Show full text]
  • Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia Practical Guide Practical Guide
    SAUDI ARABIA SAUDI ARABIA PRACTICAL GUIDE PRACTICAL GUIDE INTRODUCTION The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was founded in 1932 unifying the regions into one single State. In the heart of the Arabian Peninsula on the Asian continent, its territory of more than 2 million km2 and 13 provinces represent an unexpected land with landscapes never seen before by the Dakar Family. Engaged in a societal transformation program and welcoming major international events (concerts, Formula E, football matches, boxing game…), our country has its own normative system and culture. In order to better understand Saudi Arabia and to prepare your stay, you will find practical information in this short guide. Welcome to the Dakar Rally 3rd Chapter! 1) ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM • Official name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia • Regime type: Monarchy (Saud dynasty) • Administrative capital: Riyadh • State religion: Sunni Islam • Head of State and the government: His Majesty King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Guardian of the Two Holy Places (Mecca and Medina) • Crown Prince: His Royal Highness Crown Prince Mohammed Bin Salman Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud ANKARA EREVAN TURKMENISTAN HisARMENIA RoyalBAKU Highness Prince Abdulaziz Bin Turki Al Faisal Al Saud • Chairman of the General Sports Authority: TADJIKISTAN • President of the Saudi Arabian TURKEYMotorsports Federation: His RoyalACHGABAT Highness Prince Khalid Bin SultanDUCHANBE Al Faisal Al Saud NICOSIA TEHRAN GREECE SYRIA KABUL Crest CYPRUS IRAQ Cashmere LEBANON DAMASCUS West Bank BAGHDAD AFGHANISTAN ISLAMABAD MEDITERRANEAN SEA AMMAN
    [Show full text]
  • Geochronological Dating and Stratigraphic Sequences of Harrat Lunayyir, NW Saudi Arabia
    International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 7(20), pp. 2791-2805, 23 May, 2012 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS DOI: 10.5897/IJPS12.178 ISSN 1992 - 1950 ©2012 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Geochronological dating and stratigraphic sequences of Harrat Lunayyir, NW Saudi Arabia Al-Amri A. M.1*, Fnais M. S.1, Kamal Abdel-Rahman1, Mogren S.2 and Al-Dabbagh M.1 1Department of Geology and Geophysics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2Department of Geology and Geophysics & Empty Quarter Research Chair, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Accepted 4 May, 2012 Harrat Lunayyir is a basaltic volcanic field in NW Saudi Arabia. Lava flows are basaltic to basanitic in composition, and the Holocene flows are alkali olivine basalts. The volcanic field contains about 50 cones that were constructed on Precambrian crystalline rocks along an N-S axis. The dominantly basaltic lavas of Harrat Lunayyir have been divided based on their erosion characteristics into two major units – an older Tertiary unit (Jarad basalt) and a younger Quaternary unit (Maqrah basalt). The Quaternary Maqrah basalt has been subdivided into five stratigraphic subunits, Qm1 and Qm2 forming the Lower Maqrah basalt and Qm3, Qm4, and Qm5 forms the Upper Maqrah basalt. In 2009, a 3-km-long rupture in Harrat Lunayyir and lengthened to 8 km. Satellite radar images suggested that the most likely cause of this fault was magma intruding vertically along a 10-km-long fracture. The regional stress field deduced from the orientation of the observed dike indicates NE - SW tension, which is also indicated by focal mechanism solutions with normal faulting with two major structural trends of NE-SW and NW-SE.
    [Show full text]
  • To Increase Resilience and Thus Ensure Sustainable Urban Development. To
    THE ARAB CITIES RESILIENCE 28 REPORT to increase resilience and thus ensure sustainable urban development. To this end, it is important to define the natural hazards facing Arab cities and the range of existing and emerging risks they will have to confront in order to ensure resilient sustainable development and prosperity in the future. CHAPTER 3 Hazards, exposure and risks 29 03 This chapter provides a general overview of the hazard profile of the region and further Hazards, explores two main hazards: hydrometeorological and geophysical. it also highlights some exposure vulnerabilities and risks that may be expected in relation to the main hazards at both and risks national and urban levels. There is very little disaster-related data available for the region. The occurrence and impact of disasters in terms of losses and damage has also been largely underreported.1 Reliance 3.1 to date has been on two databases: the Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT)2 and the multi-stakeholder initiative on Disaster inventory Management System – Desinventar.3 Hazard exposure The Global Disaster Loss Collection initiative rolled-out by UNiSDR in collaboration with of the Arab UNDP has helped ten Arab countries to implement their own national disaster damage and loss databases. These countries are Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, states: general Palestine, Syria, Tunisia and Yemen. overview Despite some discrepancies between the data sets available in both databases, (while EM-DAT has information about almost all the countries in the region, the Desinventar Table 7 data include more indicators) and pros and cons of each of them, these databases help to Overview of number understand the main hazards faced across the region.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Hazards in Saudi Arabia
    Comp. by: K.VENKATESAN Stage: Proof Chapter No.: 18 Title Name: Ismail_Zadeh_etal Date:30/12/13 Time:11:12:21 Page Number: 243 18 Natural hazards in Saudi Arabia Abdulaziz M. Al-Bassam, Faisal K. Zaidi, and Mohammad T. Hussein 18.1 Introduction serious natural hazard being faced by the cities mostly in During the last few decades the frequency of the occur- central and eastern Saudi Arabia. Flash floods, occasional rence of natural hazards has increased mainly due to the seismic events, and dust storms are the major natural inhabitation of zones prone to natural hazards. Population hazards in Saudi Arabia. According to the EM-DAT pressure has resulted in human settlements in hazardous (http://www.emdat.be/), 14 disasters due to natural hazards environments such as on the flanks of volcanoes as in occurred in Saudi Arabia between 1980 and 2010 claiming Yogyakarta, Indonesia (Chester et al., 2000) or on flood a total of 484 lives and causing over US$1 billion of plains as in the Ganges–Brahmaputra delta (Gracheva and economic damage. Golyeva, 2010) or in low lying or subsiding coastal areas, Arid and semi-arid regions are typically prone to flash which can be seen in parts of Netherlands (Leroy, 2013). floods during rainfall events mainly due to the lack of Natural hazards are threats to life and property only if they vegetation and poor infiltration capacity of the surface occur in populated or inhabited areas. Human intervention soils, which results in the generation of enormous volumes has increased the frequency and severity of disasters asso- of surface runoff.
    [Show full text]
  • Afar - Sud Mer Rouge Et Du Golfe D’Aden : Magmatisme Et Rupture Continentale Felicie Korostelev
    La lithosphère du point triple Aden - Afar - sud mer Rouge et du golfe d’Aden : magmatisme et rupture continentale Felicie Korostelev To cite this version: Felicie Korostelev. La lithosphère du point triple Aden - Afar - sud mer Rouge et du golfe d’Aden : magmatisme et rupture continentale. Géophysique [physics.geo-ph]. Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2015. Français. NNT : 2015PA066341. tel-01263696 HAL Id: tel-01263696 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01263696 Submitted on 12 Feb 2016 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Université Pierre et Marie Curie ED 398 - Géosciences, Ressources Naturelles et Environnement Institut des Sciences de la Terre de Paris Équipe Lithosphère, Structure et Déformation La lithosphère du point triple Aden – Afar – sud mer Rouge et du golfe d’Aden : magmatisme et rupture continentale Par Félicie Korostelev Thèse de doctorat de Géophysique Dirigée par Sylvie Leroy, Frédérique Rolandone et Lapo Boschi Présentée et soutenue publiquement le 23 avril 2015 devant le jury composé de : Éric Debayle Directeur de Recherche CNRS (LGLTPE) Rapporteur Alessia Maggi Professeur (EOST) Rapporteur Claudio Faccenna Professeur (Roma Tre) Examinateur Claudio Rosenberg Professeur (iSTeP) Examinateur Éléonore Stutzmann Physicienne (IPGP) Examinatrice Résumé La jonction triple de type rift-rift-rift des Afars est une région spectaculaire qui relie la mer Rouge, le golfe d’Aden et le rift éthiopien, et où il est possible d’étudier les diffé- rents stades d’extension depuis le rifting actif jusqu’aux marges continentales passives.
    [Show full text]
  • Asthenospheric Flow of Plume Material Beneath Arabia Inferred from S-Wave Travel-Time Tomography
    Asthenospheric flow of plume material beneath Arabia inferred from S-wave travel-time tomography Item Type Article Authors Lim, Jung-A; Chang, Sung-Joon; Mai, Paul Martin; Zahran, Hani Citation Lim, J., Chang, S., Mai, P. M., & Zahran, H. (2020). Asthenospheric flow of plume material beneath Arabia inferred from S-wave travel-time tomography. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. doi:10.1029/2020jb019668 Eprint version Post-print DOI 10.1029/2020jb019668 Publisher American Geophysical Union (AGU) Journal Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Rights Archived with thanks to Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth Download date 11/10/2021 00:59:23 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10754/664542 1 Asthenospheric flow of plume material beneath Arabia inferred from 2 S-wave travel-time tomography 3 4 Jung-A Lim1, Sung-Joon Chang1*, P. Martin Mai2, Hani Zahran3 5 1 Division of Geology and Geophysics, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea 6 2 Division of Physical Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, 7 Thuwal, Saudi Arabia 8 3 National Center for Earthquakes and Volcanoes, Saudi Geological Survey, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia 9 10 Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth on February 25th, 2020 11 Revised on May 27th, 2020 12 * Corresponding author: 13 Sung-Joon Chang ([email protected]) 14 15 Key points: 16 We derive a high-resolution S-velocity model in the Arabian Peninsula and northeastern Africa by 17 inverting 17155 S- and SKS-wave arrivals. 18 An elongated, narrow low-velocity anomaly is found under the Arabian shield extending from Afar 19 to Harrats Ithnayn and Lunayyir.
    [Show full text]
  • THE ARAB CITIES RESILIENCE REPORT Copyright © 2018
    I THE ARAB CITIES RESILIENCE REPORT Copyright © 2018 By the United Nations Development Programme Regional Bureau for Arab States (RBAS), 1 UN Plaza, New York, New York, 10017, USA For the full report, please visit www.arabstates.undp.org/content/rbas/en/home/publications.html or http://www.rbas-knowledgeplatform.org/Products All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior permission of UNDP/RBAS. Cover Design, Layout and Production: Fluid SARL, Beirut, Lebanon www.fluid.com.lb The analysis and policy recommendations of the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Development Programme, its Executive Board Members or UN Member States. The report is the work of an independent team of authors sponsored by the Regional Bureau for Arab States, UNDP. III THE ARAB CITIES RESILIENCE IV REPORT THE ARAB CITIES RESILIENCE REPORT V CITIES ARE WHERE THE BATTLE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT WILL BE WON OR LOST United Nations, The Report of the High-Level Panel of Eminent Persons on the Post-2015 Development Agenda. A New Global Partnership: Eradicate Poverty and Transform Economies Through Sustainable Development. New York: United Nations publication, 2013, p. 17. Contents VII Contents Abbreviations and acronyms VIII Summary X Introduction XIV Chapter I: Conceptualizing urban resilience to natural hazards 1 1.1 Resilience 1 1.2 Urban resilience 2 1.3 Urban resilience to natural hazards 3 1.4 Some background considerations 3 1.5 Resilience-building indicators and targets 7 1.6 Final scoping remark: governance 9 Chapter II: Urban exposure and vulnerability 10 2.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Crust Buried Beneath the Northern Arabian Peninsula: Mineral, Chemical, Geochronological, and Isotopic Constraints from NE Jordan Xenoliths ∗ Robert J
    Earth and Planetary Science Letters 436 (2016) 31–42 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Earth and Planetary Science Letters www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl Cadomian (∼560 Ma) crust buried beneath the northern Arabian Peninsula: Mineral, chemical, geochronological, and isotopic constraints from NE Jordan xenoliths ∗ Robert J. Stern a, , Kamal A. Ali b, Minghua Ren c, Ghaleb H. Jarrar d, Rolf L. Romer e, Matthew I. Leybourne f, Martin J. Whitehouse g, Khalil M. Ibrahim h a Geosciences Dept., U Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75083-0688, USA b Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia c Dept. Geosciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4010, USA d Department of Geology, The University of Jordan, P.O. Box 13633, 11942 Amman, Jordan e GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Potsdam, D-14473, Germany f Department of Earth Sciences and Mineral Exploration Research Centre, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON P3E 2C6, Canada g Department of Geosciences, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, SE-104 05, Sweden h Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: In order to better understand the nature and formation of the lower continental crust beneath northern Received 11 August 2015 Arabia, we studied lower crustal xenoliths brought up by Neogene basalts in NE Jordan. Most of Received in revised form 14 December 2015 these xenoliths are comprised of primary phases plagioclase + two-pyroxenes with magnetite and Accepted 20 December 2015 ilmenite.
    [Show full text]