DOCSLIB.ORG

Mahasthangarh: an Underrated History

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Mahasthangarh: an Underrated History Mahasthangarh: An underrated history Introduction Bangladesh, a land with a history that goes way beyond its fifty years of recognition, is studded with beads of culture and rich heritage. Specimens of lucrative literary scriptures and ruins of civilizations that date back to hundreds of years from now are an inseparable part of who we are. Starting from the Mauryan dynasty to the successive emperorship of Gupta, Pala, and the Mughals have left significant imprints on our lives and culture. But with land this fulfilling, comes responsibilities. As citizens of Bangladesh, it is our innate duty to do whatever we can from our stances to preserve these reminiscences of our background. But unfortunately, these historical heritages in our country are far from getting their deserving respect and position as sites of wonder and speculation. Poor management, lack of government initiatives, and a serious lack of awareness in the general population are some of the major issues obstructing the course of development for these sites. We still have a long way to go in ensuring the preservation of landmarks like Mahasthangarh, Paharpur Buddha Bihar, and many other similar historically enriched archeological sites. According to UNESCO, Bangladesh has three landmarks that are of historical and natural significance and are recognized as world heritage. However, if proper flourishment can be ensured, a lot of our historical sites have the potential to gain the same recognition. This report of Antique Tales presented by SDG360 focuses on one such site in particular and the possible measures that can bring it back to the spotlight after hundreds of years. Background of the site Mahasthangarh, located in Shibganj sub-district under the Bogra district, contains the remains of an ancient city named Pundranagara of the kingdom of Pundravardhana. With traces of civilization that dates back to at least the 3rd century BCE, Mahasthangarh was a crucial center and capital for many of the empires that ruled the region over the years. Currently, it is the oldest urban archeological site discovered in Bangladesh so far. Thus, upholding a significant rank in the list of our historical landmarks. The word “Mahasthan'' symbolizes a place that is great and high in respect to its sanctity and importance. And the word “Garh'' etymologically means fort. Measuring 1,525 meters North-South in length, 1,370 meters East-West in breadth, and 5 meters high above ground level, Mahasthangarh presents extensive ruins of a glorious past of about two thousand and five hundred years. From archaeological evidence, it is derived that Mahasthangarh was the provincial capital of the Mauryans, the Guptas, the Palas, and the Feudal Hindu kings of the later periods. Other than the citadel, other ancient ruins found within a radius of 7/8 km testify to the existence of extensive suburbs. Pilgrims and famous travelers from around the world have visited and spoken highly of the city including Yuan Chwang, a famous Chinese pilgrim. The whole area is intricately structured with Hindu, Buddhist, and Muslim sites. The Buddhists were here until at least the 11th century. The ruling of the Buddhist Pala emperors of North Bengal from the 8th to 11th century B.C was the golden period for this city. The city flourished in literature, art, and culture throughout this time range. It is from this period that most of the visible remains belong. According to a Brahmin scripture written in Prakrit, discovered from the ruins, the citadel is assumed to be first constructed under the Mauryan empire in the 3rd century B.C. A mausoleum, a temple site, remnants of an ancient palace with an ancient well the names of these given respectively, Mausoleum of Shah Sultan Mahisawar Balkhi, Bairgir Bhita Parshuram’s Palace, Jiyat Kunda are major attractions of Mahasthangarh. Residential blocks in the eastern rampart area are also the major attractions of Mahasthangarh. Govinda Bhita, where remnants of two Buddhist temples remain is also another highlight of the place. On the opposite side of the Govinda Bhita, on the northern side of the citadel is The Mahasthangarh Archeological Museum. It is a small but well-organized museum that holds a collection of pieces recovered from the archeological site. Statues of Hindu and Buddhist gods and goddesses, delicately crafted Terracotta plaques depicting the daily life of the eras as well as some well-preserved bronze images found in nearby monastery ruins that date back to even the pre-Pala period. The rest of the site is an uneven structure of hillocks and ruins that shed a nostalgic light on its past glory. Overall Situation Analysis Mahasthangarh isn’t exactly what you’d call a crowded tourist site but a healthy amount of visitors drop by every day to get a slight sense of our background and heritage. The archeological museum is well maintained and has strict regulation policies. The pricing of the museum tickets varies for locals and foreigners, being tax inclusive for the latter. The main hillock that presumably was the center of Pundranagar has been surrounded by iron fences and gates that open and close at specific times of the day. An addition of a relatively new cafeteria and sitting arrangements has been made in 2017, making the place far more presentable than it previously had been. However, the previously permitted picnic gathering at the site has been restricted by the authority in charge, significantly lowering local visits and school excursions This decision has a two-way impact since a lot of these events can cause reckless damages to the property as well. Although there has been a series of developmental changes to Mahasthangarh over the years, there still are a few aspects that need immediate attention for the site to further stand out. For instance, there are no residential hotels or even good restaurants in the area. Tourists have to travel a distance of 30 minutes by car to reach the town of Bogra for decent food and a sober place to stay. Tourists who are not local might find this as a serious hindrance to their visit. But even the locals here have a story to share. Since Mahasthangarh is typically a village, people living in the area are usually seen selling street food to the visitors or items of handicrafts and booklets about the stories and myths surrounding the citadel. However, upon asking them whether this source is sufficient enough to maintain their livelihood, they’ve all answered in the negative. Unfortunately, even official employees of the place have similar concerns. One of whom (they’d prefer to keep their anonymity) stated that they have been working for the site for 16 consecutive years now and still haven’t gained recognition as a permanent staff member. On top of that, their salary is claimed to be only 9,100 BDT a month which is hardly enough to maintain an entire family. Lastly, it is worth mentioning that the personnel in charge of the location were unwilling to share any information about the site or their system of preservation with us. There were no foreign visitors’ insight and the natives estimated a very small scale of the tourists being from outside the country. There were no guides available to help visitors navigate through the site, officially appointed or otherwise. Scope for Betterment and Improving Upon proper observation and analysis of the overall situation of the place, we’ve summed up our remarks into a few points. Implementation of which by the government, NGOs, and the mass population will result in manifold flourishment of Mahasthangarh as a crucial historical heritage. ● Vast publicity of the site and its historical standpoint on both national and international level is very significant for Mahasthangarh to gain its rightful recognition. ● The authority in charge of the site should be well budgeted and it is to be made sure that the plans sketched out ensure effectiveness. Employees should be well paid. ● A few official tourism guides should be appointed who will ensure the maximum satisfaction of the visitors who are interested in knowing the vastly inclusive background of the ruins. ● Local businesses that depend on the site should be provided more scopes and opportunities to showcase their products that are unique to the place thus sparking a special interest in tourists and visitors while simultaneously improving the local economy. ● Quality residential hotels and restaurants should be established within a few miles radius of the spot so tourists don’t have to hesitate on that note. Conclusion All in all, Mahasthangarh has come a long way since its discovery but there’s still a long road ahead. It is one of the few shreds of evidence that show how far back we go as a race and a socio-cultural unit. The marvelous stories centering this city, the splendid work of arts, terracottas, literary scriptures make this a place worth preserving at all cost. But it all comes down to a general awareness and a sense of importance for the place. As long as we are conscious of the weight these archeological ruins hold and work towards it, solutions for these sites to gain recognition will pave their way. Bangladesh is a country full of wonders. Every city, every division has its unique tale. All we need is to realize the potential that hides, not so subtly, within this land..
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chronological Progression of Interior Design in Bangladesh with the Historical Faction and Scrutiny
    Historical Research Letter www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-3178 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0964 (Online) Vol.28, 2016 Chronological Progression of Interior Design in Bangladesh with the Historical Faction and Scrutiny I. Ar. Farhana Choudhury Lecturer, Department of Interior Architecture Shanto-Mariam University of Creative Technology, Bangladesh Abstract The study of Interior design history of any country or society signifies the history of the settlement of the particular society, their level of culture, heritage, education and environment. All these several aspects indicate to the originality, individuality or in a word, ‘Design statement’ of a specific society or country. Design Statements serve to present intent, process, and the context of work. They vary from addressing a specific piece to looking at the overall approach to design. Design as art is the choices that the designers make in distinguishing themselves from others, and design statement is an expression of those choices. Modern human life actually evolves within one Interior to another. One may prefer open air, cool breeze or open field once or twice in a day but for resting purpose, executing household works, education or profession the ultimate destination is within the enclosure of four walls, a ceiling and a floor, an Interior space. So Interior plays a very significant role in life. There are several perspectives to look into Interior design; it may be professional or armature but the important aspect of it is impossible to escape. Keywords: Interior, Design, Chronology, Historical Progression, Movement Introduction: The study of interior design, its development and changes throughout the history, is a useful way both to explore the past and to make sense of the spaces in which modern life is lived.
    [Show full text]
  • Bangladesh and Global Studies-V English Version
    Published by National Curriculum and Textbook Board 69-70, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka - 1000 (All rights reserved by the publisher) Trial Edition First Edition: November, 2012 Co-ordinator Md. Mosle Uddin Sarkar Graphics Jahirul Islam Bhuiyan Shetu Design National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka To be distributed at free of cost by the Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh under the Third Primary Education Development Program Printed by: M ousumi Of-set Press, 38 B anglabazar, Dhaka. Preface A child is a great wonder. There is no end to the thinking about his world of wonder. A child is a subject of contemplation for educationists, scientists, philosophers, child specialists, psychologists --- for all intellectuals. The fundamental principles of child education outlined in the National Education Policy 2010 have been defined in the light of these contemplations. The curriculum for primary education has been revised to develop a child on the potentials of his innate amazement, unbounded curiosity, endless joy and enthusiasm. Keeping in view the all round development of children's potentials, the aims and objectives of primary education were modified in the revised curriculum of 2011. Utmost considerations have been given to the total development of children in determining all aspects beginning from the terminal competencies of primary education to the subject wise terminal competencies, grade and subject based achievable competencies and finally to the learning outcomes. On this perspective each step of the curriculum
    [Show full text]
  • Study on Export Potentials of Trade in Services in Bangladesh: Identifying the Opportunities and Challenges
    Study on Export Potentials of Trade in Services in Bangladesh: Identifying the Opportunities and Challenges Prepared for Strengthening Institutional Capacity and Human Resources Development for Trade Promotion Project, (EIF Tier-1) WTO Cell, Ministry of Commerce, Government of Bangladesh Prepared by: Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute (BFTI) July, 2018. Overall Supervision Ali Ahmed Chief Executive Officer Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Amitava Chakraborty Nesar Ahmed Director Senior Research Fellow Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Research Team Dr. Khairuzzaman Mozumder Dr. Mohammad Abu Yusuf Joint Secretary, Customs Specialist, Ministry of Finance. USAID- BTFA Project Md. Shoaib Akhtar Tapas Chandra Banik Senior Research Associate Research Associate Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Md. Majbahul Islam Benazir Rahman Research Associate Assistant Research Associate Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Khaleda Begum Maiful Nahrin Rahman Swarna Assistant Research Associate Assistant Research Associate Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Recardo Saurav Antor Halder Farhana Rifat Junior Research Associate Junior Research Associate Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Sadia Afroz Junior Research Associate Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Administrative Support Md. Ahsanul Islam, Mohsena Hossain Asst. Director, P.O. to CEO Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Shafiqul Islam Zahidur Rahman Office Assistant Messenger Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute Bangladesh Foreign Trade Institute FOREWORD Trade in services, at present, plays an important role in the socio-economic development, of any country, and has also been acting as a catalyst for inclusive and sustainable development of a country. Services sector, nowadays, is contributing the largest share to the world Gross Domestic Product (GDP), around 70 percent of it.
    [Show full text]
  • “RASH MELA” DAL 13 Al 27 NOVEMBRE 2018 TOUR DI 15 GIORNI in BANGLADESH
    BANGLADESH IL PAESE DELLE MAREE “RASH MELA” DAL 13 al 27 NOVEMBRE 2018 TOUR DI 15 GIORNI IN BANGLADESH L’antico mondo di oggi, crocevia di popoli di distinte origini indiane e sino-tibetane convergenti sul Golfo del Bengala, in coincidenza del Rash Mela e del bagno sacro Snaan dei fedeli induisti UN VIAGGIO RIVOLTO A… Viaggiatori interessati a scoprire una meta genuina, il cui Highlight sono i bengalesi, un popolo che riesce a coinvolgere il visitatore per vivere la loro cultura, ma soprattutto per il piacere di stare insieme e conoscere. IMPEGNO: Medio con voli aerei interni TIPOLOGIA: tribale, culturale e naturalistico La più grande foresta di mangrovie alofitiche al mondo soggette a maree, un intrico fittissimo di canali nell’immenso delta formato dai fiumi Brahmaputra e Gange (ecosistema naturale unico e habitat dell’elusiva tigre del Bengala) fino alla base di colline che scendono gradatamente dai contrafforti himalayani, antichi mondi con vie di comunicazione fluviali e lacustri che svelano civiltà di provenienza, siti storici e religiosi di interesse culturale, villaggi d’origine tibeto-birmana, abitati da popolazioni autoctone che abitano capanne di bambù sparse nella foresta indossando tradizionali capi colorati. Sono queste le principali caratteristiche del Bangladesh, un paese ricco di tradizioni e fiero di conservare le proprie diversità etno- culturali, che sopportando catastrofi naturali ha saputo rinnovarsi con il sorriso, secondo il principio che l’arcaico è contemporaneo FOCUS DEL VIAGGIO • VIAGGIO NATURALISTICO Navigazione
    [Show full text]
  • Considerations for Archaeological Tourism Development to Boost Socio-Economic Upliftment: Analysis on Mahasthangarh, Bangladesh
    The Business and Management Review, Volume 10 Number 5 December 2019 Considerations for archaeological tourism development to boost socio-economic upliftment: Analysis on Mahasthangarh, Bangladesh Mst.Khadijatul Kobra Mahbub Parvez Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Faculty of Business and Entrepreneurship, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh. Md. Ibrahim Khalil Department of Management, Business Studies Group National University, Bangladesh. Keywords 4A Development, Attraction Management, Local Economy, Community Tourism, Sustainable Development, Archaeological Commodities. Abstract Archaeological tourism is a prospective tourism form to exalt the country branding. The objective of this study is to underline the 4A development to advance Mahasthangarh as an exceptional tourism destination in Bangladesh. The authors have used focus group discussion and observation method among the stakeholders to find out the eventual results. A longitudinal study among the local community people has been conducted to find out how community archaeology can develop local economy. Disability access, funding mechanisms, signage and language, new technology and social media, marketing and merchandise, coordinated tourism strategies, environmental impact assessment, logistics for visitors, scope for vernacular arts and crafts possibly in the form of merchandise sold to the tourists, strategies to mitigate the harmful effects by increased footfall of tourists are included in a brief. Sustainable 4A development can lead the destination to reach a new height as well as can support the concerned authorities to ensure adequate facilities and flexible accessibility to open the door of archaeological tourism at Mahasthangarh which can turn the rural economy of this area into an emblematic example. 1. Introduction Tourism is one of the many external forces influencing the direction and options for local development (Gildea, Sligo, & Hanrahan, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Lesser Known Capitals of Bengal Before Calcutta: Geo-Historical Aspects of ‘Tanda’
    International Bilingual Journal of Culture, Anthropology and Linguistics (IBJCAL), eISSN: 2582-4716 https://www.indianadibasi.com/journal/index.php/ibjcal/issue/view/3 VOLUME-2, ISSUE-1, ibjcal2020M01, pp. 1-10 1 Lesser Known Capitals of Bengal Before Calcutta: Geo-Historical Aspects of ‘Tanda’ Samir Ganguli Email: [email protected] ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Tanda was the capital of Sultan Sulaiman Khan Karrani, ruler of Received : 26.07.2020 Bengal, Bihar and Orissa, who shifted his capital from Gaur to Received (revised form): Tanda in 1565. It was the capital of Bengal Sultanate till 1576, till 01.09.2020 Sulaiman’s son Sultan Daud Khan, declared independence from the Accepted : 10.09.2020 Mughals which cost him his kingdom and life in 1576. Tanda Paper_Id : ibjcal2020M01 continued as the capital of Bengal Subah of the Mughals till Raja Man Singh shifted the capital to Rajmahal in 1595, except for a short period when the capital was shifted by Munim Khan to Gaur. Keywords: Tanda was located at the juncture of Padma and Bhagirathi, about Tanda 15 miles from Gaur. As happened with many cities of Bengal Bengal Sultanate located on the banks of rivers, Tanda also suffered the same fate. Sulaiman Karrani Tanda does not exist today. It is said that in about 1826, the city Daoud Karrani was destroyed by floods and disappeared into the river. Capitals of Bengal Lesser known capitals 1.0 Introduction Bengal has a rich history over hundreds of years and there have been many capitals in this part of the country over this period.
    [Show full text]
  • Come Across the Capital of Vijayasena: Uncover the Forgotten Historic Landscapes
    COME ACROSS THE CAPITAL OF VIJAYASENA: UNCOVER THE Kakonhat-Dhamkura-Amnura pacca road crossed the site and it divides the site from the abut plain land (Figure 2). In addition, two more mounds have been locat- DISCUSSION supporting pillar of the house which is the three worlds and the one that remains of city. Besides the capital Kodom Sohor, there was another city of Vijaynagara which more than 40 years. FORGOTTEN HISTORIC LANDSCAPES investigation, Rai Bahadur Ramaprasad Chanda visited the area in 1910 (Chanda into two parts now. The site is approximately 4km north-east to Rajabari haat bus ed opposite to the dairy firm which is called Grass Research Centre. In Rajabari vita the mountains" (Majumder 1929). During the survey, two mammoth decorated could have been used as a cantonment and port city. Vijayanagara was consummate 12. They opined some relevant matters which are obligatory to be a city for a place. Mizanur Rahman* 2005) and A K M Zakaria in the mid 70's (Zakaria 2007) whereas both did the job in stoppage and it is almost 6km far from Rajshahi bypass bus stoppage towards the 1-4, plethora of artifacts like potsherds,brickbats, Shiblingya/Gouripattaya (mea- There is no quintessential piece of material to prove Vijayanagara as the pillar had been discovered in the crop field (Photo 1). No one should be confused place as a naval defense system besides artillery because of proximity of large Such as, use of iron, agriculture, skilled artisan community, trade and culture historical approach7 (Trigger 2002). Besides this, collectors from the Varen- north-west.
    [Show full text]
  • Shiura-Cowries-2017.Pdf
    Mongolia 32 Munkhtulga Rinchinkhorol Protection of Cultural Heritage in Urban Areas in Mongolia: The Tonyukuk Complex Nepal 39 Suresh Suras Shrestha Post Earthquake Conservation, Reconstruction and Rehabilitation in Nepal: Current Status New Zealand 44 Matthew Schmidt Heritage on the Move: The preservation of William Gilbert Rees ca. 1864 Meat Shed Pakistan 50 Tahir Saeed A Recent Study of the Individual Buddha Stone Sculptures from Gandhara, Pakistan Philippines 56 Louella Solmerano Revilla Restoration of the Roman Catholic Manila Metropolitan Cathedral-Basilica Sri Lanka 62 D.A. Rasika Dissanayaka Vee bissa and Atuwa: Earthen Structures for Storing Granary in Ancient Sri Lanka Uzbekistan 66 Akmal Ulmasov Preliminary Results of Archaeological Researches in the Karatepa Buddhist Center (in 2014-2015) Vanuatu 70 Richard Shing Identifying Potential Archaeological Sites on a Polynesian Outlier – Preliminary Archaeological Survey on Futuna Bangladesh Bangladesh Especial Type of Ancient Pottery — Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW) — Obtained from Mahasthangarh (Ancient Pundranagara) Archaeological Site and Its Chronological Study Mst. Naheed Sultana, Regional Director Department of Archaeology, Ministry of Cultural Affairs, People’s Republic of Bangladesh Introduction: Clay or mud is a very ordinary thing, and is thickened grooved rim. There was very fine fabric, with a simply a covering of earth. This earth has been used for grey and black core and well levigated. Both surfaces were different works since 10,000 years ago (Singh 1979:1). For very smooth, and were black slipped, red slipped and our existence in the world, in our daily work, in religious, polished. cultural, and political works and royal orders, clay has been the greatest and most invaluable material.
    [Show full text]
  • FORTS of INDIA Anurit Vema
    FORTS OF INDIA Anurit Vema *'9^7” \ < > k M' . J . i <• : » I : *='>- >.% ' nvjl •I' 4 V FORTS OF INDIA ■ \ f 0i''. ■ V'; ’ V, , ’' I* ;■'; -r^/A ci''> Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2018 with funding from Public.Resource.org https ;//archive.org/details/fortsofindiaOOverm JAMkJ AND KASHMIR FORTS OF INDIA HARIPARBAT "■^Arot kangraW ( HIMACHAL\ ( .' V.PRADESH\ r PUNJAB S', i /kalibangM ■'HARYANA > ARUNACHAL PRADESH ®BIKANER \ A/ D. AMBEr'f-X UTTAR PRADESH^-'... ® RAJASTHAN ® X BHUTAN "'^JAISALMER BHARATPUR’^A--^,@i®/lGPA JODHPUR /^^f^ji^^i^gff^j^^®^ BWALIOR J ALLAHABAD ROHTASGARH MEGHALAYA 'KUMBHALGARH % (\ \ ®\ .0 n.1 , ^•‘-fCHUHAR BANGLADESH TRIPURA f AHtAADABAD ■> WEST C !■ r'^' BENGALI, ® .^XHAMPANIR MADHYA PRADESH FORT WILLIAM A RAT /rOABHOlV ®MANDU BURMA DAULATABAD MAHARASHTRA ^AHMEDNABAR SHJVNER ARABIAN SEA mSINHGARH l\i,' WARANGAL 1, bay of BENGAL RAIGARH . /“ < GULBARGA GOLKUNOA PANHALA BIJAPUR JANDHRA PRADESH VUAYANAGAR iKARNATAKA| '^RJRANGAPATAM m GINGEEi LAKSHADWEEP (INDIA) SRI \ INDIAN OCEAN LANKA 6aMd upon Survey ol India outline map printed in 1980 The territorial waters of India extend into the sea to a distance of twelve nautical miles measured from the appropriate base line. ) Government of India copyrliht. The twundary of Meghalaya shown on this map is as interpreted from the Nonh-Eestern Areas (Reorgamaaiion) Act, 1971. but has yet to be venlied 49 FORTS OF INDIA AMRIT VERMA PUBLICATIONS DIVISION MINISTRY OF INFORMATION AND BROADCASTING GOVERNMENT OF INDIA May 1985 {Jyaistha 1907) ® Publications Division Price
    [Show full text]
  • Riversand Religion
    7. Language, Literature and Sacred Texts Rivers and Religion 8. Religious Practices and Behaviours of Indigenous People Registration Fees Connecting Cultures of South and Southeast Asia 9. Performing Arts, Fairs and Festivals South and Southeast Asian Association for the Study of Culture and Religion 10. South and Southeast Asian Diaspora in the World: Religiosity and Survival announces 8th SSEASR CONFERENCE Dhaka, Bangladesh | June 13-16, 2019 A Regional Conference of the International Association for the History of Religions (IAHR) Member of CIPSH under the auspices of UNESCO Organized by Hosted by Center for Archaeological Studies (CAS), ULAB University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh (ULAB) e registration amount covers conference day meals, dinners, coee/tea, conference publications, pickup service at the airport and entry to cultural and heritage sites and cultural evenings. It does not include air Rivers played a very crucial role in the development of world civilization. is is also true for tickets, hotels and other personal expenses. South and Southeast Asia, where thousands of rivers are connecting culture and thought. e vast watercourse of the River Ganga in South Asia, and that of the Mekong River in Southeast Asia, along with other major rivers in the region, determined the culture, belief system and philosophical thoughts of the region for several millennia. e homogeneity of We are working on 2 days/1 night Pre-Conference Tour (World heritage Buddhist site culture and religious practices therein is seen today largely due to the ow and sacredness of Paharpur/Mahasthangarh/Mainamati/Sonargaon) and 3 days/2 nights Post-Conference Tour South and Southeast Asian rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction
    Introduction Since Independence my parents had migrated to India and roamed the different parts of the newly created West Bengal and ultimately setded in Raiganj, now the district headquarters of North Dinajpur, West Bengal. The town, then a tiny one, is now gradually becoming important as a commercial and political centre. A lot of building activities is taking place in Kamajora and the town is s^vly moving towards north. My interest in this study of the archaeological materials of the district developed with the frequent discovery of antiquities from the town itself and the adjacent areas. Since boyhood days I have heard of discoveries of antiquities by the local people while digging ponds. As a school boy I did have the opportunity or permission to see and visit these icons. While conducting my exploration in recent times I have enquired about these discoveries and found no suitable answer from the authority or local inhabitants from where the images had been found. The disappearance of rich heritage of the district and the negligence of the authority to preserve the antiquities gave me a grave shock. Therefore, later on, as a student of early medieval history of India, I always desired to bring into the notice of the scholarly world the hitherto unnoticed invaluable antiquities from the area, and hereby appeal to both district and state authorities to take necessary action for the preservation of these items. I was very much impressed by G.S. Sardesai's account. A couple of decades ago he wrote, "...just as Indian pohtics of the ftiture can no longer remain isolated or confined to each communal unit, so the history of Indian nation of the fiiture is going to be a united whole in which individual units will merge themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Development Strategies of Tourism in Bangladesh
    A STUDY ON DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES OF TOURISM IN BANGLADESH Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree Of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN MARKETING By Md. Khairul Islam Registration No.: 0151 Session: 2009-2010 Under the supervision of Professor Dr. Md. Ashraful Islam Chowdhury DEPARTMENT OF MARKETING FACULTY OF BUSINESS STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF DHAKA DHAKA-1000 JANUARY, 2014 Dhaka University Institutional Repository Ph.D. Thesis Dedication This work is dedicated to My parents and My beloved wife A Study on Development Strategies of Tourism in Bangladesh i Dhaka University Institutional Repository Ph.D. Thesis DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work which is being presented in the thesis entitled “A Study on Development Strategies of Tourism in Bangladesh” is an authentic record of my own work. I also declare that the matter contained in this thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any other university or institution. Md. Khairul Islam Session: 2009-2010 Department of Marketing Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka A Study on Development Strategies of Tourism in Bangladesh ii Dhaka University Institutional Repository Ph.D. Thesis CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “A Study on Development Strategies of Tourism in Bangladesh” submitted by Md. Khairul Islam to University of Dhaka, is a record of original research work carried out by him under my supervision in the Department of Marketing, University of Dhaka. Md. Khairul Islam has worked sincerely for preparing his thesis and the thesis is, in my opinion, worthy of consideration for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Marketing in accordance with the rules and regulations of this University.
    [Show full text]