TA No. 4756 -CAM TONLE SAP LOWLAND STABILIZATION PROJECT CAMBODIA TONLE SAP AGRO ECOSYSTEMS STUDY Receiver: Asian Development Bank December 2006 In cooperation with: TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 1 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 6 1.1 Tonle Sap Bioshere Reserve (TSBR) ............................................... 6 1.2 ADB’s Involvement in the Tonle Sap Basin....................................... 6 1.3 Tonle Sap Lowland Stabilization Project (TSLSP) ............................ 7 2. AGRO ECOSYSTEMS ANALYSIS (AEA)........................................... 7 2.1 Background to AEA........................................................................... 7 2.2 Development of AEA in Cambodia.................................................... 8 2.3 Methodology for Tonle Sap Basin Agro Ecosystems Study............ 11 3. SYSTEM DEFINITION........................................................................ 14 3.1 Systems Boundary .......................................................................... 14 3.2 Systems Hierarchy .......................................................................... 17 4. SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ....................................................................... 20 4.1 Spatial Analysis............................................................................... 20 4.1.1 Land Use............................................................................................. 20 4.1.2 Elevation ............................................................................................. 20 4.1.3 Soils of the Main Rice Growing Areas ................................................ 23 4.1.4 Principal Water Resources ................................................................. 26 4.1.5 Rainfall................................................................................................ 28 4.1.6 Poverty Rate ....................................................................................... 30 4.1.7 Other Projects..................................................................................... 30 4.2 Transect .......................................................................................... 35 4.3 Zone Characteristics and Comparison............................................ 38 4.3.1 The Upland Mixed Crop Zone (Zone 1).............................................. 38 4.3.2 The Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone ( Zone 2).................................. 41 4.3.3 The Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone ( Zone 3) ............................. 44 5. TEMPORAL ANALYSIS .................................................................... 47 5.1 Seasonal Calendar.......................................................................... 47 5.1.1 Zone 2. Lowland Rainfed Rice Zone – Middle Terrace ...................... 48 5.1.2 Zone 2 . Rainfed Lowland Rice Zone – Lower Terrace...................... 54 5.2 Historical Profile .............................................................................. 58 5.2.1 Zone 1. Upland Mixed Cropping Zone................................................ 58 5.2.2 Zone 2. Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone ........................................... 60 5.2.3 Zone 3. Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone ....................................... 62 6. FLOW ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 64 7. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND DECISION MAKING .......................... 66 7.1 Gross Margin Analysis .................................................................... 66 7.1.1 Upland Mixed Crop Zone - Zone 1 ..................................................... 66 7.1.2 Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone (Zone 2).......................................... 68 7.1.3 Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone (Zone 3)...................................... 72 7.2 Cause Effect Diagrams ................................................................... 75 7.2.1 Upland Mixed Crop Zone (Zone 1) ..................................................... 76 7.2.2 Lowland Rainfed Riceland Zone (Zone 2).......................................... 78 7.2.3 Lowland Seasonally Flooded Zone (Zone 3)...................................... 80 8. PROBLEM ANALYSIS AND PROPOSED INTERVENTIONS .......... 81 8.1 Summary of Issues in Lowland Rained Rice Zone (Zone 2) for each Province ............................................................................................ 81 8.1.1 Kampong Chhnang Province.............................................................. 81 8.1.2 Pursat Province .................................................................................. 83 8.1.3 Battambang province.......................................................................... 85 8.1.4 Banteay Meanchey Province.............................................................. 87 8.1.5 Siem Reap Province........................................................................... 88 8.1.6 Kampong Thom Province ................................................................... 89 8.2 Key Questions Related to Agricultural Development ...................... 91 8.3 Summary of Issues Identified in CAEAs (36 communes) ............... 99 8.4 Problems and Issues raised during the RRA Study ...................... 101 8.5 Systems Properties Analysis......................................................... 102 8.6 Key Question Development .......................................................... 105 8.7 Innovation Assessment ................................................................. 105 8.8 TIP Inventory................................................................................. 107 8.9 TIP Base Costs - DAE/CAAEP II Technology Implementation Procedures (TIPs).................................................................................... 109 Table of Figures FIGURE 1. THE COMMUNE AGRO ECOSYSTEMS ANALYSIS PROCESS.............10 FIGURE 2. AEA PROCEDURE ........................................................................................12 FIGURE 3. MAIN FARMING AND LIVELIHOOD ACTIVITIES ..................................65 List of Tables TABLE 1. MAIN ISSUED IDENTIFIED DURING THE RRA STUDY (32 VILLAGES) ..................................................................................................................................101 TABLE 2. SYSTEM PROPERTIES TABLE FOR LOWLAND RAINFED RICELAND ZONE........................................................................................................................103 TABLE 3. INNOVATION ASSESSMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES IN LOWLAND RAINFED RICELAND ZONE (ZONE 2) ..............106 List of Maps MAP 1..................................................................................................................................13 MAP 2..................................................................................................................................15 MAP 3..................................................................................................................................16 MAP 4..................................................................................................................................21 MAP 5..................................................................................................................................22 MAP 6..................................................................................................................................25 MAP 7..................................................................................................................................27 MAP 8..................................................................................................................................29 MAP 9..................................................................................................................................31 MAP 10................................................................................................................................33 MAP 11................................................................................................................................34 List of Abbreviations ADB Asian Development Bank ADESS Agricultural Development Support to Seila AEA Agro Ecosystems Analysis ASDP Agricultural Sector Development Project AQIP Agricultural Quality Improvement Project CAAEPII Cambodia Australia Agricultural Extension Project, Phase Two CAEA Commune Agro Ecosystems Analysis CARDI Cambodia Agricultural Research & Development Institute CARERE Cambodia Reconstruction and rehabilitation Project CC Commune Council CDP Commune Development Plan CEW Commune Extension Worker DAE Department of Agricultural Extension DAO District Agricultural Office DAHP Department of Animal Health and Production DTST District Technical Support Team DWA Department of Women’s Affairs ECOSORN Economic and Social Re-launch of the Northwestern Provinces FFS Farmer Field School FHH Female Headed Households FWUC Farmer Water User Community IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development ISAEA Irrigation Systems AEA MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries MEF Ministry of Economics and Finance MFI Micro Finance Institution MOE Ministry of Environment MOI Ministry of Interior MOP Ministry of Planning MOWA Ministry of Women’s Affairs MOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology MPP Minimum Package Program (ADESS) MRC Mekong River