TA No. 4756 -CAM TONLE SAP LOWLAND STABILIZATION PROJECT

CAMBODIA

TONLE SAP AGRO ECOSYSTEMS STUDY

Receiver:

Asian Development Bank

December 2006

In cooperation with: TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUMMARY ...... 1 1. INTRODUCTION ...... 6 1.1 Tonle Sap Bioshere Reserve (TSBR) ...... 6 1.2 ADB’s Involvement in the Tonle Sap Basin...... 6 1.3 Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project (TSLSP) ...... 7 2. AGRO ECOSYSTEMS ANALYSIS (AEA)...... 7 2.1 Background to AEA...... 7 2.2 Development of AEA in Cambodia...... 8 2.3 Methodology for Tonle Sap Basin Agro Ecosystems Study...... 11 3. SYSTEM DEFINITION...... 14 3.1 Systems Boundary ...... 14 3.2 Systems Hierarchy ...... 17 4. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ...... 20 4.1 Spatial Analysis...... 20 4.1.1 Land Use...... 20 4.1.2 Elevation ...... 20 4.1.3 Soils of the Main Rice Growing Areas ...... 23 4.1.4 Principal Water Resources ...... 26 4.1.5 Rainfall...... 28 4.1.6 Poverty Rate ...... 30 4.1.7 Other Projects...... 30 4.2 Transect ...... 35 4.3 Zone Characteristics and Comparison...... 38 4.3.1 The Upland Mixed Crop Zone (Zone 1)...... 38 4.3.2 The Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone ( Zone 2)...... 41 4.3.3 The Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone ( Zone 3) ...... 44 5. TEMPORAL ANALYSIS ...... 47 5.1 Seasonal Calendar...... 47 5.1.1 Zone 2. Lowland Rainfed Rice Zone – Middle Terrace ...... 48 5.1.2 Zone 2 . Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone – Lower Terrace...... 54 5.2 Historical Profile ...... 58 5.2.1 Zone 1. Upland Mixed Cropping Zone...... 58 5.2.2 Zone 2. Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone ...... 60 5.2.3 Zone 3. Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone ...... 62 6. FLOW ANALYSIS ...... 64 7. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND DECISION MAKING ...... 66 7.1 Gross Margin Analysis ...... 66 7.1.1 Upland Mixed Crop Zone - Zone 1 ...... 66 7.1.2 Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone (Zone 2)...... 68 7.1.3 Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone (Zone 3)...... 72 7.2 Cause Effect Diagrams ...... 75 7.2.1 Upland Mixed Crop Zone (Zone 1) ...... 76 7.2.2 Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone (Zone 2)...... 78 7.2.3 Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone (Zone 3)...... 80 8. PROBLEM ANALYSIS AND PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS ...... 81 8.1 Summary of Issues in Lowland Rained Rice Zone (Zone 2) for each Province ...... 81 8.1.1 Kampong Chhnang Province...... 81 8.1.2 Pursat Province ...... 83 8.1.3 Battambang province...... 85 8.1.4 Banteay Meanchey Province...... 87 8.1.5 Siem Reap Province...... 88 8.1.6 Kampong Thom Province ...... 89 8.2 Key Questions Related to Agricultural Development ...... 91 8.3 Summary of Issues Identified in CAEAs (36 communes) ...... 99 8.4 Problems and Issues raised during the RRA Study ...... 101 8.5 Systems Properties Analysis...... 102 8.6 Key Question Development ...... 105 8.7 Innovation Assessment ...... 105 8.8 TIP Inventory...... 107 8.9 TIP Base Costs - DAE/CAAEP II Technology Implementation Procedures (TIPs)...... 109

Table of Figures FIGURE 1. THE COMMUNE AGRO ECOSYSTEMS ANALYSIS PROCESS...... 10 FIGURE 2. AEA PROCEDURE ...... 12 FIGURE 3. MAIN FARMING AND LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES ...... 65

List of Tables TABLE 1. MAIN ISSUED IDENTIFIED DURING THE RRA STUDY (32 VILLAGES) ...... 101 TABLE 2. SYSTEM PROPERTIES TABLE FOR LOWLAND RAINFED RICELAND ZONE...... 103 TABLE 3. INNOVATION ASSESSMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN LOWLAND RAINFED RICELAND ZONE (ZONE 2) ...... 106

List of Maps MAP 1...... 13 MAP 2...... 15 MAP 3...... 16 MAP 4...... 21 MAP 5...... 22 MAP 6...... 25 MAP 7...... 27 MAP 8...... 29 MAP 9...... 31 MAP 10...... 33 MAP 11...... 34 List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank ADESS Agricultural Development Support to Seila AEA Agro Ecosystems Analysis ASDP Agricultural Sector Development Project AQIP Agricultural Quality Improvement Project CAAEPII Cambodia Australia Agricultural Extension Project, Phase Two CAEA Commune Agro Ecosystems Analysis CARDI Cambodia Agricultural Research & Development Institute CARERE Cambodia Reconstruction and rehabilitation Project CC Commune Council CDP Commune Development Plan CEW Commune Extension Worker DAE Department of Agricultural Extension DAO District Agricultural Office DAHP Department of Animal Health and Production DTST District Technical Support Team DWA Department of Women’s Affairs ECOSORN Economic and Social Re-launch of the Northwestern Provinces FFS Farmer Field School FHH Female Headed Households FWUC Farmer Water User Community IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ISAEA Irrigation Systems AEA MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries MEF Ministry of Economics and Finance MFI Micro Finance Institution MOE Ministry of Environment MOI Ministry of Interior MOP Ministry of Planning MOWA Ministry of Women’s Affairs MOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology MPP Minimum Package Program (ADESS) MRC Mekong River Commission MRD Ministry of Rural Development NGO Non-Governmental Organization NPRS National Poverty Reduction Strategy NRDP Northwestern Rural Development Project NREM Natural Resource & Environmental Management NTFP Non-Timber Forest Product NWISP Northwest Irrigation Sector Project PDA Provincial Department of Agriculture PSP Production Startup Program (ADESS) PMU Project Management Unit PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PRDC Provincial Rural Development Committee PSU Project Support Unit (MAFF) PTST Provincial Technical Support Team RDB Rural Development Bank RGC Royal Government of Cambodia RPRP Rural Poverty Reduction Project (Prey Veng & Svay Rieng) RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal SL Sustainable Livelihoods STF Seila Task Force TA Technical Assistance TIP Technology Implementation Procedure TSBR Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve TSBRS Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve Secretariat TSEMP Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project TSLSP Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project TSSLP Tonle Sap Sustainable Livelihoods Project UNDP UN Development Program UNESCO U N Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNOPS UN Office for Project Services VDC Village Development Committee VEW Village Extension worker VLA Village Livestock Agent WUG Water User Group

SUMMARY Introduction. This report on the Agro Ecosystems of the Tonle Sap Basin, describes the basin’s natural resource base (including topography, land- use, soils, water, flora and fauna), and is a planning tool for future decision making. Analysis of the agro ecosystems will determine not only agricultural productivity possibilities, but also issues of sustainability, equitability and stability. Agro Ecosystems Analysis. Central to the concept of AEA is the agro ecosystem and the recognition that if you apply some element of adjustment or intervention to the agro ecosystem then you must consider the potential impact on all parts of the system. The use of AEA as a planning methodology for the Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project (TSLSP) should ensure that improved livelihoods of rural communities in the lowlands surrounding the Tonle Sap lake are produced in a way that is sustainable with an equitable distribution of resources. This will have a stabilizing effect on the lowland communities. Methodology. The study has been conducted in close cooperation with the DAE and the CAAEP II Project. Maps produced through JICA assistance to MOWRAM, have been used in identifying and describing the agro ecosystems. The study uses existing Commune AEAs (CAEAs) conducted and recorded by OAE staff in the six provinces of Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, Battambang, Pursat, Kampong Chhnang and Kampong Tom. A total of 36 CAEAs were provided by the provinces and analyzed for this study Validation. A validation team comprising the Agro Ecosystems Specialist, the Agricultural Adviser and the Infrastructure Adviser, conducted a two- week field visit to all provinces. In each province the team was accompanied by staff from PDA and visited at least 3 communes per province to check the reliability of the AEA data. Staff from PLG/SEILA, PDRAM, PDA, DAO were consulted at provincial level. At commune level, Commune Councils and District Agriculture Offices were also visited. Systems Boundary. The ecosystems of the Tonle Sap basin stretch from the lake to the surrounding foothills. Whereas the inner boundary is easily recognized as the lake itself, the outer boundary is more difficult to determine. The Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve Transition Zone is defined as the area between the Buffer Zone and Highways No. 5 and No. 6 that surround the lake. This is very arbitrary, and study of topographic, soils and in particular land use maps based on satellite imagery there is a clear lowland zone surrounding the lake. This zone consists of agricultural and grazing land, and is predominantly classified as lowland paddy rice land. The TSLSP Inception Report (June, 2006) referred to this problem of target area definition. Agreement was reached with MOWRAM that the project area should be “the land area that presently is under predominantly agricultural use, on the flat-lying colluvial-alluvial plain surrounding the Tonle Sap”. Since the project area boundary has been determined based on land use there is no conflict with the agro ecosystems boundary, and the outer boundaries of the proposed project target area and the outer boundary of the Tonle Sap basin ecosystem are the same. Systems Hierarchy. Based on a study of available data, including soils maps, topographic maps and land use maps based on satellite imagery,

there are three clear agro ecosystem zones surrounding the Tonle Sap lake and within the outer boundary of the TSLSP target area. Zone 1. The Upland Mixed Crop Zone. A fringe area between the lowland paddy area and the foothills of the Tonle Sap basin. The zone is characterized by scrub land and grazing land with some rice and upland crops. This zone is the outer boundary of the TSLSP. Zone 2. The Lowland Rainfed Rice Land Zone. The lowland rainfed rice land zone includes the transition zone of the TSBR (defined as reaching to Highways 5 & 6), and in addition includes the lowland above the highways. The majority of TSLSP activities will take place in this zone. There are 3 sub-zones within this zone: - Lower terrace (below the highways) - Middle terrace and market (along the highways) - Upper terrace (above the highways) The middle terrace and market sub zone includes the higher land along the highways including towns and markets and is of significant economic importance. Zone 3. The Seasonally Flooded Zone. Area of predominantly flooded forest that is seasonally inundated by the lake, remaining under water for between 4 and 6 months. This corresponds to the TSBR Buffer Zone. This is the target area for the Tonle Sap Sustainable livelihoods Project. Systems Analysis. The three agro ecosystems are analysed in terms of their four systems properties of space, time, flow and decisions. Spatial Analysis. Considerable data are available to describe the physical attributes of the ecosystems. Spatial data in the form of maps includes topography, soils, land use, watersheds, rivers and water resources, administrative boundaries, village locations, roads and infrastructure, etc. Transect. Following the definition of the system boundaries and hierarchy, data from CAEAs completed in each zone have been consolidated and a transect line has been determined. The transect presents the typical situation as one moves from the outer limit of the agro ecosystem to the lake. The transect allows comparisons to be make between zones. By studying the flows of materials, people, produce, information between zones, it is possible to understand how the zones interact, and how changes in one zone may effect other zones. Of particular importance to TSLSP is the effect of stabilizing the livelihoods of the Lowland (Zone 2) will have on the sustainability of the natural resources of the Buffer Zone (Zone 3). Temporal Analysis. Seasonal calendars are used to analyse time related changes, but over the shorter-term. They are a used to examine seasonal differences, within year changes and key agricultural, economic and social events. Seasonal calendars are very useful for understanding stability issues related to irrigated agricultural development. Historical profiles are used for time analysis over the longer term, and record the history of major events affecting agriculture. The main purpose is to identify longer term trends, for example loss of forest cover, trends in rice yields, increases in population and changes in livelihood systems. Flow analysis. Flow diagrams are used to analyse the flow of materials, money, information, labour, etc. People move in and out between agro-

ecological zones depending on time and circumstances. Notably rural people in zone 1 and zone 2 bring cattle to feed and catch fish for family consumption for the following season in lowland seasonal flooded zone (zone 3) in dry season period as many grass fields emerge when the water in Tonle Sap go down. By contrast, some people living in Lowland Seasonally Flooded zone (zone 3) migrate a couple of months to zone 2 and zone 3 to sell labour for household income in wet season due to flood. Economic Analysis. Gross margin analysis is provided for the major rice, vegetable and fruit crops in the three zones. The total expenses have been subtracted from total income to give a net return. Gross margins are given for wet season rice, upland rice, floating rice, short duration rice, recession rice, cucumber, water melon, pineapple, sugar cane, soybean and corn. The gross margins allow quick comparison of the relative profitability of crops in the different zones. Cause Effect Diagrams. Cause effect diagrams (problem trees) are used to break down broad problem areas into their causal factors which are then used to identify appropriate solutions. They begin with a broad statement of the overall problem which is then broken down into component problems and eventually root causes. Possible Sub projects resulting from AEA The table below summarizes the most important key questions resulting from the AEA. This provides a good indication of the possible sub project interventions in the Lowland Zone.

KEY QUESTION TECHNICAL COMPONENTS Low Rice Yields. There is already a general villager lack of understanding of - Improved varieties appropriate cultural practices for rice. - Quality seed How can we introduce improved cultural - Land preparation practices for both trans-planted and - Soil fertility management broadcast rice? - Integrated pest mgt. - Weed mgt. - Water mgt. - Post harvest Pig raising. Pig raising already an important activity for most families, - Improved pig breed however returns are low or sometimes - Pig husbandry even negative – how can we develop - Pig nutrition and introduce improved and more - Animal health profitable pig raising systems? Animal disease. Most farm households have livestock but diseases are having - FMD ( food and mouth a big impact on mortality rates and disease) production – what are the major - Swine fever diseases and how can these best be - Newcastle disease controlled in a practical manner? - Avian flu awareness

Lack of high rice yield varieties - Contact CARDI for high yield crop Even though most farmers want to grow varieties high rice varieties (modern rice verities - Introduce modern rice ), they could not afford to get the crop varieties seeds due to no available sources and - Technical training especially due to no knowledge of - contact AQIP Seed Company for

growing modern rice varieties . How can quality seed supply chain including help farmers to grow modern rice seed company agents in target varieties? communes. Lack of knowledge of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use

Chemical fertilizer and pesticide have been used by farmers without -Identification of pesticides used by appropriate amount and technical farmers aspects. This causes farmers lose - Identification of amount of chemical economy and receive bad effect from fertilizer used by farmers the pesticide. How can farmers have - Chemical fertilizer and pesticide knowledge of chemical fertilizer and technique pesticides application with technical - Translation of labels from Vietnamese manner? and Thai to Khmer Uneven land in paddy fields. - Land levelling Some of the paddy fields are uneven. It - Water control causes some parts of the paddy field - Soil fertility management without water and poor quality of soil. - Varietal adaptation How can help farmers to make paddy - Soil identification field even? - Soil analysis Rat Control. Rats are a serious problem in rice and upland crops every - Species identification year. How can help farmers to control - TBS sites selection rat problem in their communities? - TBS construction - Rat population monitoring Home Gardens. Home gardens are poorly developed and villagers have to - Family nutrition buy vegetables and fruit from travelling - Vegetable production merchants – once domestic water has - Fruit tree production been provided, how can subsistence - Compost production/use vegetables and fruit be best promoted to - Efficient water use improve family nutrition and reduce the - Food preservation drain on household income? - Livestock

Illegal fishing. Most farmers who live in areas where there are natural lakes or - Community specialist nearby the Tonle Sap lack complaint - Identification of communities where that the population of fishes are there are problems with illegal fishing declining remarkably due to illegal - Fishery management fishing through using wrong fishing - Community resource management gears. How can help communities to protect fish population in the natural lakes successfully? Insect problems. Some rice farmers complain about the insects destroying the rice crop. Crop yield in the paddy - Identification of insects field destroyed by insects reduce have - IMP specialist been remarkably. How can farmers - Insect management method control insects? - Lack of capital to invest in crop and animal enterprises. Due to socio- economic constraints, some farmers invest a little inputs or without inputs on - Credit crop and animal production. How can - Help-self group

assist farmers to get capital to improve - Input bank farming? Crab problem. Crab is one among other serious problems raised by farmers. Although farmers try to catch - IPM method and poison crabs, they could not get rid - Crab control/ of crabs from the paddy fields. Crabs management cut rice plants when the plant is in - Identification of crab population flowering and panicle stages. This causes rice yield decrease considerably due to loss of number of rice plants. How can farmers control crabs successfully? Lack of market information. Market information of agricultural commodity can’t reach rural farmers due to lack of - Market information notice board marketing agents and mechanism. - Market information delivery Farmers are not aware of the potential crops for market demands. Some agricultural commodities are not sold at the harvesting time due to market constraints. How can the project help farmers access market information on time? Lack of water consumption in dry season. Most communities experience difficulty to access clean water family - Contact provincial consumption and animals in dry season department of rural since some wells dry out. Rural people development spend long hours to collect water from - Water storage materials far distance. How can the project - Water supply program support sufficient drinking water rural people in the target areas? Illegal flooded forest clearing

Some communities having flooded - Fishery community forest are experiencing difficulty with - Stop expansion of agricultural land in protecting the resource from the conservation areas degradation due to agricultural land expansion and land acquisition. How can the project assist communities in protecting flooded forest from degradation? Lack of vegetable growing technique

Some vegetable farmers have poor - Vegetable growing agronomic technique. Others could not technique cultivate vegetable because of no - Crop seed selection knowledge and experiences to cultivate - Vegetable variety selection vegetables. How can the project improve farmers’ knowledge and experiences of vegetable cultivation?

AGRO ECOSYSTEMS OF THE TONLESAP BASIN

1. INTRODUCTION

This report on the Agro Ecosystems of the Tonle Sap Basin, describes the basin’s natural resource base (including topography, land-use, soils, water, flora and fauna), and is a planning tool for future decision making. Analysis of the agro ecosystems will determine not only agricultural productivity possibilities, but also issues of sustainability, equitability and stability. This study should be viewed as complimentary to the RRA survey1 recently completed in 32 villages, 16 communes , in the six provinces surrounding the Tonle Sap lake. The RRA survey followed the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) which is compatible with Agro Ecosystems Analysis (AEA). The RRA results provide important primary data on a micro (village) level, to complement the AEA data on a macro (Tonle Sap basin) level.

1.1 Tonle Sap Bioshere Reserve (TSBR) The Tonle Sap lake and the surrounding area has been designated as a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO2. Biosphere zonation includes a core area, buffer zone and transition area. The core areas of the TSBR are located in Prek Toal, Boeng Tonle Chhmar and Stung Sen. The buffer zone, an area of approximately 540,000 hectares, surrounds the core areas and the lake up to the outer limit of the flooded forest. The TSBR transition area of approximately 900,000 hectares lies between the outer boundary of the buffer zone and Highways No.5 and No. 6.

1.2 ADB’s Involvement in the Tonle Sap Basin ADB’s Country Strategy and Program (CSP) 2005-2009 targets broad- based economic growth, inclusive social development, and good governance. ADB’s overarching goal in Cambodia is sustainable poverty reduction. In 2003, the Tonle Sap Basin Strategy was drafted. It gave geographical focus to the CSP and forms the basis for setting priorities and planning assistance in the Tonle Sap basin.

ADB projects support conservation and livelihoods improvement in each of the TSBR zones. The Tonle Sap Environmental Management Project3 is focused on the core area and is addressing major conservation issues. The Tonle Sap Sustainable Livelihoods (TSSL)4 will promote sustainable

1 TSLSP RRA Report, November, 2006 2 Biosphere reserve status granted in 1997 3 ADB Loan 1939-CAM, commenced February, 2003, implemented by FAO 4 ADB Grant; due to commence in early 2007

livelihoods for families living in, or deriving part of their livelihoods from, the buffer zone. The Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project (TSLSP)5 will enhance the food security and income generation capability of poor families living in the lowland rice growing land comprising the transition zone. This should stablize agricultural production and reduce exploitation of the fragile resources of the core and buffer zones.

1.3 Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project (TSLSP)

The development objective of the TSLSP should be seen within the framework of the Tonle Sap Basin Strategy. It will focus on the improvement of the livelihoods of households inhabiting the lowland area stretching from the outer limit of the Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve’s (TSBR) buffer zone to the foothills of the upper watershed area. This includes the TBSR transition area, and the additional lowland area extending from Highways No.5 and No.6 to the foothills. According to the Project Preparation Inception Report.6 The rationale behind this is that by improving (stabilizing) the livelihoods of people in the lowlands, they will be less inclined to unsustainably extract the natural resources in the Core and Buffer Zones, thereby reducing pressure on the natural resources that are vital to the integrity of the Biosphere Reserve.

The Agro Ecosystems of the Tonle Sap Study will more clearly define the TSLSP project area and the inter-relationships between the lowland and the buffer zone and core areas.

2. AGRO ECOSYSTEMS ANALYSIS (AEA)

According to Craig (2006)7AEA is a planning technique that encourages planners to think in a spatial, temporal and holistic way; it uses a number of rapid rural appraisal techniques and draws upon existing knowledge to identify opportunities for development that are sustainable, productive, equitable and stable in the long term.

2.1 Background to AEA

While the green revolution has been very successful in raising agricultural productivity throughout most of the developing world, it has largely ignored the environmental and socio-economic diversity that exists within cultures

5 Now at project preparation stage 6 PPTA No. 4756-CAM; Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project Inception Report, June, 2006 7 Iain Craig, Farming systems Adviser, CAAEP II Project

of less developed countries (Conway, 1986).8 AEA is born out of a concern for the current narrow emphasis on lifting agricultural production and what Conway (1986) describes as the creation of a “course-grained agriculture” where there is large scale uniformity in both crop varieties (i.e. IR66), and the means of production. Problems such as recurrent pest and disease outbreak and declining soil fertility have been documented as the downside of several decades of the green revolution. While it is acknowledged that food must come first, the AEA approach is a more holistic approach to development, one that is more sensitive to the complexities of the environment and the local community.

Central to the concept of AEA is the agro ecosystem and the recognition that if you apply some element of adjustment or intervention to the agro ecosystem then you must consider the potential impact on all parts of the system (Craig, 2006). The use of AEA as a planning methodology for TSLSP should ensure that improved livelihoods of rural communities in the lowlands surrounding the Tonle Sap lake are produced in a way that is sustainable with an equitable distribution of resources. This will have a stabilizing effect on the lowland communities.

2.2 Development of AEA in Cambodia

The Cambodia Australia Agricultural Extension Project, Phase 2 (CAAEPII) is a capacity building project working to strengthen the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), the provincial OAEs and the district extension teams. The most important feature of CAAEP has been the development and implementation of Agro-Ecosystems Analysis (AEA) as the main planning tool for agricultural development and extension. The AEA process and the links to the Commune Development Plan (CDP) are shown in Figure 1.

The AEA methodology is used to support Commune Councils (CC) in the design of the agricultural development component of the CDP based on local problems and opportunities. In conjunction with local stakeholders, AEA identifies, describes and prioritises problems and opportunities and helps to design activities to address them. These agricultural development activities are then implemented by the CC under the commune development plan with SEILA funding and technical support from DAO. Since 2002, MAFF’s Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) has been using AEA at the commune level as a participatory needs assessment methodology for planning agricultural extension and development programs. AEA has been conducted in over 350 communes across 17 provinces, and its use is now endorsed by official MAFF policy. Commune AEA implementation is currently funded by Seila, MAFF and a number of multi-lateral, bilateral and NGO donors. In particular, the IFAD funded

8 Gordon R. Conway, Agro-ecosystem Analysis for Research and Development, Winrock International, 1986

Agricultural Development Support to Seila (ADESS) and Rural Poverty Reduction Project (RPRP). At the request of ADB, the World Bank and GTZ, CAAEP has agreed to modify and test AEA as a tool for assessing livelihood options and for planning agricultural development support programs for social land concession areas in Cambodia. This collaborative methodology development initiative commenced with the application of AEA in the proposed Social Land Concession Site in Kratie Province, one of only two sites that have been identified by the RGC to date. At the request of the MOWRAM-MAFF inter-ministerial working group, CAAEP agreed to modify and test AEA as a tool for planning agricultural extension and development support programs for irrigation projects in Cambodia. This collaborative initiative was conducted jointly by CAAEP and the ADB-funded North West Irrigation Sector Project (NWISP), using the Phonley irrigation scheme, one of the NWISP systems, as a case-study for ISAEA methodology development. The work was conducted over a period of 6 months by a multi-disciplinary team comprising local PDA and PDWRAM officials, supported by national experts from all relevant disciplines associated with irrigation system design and agricultural development. In addition to using AEA as a methodology in the design of TSLSP, there is good potential to use AEA as the principal planning tool for the identification and development of subprojects during implementation.

Figure 1. The Commune Agro ecosystems Analysis Process9

o Conduct commune AEA 2 Data - Analyse 2o data - SEILA data

Identify agroecosystems - DAO ag. data

- Transect analysis - Aerial photos

- Identify key issues Ld

- Conduct RRA Local knowledge

Develop key questions Soil identification

Commune TIP Key Questions Agroecosystems -Problem addressed Inventory - Delineation -Working hypothesis - Characterisation

TIP Selection Agro-ecosystem - Problem addressed Key question Inventory - Agro ecosystem - Inventory Characteristics

TIP Implementation - Description - Procedures TIP modules - Technical Support Committee (TSC)

TIP Oversight Committee TIP Replication

-National TIP Inventory - Apply TSC

TIP – Technical Information Procedure

9I. Craig. CAAEPII AEA Adviser, August, 2002

2.3 Methodology for Tonle Sap Basin Agro Ecosystems Study

The study has been conducted in close cooperation with the DAE and the CAEEP II Project. The methodology follows the steps outlined in the AEA Users Manual, September 2004, and the ISAEA Manual, September 2006 (CAAEP II and DAE). The assistance provided by CAAEP Farming Systems Adviser, Iain Craig is gratefully acknowledged. The three identified ecosystems result from study of land use maps produced by JICA.10 The study uses existing Commune AEAs (CAEAs) conducted and recorded by OAE staff in the six provinces of Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, Battambang, Pursat, Kampong Chhnang and Kampong Tom. A total of 36 CAEAs were provided by the provinces and analyzed for this study (Refer to Table 1.). The location of the CAEAs used is shown in Map No. 1. In addition to the JICA land-use maps, further spatial data was obtained from IRRI soil maps, and topographic maps. A short-term GIS Specialist, Mr Soun Mean, produced the final Agro ecosystems maps. A validation team comprising the Agro Ecosystems Specialist, the Agricultural Adviser and the Infrastructure Adviser, conducted a two-week field visit to all provinces. In each province the team was accompanied by staff from PDA and visited at least 3 communes per province to check the reliability of the AEA data. Staff from PLG/SEILA, PDRAM, PDA, DAO were consulted at provincial level. At commune level, Commune Councils and District Agriculture Offices were also visited. The field report providing details of findings and discussions is provided in Appendix 1. The methodology used to produce the Agro Ecosystems is shown in the Figure 2.

10 Japanese Assistance to MOWRAM

Figure 2. AEA Procedure

PURPOSE & OBJECTIVES

SYSTEM DEFINITION

SYSTEM BOUNDARY AND COMPONENTS

SPACE TIME

SYSTEMS SYSTEM PROPERTIES ANALYSIS

FLOW DECISIONS

KEY DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

SELECTION OF DEVELOPMENT PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS ACTIVITIES

PRIORITISATION

IMPLEMENT TSSLP PROJECT AGRICULTURE ACTIVITIES DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Map 1

3. SYSTEM DEFINITION

3.1 Systems Boundary

The Ecosystems of the Tonle Sap basin stretch from the lake to the surrounding foothills. Whereas the inner boundary is easily recognized as the lake itself, the outer boundary is more difficult to determine. The Tonle Sap Biosphere Reserve Transition Zone is defined as the area between the Buffer Zone and Highways No. 5 and No. 6 that surround the lake. This is very arbitrary, and study of topographic, soils and in particular land use maps based on satellite imagery11there is a clear lowland zone surrounding the lake. This zone consists of agricultural and grazing land, and is predominantly classified as lowland paddy rice land. The TSLSP Inception Report (June, 2006) referred to this problem of target area definition. Agreement was reached with MOWRAM that the project area should be “the land area that presently is under predominantly agricultural use, on the flat-lying colluvial-alluvial plain surrounding the Tonle Sap”. Since the project area boundary has been determined based on land use there is no conflict with the agro ecosystems boundary, and the outer boundaries of the proposed project target area and the outer boundary of the Tonle Sap basin ecosystem are the same. A map showing the TSLSP proposed target area is presented in Map No. 2.

11 JICA Landuse map

Map 2

Map 3

3.2 Systems Hierarchy Based on a study of available data, including soils maps, topographic maps and land use maps based on satellite imagery, there are three clear agro ecosystem zones surrounding the Tonle Sap lake and within the outer boundary of the TSLSP target area. The three Agro Ecosystem Zones are presented in Map No. 3 (above). Zone 1. The Upland Mixed Crop Zone A fringe area between the lowland paddy are and the foothills of the Tonle Sap basin. The zone is characterized by scrub land and grazing land with some rice and upland crops. This zone is the outer boundary of the TSLSP. The Upland Mixed Crop Zone Hierarchy

Provinces- Kampong Chhnang,

Battambang, Pursat, Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, and Kampong Thom

Districts in six provinces around Tonle Sap Lake

Tonle Sap Basin

Upland Mixed Crop Zone

Lowland Rainfed Rice Shrub Medium Highland

Wet season Rice Wet season Rice

Livestock Cashew

Cashew Livestock

Fruit tree Cassava

Sugar palm Water melon

Zone 2. The Lowland Rainfed Rice Land Zone The lowland rainfed rice land zone includes the transition zone of the TSBR (defined as reaching to Highways 5 & 6), and in addition includes the lowland above the highways. The majority of TSLSP activities will take place in this zone. There are three sub-zones within this zone: - Lower terrace (below the highways) - Middle terrace and market (along the highways) - Upper terrace (above the highways) The middle terrace and market sub zone includes the higher land along the highways including towns and markets and is of significant economic importance. The Lowland Rainfed Rice Land Zone Heirarchy

Provinces- Kampong Chhnang, Battambang,

Pursat, Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, and Kampong Thom

Districts in six provinces around Tonle Sap Lake

Tonle Sap Basin

Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone

High terrace Medium terrace Low terrace

Wet season Wet season rice Wet season rice Rice

Cashew Cassava Recession rice

Vegetables Cashew Livestock

Livestock Livestock Water melon

Sweet potatoes

Zone 3. The Seasonally Flooded Zone Area of predominantly flooded forest that is seasonally inundated by the lake, remaining under water for between four and six months. This corresponds to the TSBR Buffer Zone. This is the target area for the Tonle Sap Sustainable livelihoods Project. The Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone Heirarchy

Provinces - Kampong Chhnang, Battambang,

Pursat, Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, and Kampong Thom

Districts in six provinces around Tonle Sap Lake

Tonle Sap Basin

Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone

Wet season Dry Season

Receding rice Floating rice

Vegetables Deep water rice

Livestock/Grazing Fishing

Fishing

4. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

Having defined the agro ecosystems in terms of boundary and hierarchy, it is now possible to conduct detailed systems analysis for each ecosystem, following the procedure outlined in Figure 2. This is achieved by analysing the four system properties of space, time, flow and decisions.

SPACE TIME

SYSTEM PROPERTIES

FLOW DECISIONS

4.1 Spatial Analysis Considerable data are available to describe the physical attributes of the ecosystems. Spatial data in the form of maps includes topography, soils, land use, watersheds, rivers and water resources, administrative boundaries, village locations, roads and infrastructure, etc. 4.1.1 Land Use The land use map presented in Map No. 4 is the primary data set for determining the three agro ecosystem zones. The map clearly shows the lake and the inundated forest area. In terms of this agro ecosystems study this is Zone 3. It generally matches the TSBR Buffer Zone. Stretching from Zone 3 to the foothills of the Tonle Sap basin, and including both sides of national highways No.5 & No.6, is a wide area of predominantly lowland rice land. This can be clearly classified as Zone 2. Above the lowlands and reaching to the foothills making up the outer boundary of the TSLSP target area, is an area of grass and scrub land with some mixed cropping. This is designated as the Zone 1. 4.1.2 Elevation Th Tonle Sap Basin is gently sloping with only a very slight difference in elevation from the one end of the south-east end of the lake in Kampong Chhnang Province to the North-west extremity in Banteay Meanchey Province. The elevation map presented in Map No. 5. also shown the difference in evelvation from the lske to the foothills. This shows that the buffer zone (Zone 3) is generally under 10 meters asl, and the lowland area from 10 to 20 meters asl. The upper limits of the upland scrub and mixed cropping zone (Zone 1) reach above 40 meters asl only in small parts of Pursat and Siem Reap Provinces.

Map 4

Map 5

4.1.3 Soils of the Main Rice Growing Areas Map No. 6 on the next page gives the location of the main soil types in the Tonle Sap basin. The soil classification and the descriptions provided below are from CIAP.12

Soil Type Description Soils developed on the old alluvial and colluvial material Prey Khmer A soil occurring on the old alluvial terraces or the colluvial-alluvial Soils Group plains, with a sandy textured profile extending 50cm deeper. This soil type is estimated to occupy about 11% of the total rice growing area. Two phases of Prey Khmer group have been defined based on the size of the sand fraction in the surface horizon: 1) Fine sandy phase. 2) Coarse sandy phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. This soil type is not suitable for irrigation. The fertility of this soil is very low. Glasshouse experiments have shown the soil to be potentially deficient in N,P,K,S and Mg. Organic matter levels are very low. Fertilizer management is very difficult with nutrients being easily leached; and it is difficult in matching nutrient supply to crop demand. Prateah Lang A soil occurring on the old alluvial terraces or the colluvial-alluvial Soil plains, which has a sandy topsoil less than 40cm deeper over a subsoil, which has a loamy or clayey texture. This soil is estimated to occupy about 28% of the total rice-growing area. Three phases of Prateah Lang soil have been defined based on characteristics of the sub soil that affect root penetration and water drainage, including 1) Shallow phase. 2) Clayey subsoil phase. 3) Loamy subsoil phase. This soil is difficult to manage for rice production. If structures for water harvesting and supplementary irrigation can be developed cheaply, then profitable yield increases may be expected on these soils. Bakan Soil A soil occurring on the colluvial plains or the old alluvial terrace that has a loamy or clayey topsoil, which does not crack or has only shallow surface cracks occurring over a mottled loamy or clayey subsoil. Approx. 13% The soil can be found in all rice-growing area and is estimated to of rice occupy about 12%. The soil is well suitable to rice production, where conditions are favorable and yields respond well to improved growing area management. Glasshouse experiments have shown that the soil to be potentially deficient in N, P, K and possibly S. Rice grown on this soil is likely to respond to N, P, K fertilizer application in the field. Toul A soil occurring on the old alluvial terraces or the colluvial-alluvial plains Samroung that has a clayey or loamy topsoil, which forms wide cracks that penetrate deeper than 5cm into the soil over a clayey or loamy subsoil. Soil The color of the topsoil is gray or brown but not dark gray or black. The soil occupies about 10% of the rice area. Two phases of the soil have been defined, subject to its color and fertility including 1). Brown phase and Gray phase. The soil is well suited to rice production. It has moderate to high potential and yield respond well to improved management, especially is well suited to irrigation. Glasshouse experiments have shown that the soil is well respond, using N and P only.

12 Peter White, T. Roberto, P. Sovuthy 1997 – The Soil Used for Rice Production in Cambodia, IRRI

Soils developed on the active flood plains Kbal Po Soil A soil with a dark gray, very dark brown to black, clayey topsoil, which forms large deep cracks over a clayey subsoil, occurring on the active flat plains. It is estimated to occur on 13% of the rice growing area. Two phases of the Kbal Po soils are recognized based on soil chemical properties: nonthionic and thionic. This soil is relatively easy to manage. It has high potential for rice production and responds well to management. These soils are well suited to irrigation. This phase has a subsoil pH below 4.5, with an impact on rice production if the soil is plowed too deeply. Krakor Soil A soil with a gray to brown but not dark grey, very dark brown or black, loamy or clayey textured topsoil over a sandy, loamy or clayey subsoil occurring on the active floodplains. The soil occurs in all provinces and is estimated to occupy about 15% of the land area grown to rice in Cambodia. Two phases have been defined for the Krakor soil, non-cracking and cracking. It is expected that the group will be further subdivided into a number of phases following more detailed work. The soil has a good potential to produce high rice yields. The soil responds well to improved management. It has a high suitability for irrigation if water can be managed effectively. The inherent fertility of the soil is good. Glasshouse and field trials have shown responses to only N and sometimes P fertilizer application

Map 6

4.1.4 Principal Water Resources The main rivers flowing through the catchments of the Tonle Sap basin are presented in Map No. 7. The location of flow stations is also shown. In the TSLSP Water Availability Report (September, 2006)13Hydrological data for 23 river monitoring stations from the DoH&RW database have been analysed. Long-term observations at two stations reveal no significant trends in mean annual flows, but do indicate very substantial variation about the long-term mean – almost a five-fold range for the Stung Sangke at Battambang. Flows are highly seasonal, with low or even zero flows during the dry season (December to May), rising quickly to a peak in the wet season, in September-October. The data show graphically that run-of- river flows in Cambodia are quite unreliable, as a basis for confident and economical resource development. Computations of volumetric water availability (in million cubic metres per month or year) show the large volumes of water that flow to the Tonle Sap Great Lake, but again there is great inter-annual variability. However, flow volumes at the beginning of the wet season, when reliable access to water is most important for farmers, are a small proportion of the annual total flow. Mosley concludes that, “Run-of-river flows do not provide a reliable basis for agriculture, particularly at the start of the wet season”.

13 Water Availability Report, September, 2006: Paul Mosley, Water Resources Specialist

Map 7

4.1.5 Rainfall Climate is determined by the South East Asian monsoon system. The humid south-west monsoon brings rainfall from June to October whilst the north-east monsoon brings dry marginally cooler conditions from November to April. The change-over period of April and May brings showers which allow the start of soil cultivation for rice in lower areas and the planting of an upland catch crop usually on lighter soils. Rainfall averages 1 400 to 1 800 mm and exceeds evaporation during the rainy season. Temperatures average 28o C throughout the year with diurnal variation of 8- 10o C. During the wet season when precipitation is well above pan evaporation, there is a difficult period of lower rainfall or even a short gap in rainfall in August, which affects rice production adversely particularly on the lighter soils. In recent years this problem has been more serious than usual.

According to Mosley14 Rainfall data are available for over 80 stations, but many have records of less than a handful of years, and less than ten stations have more than 30 years of record (in all cases very discontinuous, with many gaps). Mean annual rainfalls are generally in the range 1,000mm to 1,700 mm. There is a clear pattern of declining rainfall towards the northwest. Stations northwest of the lake have annual totals less than 1,200 mm, declining to below 1,000 mm at the Thai border. To the west and southwest of the lake, towards Pailin, annual totals are in the range 1,200- 1,350 mm. Annual totals around the eastern end of the lake are in the range 1,250-1,700 mm, and then appear to decline again further towards the southeast. Northeast of the lake, annual totals are in the range 1,350- 1,550 mm. The “reliable“ annual rainfall that is received at least four in five years on average also has been calculated for each station. Totals are, of course, less than the mean annual totals, and the geographical pattern is somewhat different. Westwards from the lake, “four in five year“ totals decline from about 1,200 mm to around 1,000 mm at Pailin and 900 mm towards the Thai border. At the eastern end of the lake there is a zone with totals of 1,200-1,400 mm; elsewhere, totals are in the range 1,000-1,200 mm, with a possible rain-shadow area to the southwest of Pursat. Again, it is unrealistic to draw isohyets, and anyone needing data for design at a particular location should consult the data for nearby stations.

The seasonal rainfall distribution is broadly similar for all stations in the Tonle Sap basin. There is negligible rainfall in December to February, with a rapid increase in March to May. Monthly totals during the core of the wet season, June to October, vary widely, presumably in response to the convectional rainfall that brings unpredictable heavy downpours that cover small areas. For example, June totals at Battambang range from 5 mm to 341 mm – a very unreliable basis for confident agriculture.

14 Water Availability Report, September, 2006: Paul Mosley, Water Resources Specialist

Map 8

4.1.6 Poverty Rate The Human Poverty Index places Cambodia 75th out of 88 developing countries in terms of poverty, the second highest in Asia. There are high levels of mortality and child malnutrition and poor availability of public services. According to the 2002 WFP Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping (VAM) 36.1% of the total population or about 3.92 million people were living below the poverty line. Poverty is largely a rural phenomenon, with 43% of the rural population living below the rural poverty line. 87% of the poor are rural households. In 1997 the highest rate of poverty was amongst households headed by farmers (44%). Overall women-headed households are less likely to be poor (33%) than those headed by men (37%), as many of women-headed households now have adult sons and a smaller number of dependants. However there is considerable variation in the well being of women-headed households, depending on stage in the household life cycle.

Apart from incomes, other indicators of human development are also low, including average life expectancy at birth of 54 years for males and 59 for females, infant mortality rates of 86 deaths per 1 000 live births, maternal mortality of 440 deaths per 100 000 live births, while 46% of children in the 0-5 age year group are under weight and 46% are under-height for their age. Education attainments and skill levels are low, access to health services covers barely half the rural population, while access to safe drinking water and sanitation covers respectively some 24% and 9% of rural households. The rate of infection with HIV/AIDS is the highest in Asia with 2.7% of the all adults aged 15-49 affected by the virus, which will plunge many households into poverty as a result of increasing number of annual deaths of prime-age adults.

A graphical representation of the relative poverty levels for Communes around the Tonle Sap basin is presented in Map No. 9. 4.1.7 Other Projects The ADB Tonle Sap Environmental Management is working on environmental management issues concerning the Tonle Sap lake and Core Zones. The ECOSORN Project funded by the European Union commenced in 2005 and has target communes in Siem Reap, Banteay Meanchey and Battambang. Agricultural extension and water resource management are among the Project’s activities. However, as shown in Figure 12, there will be no conflict with the proposed TSLSP target area. LIkewise, the Northwest Irrigation Sector Project overlaps slightly in Banteay Meanchey and Pursat. However, there is no reason that these two ADB projects cannot work very closely together.

Map 9

The proposed communes targeted by the Tonle Sap Sustainable Livelihoods Project (TSSLP) do overlap considerably with the TSLSP proposed target communes. However, the two projects will work in completely different agro-ecological zones and should be able to work in harmony. Refer to Map No. 10.

Map 10

Map 11 Map 11. Agro-Ecosystems Transect (Hypothetical)

Transect

4.2 Transect

Following the definition of the system boundaries and hierarchy, data from CAEAs completed in each zone have been consolidated and a transect line has been determined. The transect presents the typical situation as one moves from the outer limit of the agro ecosystem to the lake. The transect allows comparisons to be make between zones. By studying the flows of materials, people, produce, information between zones, it is possible to understand how the zones interact, and how changes in one zone may effect other zones. Of particular importance to TSLSP is the effect of stabilizing the livelihoods of the Lowland (Zone 2) will have on the sustainability of the natural resources of the Buffer Zone (Zone 3). The elevation map (Map 5) shows a gradual increase from the lake to a maximum of 40 meters above sea level in Zone 1.

Transect of Agro Ecosystem Zones in the Tonle Sap Basin

Zone Upland Mixed Crop Lowland Rainfed Seasonally flooded Zone Riceland Zone Zone (Zone 1) ( Zone 2) (Buffer + Core) (Zone 3) Photograph

Elevation Upper middle Lower-middle Low up to 40 m height 10-20 m height up to 10 m height Topography Higher than zone 3 Higher than zone 3 Lower than zone 1 and and 2, mainly shrub and slopping down to 2, annually flooded by land and grazing zone 1, lowland the Tonle Sap lake; land, rising towards rainfed rice includes flooded forest the highland zone Hydrology Rainfed upland with Rainfed lowland with Flooded from Tonle limited areas of some supplemental Sap lake between 4-9 paddy. Runoff from water from existing months the highland areas irrigation schemes Lowlands and rainfed allowing limited dry lowland season cropping Soil type Pratea Larng, Sandy- Clays, sandy soil, Loamy-sands, Pratea clay, Pratea Larng Pratea Lang, Bakan, Lang, Prey Khmer, Kbal por, Bakan, Kbal por, Toul Samroung Major land Wet season rice Wet season rice Floating rice use Fruit tree Early wet season rice Recession rice/Dry season rice

Cassava Dry season rice Vegetables Grass fields in dry Cassava Soybean season Grass land Dry season grazing Forest land Sugar palm Wild life sanctuary Flooded forests Bushes Cashew Flooded shrub Cashew Fish stock Water melon Sweet potatoes Fruit tree Major Poor soil Drought Lack of water storage problems Low rice yield Poor soil for recession rice Lack of agronomic Limited cropping Lack of knowledge technique on rice and know-how rice crop of organic fertilizer upland/field crops application on rice Low rice yield crop and vegetables Lack of knowledge of Lack of irrigation animal raising Lack of knowledge of systems pesticide use Lack of good animal Animal infect diseases breeds Lack of working ( food and mouth, capital to invest in Lack of financial Newcastle ) crop and livestock capital to invest in Limited working capital enterprises farming and small for farming and micro- enterprise Lack of good animal enterprises breeds Lack of high rice Lack of high yield rice varieties Lack of deep water varieties rice varieties Lack of irrigation Poor rural roads system Lack of high rice Lack of knowledge of varieties Clearing forest for making compost and land grabbing and for Lack of knowledge of fertilizer application on fuel pig and chicken crops raising Lack of forest Lack of market for community Animal infect cassava diseases (food and Shortage of drinking Lack of drinking water mouth, Newcastle water for family and in dry season animal consumption Lack of rice growing in dry season rice Limited knowledge of technique animal raising Insects/pests Lack of knowledge of Rat problem growing mongo Illegal fishing Lack of Knowledge of making EM fertilizer Clearing flooded forest for agricultural Lack of marketing land information Lack of pure rice Lack of fish raising seeds technique in catch, pond and paddy field

Illegal fishing Clearing flooded forest Lack of knowledge of growing water melon, fruit tree and vegetable

Potential for Field crops Improve rice yield Small animal raising development through extension Animal raising Vegetable production services Grass land Fishery community Improve knowledge of establishment Forest community animal raising Fish raising in fish Fruit tree Fish raising in catch in rivers development pond/paddy fields Building water Improvement of Compost making storage for recession knowledge of Rehabilitation of rice cropping know-how existing irrigation through extension Improved system services management of grazing land

4.3 Zone Characteristics and Comparison 4.3.1 The Upland Mixed Crop Zone (Zone 1)

Provinces- Kampong Chhnang,

Battambang, Pursat, Banteay Meanchey, Siem reap, and Kampong Thom

Districts in six provinces around Tonle Sap Lake

Tonle Sap Basin

Upland Mixed Crop Zone

Lowland Rainfed Rice Shrub medium highland

Wet season Rice Wet season Rice

Livestock Cashew

Cashew Livestock

Fruit tree Cassava

Sugar palm Water melon

The Upland Mixed Crop Zone is characterized by its proximity to the forest zone next to the foot hills. The zone is covered by some paddy fields, field crop, shrub, evergreen forest and grass fields (Refer to land use map of Zone 1). The soils are generally poor white and grey, heavily leached, acidic sandy soils. The socio-economic status of people living in this zone is lower than people living in Zone 2 as it has poorer physical infrastructure and lower soil fertility comparing to Zones 2 and 3 .

Wet season Zone 1 is higher land on the eastern side of the project area which is dominated by medium and long term rice varieties in the wet season. Field crops such as corn, mung bean, water melon, cassava have been grown by some farmers. The area of medium duration rice varieties has increased in recent years, by clearing shrubs and forest to meet the food security needs of a growing population. Vegetables have been grown in home gardens by most farm households.

Dry season There is little opportunity for dry season rice production due to lack of available water sources. However, some field crops such as corn, and water melon have also been grown by farmers on a small percentage of the area. Household income sources Most of farm households have a variety of sources of income. However, the main source of income of people is farming coming from wet season rice, pig , chicken and cattle raising. Off-farm income also supplements the farming income. Some people also collect non timber forest products (NTFP) such as rattan, firewood, wood to be fired into charcoal, forest vegetables: bamboo shots and plant leaf for household use and consumption and for sale. Issues arising Based on the information and data of commune agro-ecosystem analysis within the zone and especially field visits, certain important problems have been raised by farmers. There are two may problems- social and farming- occurred in the zone. Social problems Due to the population growth and shortage of food, some farmers clear shrubs for extending agricultural land and for new resettlement. Illegal shrubs and forest clearing activities have been increased remarkably in recent years due to land price and socio-economic constraints. The

remaining forest needs to be maintained for long term use. Shortage of Drinking water in dry season is also the main issues underlined by farmers. Farming problems Concerning farming problems, main issues raised by farmers in zone 1 consist of poor soil, limited rice growing knowledge, lack of working capital to invest in crop and animal enterprises and micro business, lack of credit facilities , lack of good animal breeds, poor soil, and lack of irrigation system. Farmer cultivate rice crop depending on the rainfall pattern.

4.3.2 The Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone ( Zone 2)

Provinces- Kampong Chhnang, Battambang,

Pursat, Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, and Kampong Thom

Districts in six provinces around Tonle Sap Lake

Tonle Sap Basin

Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone

Upper terrace Middle terrace Lower terrace

Wet season Wet season rice Wet season rice Rice

Cashew Cassava Recession rice

Vegetables Cashew Livestock

Livestock Livestock Water melon

Sweet potatoes

Zone 2 is characterized by its specific land use data and farmer livelihood activities. It is located in the middle part of the project target areas which located in both side of national road No 5 and 6. This zone has three sub- zones namely upper terrace lowland, middle terrace lowland and low terrace lowland because of its different characteristics regarding main agricultural activities and socio-economic status. People living in lowland terrace lowland and upper terrace zones are mainly engaged in farming and other supplementary income generating activities. By contrast, people in middle terrace zone are involved in farming and micro-businesses because of the market location. Generally speaking, the socio-economic condition of people living in middle terrace zone is better than other two sub-zones within the Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone (zone2) because it is located close to the national road No 5 and 6 which people could access road and markets where have many economic activities Wet season Early, medium and late duration rice varieties have been cultivated by farmers in the Zone 2. Although early wet season rice cultivation has been introduced, it is still small percentage of cultivation due to limited information and extension service delivery. Apart from rice crop, farmers also cultivate cassava , sweet potato, and water melon. Vegetables have been grown in home garden of most farm households.

Dry season Dry season rice is grown in some parts in the agro ecosystems Zone 2 where water is available especially at the low terrace lowland zone adjacent to Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone (Zone 3). Water melon is the main crop which has been grown in dry season in the middle and low terrace zones because farmers could access road and market easily.. Although most places in the zone are suitable for cassava crop, but only few percentage of farmers could cultivate crop due to the market constraints. Cashew trees have been grown in plantations and around house farmyards. Household income sources Main livelihoods of people living in Zone 2 are agricultural and off-farm income. Some rural people living along both sides of the national road No 5 and 6, which is characterized into middle terrace zone, are engaged in

farming and businesses because of the market location. On the other hand, farmers are at the Upper Terrace Lowland Zone adjacent to Upland Mixed Crop Zone (Zone 1) and Low Terrace Lowland Zone adjacent to Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone ( Zone 3) are mainly engaged in agriculture such as rice production, water melon, home gardening, and animal raising. In addition, some farm households in Kampong Chhnang, Pursat, Kampong Thom provinces within Zone 2, having adults especially female adults also received remittance from the family members working for off-farm employment (garment industry at Phnom Penh city). Problems arising According to the reports of commune agro-ecosystem analysis within the zone, and team study field visit, two main problems- social and farming- have been detected. Social problems Illegal fishing and clearing flooded forest, low terrace lowland zone adjacent to zone 3 to expand agricultural land, have been taken place remarkably in recent years due to food security and population growth. Family violence has also discovered in some communities in the zone. Farmers in some communities within upper terrace lowland zone also face shortage of drinking water for human and animal consumption in dry season period. Farming problems Although farmers living in different agro-ecological zones, the main challenges raised by farmers are not much different because their livelihood relies heavily on agriculture. The considerable problems underlined by farmers are comprised of lack of crop growing knowledge and skills, lack of knowledge of chemical fertilizer and pesticide use, limited financial capital to invest in farming and micro-enterprises, limited knowledge and skills of pig, chicken and cattle raising, lack of irrigation system, poor soil fertility, lack of water sources for dry season crops, market constraints for cassava, and lack of knowledge to make compost and EM fertilizer.

4.3.3 The Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone ( Zone 3)

Provinces- Kampong Chhnang, Battambang,

Pursat, Banteay Meanchey, Siem Reap, and Kampong Thom

Districts in six provinces around Tonle Sap Lake

Tonle Sap Basin

Lowland Seasonally Flooded zone

Wet season Dry Season

Floating rice Receding rice

Deep water rice Vegetables

Fishing Livestock/Grazing

Fishing

The zone classified is based on its main characteristics consisting of elevation, different land use from the two zones above, and other natural resources. The zone is normally flooded from Tonle Sap between four and six months depending on the locations. The zone is covered by flooded forest, deciduous forest and flooded grass fields. Wet season Most of the areas within the zone have been abandoned in wet season due to deep flood from Tonle Sap Lake. Only small parts adjacent to the Zone 2 grow floating rice. Most of the floating rice areas have been isolated due to lack of suitable floating rice varieties available. The livelihood activity has been engaged in the area in wet season is fishing due to no suitable land for cultivation.

Dry season The main livelihood activities of people living in the zone 3 in dry season are crop cultivation and fishing. Since most farmers could not cultivate crop in wet season rice due to flood, instead they turn to cultivate crops and vegetables in dry season. Receding rice is the promising crop in the area because farmers could manage water and use modern rice varieties with high input investment. However, due to the shortage of water, some farmer could not cultivate the crop. Vegetables have been also considerable enterprises that farmers take into account for generating family income. Household income sources The main sources of income of most farm households in zone 3 are fishing, crop and vegetable cultivation and animal raising. In addition to the farming income, farmers also collect marine resources from the Tonle Sap to supplement family income. Comparing to the two said zones above, most farm households in zone 3 are poorer because of (1) poor physical infrastructures, (2) lack of land for cultivation in wet season due to flood, (3) only few development agencies exist in the area due to unfavourable location and difficulty to access to the area , (4) declining natural resources, and (5) competitive natural resource harvest due to population growth. Problem arising Two main problems- social and farming- have been considered in area. Comparing with other zone, social and farming problem in this area are more serious because they are concerned with natural resources belonging to the Tonle Sap Lake.

Social problems Because zone 3 is rich in natural resources including fishes, flooded forest, Wild lives, birds, and potentials for expansion of agricultural land for dry season crops, many social problem have occurred. The considerable problem indicated by farmers in the area are : (1) illegal fishing, (2) illegal wild life hunting, and (3) clearing flooded forest for expending agricultural land and land ownership. Farming problems In dry season, farmers cultivate receding rice crop and vegetables with high agro-chemical substance volumes such as chemical fertilizers, pesticide , and herbicides which these chemical components are harmful to environment and marine resources in the Tonle Sap Lake. Apart from the overall problems, farmers also raised specific problems with farming activities. Those problems consist of rat issues, weeds, lack of knowledge and skills of crop and vegetable cultivation, lack of knowledge of chemical substance application, lack of animal raising techniques, lack of water storage for receding rice, lack of working capital for farming and micro- enterprises, and lack of floating rice varieties.

5. TEMPORAL ANALYSIS

In the analysis of the identified ecosystems in terms of time, two factors have been considered: • Seasonal Calendar; • Historical Profile.

5.1 Seasonal Calendar Seasonal calendars are used to analyse time related changes, but over the shorter-term. They are a used to examine seasonal differences, within year changes and key agricultural, economic and social events. Seasonal calendars are very useful for understanding stability issues related to irrigated agricultural development.

Thr seasonal calendars presented below are indicative of the whole Tonle Sap Ecosystem.

5.1.1 Zone 2. Lowland Rainfed Rice Zone – Middle Terrace Events/month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4

Temperature Rainfall

Rice crop Short duration rice Medium duration rice Long duration rice Vegetables Pump kin Wax god and egg plant Sweet potato Cassava

Mung bean Water melon Sugar can Corn Harvesting period of fruit tree Coconut Mango Jack fruit Banana Animal disease outbreak Food and moth disease and New castle Parasite Newcastle Black spot on skin

Labor division

Short duration rice Land preparation (M= 70%, F=30%) Soaking seed and sowing (M=40 %, F=60%) Seedling pulling and translpating ( M= 40%, F = 60%) Maintainence and fertilizer application (M=80%, F= 20%) Harvesting (M=F=50%) Medium duration rice Land preparation (M= 80%, F=20%) Soaking seed and sowing (M=50 %, F=60%) Seedling pulling and translpating ( M= 40%, F = 60%) Maintainence and fertilizer application (M=80%, F= 20%) Harvesting (M=F=50%)

Long duration rice

Land preparation (M= 70%, F=30%) Soaking seed and sowing (M=40 %, F=60%) Seedling pulling and translpating ( M= 40%, F = 60%) Maintainence and fertilizer application (M=80%, F= 20%) Harvesting (M=F=50%) Water melon Land preparation ( M= 80%, F=20%) Growing (M=F=50%) Maintainance (M= 30%, F= 70%) Harvesting ( M= 70%, F = 30%) Sugar cane Land preparation ( M= 80%, F=20%) Growing (M=F=50%) Maintainance (M= 30%, F= 70%)

Harvesting ( M= 70%, F = 30%) Egg plant, Pumpkin and Wax gourd Land preparation ( M= 20%, F=80%) Growing (M=F=50%) Maintainance (M= 50%, F= 50%) Harvesting ( M= 50%, F = 50%) Animal raising Cattle/Buffalo (M=80%, F=20%) Pig (M=20%, F = 80%) Chicken/Duck Special events Khmer New Year ☺ Water festival ☺ Fluctuation price of agricultural product

Rice Vegetables Chicken Pig Sugar Water melon

(Source : Agro-ecosystem analysis report of Talou commune, Bakan district, Pursat province)

5.1.2 Zone 2 . Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone – Lower Terrace Seasonal Calendar on Crops, Animal Raising and Labor Division Metek Commune, Bakan district, Pursat Events/Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 Climate Rainfall Temperature Wet season rice Floating rice Fruit tree Vegetables Sweet potato Corn Sugar can Water melon Labour division Wet season rice

Land preparation ( M= 80%, F= 20%) Sowing ( M=F= 50%) Transplanting (M= 20%, F= 80%) Harvesting (M=F= 50%) Floating rice Land preparation (M= 90%, F=10%) Broadcasting ( M= 60%, F= 40%) Harvesting ( M=20%, F= 80%) Vegetables Land preparation ( M= 70%, F= 30%) Growing (M=F= 50%) Harvesting ( M=F=50%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4

Sugar cane Land preparation (M=F= 50%) Growing ( M=F= 50%) Harvesting (M= 40%, F= 60%) Corn Land preparation (M=F= 50%) Growing ( M=F= 50%) Harvesting (M= 40%, F=60 %) Animal raising Cattle /buffalo (M= 80%, F=20%) Pig (M=20, F=80%) Chicken (M=F=50%) Duck (M=60%, F=40%)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 Migration to Phnom Penh and Thailand ( F=3%, M= 2%) 5.1.2.1.1.1 Seasonal migration (M= 9%, F= 8%) Social events New Year ☺ Pha Chumben festival ☺ Water festival ☺ Agricultural price Rice Pork Chicken/duck meat Vegetables Fruits Beef Fish

5.2 Historical Profile Historical profiles are used for time analysis over the longer term, and record the history of major events affecting agriculture and irrigation system operation and management. They rely heavily on local knowledge, and cover events occurring over a number of decades, therefore it is essential that respondents include older people. The purpose of historical profiles is twofold. Firstly, to identify longer term trends, for example loss of forest cover, trends in rice yields, increases in population and changes in livelihood systems. Secondly, they are used to assess the resilience of the irrigation system to major perturbations such as floods, drought, economic changes, etc.

5.2.1 Zone 1. Upland Mixed Cropping Zone Lalou Commune, Bakan District, Pursat

Historical Profile (Time line) 1965 – 70 Commune named Lalou Good security during Sihanouk Regime Family scale agriculture – rainfed rice/organic fertilizer Market and health center Wild pig destroy crops 1970 – 75 Traditional animal raising Insecurity in mountains Some people abandon paddy fields and houses Low agricultural prices 1975 - 79 Khmer rouge regime Cooperative work and living Insufficient food Wet and dry season rice production Canal construction 1979 - 1993 State of Cambodia Displacement due to Khmer Rouge Solidarity groups Use organic fertilizer for crop cultivation

Family scale animal raising and vaccination Land distribution of 1.5 hectare per family Silting up of canals health center, school, pagoda re-open 1993 – 2005 People have freedom to vote in election Canal damaged Fruit trees, coconut, sugar palm, mango, orange, vegetables planting Modern rice variety 1.8 t/ha Insect and rats damage rice crops Animal diseases increase Natural disaster of floods/drought Development projects including Agricultural Extension Health education, literacy program, non-formal education, vocational training Village wells Commune Development Committees Commune Councils

5.2.2 Zone 2. Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone Kampong Kor Commune, Kampong Thom Historical Profile (Time line) 1970 - 75 People evacuated from the commune because of war

1975 - 79 New people from other areas came to live in commune Deep water floating rice production 1979 - 85 Establishment of solidarity groups Cooperative work and receive returns based on labor Food shortage for 3 years due to flood State bought rice from farmers Pagoda constructed and Buddhism restored Market available Khmer Rouge soldiers disturb the village occasionally Plenty of fish in Tonle Sap Cultivated floating rice Government distributed rice seed School building constructed Rice yield between 1 -1.2 tonnes/ha 1985 - 90 Land distribution in the commune Unpredictable rice yields due to flood and drought Farmers raise animals Insecurity – Khmer Rouge burn peoples houses Fishing the main occupation Traditional farming practice Digging canal Cattle raising Rice mill available Declining fish stocks General Election 1995 - 2000 Extension service in commune A few farmers start growing dry season rice Village health worker

Declining fish numbers/illegal fishing 2000 - 06 Commune election 2 Village Health workers in Krobaye and Bopeng villages General election Some wet season rice area used for dry season crop Som rehabilitation of cultivated land Water reservoir constructed for dry season rice Declining natural fish foot and mouth disease Illegal fishing Rice yield improved Reduced use of chemical fertilizer and increase in organic Introduction of new rice varieties

5.2.3 Zone 3. Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone Metek Commune, Bakan district, Pursat

Historical Profile (Time line)

1969-69 People living under Sihanouk king regime Main livelihood activities are rice farming, field crop animal raising and fishing No chemical fertilizer and pesticide use Abundance of fish and flooded forest because of good protection from government Good soil fertility Had good floating rice varieties Water from Tonle Sap lake went up slowly Good security

1969-75 People lived under Republic State of Cambodia Interruption from Khmer Rouge soldiers Some rural location disconnected with outside due to Khmer Rouge Rice farming, field crop animal raising, vegetable cultivation and fishing No use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides

1975-1979 People lived under Kampuchea Republic regime ( Khmer Rouge regime) Insufficient food consumption Cooperative work and live No freedom Many people were killed Very hard work with less food consumption No chemical fertilizer and pesticide use Good soil fertility because of organic fertilizer use Rice yield between 2 tone/ha and 3 tone/ha 1979-1987 People lived under People Republic of Cambodia Solidarity group formation

Cooperative work and received crop output based on labor contribution Most people lacked food consumption Abundance of natural resources such as fishes, wildlife, and flooded forest were Land distribution period, amount of land distributed depending on family size Used local varieties and organic fertilizer Rice yield between 1.5 tone/ha and 2.5 tone/ha Sold rice to the government ( compulsory) Occasional interruption from Khmer Rouge 1987-1995 General election Clearing flooded forest for agricultural land and for land ownership Use chemical fertilizer and pesticides Decreasing land fertility Occurrences of Animal diseases such as food and mouth, Newcastle, and other unknown diseases Gradual decreasing flooded forest and wildlife Rice yield between 1 and 2 tones/hectare Insects destroyed crops such rice, and vegetables Introduction and expansion fruit tree cultivation 1995-2003 Clearing flooded forest in anarchy manner for expanding agricultural land Commune election Parliament member election Introduction of modern rice varieties Expending land cultivation of cashew crop Introduction of saving groups Fishery community establishment Compost making project

6. FLOW ANALYSIS

Flow diagrams are used to analyse the flow of materials, money, information, labour, etc. Flows occur both up and down the hierarchy, i.e. from village to district or province, and from one sub-system to another. People move in and out between agro-ecological zones depending on time and circumstances. Three agro-ecological zones have been distinguished based on the differences of land use, topography, hydrology, livelihood activities, key problems and potentials for development within each zone. - Upland Mixed Crop; - Lowland Rainfed Riceland; - Lowland Seasonally Flooded. The information within each zone has been gathered from agro-ecosystem analysis reports at commune level, done by agricultural extension workers at provincial level supported and guided by Cambodia-Australia Agricultural Extension Project (CAAEP). Figure 3 indicates the main interaction of peoples’ livelihood activities between agro-ecological zones. Notably rural people in Zone 1 and Zone 2 bring cattle to feed and catch fishes for family consumption for the following season in lowland seasonal flooded zone (Zone 3) in dry season period as many grass fields emerge when the water in Tonle Sap go down. In addition, fish in the Tonle Sap lake are also abundant in receding water season after fishing has been prohibited by law during the egg laying period. Apart from fishing and grazing cattle, some farm households having farm land in Zone 3 also cultivate recession rice, vegetables, corn, water melon, and sweet potatoes. By contrast, some people living in Lowland Seasonally Flooded zone (Zone 3) migrate a couple of months to Zone 2 and Zone 3 to sell labour for household income in Wet season due to flood. They also bring cattle to feed and stay in Zone 2 and Zone 3 since some grass fields and animal staying place are flooded. Main agricultural inputs such as crop seeds, fertilizer, pesticide, fuel, plough, harrow, and other necessary materials have also been brought from Zone 2 as many main markets are located in Zone 2. Similarly people living in Zone 2 and Zone 3 also have interacted farming and livelihood activities between each others. In Wet season some farm households in Zone 2 also bring cattle to feed in Zone 1 and they also collect Non Time Forest Product (NTFP) such as firewood, bamboo shoot, herb plants for making traditional medicines, wood for making charcoal for sale, and other materials. Apart from collecting NTFP and feeding animals, some people also go to Zone 3 to sell labour for income. Main agricultural input applied in Zone 1 have also been brought from Zone 2. Apart from flow out of agricultural input , Zone 2 also plays an important role in absorbing agricultural outputs from Zone 1 and Zone 3 to distribute to other areas within and outside Zone 2. This clearly indicate the main interaction of farming activities and people’s livelihood activities between agro-ecological zones within the project target areas. Information collected from the field visit conducted by Agro-ecosystem Expert and the Agronomist Consultant around the project target areas and especially the commune agro-ecosystem analysis reports within the Zone 1 done by Provincial agricultural extension officers, supported and advised by

Cambodia-Australia Agricultural Extension Project, provide data on some important issues. In particular, illegal fishing, clearing flooded forest for expansion of agricultural land by people living in Zone 1 and 2, wildlife hunted by people coming from the three zones, fish declining, and polluted waters from Tonle Sap in Wet season deriving from bad tree leaves and fish waste thrown by fish men (farmers’ perception), have been highlighted. These many issues should be seriously considered to find appropriate interventions to mitigate the pressure on the natural resource exploitation in order to maintain the resources for long term use for the sack of improving peoples’ livelihood with the three agro-ecological zones in the project target areas. Figure 3. Main farming and livelihood activities Interaction of people living in different agro-ecological zones around Tonle Sap Basin

7. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND DECISION MAKING

7.1 Gross Margin Analysis Gross margins have been produced for major enterprises is each zone.,

7.1.1 Upland Mixed Crop Zone - Zone 1 Gross Margin Analysis for Wet Season Rice Production per hectare (Riels) No Description Unit/hectare Price/Unit Total cost

I Expenses

1 Rice seeds 72 400 28,000

2 Sowing 1 plot 3,000 3,000

3 Land 1 hectare 70,000 140,000 preparation (twice) 4 Seedling 1600 seedling 37.5 60,000 pulling bunches 5 Transplanting 30 persons 3,000 90,000 6 Fertilizer 2 bags 65,000 130,000 7 Weeding 10 persons 3,000 30,000

8 Harvesting 25 persons 3,000 75,000

9 Transporting 8 oxcarts 5,000 40,000

11 Threshing 12 hours 5,000 36,000

I Total expenses 632,000

II Yields obtained 1,500 kg 350 525,000

III Net returns (Gross income – total expenses) - 107,000

(Sources: Agro-ecosystem Analysis report of Progil Commune, Phnum Kravanh District, Pursat Province)

Gross Margin Analysis for Corn Production per hectare (Riels) No Description Unit/hectare Price/Unit Total cost

I Expenses

1 Corn seeds 12 4500 54,000

2 Land preparation 14 days 6000 84,000

3 Transplanting 30 persons 3,000 90,000 5 Fertilizer 2 bags 65,000 130,000 6 Weeding 30 persons 3,000 90,000 7 Harvesting 20 persons 3,000 60,000

8 Transporting 120 bags 1,500 180,000

I Total expenses 598,000

II Yields obtained 120 bags 20,000 2,400,000

III Net returns (Gross income – total expenses) +1,802,000

(Sources: Agro-ecosystem Analysis report of Santreae Commune, Phnum Kravanh District, Pursat Province)

7.1.2 Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone (Zone 2)

Gross Margin Analysis for Wet season rice production per hectare ( Riels) No Description Unit/hectare Price/Unit Total cost

I Expenses

1 Rice seeds 100 500 50,000

2 Seedling bed 1 plot 30,000 30,000 preparation

3 Land preparation 18 person 10,000 180,000 4 Farmyard manure 2 oxcarts 2500 5,000 5 Fertilizer 50 kg 1500 75,000 6 Hiring labor for 48 persons 5,000 240,000 transplanting 7 Herbicide 1 bottle 6,500 6,500

8 Insecticide 18 packages 2,500 135,000

9 Water fee 12 hours 5,000 36,000

10 Harvesting 24 persons 5,000 120,000

11 Threshing Machine 73,000 73,000

I Total expenses 1,221,100

II Yields obtained 3600kg 470 1,692,000

III Net returns + 470,900

(Source: Agro-ecosystem analysis of Preak Loung Commune 2006, Battambang Province)

Gross Margin Analysis for Sugar Cane Production per hectare(Riels) (medium lowland) No Description Unit/hectare Price/Unit Total cost

I Expenses

1 Planting canes 1 hectare 166,600

2 Land preparation 1 hectare 60,000 60,000

3 Digging holes 25 persons 6,000 150,000 4 Growing 25 persons 6,000 150,000 5 Weeding 25 persons 6,000 150,000 6 Fertilizer 2 bags 55 000 110,000 7 Harvesting 20 persons 5,000 100,000

I Total expenses 886,600

II Sugar cane 50,000 500 2,500,000 obtained

III Net returns +1,613,400

(Sources: Agro-ecosystem analysis report of Ta Loa Commune, Bakan District, Pursat Province

Gross Margin Analysis for Water Melon Production per hectare (Riels) No Description Unit/hectare Price/Unit Total cost

I Expenses

1 Watermelon seeds 9 cans 20,000 180,000

2 Land preparation 2 times 180,000 360,000

3 Cultivation 18 person 5,000 180,000 4 Farmyard manure 10 oxcarts 5,000 50,000 5 Fertilizer 50 kg 1,700 85,000 6 Insecticide 2 sets 9,600 19,200 7 Water fee 1 hectare 120,000 120,000

I Total expenses 994,200

II Yield 3,000,000

III Net returns + 2,005,800

(Source: Agro-ecosystem analysis of Preak Loung Commune 2006, Battambang Province)

Gross Margin Analysis for Pineapple production per hectare (Riels) No Description Unit/hectare Price/Unit Total cost

I Expenses

1 Pineapple cuttings 60,000 30 1,800,000

2 Land preparation 3 times 70,000 210,000

3 Fertilizer 36 bags 56,000 2,016,000 5 Hiring labor beds 8 persons ( x 5,000 160,000 4 days) 6 Hiring labor for 4 persons 5,000 80,000 applying fertilizer 7 Weeding 1 hectare 3,200,000 3,200,000

Water fee 36 hours 7,500 270,000

I Total expenses 8,174,750

II Fruits obtained 60,000 150 9,000,000

Pineapple 180,000 25 4,500,000 cuttings

III Net returns ( Gross income – Total expenses) + 5,325,250

(Source: Agro-ecosystem Analysis of Preak Chik Commune 2004, Battambang Province)

7.1.3 Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone (Zone 3)

Gross Margin Analysis for Floating Rice per hectare (Riels) No Description Unit/hectare Price/Unit Total cost

I Expenses

1 Rice seed 120 kg 500 60,000

2 Plowing 8 persons 10,500 8,5000

3 Broadcasting and 1 hectare 40,000 40,000 transporting seed 4 Harrowing 1 hectare 30,000

5 Harvesting 15 persons 5000 75,000

6 Transporting rice 1 hectare 50,000 50,000 bunches 7 Threshing 1 hectare 18,000 18,000

8 Transporting rough 24 bags 2000 48,000 rice

I Total expenses 406,000

II Yields obtained 1,680 kg 500 840,000

III Net returns + 434,000

(Source: Agro-ecosystem Analysis of Treal Commune, Baray District, Kampong Thom Province, 2006)

Gross Margin Analysis for Late Duration Rice Production per hectare (Riels) No Description Unit/hectare Price/Unit Total cost

I Expenses

1 Rice seeds 72 kg 600 43,000

2 First land 21,000 21,000 preparation

3 Seedling pulling 1500 reils 90,000 /50 bunches 4 Second land 1 hectare 170,000 170,000 preparation and transporting rice bunches 5 Hiring labor for 20 persons 5,000 100,000 translating 6 Chemical fertilizer 1 bag 80,000 80,000 7 Harvesting 15 persons 5,000 75,000

8 Transporting rough 10 persons 5,000 50,000 rice

9 Threshing 36 kg 500 18,000

I Total expenses 755,000

II Yields obtained 1,500 kg 500 750,000

III Net returns + 5,000

(Source: Agro-ecosystem Analysis of Treal Commune, Baray District, Kampong Thom Province, 2006)

Gross margin analysis on Soybean production per hectare in Riels No Description Unit/hectare Price/Unit Total cost

I Expenses

1 Soybean seeds 60 1,500 90,000

2 Land preparation 1 hectare 100,000 100,000

3 Bed making 20 persons 5,000 100,000 4 Hiring labor for 1 hectare 70,000 70,000 translating 5 Weeding Twice 200,000 200,000 6 Hiring labor for 15 persons 5,000 75,000 harvesting 7 Threshing 1 hectare 105,000 105,000

8 Transportation 15 bags 3000 45,000

I Total expenses 785,000

II Yields obtained 1,500 kg 1,200 1,800,000

III Net returns + 985,000

(Source: Agro-ecosystem Analysis of Treal Commune, Baray District, Kampong Thom Province, 2006)

Gross margin analysis for Cucumber Production on 0.16 hectare in Riel No Description Unit/hectare Price/Unit Total cost

I Expenses on inputs

1 Cucumber seeds 4 cans 150,000 60,000

2 Land preparation 0.16 hectares 30,000 60,000 (twice ) 3 Bed preparation 1 person 5,000 5,000 4 Cultivation 3 persons 50,00 150,000 5 Weeding Twice 20,000 40,000 6 Insecticide 2 bottles 4,000 8,000 7 Spraying 1 person 10,000 10,000 insecticide

8 DAP 15 kg 35,000

9 Urea 20 kg 30,000

10 Stakes for 105,000 cucumber

11 Water fee 4 hours 7,000 28,000

I Total expenses 394,500

II Amounts 500,000 obtained

III Net returns + 105,500

(Source: Agro-ecosystem Analysis of Ta Meun Commune, Mongkul Borei District, Battambang Province, 2006)

7.2 Cause Effect Diagrams Cause effect diagrams (problem trees) are used to break down broad problem areas into their causal factors which are then used to identify appropriate solutions. They are used with local respondents during the RRA phase of CAEA. They begin with a broad statement of the overall problem which is then broken down into component problems and eventually root causes. Each of the individual 36 CAEAs used in this study have many detailed cause effect diagrams. The most important ones for each Zone are presented below.

7.2.1 Upland Mixed Crop Zone (Zone 1)

Poverty

Lack of animal power Indebtednes s

Taking loan Animal diseases

Insufficient food Low profit or loss to consume

Lack of animal feeds Low crop yield Large expenses

Poor soil fertility Effects

Causes

Erosion Limited farmyard Mono crop Lack of

manure cultivation knowledge of f tili

Deforest Not cultivate green Never try new ation No collection of manure plants crops manure

No training Free ranging Lack of water sources animals

Lack of understanding

(Source: Agro-ecosystem Analysis report of Ptash Rung Commune, Phnom Krovagn District, Pursat Province)

Poverty

Migration

Sell land Spend on medicines

Indebted Vulnerable to diseases

Low profit Lack of food

Low yield

Effects

Lack of new rice Causes varieties

No new Traditional Poor Lack of varieties method communication technical knowledge

No information No extension Low general No training services knowledge

No fund to support

(Source: Agro-ecosystem Analysis report of Ptash Rung Commune, Phnom Krovagn District, Pursat Province)

7.2.2 Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone (Zone 2)

Poor quality of rice

Low profit or loss Insufficient food

Large expenses Poor maintenance Low yield on fertilizer

Poor seeds Poor cultivation Poor use of fertilizer

Effects

Lack of knowledge of rice growing techniques Causes

No extension No training Lack of human Lack of services technical resources documents

No budget No extension Lack of Poor

to support services technical communication persons

(Source: Agro-ecosystem Analysis of Preak Chik Commune 2004, Battambang Province)

Migration for selling labor

Poverty Insufficient food for consumption

Low yield

Use local varieties Use poor seeds

Effects

Lack of new high yield rice varieties

Causes

No training No fund Not trust on modern varieties

No support from Too expensive Lack of

any institution to buy understanding

Lack of technical No contact with other knowledge institutions

(Source: Agro-ecosystem Analysis report of Ta Muen Commune 2006, Battambang Province)

7.2.3 Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone (Zone 3)

Low crop yields

Soil quality getting poor

Unpredictable Soil quality Unable to improve yields getting poor crop yield

High risk with Unable to improve Still use traditional method pests and soil quality insects

Lack of cropping knowledge on rice, field crops and vegetables

Unable to attend Limited number of farmers Give up training training courses to attend course

Overlapping time Unavailable Limitation of training with daily business technical training courses courses

No agricultural Limited financial and Lack of food extension services human resources consumption

8. PROBLEM ANALYSIS AND PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS

8.1 Summary of Issues in Lowland Rained Rice Zone (Zone 2) for each Province 8.1.1 Kampong Chhnang Province Main attribute Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone Zone (Middle & Upper Terrace) (Lower Terrace) Soil type Prey Khmer , Pratash Larng , Loam loamy sand Sandy loam Crops -Wet season rice - Dry season/recession rice - Field crops - Lotus cultivation - Fruit tree - Field crops - Vegetables - String bean, soybean, mung bean Land uses - Rice crop - Dry season /recession rice - Grass fields - Field crop - Fruit tree - Grass fields - Infrastructure - Infrastructure Wild life NTFP Main - Drought - Insect/pest (4) problems - Poor quality of soil (7) - Lack of pesticide use technique (4) - Pest/insects (7) - Animal disease (3) - Low rice yields - Lack of irrigation system (3) - Lack of high rice yield varieties (5) - Erosion (3) - Lack of rice growing - Flooded forest clearing (4) technique (4) - Illegal fishing (4) - Lack of pig and chicken - Lack of good animal breeds (4) raising technique - Lack of working capital (2) (4) - Lack of high rice yield varieties - Low prices of agricultural (2) product - Lack of pig and chicken raising - Lack of working capital (3) techniques (3) - Lack of irrigation system (5) - Lack of pesticide/chemical fertilizer use techniques (5) - Animal diseases (4) - Lack of water consumption and home

gardening - Erosion (4) - Illegal fishing (2) - Flooded forest clearing (2)

Potential for - Improve agricultural - Dry season/recession rice (2) development knowledge (4) - Early wet season rice - Vegetable production (3) - Animal raising (2) - Compost material making - Grass fields (2) (2) - Vegetables (2) - Introduce good quality of rice seeds - Field crops (2) - Reforestation (2) - Fruit tree (2) - Animal raising (4) - Fruit tree production (2) - Sugar palm production - Improve soil fertility

N.B. Figures in parenthesis indicate number of communes reporting same issue

8.1.2 Pursat Province Main attribute Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone Zone (Middle & Upper Terrace) (Lower Terrace) Soil type Sandy clay, loamy sand, Bakan, Prateash Larng, Krakor , Sandy loam, Prataes Larng, Loam, Clay loam, Sandy loam Krakor, Prey Khmer , Sandy soil, Crops - Wet season rice - Wet season rice - Early wet season rice - Floating rice - Upland rice - Dry season /recession rice - Vegetables - Vegetables - Water melon - Jute Main - Drought (4) - Flood (2) problems - Illegal deforestation (3) - Poor soil fertility (2) - Illegal fishing (2) - Illegal fishing (5) - Lack of chemical fertilizer - Clearing flooded forest (4) use technique - Animal disease (5) - Poor soil fertility (6) - Low price of agricultural product - Lack of rice growing (2) technique (7) - Pest/Insects - Lack of pig and chicken - Lack of rice growing technique raising techniques (4) (5) - Lack of irrigation system (3) - Lack of high rice yield (5) - Lack of high rice yield (7) - Lack of animal draught power - Lack of vegetable growing - Long distance of market technique - Tonle Sap getting shallow - Clearing forest - Wild life hunting (3) - Lack of working capital (2) - Pest/insects (3) - Lack of vegetable seeds - Lack of working capital - Animal diseases (3) - Lack of irrigation system - Pest/insects (5) - Lack of crop seeds - Lack of animal breeds - Lack of vegetable growing - Weeds technique - Clear shrub for land - Lack of fish raising in catch in - Lack of animal draught river power

- Wild life hunting - Palm sugar tree exploitation (2) Potential for - Early wet season rice - Dry season/recession rice (3)

development - Dry season rice (3) - Fruit tree (2) - Vegetables (3) - Vegetable production (3) - Home gardening - Animal raising (4) - Animal raising (3) - Fishing raising in catch in river (5) - Fruit tree (2) - Small handicraft (2) - Fish raising in paddy field or pond (3) - Water melon cultivation - Improve rice yield - Grow flooded forest - Field crop - Community forest establishment (2) - Upland rice - Sugar palm production (2) N.B. Figures in parenthesis indicate number of communes reporting same issue

8.1.3 Battambang province Main attribute Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone Zone (Middle & Upper Terrace) (Lower Terrace) Soil type - Sandy loam , loam , red soil Sandy loam, loam Crops - Wet season rice -Wet season rice - Field crops (Water melon, - Pineapple cucumber, pumpkin) - Cauliflower Land uses - Rice crop - Wet season rice - Field crops - Recession rice - Grass fields - Vegetables - Construction - Flooded forests Wild life - Wild pigs - Deer - Rabbit NTFP - Rattan - Fired wood - Red ants - Forest vegetables - Firewood - Mushrooms Main - Poor soil fertility (2) - Lack of modern rice varieties (3) problems - Insects - Lack rice growing technique (3) - Lack of credit facilities with - Lack of cattle credit (2) low interest - Lack of animal raising Rat (2) Technique (3) - Lack of animal raising - Lack of EM fertilizer making techniques (6) techniques - Irrigation system damaged (4) - Lack of fish breeds - Lack of high yield rice - Lack of pesticide application varieties (6) Techniques (2) - Lack of good cattle breeds (2) - Rat problem (2) - Lack of compost making - Lack of mango growing techniques Techniques (3) - Lack of rice growing - Lack of floating rice varieties (3) technique (6)

- Lack of good vegetable seeds (2) - Lack of vegetable growing

technique (3) - Lack of fruit tree growing technique (4) - Lack of animal draft power (2) - Lack of marketing information (2) - Lack of good pig breeds (2) - Lack of pesticide use technique (4) - Lack of inorganic fertilizer use technique (3) - Lack of compost making technique (4) - Lack of vaccines for animals - Lack of water melon growing technique (3) - Lack of fish raising - Coconut insect - Lack of fish raising technique Potential for - Dry season rice (4) - Dry season rice/recession rice development - Field crops (2) - Vegetable production - Fish raising (3) - Fish raising - Maintaining existing forestry - Protect wild life and birds - Vegetable production - Protect flooded forests - Jute cultivation - Fishing - Early wet season rice - Fishery community establishment N.B. Figures in parenthesis indicate number of communes reporting same issue

8.1.4 Banteay Meanchey Province Main attribute Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone Zone (Middle & Upper Terrace) (Lower Terrace) Soil type Clay soil ( brown), Sandy soil, Prateas Larng, Toul Somroung, Pratas Larng, Krakor Krakor Crops - Wet season rice - Floating rice - Field crops - Dry season rice/recession rice - - Vegetable Main - Animal disease (2) - Insect/pest (2) problems - Lack of rice growing - Animal diseases (2) technique - Poor soil - Lack of vegetable growing - Low rice yield technique - Flood from Tonle Sap ( too fast) - Lack of animal raising (2) technique - Lack of market for cassava - Inappropriate pesticide use - Low price of agricultural product - Lack of working capital (2) - Pest/insect - Shallow main and secondary - Lack of good rice seeds canals - Poor soil - - Weeds Potential for - Early wet season rice -Water melon development - Fish raising ( pond and - Jute (2) paddy field) - Sugar can - Introduce modern rice - Recession rice varieties - Cassava - Agricultural Cooperative establishment - Fish raising - Field crops - Early wet season rice - Animal raising ( Cattle)

N.B. Figures in parenthesis indicate number of communes reporting same issue

8.1.5 Siem Reap Province Main attribute Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone Zone (Middle & Upper Terrace) (Lower Terrace) Soil type Sandy loam, Sandy clay, pink Loam, loamy sand and red color Crops - Wet season rice - Floating rice - Corn - Vegetables - Bean - Water melon Main - Lack of water in dry season - Illegal fishing problems (2) - Lack of canals - Animal diseases (4) - Clearing flooded forest - Pest/insects (2) - Flood - Illegal deforestation (5) - Shortage of water in dry season - Illegal fishing - Lack of rice growing technique - Use insecticide to kill birds - Animal diseases - Lack of rice growing - Low rice yield technique (5) - Natural fish declining - Low rice yield (3) - Pest/insects - Migration

- Poor soil quality (3) - Search for ancient objects - Lack of irrigation system (2) - Lack of good animal breeds - Loss of wild habitats and forests - Crab problems (2) - Shifting culture - Wild life hunting (2) Potential for - Animal raising (3) - Dry season/recession rice development - Fruit tree (4) - Animal raising - Vegetable cultivation (2) - Vegetable cultivation - Forest community - Grass fields establishment - Upland rice cultivation - Grass fields - Sugar palm production - Home gardening (2)

N.B. Figures in parenthesis indicate number of communes reporting same issue

8.1.6 Kampong Thom Province Main attribute Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone 2:Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone Zone (Middle & Upper Terrace) (Lower Terrace) Soil type Kampong Siem, Bakan, Prey Prey Khmer, Proteas Lang, Khmer, Prataes Lang, Toul Bakan, Kbal Pou, loamy sand, Somroung , Kbal Pou, sandy loam

Crops - Wet and dry season rice - Wet season rice - Early wet season rice - Early wet season rice - Vegetables - Floating rice - Mung bean - Dry season/recession rice - Cassava - Lotus - Corn - Field crops: cucumber, string - Water melon bean, wax gord , pumpkin, Land uses - Rice crop - Floating rice - Field crops - Flooded forests - Grass fields - Dry season/recession rice - Construction - Water melon Wild life - Wild pigs - Deer NTFP - Conservation forest - Fired wood - Mix forests

Main - Poor soil fertility (4) - Irrigation system damaged (2) problems - Low rice yield (3) - Lack of rice growing techniques (4) - Lack of high yield varieties (3) - Lack of animal raising technique(5) - Lack of working capital - Lack of animal draught power - Lack of animal raising (3) technique (3) - Lack of high yield rice varieties - Lack of rice growing (5) technique (4) - Animal diseases ( Food and - Animal diseases ( food and mouth, mouth, Newcastle ) Newcastle ) (3) - Lack of working capital - Illegal logging and wild life - Lack of marketing information hunting (2) - Rat problem - Lack of irrigation system - Pest/insects (4) - Lack of working capital (2) - Flood - Animal disease - Over use of pesticide on water

- Lack of chemical fertilizer melon (2) use techniques - Poor soil quality (3) (3) - Lack of irrigation system - Lack of vegetable growing - Lack of good cattle breeds (4) technique (4) - Lack of compost making - Lack of animal drought technique (2) power - Lack of compost making technique (3) - Lack of vaccine for animals - Pest/insect Potential for - Corn production development - Fish raising ( pond) (2) - Dry season rice/recession rice (5) - Fruit tree (4) - Lotus cultivation (3) - Animal raising (4) - Water melon (6) - Water melon cultivation (5) - Vegetables (3) - Small handicraft (basket and mat making) - Fruit tree (4) (2) - Jute cultivation - Vegetable cultivation (3) - Grass fields in dry season (4) - Dry season rice/recession - Sugar can (2) rice (2) - Animal raising (5) - Sugar palm production (3) - Introduce New rice variety ( 2) - Home gardening (4) - Rehabilitate existing irrigation system (2) - Fishing raising (3) - Home gardening (3) - Construct water storage reservoir (3)

N.B. Figures in parenthesis indicate number of communes reporting same issue

8.2 Key Questions Related to Agricultural Development TECHNICAL USEFUL PARTNER TARGET COMPONENTS EXTENSION REFERENCES AGENCIES AREA (S) KEY QUESTION to be addressed METHODS /considered Low Rice Yields Agro- - Improved varieties - Technical training - Rice variety TIP - DAO ecological There is already a general villager - Quality seed - Farmer Field Schools - Soils TIP (implement) zone II in all lack of understanding of appropriate - Land preparation - On-farm demos - Land levelling - CARDI (variety) target cultural practices for rice. How can - Soil fertility management - Field days TIP - AQIP (seed) provinces we introduce improved cultural - Integrated pest mgt. - Extension materials - AQIP post- - PDA (backstop) practices for both trans-planted and - Weed mgt. harvest TIP - FWUC (water) broadcast rice? - Water mgt. - CARDI rice - DAE (TIPs) - Post harvest agronomy manual Compost/EM making Agro- - Compost making - Compost TIP - PDA (support) ecological Since there are compost materials - Identify compost demonstration - NGOs’ - DAO(implement) zone II in all available and soil fertility is poor, materials - On the job training of compost manual - DAE (TIPs) target there is potential for making compost. - Use new EM technology compost making - EM technology provinces How can compost be introduced to for better compost - Local production of from Thailand farmers? EM concentrate - Identify compost location - Poster - Compost specialist - Leaflet - Broacher - Select interested farmers - Farmer field school

Lack of agronomic technique on Agro- water melon production ecological - Water melon growing - Farmer training - Technical - DAO zone II in all Even though there is a good technique - FFS for water melon document on (implement) target production and market potential - Crop selection crops water melon - PDA (support) provinces opportunity for water melon, most - Quality seed - Water melon - Leaflet and - Kbal Koh (TA) farmers could not cultivate this crop - Post harvest technology production & booklet due to lack of agronomic techniques marketing group and crop seeds – how can the project achieve this potential to

improve farm household income once the project implement?

Pig raising Agro- - Improved pig breed - VAHW training - Pig Fattening - DAHP (TA) ecological Pig raising already an important - Pig husbandry - Pig fattening demo TIP - PDA (TA) zone II in all activity for most families, however - Pig nutrition - Study tour - Lactating Sow - DAE (TIPs) target returns are low or sometimes even - Animal health - Pig production & TIP - DAO provinces negative – how can we develop and marketing group - Pig health TIP (implement) introduce improved and more - VLA (support) profitable pig raising systems?

Animal disease Agro- - FMD ( food and mouth - Community - Pig Health TIPs - VLA ecological Most farm households have livestock disease) awareness - FMD TIP (implement) zone II in all but diseases are having a big impact - Swine fever - VLA refresher training - DAO (support) target on mortality rates and production – - Newcastle disease - Commune-wide - DAHP (TA) provinces what are the major diseases and how - Avian flu awareness vaccination campaign - PDA can these best be controlled in a (coordinate) practical manner? - DAE (TIPs) Poor soil Agro- - Soil identification - Soil identification - CARDI soil - PDA (support) ecological Paddy soil fertility is generally low. - Land management - Demonstration manual - DAO zone II in all Most paddy soils is Prateas Lang soil - Fertilizer application - Soil management - Soil (implement) target which is considered is poor. In order technique demonstration management - CARDI (TA) provinces to improve soil fertility leading to - Compost making - Fertiliser application booklet/ leaflet improve crop production, how can we training help farmers to improve soil fertility? - Compost making

demonstration

Lack of high rice yield varieties Agro- - Contact CARDI for high - Delivery of extension -Rice variety TIP - PDA (Support) ecological Even though most farmers want to yield crop varieties services to farmers -CARDI rice - DAO zone II in all grow high rice varieties (modern rice - Introduce modern rice within target agronomy (implement) target verities ), they could not afford to get varieties communes manual - DAE (TIP) provinces the crop seeds due to no available - Technical training -Introduce modern rice sources and especially due to no - contact AQIP Seed varieties to farmers

knowledge of growing modern rice Company for quality seed through field varieties . How can help farmers to supply chain including demonstrations grow modern rice varieties? seed company agents in target communes. Lack of knowledge of chemical Agro- fertilizer and pesticide use ecological zone II in all Chemical fertilizer and pesticide have -Identification of pesticides - Provision of training target been used by farmers without used by farmers courses on chemical - Land use for - PDA (support) provinces appropriate amount and technical - Identification of amount fertilizer and pesticide rice production - DAO aspects. This causes farmers lose of chemical fertilizer used use manual in (implement) economy and receive bad effect from by farmers - Conduct field Cambodia - DAE (back stop) the pesticide. How can farmers have - Chemical fertilizer and demonstrations on (CARDI) - CARDI knowledge of chemical fertilizer and pesticide technique different amount of - Guideline on (TA) pesticides application with technical - Translation of labels from fertiliser use chemical fertilizer manner? Vietnamese and Thai to - Conduct farmer field and pesticide Khmer schools on IPM use - IPM document Uneven land in paddy fields Agro- - Land levelling - Applied research - CARDI soils - PDA ecological Some of the paddy fields are uneven. - Water control - On farm trials manual ( coordinate) zone II in all It causes some parts of the paddy - Soil fertility management - Farmer field school - Soils TIP - DAO target field without water and poor quality of - Varietal adaptation (implement) provinces soil. How can help farmers to make - Soil identification - CARDI (TA) paddy field even? - Soil analysis Rat Control - DAO Agro- - Species identification - Community - Rodent control (implement) ecological Rats are a serious problem in rice - TBS sites selection organization TIP - PDA (support) zone II in all and upland crops every year. How - TBS construction - Farmer training - DAE (TIP) target can help farmers to control rat - Rat population - Demonstrations - CARDI (TA) provinces problem in their communities? monitoring - FWUC (water)

Home Gardens Agro- - Family nutrition - Farmer - Vegetable TIP - DAO ecological Home gardens are poorly developed - Vegetable production training/awareness - Compost TIP (implement) zone II in all and villagers have to buy vegetables - Fruit tree production - Gender - Helen Keller - DAE (TIP) target and fruit from travelling merchants – - Compost production/use mainstreaming home garden & - Kbal Koh (TA) provinces once domestic water has been - Efficient water use - Demonstrations family nutrition - PDA (support) provided, how can subsistence - Food preservation - Food processing manuals vegetables and fruit be best - Livestock training - Livestock TIPs promoted to improve family nutrition - Women’s groups for - P f D’s water- and reduce the drain on household home-garden efficient income? improvement. vegetable basket TIP

Lack of good animal breeds Agro- ecological Most farmers purchase piglets to - Contact animal specialist -Provision of training - Pig Fattening DAHP (TA) zone II in all raise from the middle men who bring - Introduction of sow course on pig raising TIP PDA (coordinate) target from the far distance. Some farmers raising program -Conduct - Lactating Sow DAO (implement) provinces lost the animals due to death and - Pig raising technique demonstration of sow TIP VAHW others could not make profit from the - Sow raising technique and fattening pig - Pig health TIP (implement) pig production since the animals can’t raising in the grow up well due to stress disease. community How can assist farmers to get good animal breeds to raise? Illegal fishing Agro- - Community specialist - Contact fishery - Fishery law - DF (TA) ecological Most farmers who live in areas where - Identification of community specialist - Community - PDA zone II in all there are natural lakes or nearby the communities where there - Giving awareness of fishery (coordinate) target Tonle Sap lack complaint that the are problems with illegal natural resource community - DAO provinces population of fishes are declining fishing manage to guideline (Implement) remarkably due to illegal fishing - Fishery management communities - Booklets on fish through using wrong fishing gears. - Community resource - Using leaflets, and management How can help communities to protect management posters in the fish population in the natural lakes community successfully? - Establishing fishery community

Insect problems Agro- ecological Some rice farmers complain about - Identification of insects - Conduct farmer field - IPM technical - PDA zone II in all the insects destroying the rice crop. - IMP specialist school on insect document (Coordinate) target Crop yield in the paddy field - Insect management management - Booklets and - DAO provinces destroyed by insects reduce have method - Conduct IPM training leaflets on insect (implement) been remarkably. How can farmers - management - CARDI (TA) control insects? - DAL (TA)

Lack of capital to invest in crop Agro- and animal enterprises ecological zone II in all Due to socio-economic constraints, - Credit - Provision of credit - Self help group PDWA target some farmers invest a little inputs or - Help-self group scheme to the poor guideline (DAE) (corrdinate) provinces without inputs on crop and animal - Input bank with low interest rate - Credit guideline production. How can assist farmers to - Establish help self DWAO get capital to improve farming? group (implement) - Provision training on NGOs (TA) course on credit - Establish input bank Crab problem Agro- ecological Crab is one among other serious - IPM method - Conduct IPM course - IPM training DALI (TA) zone II in all problems raised by farmers. Although - Crab control/ - Crab management manual PDA (coordinate) target farmers try to catch and poison crabs, management course - Booklet/leaflet DAO (implement) provinces they could not get rid of crabs from - Identification of crab - Demonstrate the crab the paddy fields. Crabs cut rice plants population control on the ground when the plant is in flowering and panicle stages. This causes rice yield decrease considerably due to loss of number of rice plants. How can farmers control crabs successfully? Low agricultural price Agro- ecological Most farmers complaint about the - Contact marketing - Establish agricultural - Principle - Marketing zone II in all imbalance between inputs and farm specialist cooperative marketing section in MAFF target

output. Input price has been gone up - Producer group - Sale agricultural concept (TA) provinces considerably in past recent years. - Coordinate Private sector commodity - Leaflet/booklets - PDA However, the farm outputs price has and farmer group with - Establish producer on marketing (coordinate) rose marginally which it is not parallel agricultural commodity group guideline - DAO with the input price increase. Farmers price - Select marketing (implement) are price takers. How can help agents farmers to get appropriate price? - Provision of training course of principle marketing concept

Lack of market information Agro- ecological Market information of agricultural - Market information notice - Establish market - Basic market PDA zone II in all commodity can’t reach rural farmers board information notice information DAO target due to lack of marketing agents and - Market information board at the village matrix Marketing section provinces mechanism. Farmers are not aware delivery level - Market in MAFF of the potential crops for market - Update market information demands. Some agricultural information on record form commodities are not sold at the agricultural harvesting time due to market commodities weekly constraints. How can the project help farmers access market information on time? Lack of water consumption in dry Agro- season ecological - Contact provincial - Dig village ponds for - Water use PDRD zone II in all Most communities experience department of rural human and animal guidance (implement) target difficulty to access clean water family development consumption leaflets/booklets DRDO provinces consumption and animals in dry - Water storage materials - Build water storage - Water (implement) season since some wells dry out. - Water supply program containers or jar for sanitation PDA (coordinate) Rural people spend long hours to individual family - Water storage collect water from far distance. How - Give awareness on method can the project support sufficient water storage and drinking water rural people in the water cleaning target areas? through training course

Illegal flooded forest clearing Agro- ecological Some communities having flooded - Fishery community - Establish fishery - Fishery law PDA (coordinate) zone II in all forest are experiencing difficulty with - Stop expansion of community - Fishery PFA (TA) target protecting the resource from the agricultural land in - Give awareness on community DAO (implement) provinces degradation due to agricultural land conservation areas the usefulness of circulations expansion and land acquisition. How flooded forest and also can the project assist communities in natural resource protecting flooded forest from management degradation? Lack of vegetable growing Agro- technique ecological - Vegetable growing - Provision of training - Vegetable -PDA (coordinate) zone II in all Some vegetable farmers have poor technique course on vegetable growing manuals -DAO (implment) target agronomic technique. Others could - Crop seed selection production with - Leaflet/Booklet -Vegetable provinces not cultivate vegetable because of no - Vegetable variety practical application on vegetable station, Kbal Koh knowledge and experiences to selection - Conduct farmer field production (TA) cultivate vegetables. How can the schools - Vegetable TIP project improve farmers’ knowledge - Vegetable field and experiences of vegetable demonstration cultivation? - Study tour Lack of water storage for crop cultivation in both wet and dry seasons

Since most farmers in the project - Water storage building - Contact irrigation - Feasibility study - PDRAM areas cultivate crops heavily capacity/ knowledge engineer to conduct document model (implement) Agro- ecological depending on rainfall pattern, they - Identification of potential feasibility study of irrigation PDA (coordinate) experience shortage of water when locations for water storage - Use good water Privat contracter zone II in all the rain doesn’t come. In addition, for - Feasibility study on water storage model in target dry season crops, farmers often lake storage Kampong Thom provinces water to irrigate crop because there is province in the no remaining water in the receding seasonally flooded season after water go down to the zone Tonle sap lake. How can help - Involve farmers in farmers to keep water for Wet and designing and Dry season crops? construction process

- Contribution from local community in project cost in terms of labor and local resources

Lack of fish raising technique Agro- - Fish raising in ponds and - Provision of fish - Small pond - PDA ecological Because the declining of natural paddy field techniques raising course with production TIP (coordinate) zone II in all fishes gradually in some communities - Fingerling selection practical application - Rice Fish - DF (TA) target due to high demand, rural people are - Pond digging method - Conduct fish raising Culture (TIP) - DAO provinces also interested in raising fish in their - Fish catch making demonstrations - Farmers ‘ case (implement) family ponds or paddy fields or in fish - Conduct study tour study on fish catch for supplementary diet and raising household income. However, since - Pagoda Fish most farmers lake technical Management knowledge, they could not raise fish in their ponds or paddy fields as they wish. How can farmers have knowledge of fish raising?

Lack of knowledge of fruit tree Agro- growing ecological zone II in all target Since most communities in the - Fruit tree variety - Provision of fruit tree - Technical - PDA provinces project areas have potentials for selection growing technique with training manual (coordinate) growing fruit tree, there is good - Agronomic technique of practical application of fruit tree - DAO opportunity for rural people to fruit tree - Conduct study tour - Booklet/leaflet (implement) supplement diet and generate - - Fruit tree station income. However, some farmers (TA) argue that they could not grow fruit tree due to no knowledge and experience. How can help farmers to grow fruit tree?

8.3 Summary of Issues Identified in CAEAs (36 communes) Problem/Issue No. of Times No. of Times Raised Main Problem Insect pests 29 4 Need improved rice variety 25 6 Poor soil fertility 24 4 Need improved rice technology 23 3 Lack of irrigation system 18 6 Animal diseases 17 2 Animal raising 17 2 Need draft animals 10 2 Improved animal breeds 10 Knowledge on pig raising 10 Knowledge on vegetable growing 10 Knowledge on fruit trees 8 Lack of capital 7 Illegal fishing 7 Modern compost making (EM) 6 No canal/dyke 5 1 Need chemical fertilizer 5 Clearing flooded forest 4 River bank erosion 4 Knowledge on cattle raising 4 Lack of pond or well 3 Fish stocks declining 3 1 Damage to canal and watergate 3 2 No water source 2 1 Drought 2 1 No road 2 Low rice yield 2 No market information 2 Need Village Livestock Agent 2 Aquaculture knowledge 2 Rats 2 Flooding 2 Shortage of food 2

Weed problem 1 Sandy soil has poor water holding 1 Flooding of rice from Tonle Sap 1 Floating rice variety 1 Technology for soybeans 1 Need credit 1 Clearing upland forest 1 Low prices 1

100

8.4 Problems and Issues raised during the RRA Study (November, 2006) Table 1. Main Issued Identified during the RRA Study (32 Villages)

Ranked Issues Number of % of Comment Villages Villages

Water management - 30 94% Canals, water gates, agriculture - rice inlet-outlet, equipment, lakes

Roads & bridges - 28 87.5% Includes culvert communications problems

Health and hygiene 28 87.5% Toilets most often; health centres, medications

Wells, drinking water 26 81% Household supply - wells, pumps, water jars, filters

Seed, fertilizers and 21 66% pest control, equipment

Education - access 19 60% Buildings. Little mention of teachers

Livestock activities 17 28% Semen, vet services, stock

Off-farm income 16 50% Need for non farming generating activities, employment, skills training

Improved fisheries 12 37.5% management

Food security 10 31%

Occupational training 9 28% Skills to use fertilizer, - farm related raise livestock, make natural fertilizer

Pond - vegetables, 6 19% Ponds for 2nd water household, etc source, dry season vegetables

Credit, Access to fair 6 19% rates

101

8.5 Systems Properties Analysis Four system properties (productivity, stability, sustainability and equitability) are used to describe the behaviour of irrigated agricultural systems. Productivity: The level of production of the system (yield, profit, etc. per unit of land, labour, capital). Stability: The degree to which productivity remains constant over space and time (measured as the inverse of the variability in productivity). Sustainability: The ability of a system to maintain or increase its productivity over longer periods of time when subjected to stresses or large disturbances (trends in productivity). Equitability: A measure of how evenly the productivity or the benefits of the system are distributed among the local population (various measures of distribution).

Productivity Sustainability

Stress or High disturbance Sustainable development Yield Yield Medium profit profit Sustainable etc. Low etc.

Non Sustainable

Time

Stability Equitability

High Low Low Rich Yield Rich or High Med Medium Poor profit Income Income etc. Med

Poor Time or space Village A Village B

CAAEP/DAE AEA Manual, 2004

The four system properties of productivity, stability, sustainability and equitability are assessed using Force Field Analysis. Analysis is conducted by entering the attributes of the system which have positive or negative effects on the 4 system properties in the appropriate cell.

The results of system properties analysis are used to assist in identifying and formulating the key questions. In most cases, system attributes in the positive column help to identify development opportunities, while those in the negative column tend to help in formulating key questions associated with a problem or constraint.

System properties force field analysis for Zone 2, the Lowland Rainfed Rice land Zone is presented in Table 2.

102

Table 2. System Properties Table for Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone

Positive (+) Productivity Negative (- )

− Good roads − Lack of agricultural technique for rice, − Marketing location pigs, cattle, and cash crops − Adequate labour force for − Poor soil agricultural production − Rat damage on dry season rice and − Agricultural extension workers upland crops are available at provincial and − Crab damage on rice crop district levels − Lack of good animal breeds − Good potential for water melon − Lack of animal drought power production and other crops − Lack of high rice yield varieties − Compost materials available − Lack of knowledge of pesticide and − Good opportunities to introduce chemical fertilizer application fish raising in ponds, paddy − Lack of knowledge of compost making fields and rivers − Lack of working capital for farm investment and micro-business establishment − Low farm-gate price due to lack of farmer bargaining power ( farmers are price takers) − Market constraint for cassava − There is no irrigation system in many communities − Lack of fish raising knowledge − Some existing irrigation systems were damaged

Positive (+) Stability Negative (- ) − Employment opportunities in − Periodic drought Thailand − Fluctuating market prices for major − Good market for handicraft agricultural products made by using local resources − Insects damage in rice − Relatively stable annual rainfall − Variability in available cash creates − Variety of different land types fluctuations in use of agricultural inputs provides some buffering against − fluctuations − Availability of local raw materials for making mat and other things

Positive (+) Sustainability Negative (- ) − Use of traditional practices in − Deforestation is reducing existing forest growing rice and bushes leading to exhausting fuel − Currently strong government sources for rural households policy on the environment and − illegal fishing is reducing fish catches NRM conservation − Lack of means and budget to repair − NGOs and other concerned and maintain existing irrigation system institutions give awareness on − Inappropriate agro-chemical use bad effects of pesticide and − Bad water from Tonle Sap destroy rice chemical fertilizer application to plants in some years farmers − Poor management by some water user

103

− Availability of farmer water use groups groups − Soil fertility declining due to poor − Existence of several kinds of management farmer groups such as help self − Local materials for making mats and group, saving group, revolving souvenir things are declining due to fund group, agricultural high demand without replanting cooperatives etc. −

Positive (+) Equitability Negative (- ) − Availability of NTFPs as an − Large variation in family landholding alternative livelihood for the size poor and landless. − Remarkable gap of economic status − Availability of fishes in natural between poor and rich in the zone lakes, stream , rivers and other − Agricultural land bought by rich people water sources as living in Phnom Penh for land complementary diet and speculation household income for everyone − Poor and landless households could not harvest natural resources as much as the medium and rich farm households due to lack of facilities

104

8.6 Key Question Development Key questions address important issues identified by the AEA that are related to agricultural and livelihood development, social needs and environmental issues.

Once key questions have been formulated, guidelines for addressing them are established and plans for implementing extension and development programs are made. This is best done by considering the technical components, extension methods, target groups and potential partners for each key question. Key questions development and guidelines for their implementation are presented in Chapter 8.2 (page 91).

8.7 Innovation Assessment Innovation Assessment is used to objectively rank and prioritise proposed solutions to key questions so that decisions can be made on how to best use the limited resources available. Innovation assessment proceeds by scoring all proposed activities for each of the factors in Table 3.

105

Table 3. Innovation Assessment for agricultural development activities in Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone (Zone 2)

Key Questions Productivity Stability Sustainability Equitability Cost Time Feasibility Environmental i Gender impact Poverty impact RGC policy compatibility SCORE RANKING 1- Rice yield improvement program 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 28 3 2- Compost/EM making program 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 27 5 3- Water melon production program 3 2 2 1 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 24 10 4- Pig raising program 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 26 7 5- Livestock disease control program 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 20 22 6- Poor soil improvement program 3 2 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2 24 10 7- High yield rice variety introduction 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 3 2 22 17 8- Pesticide and chemical fertilizer 2 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 application training course 23 13 9- Physical land structure improvement 3 2 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 22 17 10- Rat control 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 23 13 11- Home garden development 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 30 1 12- Animal breed selection program 3 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 3 2 2 23 13 13 -Fishery community establishment 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 21 19 14- IPM program (for insect control) 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 2 28 3 15- Credit development 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 27 5 16- Crab control 2 2 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 19 23 17- Market mechanism development 2 3 2 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 24 10 18- Clean water supply program 2 2 2 3 1 2 2 2 3 2 2 23 13 19 - Flooded forest management 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 2 21 19 20- Vegetable production program 3 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 29 2 21- Water storage development 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 21 19 22- Fish raising program 3 2 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 26 7 23- Fruit tree program 3 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 2 26 7

106

8.8 TIP Inventory TIP Subjects Topics Selected SMS Selected 1 Pig Production (4) Single Pig Fattening Maclean 2 Sow Management Maclean 3 Intensive pig management Maclean 4 Swine Fever Maclean 5 Cattle (4) Cattle Fattening Maclean 6 Haemorrhagic Septicaemia Maclean Vaccination 7 Foot and Mouth Disease Maclean Management 8 Fasciolosis Management S Sothoeun 9 Chickens (3) Village Chick and Hen Borin Management 10 Growers and Layers Borin 11 Newcastle Disease Sorn San Management 12 Ducks (1) Intensive Duck Management Borin 13 Vegetables (1) Home Vegetable Gardening Vandy 14 Rice Production (4) Rice Soil Identification CARDI 15 Lowland Rice Variety CARDI Selection Irrigated and Recession Rice Growing 16 Rodent Control CARDI 17 Land Levelling CARDI 18 Fish Culture (4) Small Pond Production Fisheries 19 Tilapia Seed Production Fisheries 20 Rice Fish Culture Fisheries Pagoda Fish Management CRS 21 Forage/Fodder (2) Leucaena Management DAE 22 Lowland Forage Management DAE 23 Rice Post Harvest Seed Storage Protection Pyseth Threshing AQIP ? Drying AQIP ? 24 Composting Compost Preparation Nam 25 Cashews Cashew Orchard Management RUA

107

26 Mushrooms Mushroom Spore Production Oudom

108

8.9 TIP Base Costs - DAE/CAAEP II Technology Implementation Procedures (TIPs)15 Rodent Rice Variety Rice Soils Vegetable Lowland Forage - Land Control - Compost Unit Unit cost Selection Identification Home Forages Leucaena Leveling Category TBS (5) (1) (2) Garden (6) (9) (10) (11) (3)

Farmer group (a) farmer n/a 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

Key Farmer items n/a labour labour labour labour labour labour labour labour Contribution (b) paddy field paddy soil paddy field OM garden garden garden paddy pit rice crop materials tools tools tools field rice crop Demo Sites Inputs (c) materials Total $150 $5 $170 $30 $120 $180 $180 $100 value Farmer Group materials $1 per $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 Training (d) farmer Farmer Group events $1 per $90 $30 $90 $60 $90 $90 $90 $90 Training (e) farmer - snacks per event Field day - snacks (f) 50 $0.5 per $25 $0 $25 $25 $25 $25 $25 $25 farmer day per event Field day - materials events $10 $10 $0 $10 $10 $10 $10 $10 $10 (g) DAO - DSA (h) days 12 days @ $42 3 days @ $42 $42 $42 $42 $42 $42 - Training/Site $3.5 $3.5 Supervision = $42 = $10.5 DAO - Travel days $2 per day $24 $6 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 Alowance (i)

15 TIP Base`Costs updated in November, 2006 and provided by Lex Freeman, Adviser, CAAEPII

109

SMS Field Monitoring visit 2 visits @ $20 $10 $20 $20 $20 $20 $20 $20 (j) $10 = $20

Total cost $391 $92 $411 $241 $361 $421 $421 $341

Category Notes: (a) a TIP training group of 30 farmers with two (2) key farmer demonstration sites per group (except 1 site for "multiple pig fattening" with 15 farmers) (b) Key Farmer contribution to demo might include the provision of farm land, poultry/livestock, tools/materials and demo site maintenance/labour (c) Base cost inputs for key farmer demo can include seed, fertiliser, livestock feedstuffs, shelter, tools, animal hire and water supplement (d) Farmer technoguides might include manuals, handouts, visual aids and posters as part of the TIP delivery process (e) all Farmer group training involves three (3) events of 1 day duration, except compost making = 2 events and soils identification = 1 event (f) Field day is a once only event, for half day, and may involve 40-60 neighbouring farmers (g) Field day materials include loud hailer, plastic sheets, displays (h) DAO - DSA includes 4 days on site selection/establishment/supervision, 6 days on training for three events, 2 days on field day (i) motorbike allowance is $2 per day for 12 days (j) PDA - SMS technical support and TIP training monitoring for two demo site visits

TIP Notes (1. Rice variety) Inputs/site - rice seed (3 varieties AQIP) 10 kg= $15, fertiliser (urea + DAP)= $10, plot materials (pegs, tape, labels, scales) = $30 Demo site preparation and maintenance fee to farmer = $20. Total inputs/site = $75 therefore inputs for two sites = $150 Farmer contribution/ site - 400 m2 paddy field (8 plots), seed - traditional variety, nursey/field preparation, transplanting and crop care (2. Soil Identify) a one(1) day training event. Inputs include labour to dig/refill the soil pit = $5. Training materials include soil color chart and soil ID key Farmer contribution/ site - tools, labour and access to soil pit site (3. Rat control) Inputs/site include TBS materials (string, posts, plastic sheet, wire netting, record books) = $65. Water pump supplement = $10

110

Training materials - trap making = $10. Total = $85. Inputs for two sites = $170. Farmer contribe 25mx25m paddy field, rice crop, cropcare and labour (4.Rice Seed Storage)

(5. Compost) Inputs/site include compost shlter materials $6, labour $5, compost materials (lime etc) $4. Total = $15/site. A two (2) day taraining event. Inputs for two sites = $15 @ 2 = $30. Farmer contribution/ site - compost pit, organic matter, tools, labour (6. Vegetable) Inputs/site include seed and seedlings $10, seedling trays $5, garden fencing $20, watercan/tools $10, nylon netting $5, compost/ferts $10 Inputs for two site = $60 @ 2 = $120. Farmer contribution/ site - 60 m2 garden, tools, water supply, compost/potting mix, labour

Multiple Single Vaccination Vaccination Single Pig Vaccination Cattle Vaccination Hen & Chick Broilers & Pig Breeding Cattle Poultry Fattening Pig (SF) Fattening Cattle (HS) Management Layers Sow (FMD) (ND) (12) Fattening (15) (16) (17) (19) (20) (13) (14) (18) (21) Farmer 30 15 30 1000 pigs/ 30 1000 cattle/ 1000 cattle/ 30 30 3000 birds/ group (a) commune commune commune commune Key Farmer labour labour labour $0 labour $0 $0 labour labour $0 Contribution 1 piglet 6 piglet preg. sow 2 cattle hen/chick hen/chick (b) 7kg feeds feeds feed bins VAHW VAHW feeds Demo Sites $90 $261 $112 $100 $123 $100 $100 $80 $280 $100 Inputs (c) Farmer $30 $15 $30 $200 $30 $200 $200 $30 $30 $200 Group Training (d) Farmer $90 $45 $90 $0 $90 $0 $0 $90 $90 $0 Group Training (e) - snacks Field day - $25 $25 $25 $0 $25 $0 $0 $25 $25 $0 snacks (f)

111

Field day - $10 $10 $10 $400 $10 $250 $2,400 $10 $10 $150 materials (g) DAO - DSA $42 $42 $42 50d = $175 $42 50d = $175 50d = $175 $42 $42 50d = $175 (h) 10 VAHW 10 VAHW 10 VAHW 10 VAHW - Training/Site Supervision DAO - $24 $24 $24 $100 $24 $100 $100 $24 $24 $100 Travel Alowance (i) SMS Field $20 $20 $20 $40 $20 $40 $40 $20 $20 $40 Monitoring DAO - AHP DAO - AHP DAO - AHP DAO - AHP (j)

Total cost $331 $442 $353 $1,015 $364 $865 $3,015 $321 $521 $765

TIP Notes: (9.Lowland forages) Inputs/site include seed/cutings $25, plot fencing $30, draft hire $15, water supplement $10, compost/ferts $10 = total $90 Inputs for two site = $90 @ 2 = $180. Farmer contribution/ site - 400 m2 garden, tools, water supply, labour (10. Leucaena) Inputs/site include seed/cutings $25, plot fencing $30, draft hire $15, water supplement $10, compost/ferts $10 = total $90 Inputs for two site = $90 @ 2 = $180. Farmer contribution/ site - 400 m2 garden, tools, water supply, labour (11. Land Leveling) Inputs/site include Kuyon/draft animal hire for 2 days@$18 = $36, water pump $6, water tube level $5, labour $3. Total = $50. Inputs for two site = $50 @ 2 = $100. Farmer contribution/ site - 3 rai paddy field, tools, water supply, labour (12. Single pig fatten) Inputs/site include 30 kg feed concentrate $20, water/feed bins $7, scales/tape $5, medicine/vaccine $3, VAHW (10 visits @ $1) $10 Inputs/two site = $45 @ 2 = $90. Farmer contribution/ site - one 7 kg piglet - rice bran 80 kg - broken rice 50 kg - food garden and labour

112

Feed high protein ration (1:1:1) for 80 days to reach 45 kg LW then feed traditional ration for 30 days to reach 60 kg LW (feed to appetite) (13. Multiple pig fatten) Inputs/site include 340 kg feed concentrate $205, water/feed bins $10, scales/tape $5, medicine/vaccine $20, VAHW (20 visits @ $1) $20 Inputs/one (1) site = $260. Farmer contribution - six @ 7 kg piglet - rice bran 518 kg - broken rice 518 kg - food garden and labour. One (1) site for 15 farmers Feed high protein ration (1:1:1) for 80 days to reach 45 kg LW then feed 1:2:2 for 70 days to reach 90 kg LW (feed to appetite) (Conc:BR;Bran) (14. Breeding sow) Inputs/site include 30 kg feed concentrate $20, water/feed bins $10, scales/tape $5, medicine and vaccine $15, VAHW (6 visit @ $1) $6 . Total = $56 Inputs/two site = $56 @ 2 = $112. Farmer contribution/ site - one pregnant sow - rice bran 60 kg - broken rice 60 kg - food garden and labour (15. Pig vacciate)Commune Vacc. program based on "coupon"system - all materials supplied. Inputs refer to 2 planning phase and 2 follow-up phase meetings. Farmer training materials include cold chain($50), leaflets($50), posters($50) and program info($50). DAO-OHP attends 4 meetings plus field Swine Fever vaccine =$400 (800 riel/dose x 2 dose x 1000 head). Vaccination completed by 10 VAHW in 5 days (16. Cattle fatten) Demo is "fattening" two cattle for slaughter, feeding fresh grass (ad lib) and protein concentrate for 60 days. weight gain = 750 gram/head/day Farmer contribution (one site) is two cattle > 200 kg each = 2 @ $190 = $380, feed bin, shelter and labour Demo inputs (one site) include 450 kg feed concentrate @ 700 riel = $80, fresh grass 1400 kg @ 100 riel = $40, medicine/vaccine $3 (total = $123) (16. Cattle fatten) Demo is "fattening" two cattle for slaughter, feeding fresh grass (ad lib) and protein concentrate for 60 days. weight gain = 750 gram/head/day Farmer contribution (one site) is two cattle > 200 kg each = 2 @ $190 = $380, feed bin, shelter and labour Demo inputs (one site) include 450 kg feed concentrate @ 700 riel = $80, fresh grass 1400 kg @ 100 riel = $40, medicine/vaccine $3 (total = $123)

113

Tilapia Pond Fish Paddy Fish Hatchery Production Management Management (24) (26) (25)

30 labour fish pond fish feed

$104

$30 $90

$25

$10 $42

$24

$20

$345

114

TIP Notes: (17. Cattle vaccine - HS) Commune wide program based on "coupon"system - all materials supplied. Inputs refer to 2 planning phase and 2 follow-up phase meetings. Farmer training materials include cold chain($50), leaflets($50), posters($50) and program info($50). DAO-OHP attends 4 meetings plus field visit Haemorragic Septicaemia vaccine =$250 (500 riel/dose x 2 dose x 1000 head). Vaccination completed by 10 VAHW in 5 days (18. Cattle vaccine - FMD) Commune wide program based on "coupon"system - all materials supplied. Inputs refer to 2 planning phase and 2 follow-up phase meetings. Farmer training materials include cold chain($50), leaflets($50), posters($50) and program info($50). DAO-OHP attends 4 meetings plus field visit Foot and Mouth vaccine =$2,400 (4,800 riel/dose x 2 dose x 1000 head). Vaccination completed by 10 VAHW in 5 days (19. Hen and chick) Inputs for one 45 day cycle include coup $5, netting $20, feeds $15 = $40. Inputs for 2sites = $80 Farmer contribution/site - one cycle of five hens plus cock giving 40 surviving chicks - food garden/labour - VAHW costs (20. Broilers) Inputs for one 120 day cycle include housing $100, feeds $1 per bird = $140. Inputs for 2sites = $280 Farmer contribution/site - 40 grower birds produced/vacc in "hen and chick" TIP - food garden/labour - VAHW costs (21. Poultry vaccine) Commune wide program based on "coupon"system - all materials supplied. Inputs refer to 2 planning phase and 2 follow-up phase meetings. Farmer training materials include cold chain($50), leaflets($50), posters($50) and program info($50). DAO-OHP attends 4 meetings plus field visit Newcastle disease vaccine =$150 (100 riel/dose x 2 dose x 3000 head). Vaccination completed by 10 VAHW in 5 days (22. Duck raising)

115

Non Tip Agricultural Projects Rice Growing F/trees Upland crop/systems Community VAHW

Grain/Oil/ VAHW Upland Short Integrated Community Community VAHW - VAHW FFS/IPM Fruit tree Pulse refresher Rice Course Farming Fisheries Forestry new Association (2) (4) Crops course (1) (3) System (5) (7) (8) (9) (11) (6) (10) Farmer group 30 30 30 30 30 30 300 300 10 10 20 (a) Key Farmer labour labour labour labour labour labour labour labour $0 $0 $0 Contribution rice rice/vege demo site orchard field field fish forest (b) field field water water resource resource Demo Sites $150 $400 $150 $200 $350 $150 $300 $300 $1,100 $400 $50 Inputs (c) Farmer Group $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $30 $100 $100 $300 $100 $20 Training (d) Farmer Group $90 $50 $100 $90 $90 $90 $200 $200 $1x60d $1x10d $1x10d Training (e) x10 = x10 = x10 = $100 - snacks $600 $100 Field day - $25 $25 $0 $25 $25 $25 $25 $25 $0 $0 $0 snacks (f) Field day - $10 $10 $0 $10 $10 $10 $10 $10 $0 $0 $0 materials (g) DAO -DSA (h) $42 18day=$185 5day = $42 $42 $42 $42 $42 90d = $42 $42 - Training/Site 3 trainer $80 2 $315 Supervision trainer 1 trainers DAO - Travel $24 $36 $20 $24 $24 $24 $24 $24 $100 $24 $24 Alowance (i) SMS Field $20 $20 $20 $20 $20 $20 $20 $20 $40 $20 $20 Monitoring (j)

Total cost $391 $756 $400 $441 $591 $391 $721 $721 $2,455 $686 $256

116

TIP Notes (1. Upland Rice) Inputs/site - rice seed (3 varieties CARDI) 10 kg= $15, fertiliser (urea + DAP)= $10, plot materials (pegs, tape, labels, scales) = $30 Demo site preparation and maintenance fee to farmer = $20. Total inputs/site = $75 therefore inputs for two sites = $150 Farmer contribution/ site - 400 m2 rice field (8 plots), seed - traditional variety, field preparation and crop care (2. FFS/IPM) one crop cycle from planting to harvest. IPM involves biological, varietal and crop culture to reduce use of chemicals on rice and veges (3. Short course) - 5 day theory and/or practical course- examples are safe pesticide usage, power tiller O&M , farmer group strengthening, NREM/gender (4. Fruit tree) training on propagation, planting, manure/fertilizer, orchard maintenance, pruning on one (1) site Inputs include fruit tree seedlings, special nursery tools, water suply. Farmer contribution is orchard maintenance and labour (5. Integrated farming system) includes small scale fish pond, vegetables, fruit tree, pig, chicken and compost. Inputs are high cost over two seasons on one (1)site (6) oil crops include sesamae, sunflower and castor - grain includes corn, sorghum, pulse crops include peanut, mung bean, soy bean, cowpea Inputs/site - crop seed (2 varieties CARDI) 10 kg= $15, fertiliser (urea + DAP)= $10, plot materials (pegs, tape, labels, scales) = $30 Demo site preparation and maintenance fee to farmer = $20. Total inputs/site = $75 therefore inputs for two sites = $150 Farmer contribution/ site - 600 m2 upland field (6 plots), seed - traditional variety, field preparation and crop care (7) manage community fisheries resource aligned to DoFisheries guidelines (8) manage community forestry resource aligned to DoForestry guidelines (9. VAHW new)- theory 30 days plus 60 days follow up support. DAHP guigelines and modules (10. VAHW refresher) training 10 days - upgrade vet equipment (11. VAHW - Association) - Adopt APIP guidelines for VLA registration

117