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Entertainment Robots - Myth Or Reality Alexander K Entertainment Robots - Myth or Reality Alexander K. Seewald AustrianResearch Institute for Artificial Intelligence Schottengasse3, A- 1010Wien, Austria [email protected],[email protected] Abstract Actually, they resemble cats muchmore than dogs. Take This paper presents an overviewof the current field of the following scene: the robot struggles to walk towards entertainment robotics based on experiencesas spectator the ball, eventually reaches it, lifts his paw,kicks the ball during the RoboCup1999 and building an experimental successfully into the goal - however, unfortunately it was entertainment robot based on the LEGOplatform with the wronggoal, even though the goal colors were blue vs. digital color cameraand various other sensors. RoboCatis yellow with an orange ball in front of a dark green a robot cat prototypethat showscat-like behaviourin the background, despite carefully controlled lighting real-life environmentof typical households.For behavioural modelling,the Hamsterdamarchitecture was chosen. While conditions and even black hoods for the humanplayers showing that Blumberg’s Hamsterdamoffers a new whohad to rearrange the robots about twice per minute programmingparadigm to design intelligent entertainment since they kept bumping into each other and into the robots, this paper also aims to decidewhether or not truly boundaries! It was still most impressing that somerobots intelligent entertainmentrobots are as of yet a myth. "died" in such a convincing, life-like way, showingerratic and spastic random movement before they froze and crashed completely. In virtual death they were most alive. Introduction Still, these robots offer somepromise: it is only a question First, let us consider the commercially active field of how far this hardware can go with the right software. entertainment robotics and some current developments in Unfortunately only Sony and a few select scientific this field. Then we shall clarify the notion of an research groups are writing new programs. As of now, entertainment robot and introduce an architecture by there is no official programmingkit, just a kit to edit and (Blumberg 1997) to design entertainment robots in create new movementsequences. A short side-look at biologically plausible way, starting at an ethogram. eBaytells us that there are eight of the robots for sale on Nowadays strange things are afoot in the area of eBay, five of which were almost unused. The following entertainment robotics. We see a well-known Japanese quote is by an anonymousseller on eBay who clearly was firm sell as of now15,000 entertainment robots at a rather not satisfied with the return on investment of his AIBO. high price, whichnevertheless only reflects the integrated expensive hardware, with a very effective marketing policy Dadthought he had a great idea, but it didn’t work. creating a tenfold over-demand ~. We see upcoming Now, I’m selling my AIBObecause my kids want a approaches using wireless links to utilize the massive real dog... computingresources of today’s desktop computers to offer speech and face recognition. Wesee low-cost kits for robot While the idea of paying $2,500 for an electronic building which enable the technically inclined to create a product that doesn’t perform any useful function large set of toy robots for various purposes. Nonetheless, strikes us as strange now, the fact that the Aibo dog with all these achievements anyone shall be hard put to doesn’t do anything productive is central to the whole find a customer that can tell the difference betweena very idea of entertainment robots. Sony’s goal is not to expensive, state-of-the-art entertainment robot and a cheap create a robotic slave that will do your chores, but clone in terms of what it can and cannot do. So, from point rather an electronic companionthat will make you of view of the market, anybody can create an acceptable chuckle with an endearingturn of its head or a playful entertainment robot; it is the marketing that makes the pawswipe at a ball. difference. Whythen is this considered a scientific The previous quote by (Buskirk 1999) summarizesit quite question? Of course because we would like to have succintly: as of nowwe are unable to create a true robot something that customers CANdifferentiate from less able slave and this will be true for the near and medium-term products by its capabilities. This may or may not be future. In fact everyone would also be hard put to find a reasonableto expect in the near future - only time will tell. bipedal robot that can walk arbitrary stairs without Consider state-of-the-art robot technology the author knowingtheir height, length and position in advance. experienced as spectator at the RoboCup 1999 in So, while overselling the capabilities of entertainment Stockholm which featured a Sony legged-robot league. robots and massive marketing efforts distorts the view people have of entertainment robots, thus makingit harder to market an entertainment robot with realistically Copyright© 2001,American Association for Artificial Intelligence describedcapabilities, there still remainsthe question as to (www.aaai.org).All rightsreserved. how to design entertainment robots flexibly given the Atthe timeof writingSony has announced that it intendsto serveall technological restrictions - in order to once be able to ordersfrom now on, discontinuingthe so-calledAIBO-roulette. 5O4 FLAIRS-20Ol From: FLAIRS-01 Proceedings. Copyright © 2001, AAAI (www.aaai.org). All rights reserved. transcendend technological limitations. This paper will Background consider only intelligent entertainment robots, using the Sony’s AIBOis a four-legged robot with a head and following intelligence definition due to (Steels 1994). binocular vision and was programmedto chase and kick an Behaviour is intelligent if it maximisespreservation orange ball, to give paw, express joy, boredomand anger of the system in its environment. by responding to petting and hitting (1-bit feedback). Additionally they participated in the RoboCup1998 and For entertainment robots, the environment in question is continue to participate using various software usually a household. Intelligent entertainment robots are implementationsfrom three selected universities each year. thus those whoare able to keep their users interested for a Sony AIBOcombines a 180,000 pixel CCDcolor camera long period of time and are not thrown or stowed away, with a single point infrared distance sensor. The color never to be used again, like most other toys. camera is coupled with the CognaChromesystem orginally An intelligent entertainment robot by this paper’s from MITwhich thresholds the image to find blobs of definition has to be able to learn newthings or be updated color and returns the position of the biggest blobs. The so as to remain interesting. Anytoy with a fixed repertoire, AIBOchanges its personality only in discrete steps. however complex, is ultimately doomed. Twoapproaches triggered by an internal counter that is checked at boot to this can be seen on the market: robot kits (very time- time. It is not clear what the design paradigmof this robot intensive, but allow a wide variety of robots) and self- was, but it probably was Brooks’ subsumptionarchitecture learning robots such as the AIBO.The former is still hard (Brooks 1986). The robot can be taught by explicitly to build and program. Even a simple task can prove programming it new movements but can not learn by daunting to any robot, howeverwell designed, leaving the example. customerwith a strong feeling of failure. NEC’s R100 features voice keyword and face Self-learning is a promising approach but the maximum recognition, speech output and turns it head whenyou talk plateau that can be achieved this wayis rather low. Giving to it. It can control your household applicances such as a robot too muchfreedom to learn increases the probability 2, televisions and lights, notifies you of newemails and reads of radical screw-up which mayor maynot be considered them.~. It can also send video emails but no text based ones funny by the user. It may be noted that Sony’s AIBO The R100uses a wireless link to a desktop computer and seems to have twelve possible stages of development and uses offline computation. It is less of an entertaimnent only four distinctive adult stages - definitely not an unique robot than a personal, keyword-driven voice interface to personality for every one! your desktop computer. The idea of offloading Alternative methods not yet considered are computationwirelessly is a bit dated hut quite appropriate downloadablepersonalities and personality toolkits to set here. It is not clear what, if any, personality it has - by various parameters influencing the behaviour in continuous definition a slave should not have a personality at all. ways. For robots that are already wide-spread such as the AIBOit maybe a good idea to offer a programmingkit to design completely new personalities to volunteers and set RoboCat - Hardware up an exchange board on the internet. This way, many RoboCat is based on the LEGOplatform with EveBo! more personalities could be created and exchanged that controller board, digital color camermbumpers and bend would be possible if Sony kept the programminginterface sensors. RoboCatis intended to be a robot cat protol3~e under check. In any case there are already efforts under that shows cat-like behaviour in the real-life enviromneut way to create such a kit by volunteers. Another point is of a .typical household. There were two goals: to create an that a robot that is active for a longer time has morechance entertainment robot and to do so using a ethologically of doing something to surprise its owners. To simulate at plausible model, i.e: Hamsterdamwhich was previously least a 12h waking, 12h sleeping cycle or enabling the used~. for various virtual, computer-simulatedcreatures robot to reload himself, e.g, by exchanging an empty As personality metaphor for RoboCat the cat from accumulator pack with a full one instantly, would be a Whiskas, knownfrom various television advertisements, is rather simple wayto increase its ability to seemalive.
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