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Stifter-Kardinälen zeigt, dass die künst- The Multilingual Muse: Transcultural lerischen Tätigkeiten der Kardinäle unter Poetics in the Burgundian , Martin V. die erneute Etablierung des rö- ed. Adrian Armstrong and Elsa Striet- mischen Papstsitzes bezweckten. man. Cambridge: Legenda: Modern Der letzte Beitrag, verfasst von Marco Humanities Research Association, 2017, Pellegrini, konzentriert sich auf die wei- pp. xi, 190. tere Entwicklung und insbesondere auf As recent research has amply demonstrat- die Gestalt des Kardinalskollegiums vom ed, we gain a much better understanding ausgehenden Mittelalter bis zum 17. Jahr- of medieval and early modern culture hundert – das Kardinalkolleg wurde im- if we recognize the full extent to which mer mehr italienisiert, und bei der Promo- people used different languages, inter- tion wurde die vorherige kuriale Karriere acted with each other nevertheless across des Kandidaten mehr berücksichtigt als language barriers, and exchanged ideas seine pastorale Erfahrung. Das Kardinals- through many different linguistic chan- kollegium wurde intensiv systematisiert nels. In some regions in Europe the con- und bürokratisiert, wobei die familiären tacts among various language speakers Verwandtschaften erneut eine wichtige was higher, in others lower, much depend- Rolle spielten. ing on the cultural, economic, and polit- Auf die Beiträge folgen ein Person- und ical conditions. The English intellectual Ortsregister sowie Tafeln. Insgesamt han- elite, for instance, was often trilingual; all delt es sich um einen beeindruckenden European intellectuals were at least bilin- Sammelband, der sich u.a. durch den gro- gual (Latin and a vernacular), and many ßen Untersuchungszeitraum einer beson- people spoke the courtly language and deren Herausforderung gestellt hat. Um their local dialect, which is actually the den gesamten Wandel in den Blick nehmen case until today all over the world. zu können, ist es sicher notwendig, mit In order to explore those issues fur- dem 12. Jahrhundert einzusetzen und mit ther, a colloquium was held at Murray dem Ausgang des Mittelalters zu enden. Edwards College, Cambridge, in Septem- Dabei können freilich nur einzelne exem- ber 2013, which was supported by a larg- plarische Studien geboten werden. Diese er research project sponsored by AHRC sind zwar überaus informativ und gewinn- between 2012 and 2016. The papers pre- bringend, doch lassen die Stichproben sented there, expanded and revised sub- gelegentlich den Eindruck entstehen, dass sequently, are published in the present entgegen des Vorhabens nicht der gesam- volume, which begins with the acknowl- te zeitliche Rahmen durch den vorliegen- edgments, notes on the contributors, and den Band abgedeckt wird. So sind es nur the introduction, which nicely addresses die Beiträge von Rehberg, Maleczek und the central questions and summarizes the Märtl, die danach streben, Entwicklungen key points of the individual contributions. im Längsschnitt in den Blick zu nehmen. There are eight studies put together here, Dr. Asami Kobayashi, Akademische Rätin, which are followed by a cumulative bibli- Lehrstuhl für Mittelalterliche Geschichte, ography and a most welcome index. Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstr. The focus rests on literary and poetic 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; asami. works produced in the areas we identify [email protected]. today with and The Netherlands, de where French, Dutch, and Latin were the 466 Mediaevistik 31 . 2018 common languages of the elites, as Dirk blinde danssen, based on Pierre Michault’s Schoenaers illustrates in his introducto- La Dance aux aveugles, which required a ry article, highlighting loan-words in the form of compensation technique. respective languages. Code-switching All these observations make very in the works of Chastelain, Molinet, and good sense considering the geopolitical De Roovere happened quite commonly, and socio-economic conditions of the as Catherine Emerson emphasizes. The Dutch-speaking lands where traffic from extent to which French literature lent it- many directions and political exchanges self well for printers to feed their book were highly common and of great rel- markets constitutes the central concern evance. It seems a bit strange, however, by Malcolm Walsby, who highlights the that the contacts with the German-speak- existence of marketing networks. ing lands, not to mention , Denmark, Anne-Laure Van Bruaene introduc- and other Scandinavian countries, or with es so-called ‘chambers of rhetoric’ in the England, are basically not considered. Burgundian Netherlands, puys matriaux, Code-switching occurred many times, where the worship of the Virgin Mary as the written documents richly confirm, constituted the central concern, and the because the book markets, the economic Dutch-language chambers devoted to the exchanges, and the close political con- Holy Ghost or Trinity (De Heilige Geest). tacts required multilingualism at many It would have been useful if the contempo- different levels. Courtly festivals, pub- rary, rather parallel German Meistersinger lic events, literary translations, and oth- schools would have been considered here er forms of exchange and contacts lend as well, although the use of a language themselves everywhere for the spreading other than early modern German was of no of the respective languages. It seems odd, concern there. Bilingualism also emerged however, that there is much less infor- in the Dutch archery and crossbow compe- mation about the reverse direction, from titions, where either Dutch or French was Dutch to French, while German, the next used for official poems (Laura Crombie). major language right over the eastern bor- We have known already for a long time ders, finds no attention here. that much French literature wandered Each article proves to be mostly well through the Dutch world via correspond- researched, but at times this also means a ing translations and ultimately ended up too one-sided focus on modern French and in Germany, once again translated. Dirk Dutch studies. Dirk Coigneu, for instance, Coigneau focuses on the adaptation of in- dealing with the Les Cens Nouvelles nou- dividual stories contained in the Les Cens velles, has not considered relevant research Nouvelles nouvelles for verse drama, such on this famous collection of tales published as by Colijn van Rijssele and Cornelis in other languages (see, for instance, María Everaert. Susie Speakman Sutch demon- Cristina Azuela Bernal, Del Decamerón strates that even when French texts were a Las Cent Nouvelles nouvelles, 2006). translated into Dutch, the influence of Some of the more recent research on multi- French continued to be highly noticeable lingualism in the has not been through the presence of loan words. Re- consulted (cf., for instance, Multilingual- becca Dixon reflects on structural difficul- ism in the Middle Ages and Early Modern ties (line lengths) in translating texts from Age: Communication and Miscommunica- French to Dutch, such as Van den drie tion in the Premodern World, ed. Albrecht Mediaevistik 31 . 2018 467

Classen, 2016, which might have appeared foundation history, extensive manuscript too late for this project, yet see the research descriptions, an edition of the house’s review), but we can credit both the editors library catalogue, and tables detailing and the contributors for their solid investi- sequences and the sisters’ innovative sys- gations of their topic. Because of the col- tem of micrographic inscription within lective bibliography, many references ap- their texts’ decorated initials. The text as pear only in abbreviated form, but there are a whole seeks to understand the convent’s some inconsistencies in that system. Alto- fourteenth- and early-fifteenth-century gether, this is an exciting volume which liturgical manuscripts within the larger sheds important light on multilingualism in setting of Dominican patronage and piety. the world of the Burgundian Netherlands The authors’ focus on one Dominican site during the . and their multidisciplinary approach to its Albrecht Classen manuscripts, including historical, art his- torical, and musicological analyses, does indeed “compel a rethinking, not only of the Order’s female branch in northern Eu- Hamburger, Jeffrey F., Schlotheuber, rope, but also more generally of female Eva, Marti, Susan, and Fassler, Margot learning, mysticism, literature, and art” Elsbeth, Liturgical Life and Latin Lear- (2). The authors’ close textual analysis of ning at Paradies bei Soest, 1300–1425: these liturgical manuscripts reveals that Inscription and Illumination in the Choir the northern German monastery charted Books of a North German Dominican its own “intellectual and artistic trajec- Convent. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, tory,” in contrast to those of southern 2016. Two volumes, 1441 pp., extensive, German-speaking lands which engaged full-color illustrations in both. in extensive long-distance manuscript The volumes under review present the exchange, allowing imitation, a degree of rich rewards of interdisciplinary collabo- competition, and innovation within a net- ration. The team of authors focuses on a work of “mystical” devotional literatures. particular location, the northern German The manuscripts of the sisters of Dominican cloister of Paradies bei Soest Paradies demonstrate a cooperative spirit in Westphalia, literally “Paradise,” and connecting them with local Saxonian male digs deeply into the house’s practices, de- Dominican houses as well as a tradition of votional innovations, texts, artworks, and learned, Latinate textual creation that sets curation of institutional identity. Paradies bei Soest apart both as a convent Volume I of the set contains scholarly and within the historiography of Domini- articles on the monastery’s intellectual can women in the fourteenth century. and devotional development in the lat- Aside from the scholarly value in- er Middle Ages and analyzes two of the herent in focusing on the day-to-day monastery’s graduals, as well as one the liturgical lives of sisters in an understud- sisters made for the Dominican monks of ied monastery, the volumes take two pri- Dortmund, sequences, and a two-part an- mary approaches in their history of late tiphonary. Volume II displays these litur- medieval women’s religiosity. The first gical manuscripts in high quality repro- is the revelation of the sisters’ literary ductions (pages 93–528), preceded by an innovations within their house and their edition and translation of the monastery’s desire to claim their liturgical life and