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Université De Montréal Julius Caesar in Gaul and Germania Université de Montréal Julius Caesar in Gaul and Germania: Strategy, tactics, and the use of aggressive diplomacy as a tool for war Par Patrick Dakkach Département d’histoire, Université de Montréal, Faculté des arts et des sciences Mémoire présenté en vue de l’obtention du grade de la Maitrise En Histoire, option Recherche Mai 2021 © Patrick Dakkach, 2021 Université de Montréal Unité académique : Département d’histoire, Université de Montréal, Faculté des arts et des sciences Ce mémoire intitulé Julius Caesar in Gaul and Germania: Strategy, tactics, and the use of aggressive diplomacy as a tool for war Présenté par Patrick Dakkach A été évalué(e) par un jury composé des personnes suivantes Philippe Genequand Président-rapporteur Christian Raschle Directeur de recherche Michael Fronda Membre du jury Résumé Alors que César et ses écrits ont fait l’objet d’une étude approfondie au cours des deux derniers siècles, comment étudier ses commentaires de manière différente? En utilisant une nouvelle approche mise au point par Arthur M. Eckstein dans son œuvre Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome qui soutient que Rome a conquis de manière opportuniste l'Italie et la Méditerranée orientale à travers une série de guerres défensives ou « d’invitations ». La nouveauté de cette approche est son utilisation des paradigmes de la science politique misant surtout sur le concept de l'anarchie réaliste. En tant que telle, cette thèse utilisera le cadre d'Eckstein et l'appliquera au Bellum Gallicum de César pour montrer que, contrairement à l'historiographie traditionnelle, César n'a pas conquis la Gaule par bellicosité et ambition personnelle, mais plutôt à la suite d'invitation directe de ses alliés gaulois le poussant à intervenir défensivement au nom du bellum iustum. Pour ce faire, un état d’anarchie en Gaule doit être démontré en adhérant au système méditerranéen d’Eckstein. Après quoi, une analyse détaillée du De Bello Gallico de César décrira les cas spécifiques durant lesquels il utilisa de manière opportuniste l'anarchie préexistante à son avantage, avant de finalement se plonger dans les spécificités des «invitations» ainsi que de son utilisation de la diplomatie agressive. Pour y parvenir, nous avons utilisé les commentaires de César comme sources principales, tandis que les travaux susmentionnés d’Eckstein nous ont donné les concepts interprétatifs et la base théorique dont nous avions besoin ; en outre, nous nous sommes appuyés sur plusieurs sources primaires supplémentaires ainsi que sur des études historiques pertinentes. La Gaule ayant été démontrée comme un système anarchique, le modèle d'Eckstein fut appliqué avec succès, et ses résultats mettent en évidence que la bellicosité des Gaulois les uns envers les autres les aveugla du danger romain, chose que César utilisa pour systématiquement intervenir militairement, tout en remplissant les vides de pouvoir qu’il laissa derrière lui. Ce modèle fait preuve d’importance car il nous fournit une explication alternative à la conquête romaine de la Gaule, en se penchant sur la science politique, ouvrant la porte à de vastes autres études, en suivant ce modèle qui reste encore largement inexploré. Mots-clés : Anarchisme, relations diplomatiques, Rome Relations extérieures (510-30 av.J.-C.), César. Jules, De Bello Gallico (58-51 av.J.-C.), Gaule Politique et gouvernement Abstract While Caesar and his writings have been thoroughly studied for the past two centuries, it is time to make use of a new approach pioneered by Arthur M. Eckstein to study him. In his Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome Eckstein argues that Rome opportunistically conquered Italy and the Eastern Mediterranean through a series of defensive wars or “invitations”. What is novel about this approach is its use of political science paradigms, with a heavy emphasis on the concept of the realist anarchy. As such, using Eckstein’s framework and applying it to Caesar’s Bellum Gallicum this thesis shows that Caesar, contrarily to traditional historiography, did not conquer Gaul out of sheer bellicosity and personal ambition, but rather, as a result of a direct invitation from Rome’s Gallic allies to defensively interfere on their behalf in an act of bellum iustum. To do so, we will demonstrate that a state of anarchy exists in Gaul in accordance to Eckstein’s wider Mediterranean system. After which, a detailed analysis of Caesar’s De Bello Gallico will outline the specific instances in which Caesar opportunistically used this pre-existing anarchy to his advantage, before finally delving into the specificities of the “invitations” along with an analysis of Caesar’s use of aggressive diplomacy. To achieve this, we used first and foremost, Caesar’s commentaries as the primary sources, while Eckstein’s aforementioned work gave us the interpretative concepts and theoretical basis we needed; additionally, we drew on multiple supplementary primary sources and the surrounding relevant scholarship. After we demonstrated that Gaul was an anarchic system, we successfully applied Eckstein’s model, and its results clearly showed that the Gauls’ bellicosity against each other blinded them to the Roman danger, which Caesar used to systematically intervene, filling the power vacua left behind in his wake. This model is important because it provides us with an alternate explanation to the Roman conquest of Gaul, using one of history’s sister disciplines, political science. With this approach’s viability proven, it opens the door for vast other studies, in this as of yet, unexplored direction. Keywords: Anarchism, Diplomatic relations, Rome Foreign relations (510-30 B.C.), Caesar. Julius, De Bello Gallico (58-51 B.C), Gaul Politics and government Table of Contents Résumé .......................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................................... 9 List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................................................... 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................ 14 1. Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome: .................................................................... 17 2. Methodology ................................................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 1 – The State of Gaul .................................................................................................................................. 38 1. Defining Gaul ................................................................................................................................................. 39 2. Establishing the Anarchy ................................................................................................................................ 58 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 2 – Anarchy in De Bello Gallico ................................................................................................................. 72 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. 72 1. Book I: ............................................................................................................................................................ 74 2. Book II ............................................................................................................................................................ 84 3. Book III ........................................................................................................................................................... 88 4. Book IV: ......................................................................................................................................................... 91 5. Book V: ........................................................................................................................................................... 97 6. Book VI: ....................................................................................................................................................... 106 7. Book VII: ...................................................................................................................................................... 111 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................................. 120 Chapter 3 – Empire by Invitation and Aggressive Diplomacy ............................................................................
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