DIGGA Institute Working Research Paper - I

Dr.Ali Adawe Abdullahii, Africa Natural Resources Programme | 25th, February 2019 Facts or Fiction: The Genesis Of Possible Oil and Gas Dispute Offshore and Kenya

Development Institute of Good Governance in Africa (DIGGAii) Off Prof.Jimaale Road, Garowe, State, Somalia, [email protected] Tel:+252906786115 and +252906692000 www.diggafrica.org

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Executive Summary

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African countries that are new as producers of Oil and Gas often have legal,transparency, Instituional, and technical challenges. After the establishment of the United Nations and the ILC under its auspices, the First United Nations Conference (1949-1956) on the Law of the Sea took place (UNCLOS I). As a result of this Conference two conventions were adopted; The 1958 Geneva Convention on the territorial sea and contiguous zone and 1958 Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf. Preference was given to equidistance/special circumstances ruleiii.The UNCLOS progressed from I to III in 1982.It came into force in 1994.

Somalia claims that the equidistance line or rather the 90 degrees rule of UNCLOS has been around since the formation of Somalia in 1960 and can be found in a number of corporate agreements, mapsiv, books, research papers, and presentations all reference are available from the full version of the paper. While the Kenyan Government’s a new dispensation come around since 7th April 2009 after they got an MOU from a Minister in the transitional federal government of Somalia. The validity of the MOU was clearly challenged on the grounds of time, relevance, and Authority and in the judgment of the 2nd Preliminary objections of Kenya in 2017 when the court found out that Kenya’s position was not only inaccurate but defective in nature – and the 2nd Preliminary objection was thrown out.

Recent diplomatic war of words between the neighbourly countries of Somalia and Kenya seem to have no basis for the Kenyan government to fire the first salvo by throwing out the Somali Ambassador. The Kenyan government is adamant that an MOU signed with a Somali Minister is valid and is binding on Somalia to accept. It is somehow trying to arm twist a weak Somali Federal Government that lacks both military and the necessary intellectual fire- power. Somalia’s successive leaderships are considered as being the most corrupt in the world according to Transparency International.That is why Somalia chose the legal avenue of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) instead of the arm twisting bilateral avenue. We shall leave the legal gymnastics with the ICJ.

This unpublished confidential research will look into previous literature, treaties, maps, books, Oil and Gas agreements, and interviews of key individuals in both countries. We also note that maps used in the brochures of the Kenyan Government at global road shows for the upstream sector does not have the so called line of parallel or the 45 Degrees linev in the early to late 1990’s. At that time the only offshore blocks available were Block 5 and 6.While on the Somalia side the 90 Degrees line is used. This happened from as far back as in the 1960s up to today. Multinational oil corporations dealing with oil and gas have maps to that effect showing in detail their coordinatesvi. The UN also has a database of all territories, boundaries and their coordinates.

The Norwegian Government assisted both Kenya and Somalia in their submissions to the CLCS and we note that on one side the so called technical assistance team suggested to Kenya that they should submit to the CLCS for 450 nautical Miles (nm) as the extension of

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their continental shelve, while they advised Somalia to go for only 350 Nautical Miles (nm). Statoil of Norway was initially involved in the 2012 bid rounds but pulled out latter after they got advice from the Norway Government. Somalia’s application could have been more than even 450nm but it seems the advice from the Norwegians was faulty and myopic. The closes Island viito Somalia in the Indian Ocean is Diego Garcia (a US Military base) owned by the British in the form of a British Indian Overseas Territory company called (BIOT). The distance is 1739 nautical miles(nm) and Somalia could have control over all those areas. It is worth noting that the US a military power is not signatory to UNCLOS because it does not want any hindrances imposed by UNCLOS over its God given Seas. As for the legal tussle between indigenous Diego Garcians and Britain and BIOT is covered in details though that legal tussle has been ongoing for close to 50 years

The UK has retained possession of a remote archipelago in the Indian Ocean that includes the strategic US airbase of Diego Garcia through political pressure and secret threats. In the opening submissions of a legal challenge to British sovereignty of the Chagos Islands at the court in The Hague, Sir Anerood Jugnauth, Mauritius’s defence minister, alleged that his country was coerced into giving up a large swathe of its territory before independence.

That separation was in breach of UN resolution 1514, passed in 1960, which specifically banned the breakup of colonies before independence, the Mauritian government argued before the UN-backed court, which specialises in territorial and border disputes between states. The four-day session which was held at the Hague heared from representatives of 22 countries in a dispute over colonial history and the rights of exiled islanders to return. The ICJ’s judgment will be advisory, rather than legally binding. Nonetheless, it will be a significant moment in the UK’s increasingly isolated efforts to hold on to the Chagos archipelago.

The Minister told the court: “I am the only one still alive among those who participated in the Mauritius constitutional conference at Lancaster House [in London] in 1965, where talks on the ultimate status of Mauritius were held.” Those talks resulted in “the unlawful detachment of an integral part of our territory on the eve of our independence”, he said.

“These secret meetings were not, at that time, made known to the other Mauritian representatives, myself included, although we were later told of the immense pressure that was imposed on the small group.” After independence in 1968, most of the 1,500 islanders were deported so that the largest island, Diego Garcia, could be leased to the US for a strategic airbase in 1971. The islanders have never been allowed to return homeviii

The role of multinationals and their exploration history in both Kenya and Somalia is covered from 1950s up to today. A case in point is Total ltd a multinational oil company that was negotiating for blocks in both Kenya and Somalia. The maps they used in both countries are also looked into details in Somali in 2001 and in Kenya 2012 (please see Appendix).

The new reality of extending the continental shelve from 200nm to 350 and beyond has surely created jurisdiction issue among many countries especially countries that have opposite coastlines. In this paper we noted the closes point of intersection between Kenya and Somalia could only happen at around the 302nm point if the 90 degrees method is used and that might require an MOU. Since Somalia’s new delimited distance now stands at 350nm.

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In the resources sector Joint Development Areas (JDA) happen or become a reality when commercial quantities of oil and gas is discovered at an area of intersection between two countries in the case of Kenya and Somalia no areas exist yet and no Oil and Gas has been discovered at all in the offshore areas. The Deep Sea well Pomboo-1 drilled on Kenyan side on 2nd December to 26th-January 2007 clearly showed that no oil existed and the well was plugged and abandoned by Woodside Energy of Australia who wrote off $50miilion for a single well. It is also wise to note that legal wrangles over maritime borders and JDA run for several decades as in the case of Australia vs Portugal/Indonesia/Timor Liste (Finally) that took forty six years and was expected to have concluded by March, 2018 but has been made more complex by Multinational oil companies equity positions and project costings – it expected to conclude in early march, 2019.

Finally we look at the Legal, Policy and Security implications for all stakeholders; that is Somalia, Kenya and multinational companies. On the legal front we leave it for the ICJ to deal with. On policy issue both countries should refrain from igniting more diplomatic and economic confusion. Further, proper and objective technical evaluation is required before jumping to conclusions. As for Multinational corporations in the Oil and Gas sector it would be wise to avoid areas of contention between two countries until a final judgment is made from the ICJ. As for Multilateral organizations extensive capacity building injection is required in the extractives industries of developing African countries in good governance and transparency.

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i Dr.Ali Adawe Abdullahi, is the Secretary General and senior fellow at Digga Institute, he was also Former Oil Executive with Lundin and Tembo Petroleum. and Chief Executive of Amsas Consulting. He was instrumental in the Oil discoveries in Kenya. ii Digga Institute was formed on 28th January 2019, and is based Garowe,Puntland.It is a pan African Think Tank with a vision of developing Africa through Good Governance. iii UNCLOS(I) iv Forbes, VL 1995, The Maritime Boundaries of the Indian Ocean Region. 1st edn, Singapore University Press, Singapore. v Ministry of Energy and National Oil Company of Kenya Petroleum road show 1995 vi Continental Shelf Limits, Peter J. Cook & Chris Carleton (2000) vii Regime of Islands in International Law" H.W. Jayewardene(1990) viii The Guardian, 2018

Appendix

Kenya Exploration Block Map

34°0'0"E 36°0'0"E 38°0'0"E 40°0'0"E 42°0'0"E 44°0'0"E 46°0'0"E

11B

11A 4°0'0"N 4°0'0"N

10BA

10A 1A 1 15T 13T 10BB 10BC . 2°0'0"N 9 2°0'0"N

2A

12A 2B

3A

3B 0°0'0" 0°0'0" 12B L1A

L1B 14T L2 L3

L4A L13 L29 L21 2°0'0"S L14 L4 L30 2°0'0"S L5 L31 L23 L20 L6 L7 L22 L15 L24

L16 L8 L12 L25 L26 L19 L17 L9 L11A 4°0'0"S L27 4°0'0"S L10A L11B L28 L18 L10B

34°0'0"E 36°0'0"E 38°0'0"E 40°0'0"E 42°0'0"E 44°0'0"E 46°0'0"E

Legend

Counties CAMAC - L1B,L16,L27,L28 Pacific Seaboard Investments - L20

Blocks CEPSA -11A Relinquished Operator ENI - L21,L23,L24 Rift Energy - L19 A-Z Petroleum - L1A,L3 FAR - L6 Simba Energy - 2A Adamantine Energy - 11B Imara Energy - L2 Taipan Resources - 2B Afren - 1,L17.L18 Lamu Oil & Gas - L14 Total - L22 Africa Oil - 9 NOCK - 14T Tullow Oil - 10BA,10BB,10BC,12A,12B,13T Anadarko - L5,L7,L11A,L11B Not Gazetted Zarara - L4,L13 BG Group - L10A,L10B Ophir L9

0 50 100 200 300 400 Kilometres

~ 3 ~

! KHOR ANGAR

12°N12°N 40°E40°E 42°E42°E 44°E44°E 46°E46°E 48°E48°E 50°E50°E 52°E52°E 12°N12°N 40°E40°E 42°E42°E 44°E44°E 46°E46°E 00 48°E48°E 50°E50°E 52°E52°E -800000m-800000m-800000m -600000m-600000m-600000m -400000m-400000m-400000m -200000m-200000m-200000m 00 200000m200000m 400000m400000m 0000 400000m400000m 600000m600000m 22,,,0000 het' 22,,,000000 000 22 0000 ira S 22,,,0000 000 22,,,0000 Aw ,,,000 22 'Abd al Kuri Tekeze Wenz 111 22 WELDIYA 00 (South Yemen) 00 11,,,000000 0000 0000 0000 12°N12°N - LEGEND - 11,,,0000 ,,,0000 DSDP 11 000 22 z 000 00 DSDP 0231 ! SOCOTRA BASIN en 000 0000 SOCOTRA BASIN Moucha ,,, ,,,00 2746 ( 1972 ) W 111 22 # CALUULA AQUITAINE

a 222

222

t 222 Ji 22 ! 22 000 22 111 000 00 Gardafui 1 111 000 A 'Asal 00 111 00 000 EXPLORATORY WELLS 00 ,,, 000 INFRASTRUCTURE w 00 BEREDA ,,, 000 z 000 z en ' as 3361 ( 1975 ) 000 n W t Gemeri Hauk 000 z e le M h 22,,,000000 000 W i e 22,,,0000 000 000 lo M il W BLOCK M-11 000 n esh Sh e W e & e B en nz CHEVTEX W a z N)) DURUR-GUARDAFUI SUB-BASIN TECHNICAL STATUS CONTENT STATUS Refinery m H BASIIIN)) Gas pipeline a 'a DJIBOUTI SAGALLEH it e DJIBOUTI BASIIIN ((SA " J W Afambo Hayk' G U L F O F A D E N O SUB--BA (SAGALEH(SAGALEH BASIN)BASIN) Oil pipeline S Ongoing Oil Tanker terminal T Condensate pipeline 7 a 11,,,000000 ! CANDALA , . la BP SOMAL 2 11,,,000000 W 22 Suspended Gas Products pipeline Gas plant e Zeila SHELL 22,,, n ,,,0000 + / z DJIBOUTI SHELL 0000 3 DESE C # Bandar-Harshau 1 AGIP AF 00 h 1-141 ( 1959 ) 0000 Abandoned Oil Shows Water pipeline ' 2200 11,,, e 2-186 ( 1959 ) #2504 ( 1984 ) Dab Qua 1 22 Ras Binnah Marine 1 ,,,0000 A le enz ! BOOSAASO ! 0000 # 1 Platform k h W Abbe 3159 ( 1984 ) 2445 ( 1984 ) 5 a was 3-168 ( 1959 ) #1 # # Unknown, tight Gas Shows Pipeline planned Sh A #4 e 4-433 ( 1960 ) ) 0 or under construction Onshore Terminal t' Junked Oil and Gas 3 DARROR SUB-BASIN (SAGALEH BASIN) 66 ABBAY (BLUE NILE) BASIN CHEVRON - % ABBAY (BLUE NILE) BASIN Gas and Condensate Heemal 1 # BLOCK M-10A GEOGRAPHY 3862 ( 1988) ) AMOCO 2 CONOCO Well operator 1200000m1200000m BLOCK 31 1200000m1200000m Marjun-1 Well name Coastline AGIP EXP OXY 1359 (1997) Total depth in metres and year spudded ' t' BLOCK 30 GUBAN BASIN Shet ra She 1 Belo Ja CHEVTEX BLOCK 35 International boundary t' MNR SOMAL MNR SOMAL #3560 ( 1986 ) e AMOCO BLOCK 33 Hordio 1 Sh CEERIGAABO (Darin 1 FIELDS t COP ! 3412 ( 1959 ) Province boundary 'i MOBIL SO 2989 ( 1959 ) & ch ' GUMBAH SUB-BASIN n et Biyo Dader 1 e Sh BERBERA STATUS W t BLOCK 32 BP SOMAL 1476 ( 1959 ) ELF (SAGALEH(SAGALEH BASIN)BASIN) TYPE FIELD NAME Claim i & ( Terrestre 1 Aw CHEVTEX Berbera 1 MOBIL SO ! 771 ( 1959 ) Dagah Shabel # 2554 ( 1975 ) Oil field Producing EL MORGAN 1-1372 ( 1958 ) STANVAC SINCLAIR XAAFUN In dispute t' 3 BLOCK 34 ELF 10°N10°N e Yardi Hayk' 1 2-1455 ( 1959 ) Buran 1 SCUSCIUBAN 10°N10°N h Las Durah 1 COP III N ! Hafun* 1 a S #2437 ( 1957 ) S III '2 3-1509 ( 1959 ) #243 ( 1959 ) A S 1388 ( 1974 ) 4200200 (# B A Gas field Non-producing 200200 Jem B Bathymetry (in metres) Ga do H She E t' A LL G A 10°N10°N Gas / condensate field Depleted/Abandoned FICHE BLOCK 27 A G City Hawad AMERADA S ! G i Wenz DU PONT e Hedad 1 l R a 312 ( 1958 ) 000 obi Wenz n # 000 222000 LICENCES "E & P Restricted areas" DIRE DAWA 222 SINCLAIR MNR SOMAL Muger K 000 Lakes 'a 000 b z Faro Hills 1 Cotton 1 000 e 000 Licensed area n n HARGEYSA 1637 ( 1957 ) 3311 ( 1957 ) ,,,00 Blocks offered a e # 111 000 S W 000 000 000 Rivers h GARDO 000 000 BURAO GARDO 000 000 000 e h BURAO ,,0,00 000 t s & BENDER BEILA ,,, 000 000 Production lease Application ' 222 ,,, 000 a JI JIGA MNR SOMAL 222 ,,, , , , HARER ! 333 w Sagaleh 1 ! 333 444 A ' GEOLOGY et 3267 ( 1956 ) Awarded h ' # BUKAT Block name i S t ADDIS ABABA nz l e AMERADA BLOCK 28 m We le h Tug Der BLOCK 29 Relinquished ese S Bur Dab 1 # DU PONT SHELL Operator K Ga s DU PONT Basin limit i 256 ( 1958 ) m COTTON SUB-BASIN (SAGALEH BASIN) Open areas a COTTON SUB-BASIN (SAGALEH BASIN)

z R n G Basement limit e

1000000m1000000m o 1000000m1000000m

W b

jo e Ban Dulad

AK`AK`I BESEK`A o l

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W n NOGAL UPLIFT (SOMALI BASIN)

z M e Nogal 1 DEBRE ZEYT e

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S e t e 2978 ( 1990 #)

A t ' r w h a SINCLAIR as A

h W e S e h Las Anod 1 LAASCAANOOD

nz t R ' e amis S # ! M t 1664 ( 1957 ) ' SINCLAIR a T ! n e Burhisso 1 y h

Ziway Hayak' r et' f a a 1551 ( 1958 ) # M-5

W DEGEH BUR DEGEH BUR

W ! e PECTEN 8°N8°N n e

z n z z n Wen Shena Ia

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b e z PHILLIPS

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W b n a

le e e l z d b e a e h W f S A e e ia ab n 'al W z et Sh ta ke Da

AGIP Garad Mare 1 800000m800000m 800000m800000m 800000m800000m MNR SOMAL # 3920 ( 1977 ) 800000m800000m ETHIOPIA Galcaio GOBA 1-434 ( 1962 ) ! 1A-680 ( 1963 ) 2-2135 ( 1963 ) 1 2 1A # # SINCLAIR El Hamurre 1 W K`EBRI DEHAR a K`EBRI DEHAR Ethiopia-Somalia # 3569 ( 1961 ) b ! ! e GAALKACYO G 00 - LIST OF RIGHTHOLDERS - e 0000 s ,,,00 t 22,,, _COL1 _COL2 _COL3 _COL4 _COL5 _COL6 r 22 o DENAN W ! 222 e 222 Group % Block Sqkm Award Renewal/ ,,, n ,,, 000 z 000 000 000 000 * operator Date Expiry 000

* Agip Exploration BV 100.000 Block 31 20145.00 2-Mar-86 2-Mar-92 W MOBIL SO eb i Idole 1 6°N6°N Sh 6°N6°N ab #2134 ( 1963 ) ee M-4 lli * Amoco Somalia Petroleum Co 50.000 Block 06 8811.00 30-Apr-87 30-Apr-93 SINCLAIR PECTEN Obbia 1 6°N6°N Agip Exploration BV 50.000 Block 09 8038.00 MUDUGH SUB-BASIN (SOMALI BASIN) 4884 ( 1957 #) Block 12 9469.00

DHUUSA MAREEB * Amoco Somalia Petroleum Co 50.000 Block 35 12508.00 21-Jan-86 21-Jan-92 S O M A L I B A S I N MNR SOMAL ! Dusa Mareb SINCLAIR 0000 Talisman Energy Inc 30.000 Block M-10A 3764.00 2 ,,,0000 1-2043 ( 1962 ) Gira 1 44,,, SINCLAIR Murphy Eastern Oil Co 10.000 # 2-2119 ( 1962 ) 3890 ( 1956 ) 3,0003,000 # En Dibirre 1 Fortum Corp 10.000 1 #3596 ( 1962 ) * 600000m600000m 600000m600000m HOBYO ! * ChevronTexaco Corp 100.000 Block 30 15500.00 29-Jan-86 29-Jan-92 ! Block 32 8700.00 D a CEELDHEER w Block M-11 16300.00 a

W e n Ethiopia-Somalia z * ConocoPhillips Company 100.000 Block 33 15603.00 16-Oct-88 16-Oct-91 Block 34 23125.00

! BELEDWEYNE * Du Pont E & P No 1 B.V. 75.000 Block 27 39500.00 17-Jun-86 30-Jun-91 SINCLAIR Phillips Petr. Corp Somalia 25.000 Block 28 31200.00

444 ARCO Marai Ascia 1 444 ,,, ,,,000 DSDP Block 29 28000.00 El Bur 1 4115 ( 1958 ) 000 # 000 000 000 000 DSDP 2621 ( 1984 ) # 000 000 222 234-4978 ( 1972 ) 000 # 000 234A-4978 ( 1972 ) 000 * Pecten Somalia 100.000 M-3 13424.00 Nov-88 Nov-94 ,,0,00 111 111 M-4 13975.00 S O M A L I AARCO El Cabobe 1# M-5 15985.00

4428 ( 1980 ) 444 444 MOBIL SO ,,, XUDDUR ,,,000 M-6 9998.00 ! 000 000 4°N4°N Bulo Burti 1 000 000 000 000 000 2136 ( 1963 #) 000 M-7 6962.00 000 ,,0,00 4°N4°N 222 MANDERA ! 222 Afada Wenzjor Ia ! BUULO BARDE * Phillips Petr. Corp Somalia 100.000 Block 25 14263.00 23-Sep-89 Sep-95 ! LUUQ M-3 000 ESSO 000000 PECTEN 000000 00 Meregh 1 ,,,000 0000 * Somalia Government 100.000 Government Area 4700.00 1981 BURMAH 333 33,,,00 4298 ( 1982# ) 33 Hol 1 000 400000m400000m 000 400000m400000m &4041 ( 1972 ) 000 ,,0,00 444 * TOTAL SA 100.000 Jorre Offshore (TEA) 57000.00 3-Feb-01 2-Feb-02

0000 ! ,,,0000 GARBAHAARREY 44,,, All licenses awarded before 1990 under force majeure. BAYDHABO SINCLAIR Gal Tardo 1 ! #2438 ( 1967 ) 000 SINCLAIR 000 000000 BLOCK 12 Bio Addo 1 ,,,000 444 AMOCO 2602 ( 1968# ) 444 Juba

BUUR HAKABA 000 ! JAWHAR M-6 000000 ITALA 000000 ! ! PECTEN ,,0,00 333 BLOCK 09 MANDERA-LUGH SUB-BASIN (SOMALI BASIN) AMOCO MOGADISHU SUB-BASIN SINCLAIR$ (SOMALI(SOMALI BASIN)BASIN) Duddumai 1 SINCLAIR (SOMALI(SOMALI BASIN)BASIN) 3380 ( 1959 ) Afgoi T BUR ACABA UPLIFT 1-4164 ( 1965 ) BAARDHEERE S O M A L I D E E P S E A B A S I N SHELL ! BAARDHEERE GOVT SO SINCLAIR Juba River 1 2-4167 ( 1984 ) Uarsciek 1 # 3255 ( 1988 ) 3-4267 ( 1985 ) 4101 ( 1967 ) SINCLAIR AFGOOYE Coriole 1 # 1-3518 ( 1960 ) $2 !3 2-4069 ( 1965 ) # 2°N2°N GOVERNMENT AREA " GOVT SO ! 2°N2°N MOGADISHU SINCLAIR 1 MOGADISHU SINCLAIR Dobei 2 $ 200000m200000m 1 Merca 1 200000m200000m 200000m200000m 1-2122 ( 1961 ) %# 200000m200000m WAJIR # 3998 ( 1958 ) ! 2-3830 ( 1961 ) !2 QORYOOLEY GLOBAL EXPLORATION & PRODUCTION SERVICE & ! MARKA 40°EDJIBOUTI 45°E Socotra Basin 50°E Durur-Guardafui Prospective n Sub-basin ub-basi M-7 osaso S ANZA BASIN HAMMAR B PECTEN Gheferso 1 Non-prospective Darror Sub-basin SOMALIA #2183 ( 1969 ) i Shabeelli BLOCK 06 AMOCO AMOCO Web Mudun 1 HAMMAR in Ew 3048 ( 1990 ) Abbay (Blue Nile) Basin Guban Basin as as Das Uen 1 10°N B o N # leh Gumbah 'gir #3248 ( 1968 ) ga 10°N SCALE : 1 : 2 000 000 AUGUST 2003 REF : SO03E1GEN CO o ! BU ! Sa Sub-basin SINCLAIR BARAAWE DATUM : W84 : W.G.S. 84 SPHEROID : WGS84 Brava 1 Cotton Sub-basin 3810 ( 1962# ) PROJECTION : U.T.M. GRID : N39 IND : UTM Zone 39 N GULF SOM CENTRAL MERIDIAN : 51 deg 00' 00.000 E Greenwich Lach Bissigh 1 #3087 ( 1965 ) LATITUDE OF ORIGIN : 0 deg 00' 00.000 N FALSE EASTING : 500000.000 m Nogal Uplift SCALE FACTOR : 0.9996 FALSE NORTHING : 0.000 m www.ihsenergy.com [email protected] JORRE OFFSHORE (TEA) I N D I A N O C E A N GARBA TULA © Copyright 2003. IHS Energy and its affiliated and subsidiary companies, all rights reserved. ! TOTAL All trademarks and service marks are the property of IHS Energy or its affiliated and subsidiary companies. JILIB ! ETHIOPIA

SINCLAIR - MAP COVERAGE - KENYA Giamama 1 Mudugh Sub-basin 4126 ( 1964 ) SINCLAIR Somali Basin GULF SOM # Oddo Alimo 1$ ! 00 0°0° Lach Dera 1 4465 ( 1964 ) 0°0° 00 # 2866 ( 1965 ) JAMAAME ERITREA 000 000 5°N 222 000 5°N 000000 000000 T ,,, a 111 n GIUMBA a ! 00 DJIBOUTI 0000 KISMAAYO ,,,00 ! 22 SUDAN ! GARISSA Mandera-Lugh Sub-basin

D TEXACO ETHIOPIA 000 Obbe 1 000 I N D I A N O C E A N 000000 in ,,0,00 as # 4864 ( 1982 ) 333 -b IIA 333 ft b L li Su p u A U sh M a di O 000 b a S LAMULAMU EMBAYMENTEMBAYMENT 000 a og Somali Deep Sea Basin LAMULAMU EMBAYMENTEMBAYMENT D TEXACO 000000 c M ,,0,00 A Kudha 1 444 KENYA ur A 4970 ( 1981& ) B UGANDA KENYA I N D I A N O C E A N

Anza Basin 0 100 200 300 400 KM SEYCHELLES

0° 0100200 MILES0° TANZANIA Lamu Embayment MALAWI GEOLOGICAL PROVINCES OF SOMALIA This map represents the status of Carto Data and IRIS21 databases on 16 Sep 2003. 40°E 45°E 50°E -200000m-200000m-200000m -200000m-200000m-200000m It is not an authority on the delineation of international boundaries.

2°S2°S 280 2°S2°S 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 kms SEYCHELLES 0 40 80 120 160 miles 600000m600000m -800000m-800000m-800000m -600000m-600000m-600000m -400000m-400000m-400000m -200000m-200000m-200000m 00 200000m200000m 400000m400000m 600000m600000m 40°E40°E 42°E42°E 44°E44°E 46°E46°E 48°E48°E 50°E50°E 52°E52°E