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Robots Among Us ROBOTS AMONG US Editors Janez Prašnikar, Tjaša Redek, Matjaž Koman Published by Časnik Finance, d. o. o. Ljubljana, November 2017 — 1 — PPKP_2017_book.indbKP_2017_book.indb 1 221/11/20171/11/2017 006:526:52 CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 330.341.1:338.45:007.52(082) ROBOTS among us / editors Janez Prašnikar, Tjaša Redek, Matjaž Koman. - 1st printing. - Ljubljana : Časnik Finance, 2017 ISBN 978-961-6541-57-2 1. Prašnikar, Janez, 1950- 292760576 — 2 — PPKP_2017_book.indbKP_2017_book.indb 2 221/11/20171/11/2017 006:526:52 Authors Faculty of Economics, Students of International Full Time Master University of Ljubljana Programme in Business Administration - IMB, Faculty of Economics, University of Ljubljana Andreja Cirman Barbara Čater Petra Ajdovec Samo Knafelj Tomaž Čater Katja Avsenik Nina Kovač Matej Černe Teresa Baeta Da Silva Robert Kovačič Batista Polona Domadenik Aleksander Bobič Anej Peter Lah Ada Guštin Žiga Borišek Rok Lavrič Marko Jakšič Domen Boštjančič Fabijan Leskovec Matjaž Koman Blaž Božič Anastasia Liakhavets Mitja Kovač Esta Carciu Tadej Ocvirk Denis Marinšek Enya Caserman Simon Pangeršič Janez Prašnikar Katarina Čop Klemen Pavačič Tjaša Redek Matjaž Dolenc Andrei Putukh Jakob Döller Jan Ratej Institute for Economic Špela Drnovšek Dmitrii Sazonov research (IER) Peter Emri Nikola Sionov Miha Dominko Eva Erjavec Tjaša Skubic Ana Rita Fernandes Urban Smolar Lara Flegar Nejc Šaranović Kristian Groznik Rok Štemberger Domen Gulič Matjaž Vidmar Dimitrije Ivanović Aida Zukić Nina Jagodic Tamara Žarković Katarina Kern Pirnat — 3 — PPKP_2017_book.indbKP_2017_book.indb 3 221/11/20171/11/2017 006:526:52 — 4 — PPKP_2017_book.indbKP_2017_book.indb 4 221/11/20171/11/2017 006:526:52 Contents PREFACE ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 7 I. GENERICS OF INDUSTRY 4.0 Andreja Cirman, Ada Guštin, Žiga Borišek, Katarina Čop, Nejc Šaranović: HOW TECHNOLOGY SHAPES HISTORY: LONG TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT WAVES AND THEIR ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES ........................................... 11 Denis Marinšek, Esta Carciu, Teresa Baeta Da Silva, Aida Zukić: THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRY 4.0 AND ROBOTIZATION ON THE SECTORAL STRUCTURE ............................................................................................................................ 27 II. ROBOTIZATION Ada Guštin, Matjaž Koman, Aleksander Bobić, Peter Emri, Katarina Kern Pirnat: GLOBAL TRENDS IN ROBOTIZATION .................................................................................................................. 45 Mitja Kovač, Janez Prašnikar, Tjaša Redek, Jakob Döller, Lara Flegar, Tamara Žarković: ROBOTIZATION IN DENMARK, AUSTRIA AND SLOVENIA ................................................................. 59 Matej Černe, Petra Ajdovec, Robert Kovačič Batista, Matjaž Vidmar: CORPORATE STRATEGY AND INDUSTRY 4.0 ............................................................................................... 79 Matjaž Koman, Tjaša Redek, Samo Knafelj, Nina Kovač, Jan Ratej: TPV GROUP .............................................................................................................................................................................. 93 Tomaž Čater, Miha Dominko, Domen Gulič, Simon Pangeršič, Rok Štemberger: DOMEL ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 111 Barbara Čater, Marko Jakšič, Kristian Groznik, Rok Lavrič, Tjaša Skubic: YASKAWA ................................................................................................................................................................................ 125 Ljubica Knežević Cvelbar, Enya Caserman, Eva Erjavec, Ana Rita Fernandes: SLOW ADAPTORS: ROBOTIZATION IN THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY ................................... 139 — 5 — PPKP_2017_book.indbKP_2017_book.indb 5 221/11/20171/11/2017 006:526:52 III. INDUSTRY 4.0 AND CHANGES IN THE LABOR MARKET Polona Domadenik, Špela Drnovšek, Anej Peter Lah, Urban Smolar: LABOR MARKET POLARIZATION: WELL-PAID HIGH-TECH JOBS VS. LOW-PAID SERVICE JOBS? ...................................................... 153 Marko Pahor, Nada Zupan, Katja Avsenik, Domen Boštjančič, Nina Jagodic: HUMAN CAPITAL FOR THE FUTURE .................................................................................................................. 167 IV. BROADER SOCIAL ISSUES ON INDUSTRY 4.0 Miha Dominko, Matjaž Koman, Fabijan Leskovec, Anastasia Liakhavets, Andrei Petukh, Dimitrii Sazonov: SOCIAL CHALLENGES RELATED TO INDUSTRY 4.0 ............................................................................... 185 Polona Domadenik, Blaž Božič, Dimitrije Ivanović, Nikola Sionov: PERCEPTIONS OF ROBOTS AMONG THE GENERAL PUBLIC ........................................................ 201 V. POLICY PROPOSALS Matjaž Koman, Janez Prašnikar, Tjaša Redek, Matjaž Dolenc, Tadej Ocvirk, Klemen Pavačič: POLICY RESPONSES TO THE CHALLENGES OF THE FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ............................................................................................. 217 — 6 — PPKP_2017_book.indbKP_2017_book.indb 6 221/11/20171/11/2017 006:526:52 PREFACE The book titled Robots among us is the result of an entire year’s work of a select research team (Andreja Cirman, Barbara Čater, Tomaž Čater, Matej Černe, Polona Domadenik, Miha Dominko, Ada Guštin, Marko Jakšič, Matjaž Koman, Mitja Kovač, Denis Marinšek, Janez Prašnikar, Tjaša Redek), with the help of students from the XXIV generation of the International Master in Business and Administration Programme (IMB) at the Faculty of Economics in Ljubljana. The book consists of five parts. The first part of the book deals with the generics of Industry 4.0. The second part discusses robotization and presents cases of using robots in companies. The third part introduces labor market changes, the fourth part broader social issues, and the fifth part policy proposals. Students from the XXIV IMB generation invested much hard work and knowledge, and their contributions were of great help with the stud- ies presented in the book. The work could not have been finished without the expert work and great dedication of our already mentioned colleagues. Many thanks to Tanja Povhe for proofreading the work, Ciril Hrovatin for techni- cal editing and graphic design, and Laura Pompe Sterle for the cover design. Nina Kovač and Anej Peter Lah provided us with invaluable assistance. Many thanks also to colleagues from the Newspaper Finance for handling the final execution of the book. Ljubljana, November 2017 Editors — 7 — PPKP_2017_book.indbKP_2017_book.indb 7 221/11/20171/11/2017 006:526:52 — 8 — PPKP_2017_book.indbKP_2017_book.indb 8 221/11/20171/11/2017 006:526:52 I. GENERICS OF INDUSTRY 4.0 — 9 — PPKP_2017_book.indbKP_2017_book.indb 9 221/11/20171/11/2017 006:526:52 — 10 — PPKP_2017_book.indbKP_2017_book.indb 1010 221/11/20171/11/2017 006:526:52 Andreja Cirman, Ada Guštin, Žiga Borišek, Katarina Čop, Nejc Šaranović HOW TECHNOLOGY SHAPES HISTORY: LONG TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT WAVES AND THEIR ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES Introduction The technological changes have been one of the most important factors deter- mining economic and social changes throughout the world, thus having a great impact on our lives. In order to observe these changes, several theories have emerged but in this chapter, readers will be introduced to perhaps one of the most impactful of them, the Kondratieff wave theory. With the emergence of the First Industrial Revolution, the late 18th century marks the beginning of the industrial phase in the global economy and consequently indicates a faster pace of economic evolution. Major technological breakthroughs that highly affected manufactur- ing, productivity, sectoral development and even social changes, predominantly emerged in cyclical patterns but cyclicality has changed its pattern throughout the history, which translated into increasing frequency of disruption. The purpose of this chapter is to define economic cyclicality and to show that technological development coincided with cyclicality and helped fostering the evo- lution of economic and social changes. Moreover, Industry 4.0 will be placed into this context. In the first section of the chapter, a brief historical overview of the first five Kondratieff waves is presented, including their technological innovations, the affected key industries and their economic and social impacts. The second section focuses on the sixth Kondratieff wave and the coinciding Industry 4.0, explaining in detail the major technologies that are expected to affect our lives in the future, while the last section focuses on the major socioeconomic changes of the new technologies. The conclusion briefly summarizes the main findings of the chapter. — 11 — PPKP_2017_book.indbKP_2017_book.indb 1111 221/11/20171/11/2017 006:526:52 1 Kondratieff cycles: Technologically-determined socio-economic development Several revolutionary innovations that played a key role in the growth of modern economy can be identified, according to the developmental cycle the- ory. These cycles are called Kondratieff waves, after the Russian economist N. Kondratieff. In his research, he observed price level statistics of wholesale commodity prices and other data for England, France and the U.S, and identified
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