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"Industries, Trade and Trading Communities of North Bengal (West Bengal) 1833-1933: a Study of Economic History"

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"INDUSTRIES, TRADE AND TRADING COMMUNITIES OF NORTH BENGAL (WEST BENGAL) 1833-1933: A STUDY OF ECONOMIC HISTORY" THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE NORTH BENGAL UNIVERSITY FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY BY SU.JIT GHOSH UNDER JHE SUPERVISION OF DR. ANANDA GOPAL GHOSH DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL DARJEELING 2010 rJ tS ~ ·O€t, 11L DECLARATION The present Ph.D. Dissertation entitled "Industries, Trade and Trading Communities of North Bengal (West Bengal) 1833-1933: A Study of Economic History" submitted by me for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History from the University of North Bengal, is entirely based on original materials carried out under the supervision of Dr. Ananda Gopal Ghosh, Professor, Department of History, University of North Bengal and that neither this thesis nor any part of it has been submitted in any academic institution for such degree or diploma for me. J.~,_M GfrMirk">h 5~.1-~ Supervisor Candidate (Dr. Ananda Gopal Ghosh) (Sujit Ghosh) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work has grown out of a special interest on "Regional History" in modern times keeping in view the modem trends in historical writings. As an inhabitant of North Bengal, I became very much interested with the Regional Economic History of this region. During the period of my intense investigations, I have been extremely fortunate to have assistance and cooperation from a large number of persons and institutions without which this task could not stand completed. First of all I would pay my deepest sense of gratitude to my Supervisor, Professor Ananda Gopal Ghosh of the Department of History, University of North Bengal, under whose kind supervision this thesis has taken the present form. Despite his busy academic and social assignments, he carved out long hours to lend me persistent guidance. His constant supervision, guidance and inspiration through discussions encouraged and enriched me much to go ahead with this task. I am also grateful to Dr. Kamalesh Chandra Das, (Reader in History, Balurghat College), for his beneficial suggestions. I owe a debt of gratitude to my teachers Professor, Ratna Roy Sanyal, Professor Ichhimuddin Sarkar of the Department of History, North Bengal University. I also thank Dr. Bijoy Kumar Sarkar, my senior and presently Head of the Department of History for his encouragement in the present work. I would like to express my gratefulness for various help which I have received on several occasions by Sree Ashesh Kumar Das, Vivekananda Pally, Siliguri, Sree Chinmayakar Das, Senior Lecturer in Political Science, A.C. College, Jalpaiguri, Sree Parimal Bapari, Senior Lecturer in History, A.C. College, Jalpaiguri, Dr. Sangeeta Das, Senior Lecturer in English, A.C. College, Jalpaiguri, Sree Braja Gopal Ghosh, Assistant Manager of Mugalkata Tea Estate, Sree Manaranjan Guha Roy, an aged old social worker of Haldibari, Coochbehar and Smt. Papia Dutta, Lectutrer, Shamsundar College, Burdwan, Sree Samir Saha, Senior Lecturer in History, Siliguri College. I am thankful to my elder brother Sree Apu Ghosh, Howrah, Sibpur, for his constant encouragement. For this work I owe debt to many people and Institutions and I am grateful to all of them. I have benefited from a number of sources in preparing this dissertation. I am extremely grateful to the learned scholars, academicians and authors whose work I have extensively consulted during the course of my study. I would like to put on record my sincere thanks and gratefulness to all of them. During the long period taken in the making of this work, I had to utilize many traditional sources, relevant records preserved in the West Bengal State Archives, Calcutta, National Library, Calcutta, Cooch Behar State Library, Forest Department Northern Circle, Jalpaiguri, North Bengal University Library, Raiganj College Library, Ananda Chandra College Library, Jalpaiguri, Azad Hind Library, Jalpaiguri, Indian Tea Planters' Association, Jalpaiguri. I express my sense of gratitude to the staff of these institutions for rendering valuable help and cooperation in connection with my research work. I pay my deepest regard to my late father who always inspired me for this work to be completed. I must also acknowledge my gratefulness to Smt. Basabi Ghosh, wife of my supervisor. I am deeply indebted to my wife Mrinmoyee and son Samarjit who sacrificed much of their social life and cooperated with me. My hearty thanks go also to Sree Subir Das Mahanta for composing and formatting the thesis. The errors, if any, have been committed involuntarily. However, the errors in fact and in judgement are, of course, my own. Sujit Ghosh CONTENTS Page No. Acknowledgement INTRODUCTION 01 - 08 CHAPTER-I : Geographical Location and Historical 09 - 43 Profile of North Bengal CHAPTER-II : Condition of Industries, Trade and 44 - 70 Trading Communities Due to Free Entry in these Fields CHAPTER-III :Beginning of New Industries 71- 125 CHAPTER-IV : Growth of other Industries 126 - 202 CHAPTER-V Emergence of Modern Indian 203 - 240 Entrepreneurs CHAPTER-VI : Industrial Canvas in the Opening 241- 283 of the 20th Century CHAPTER-VII : Decline of the Bengalee Entrepreneurs 284 - 306 CHAPTER-VIII :Epilogue 307-315 BIBLIOGRAPHY 316-337 Glossary Dafadar : An officer placed over common watchmen for supervision. Hat : A village market held in specific days in a week. Jotedar : Owner of a considerable area of land for growing crops. Jotes :Big area of land under one management for growing crops. Joteland : Land for growing crops. Khasmahal : Commonly used of estates under public management. Bazaar : A market. DHR : Darjeeling Himalayan Railways. EIR : East India Railway NBSR : North Bengal State Railway. Bepari : Local trader. Ganj : Entrepot town. Bandar : Port, village market. Aratdar : Owner of a godown. Faria : Trading middleman. Paikar :An itinerant petty dealer. Dalal : Trading middleman. Goladar :A merchant who maintained a huge inventory of goods. Ferry :A kind of transport based on riverine transportation. Mahajan : Money lender. Aratiya : Owner of a godown. Mela : Religious fair. Ghat : Bank of a river. Gur :Molasses Pat :Jute Hooka :A smoking apparatus. INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION In recent years, studies in the local history has attracted the attention of professional students of history. About the validity of local history there can hardly be any doubt and its importance lies mainly in its contribution to our understanding of the history of the wider region of which the particular locality forms a part. Local or micro history deals with in-depth study of a locality, a village, a small town, a district or any culturally autonomous region. It provides a manageable geographical framework, approximated by the processes of wider socio economic change of the people and reaction of the masses to the socio-economic and political structure. This study is an attempt at analyzing the economic evolution of North Bengal between 1833 and 1933. 1. Before indicating its scope, one needs clarification of the area of the proposed dissertation. North Bengal had a rich and separate historical importance in Indian history from early ages. This region was familiar with different names, like, Pundrabardhana, Varendrabhumi, Kamtapur, Gour etc. In the historical context, the term North Bengal denoted a wider connotation. Though there was no administrative zone, but the term North Bengal has been used since nineteenth century. After the partition of India, the districts though belonged to Jalpaiguri division of West Bengal State administratively, but unofficially the term North Bengal came to be used in common parlance. Here an attempt has been made to investigate upon this restrictive sense of North Bengal which was under the colonial rule from 1833 to 1933. Though the analysis will remain confined to this restrictive sense of North Bengal, however, we may sometimes concentrate on the study of the neighbouring regions like Sikkim, Bhutan, Nepal and Purnia district of Bihar. Though political and administrative identity of these regions were different but culturally and economically these regions were inter related. 2. The proposed dissertation will attempt to look into the economy of North Bengal and to evaluate the economic development based upon natural resources, agricultural produces, industries, trade and the role of 2 the different merchants and trading communities both foreigners and indigenous from 1833 A.D. to 1933 A.D. It is felt that the case studies at regional I local or micro-level will be helpful in highlighting many untouched corners of the history of this region. It is out of such idea that this work is proposed to be under taken. In fact an overall study on different aspects of economic history of this region during colonial rule is yet to receive scholarly attention. The proposed area of Bengal in the colonial era find little place in the main stream of the economic history. For this reason, a study of this region provides opportunities for investigating the impact of British rule after the passing of the historic Charter Act of 1833. Before the passing of this Act, the socio-economic institutions remained largely unchanged in this region like other parts of the country. Except Maida the economy of this region was subsistence economy. Most of the areas of northern parts of this region were covered with dense forests with thinly populated area. Shifting cultivation, hunting were the basic features of the local people. A slight different picture could be seen in Cooch Behar which was a Native state. Here too agriculture was the main occupation of the people of the state. Same is to be seen in the case of Dinajpur (undivided). In such a backward agricultural condition, this region saw very poor and stagnant economy. In this context, it should be noted that by the passing of the Charter Act of 1833, a new phase began on the economy of our country. The Charter Act brought a major change by abolishing monopoly of the East India Company and opened the climate for free trade.
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