Survey on Basic Information in River Basins (Phase 4)

Ministry of Water Resources Japan International and Meteorology Cooperation Agency

RIVER BASIN WATER RESOURCES UTILIZATION PROJECT

SURVEY ON BASIC INFORMATION IN RIVER BASINS (PHASE 4)

FINAL REPORT

February 2019

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1. Background ...... 1

1.2. Objectives ...... 1

1.3. Scope of Work ...... 1

1.4. Work Flow and Schedule ...... 2

1.5. Meetings with the Project ...... 4

CHAPTER 2 SURVEY ON FARMLAND OWNERS IN KANDIENG STATION SCHEME ...... 5 2.1. Survey Methodology ...... 5

2.2. Result of Survey on Farmland Owners in Kandieng Station Scheme...... 6

CHAPTER 3 STRENGTHENING OF FWUC CAPACITY IN PURSAT PROVINCE ...... 8 3.1. Training on Irrigation Service Planning ...... 9

3.2. Training on Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation System ...... 15

3.3. Training on Irrigation Service Fee Collection and Conflict Resolution...... 22

3.4. Training on Administration and Accounting Management ...... 27

3.5. Training Review and Evaluation ...... 31

CHAPTER 4 WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT ...... 38 4.1. Methodology for Water Flow Measurement ...... 38

4.2. Result of Water Flow Measurement ...... 39

CHAPTER 5 MEETING WITH PDWRAM AND RELEVANT FWUCS ...... 42

LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Terms of Reference Appendix 2: List of Farmland Plots and Farmland Owners of Kandieng Station Scheme Appendix 3: Training Materials for FWUC Capacity Strengthening Appendix 4: Questionnaire for Evaluation Survey on FWUC Capacity Strengthening Training Appendix 5: Result of Evaluation Survey on FWUC Capacity Strengthening Training Appendix 6: Result of Water Flow Measurement at Bomnak Observation Points Appendix 7: Presentation Materials for FWUC-Net Meetings

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Locations of target river basins ...... 1 Figure 2: Diagram of survey work flow for Survey on Basic Information in River Basins Phase 4 ...... 3 Figure 3: The survey team visiting the farmland with the chief of Yos Village (Aug 8, 2018) ...... 5 Figure 4: Updated farmland map of Kandieng Station Scheme ...... 6 Figure 5: Group photo with training participants in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme (Aug 30, 2018) ...... 8 Figure 6: Group photo with training participants in Kandieng Station Scheme (Sep 6, 2018) ...... 8 Figure 7: Map of feasible irrigation areas that can receive water from existing irrigation system of Boeung Kansaeng Scheme identified in the training ...... 10 Figure 8: Training on irrigation service planning (Aug 8, 2018) ...... 11 Figure 9: Practice on calculation of irrigation area based on the water level of reservoir (Aug 8, 2018) ...... 11 Figure 10: Role-play on communication with water users (Aug 8, 2018) ...... 12 Figure 11: Map of potential irrigation area for dry season cropping in Kandieng Station Scheme ...... 13 Figure 12: Training on irrigation service planning at Kandieng Commune Office (Aug 9, 2018) ...... 13 Figure 13: Practice on determination of potential irrigation area for dry season cropping (Aug 9, 2018) ...... 14 Figure 14: Group discussion on the duties and responsibilities of FWUC committee (Aug 10, 2018) ...... 14 Figure 15: In-class demonstration of operation of irrigation system (Aug 28, 2018) ...... 16 Figure 16: Marking on intake gate structure to control gate opening (Aug 29, 2018) ...... 17 Figure 17: Inspection and collection of damage information on Main Canal 3 (Aug 29, 2019) ...... 17 Figure 18: Repairing hollows on 2nd check structure on Main Canal 1 (Aug 30, 2018) ...... 18 Figure 19: Lecture on repairing of damage canal dikes (Sep 5, 2018) ...... 19 Figure 20: Inspection and collection of damage information on the main canal (Sep 6, 2018) ...... 19 Figure 21: Marking on turnout structure for controlling of gate opening (Sep 6, 2018) ...... 20 Figure 22: Practice on maintenance of collapsed and hollowed canal embankment (Sep 6, 2018) ...... 20 Figure 23: Practice on grass planting to protect the canal embankment (Sep 6, 2018) ...... 21 Figure 24: Practice on lubricating gates of turnout structures (Sep 6, 2018) ...... 21 Figure 25: Action plan discussed in the training (Sep 6, 2018) ...... 22 Figure 26: Training on ISF collection and conflict resolution in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme (Sep18, 2018) . 23 Figure 27: Participants voting to determine the ISF collection procedure (Sep 18, 2018) ...... 24 Figure 28: Role-play by the participants on conflict resolution in ISF collection ...... 24 Figure 29: Sample receipt filled by a participant in the training (Sep 19, 2018) ...... 25 ii

Figure 30: Training on ISF collection and conflict resolution in Kandieng Station Scheme (Sep 21, 2018) .. 26 Figure 31: Practice updating of member information in the FWUC member list (Sep 21, 2018) ...... 26 Figure 32: Group discussion on the frequent water conflicts and their solutions (Oct 16, 2018) ...... 28 Figure 33: Training on office and document management (Oct 17, 2018) ...... 29 Figure 34: Training on office and document management using 5S practice (Oct 17, 2018) ...... 29 Figure 35: Training on water conflict prevention and resolution (Oct 18, 2018) ...... 30 Figure 36: Presentation of the result of group discussion on water conflict resolution (Oct 18, 2018) ...... 30 Figure 37: Training on accounting management (Oct 19, 2018) ...... 31 Figure 38: Review session for Boeung Kansaeng FWUC (Nov 26, 2018) ...... 32 Figure 39: Review session for Anlong Svay FWUC (Nov 26, 2018)...... 32 Figure 40: Review session for Romlich FWUC (Nov 27, 2018) ...... 33 Figure 41: Review session for Kampang FWUC (Nov 27, 2018) ...... 33 Figure 42: Review session for Wat Leap FWUC (Nov 28, 2018) ...... 34 Figure 43: Review session for Kandieng Station FWUC (Nov 28, 2018) ...... 34 Figure 44: Participants' responses to the question "How did the four training courses respond to the needs of your FWUC?” ...... 35 Figure 45: Age ranges of the training participants...... 37 Figure 46: The survey team conducting water flow measurement at Bomnak River (mainstream) observation point (Feb 15, 2018) ...... 39 Figure 47: Bomnak River (mainstream) observation point viewed from upstream (Feb 15, 2019) ...... 40 Figure 48: Water level staff gauge at Bomnak River (mainstream) observation point (Feb 15, 2019) ...... 40 Figure 49: Cross section of Bomnak River (mainstream) (Oct 17, 2018) ...... 41 Figure 50: FWUC-Net meeting held at Pursat PDWRAM (Aug 6, 2018) ...... 42 Figure 51: FWUC-Net meeting held at Pursat PDWRAM (Jan 22, 2019)...... 43 Figure 52: Chief of Boeung Kansaeng FWUC sharing training experience in FWUC-Net meeting (Jan 22, 2019) ...... 43

iii

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Water flow measurement observation points and number of times ...... 2 Table 2: Work implementation schedule for Survey on Basic Information in River Basins Phase 4 ...... 2 Table 3: Schedule of meetings with the Project ...... 4 Table 4: Number of farmland owners in each village of Kandieng Station Scheme ...... 7 Table 5: Updated farmland plots and areas in each village in Kandieng Station Scheme ...... 7 Table 6: Contents of training course on Irrigation Service Planning ...... 9 Table 7: Contents of the training session on irrigation service planning ...... 15 Table 8: Identified major damages on irrigation system of Boeung Kansaeng Scheme ...... 16 Table 9: Contents of the training on ISF Collection and Conflict Resolution ...... 22 Table 10: Contents of the training on administration and accounting management ...... 27 Table 11: The schedule of the training review and evaluation session ...... 31 Table 12: Interval of velocity lines ...... 38 Table 13: Methods for obtaining mean velocity at a vertical line ...... 38 Table 14: Result of water flow measurement at Bomnak River (mainstream) observation point ...... 41 Table 15: Result of water flow measurement at Bomnak right main canal observation point ...... 41 Table 16: Result of water flow measurement at Bomnak left main canal observation point ...... 41

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS FWUC Farmer Water User Community GIS Geographical Information System GPS Global Positioning System ISF Irrigation Service Fee JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency MOWRAM Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology PDLMUCC Provincial Department of Land Management, Urbanization, Construction and Cadastre PDWRAM Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology RBWRU River Basin Water Resources Utilization cm Centimeter ha Hectare km Kilometer m Meter m2 Square Meter m3 Cubic Meter

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1. Background

Since May 2014, Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) has implemented the technical cooperation project for ‘River Basin Water Resources Utilization (RBWRU)’ (hereinafter, referred to as ‘the Project’) to strengthen the capacity of the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) / Provincial Department of Water Resources and Meteorology (PDWRAMs) and relevant stakeholders in 6 river basins in Cambodia.

Under this project, the Survey on Basic Information in River Basins (Phase 1, Phase 2 and Phase 3) was conducted from December 2015 to February 2018 to study the actual conditions of irrigation facilities, irrigation water use and Farmer Water User Communities (FWUCs) in Pursat River Basin and Boribo River Basin.

However, in addition to the basic data and information collected in the survey above, further information on specific irrigation schemes is necessary, and operation and management capacity of some target FWUCs needs to be strengthened in order to set up an institutional framework for coordinating river basin water resources utilization, which is one of the expected outputs of the project.

1.2. Objectives

As detailed in the Terms of Reference (Appendix 1), the main objectives of the Survey on Basic Information in River Basins Phase 4 are (i) to identify the latest farmland owners in Kandieng Station Scheme, (ii) to strengthen operation and management capacity of six selected FWUCs in Pursat Province, (iii) to conduct water flow measurement and (v) to compile collected information in some visual outputs.

1.3. Scope of Work 1.3.1. Outline of Work

● Survey Area: Pursart Province (Pursat River Basin*1, and Boribo River Basin*2) *NOTE: In this survey, *1: Pursat River Basin includes Svay Doun Keo River Basin in Pursat Province, and *2: Boribo River Basin includes Bomnak River Basin. ● Survey Period: Around 240 Days (End of June, 2018 – End of February, 2019) ● Main Methodology: Field survey, interview with officials concerned at PDWRAMs, relevant FWUCs and other organizations and water flow measurement

1.3.2. Detailed Scope of Work The scope of work is as follows: a. Preparation of the work plan ● Formulation and submission of work plan before commencement of the field activities with consultation with the project Bomnak b. Identification of farmland owners in River Pursat River Basin Kandieng Station Scheme Basin ● Survey on farmland owners of Kandieng Station Scheme by using the Boribo River Basin outputs of the previous survey, existing registry record and GPS devices c. Strengthening of FWUC capacity in Pursat Province ● Target FWUCs: Boeung Kansaeng Figure 1: Locations of target river basins FWUC, Kandieng Station FWUC, Anglong Svay FWUC, Kampang FWUC, 1

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This survey work has been implemented according to the following work flow.

Signing of Contract

Preparatory Work Submission of Inception Report

・ Meeting with the project ・Collection of existing data and information ・Survey team meeting and training ¥ ・Formulation of work plan ・Formulation of FWUC training materials

Field Work

・Survey on latest owners of farmland plots of Kandieng Station Scheme ・Training to strengthen operation and management capacity of 6 FWUCs ・ Water flow measurement

Edit and Summary Work Submission of Interim Report 1 & 2

・Compilation of collected data and information ・Formulation of list of farmland owners in Kandieng Station Scheme ・Compilation of training materials for FWUC capacity strengthening ・Summary of the FWUC training result ・Meeting with the Project

Meeting with PDWRAM & Relevant FWUCs

Formulation of Draft Final Report Submission of Draft Final Report

Output Submission

Figure 2: Diagram of survey work flow for Survey on Basic Information in River Basins Phase 4

1.5. Meetings with the Project

During the course of implementation of the work, the survey team held four meetings with the Project as shown in Table 3. In each meeting, the Project’s JICA experts and relevant MOWRAM counterparts participated to discuss and decide the following matters.

Table 3: Schedule of meetings with the Project

Meeting Date Meeting Content Things Decided 1st July 3, 2018 • Confirmation of the work scope • Implementation guidelines and • Work guidelines and schedule schedule • Survey methodology • Survey methodology • Confirmation on accessible • Submission of Inception Report data/documents • Confirmation on the project’s instruction items 2nd September 25, 2018 • Confirmation on the result of • Content and format of the farmland the farmland owners in survey result Kandieng Station Scheme • Schedules for next FWUC training • Interim report on the FWUC courses and water flow capacity strengthening training measurement • Confirmation on schedule of • Submission Interim Report 1 next FWUC training courses and water flow measurement 3rd December 17, 2018 • Confirmation on the result of • Content and format of the result of FWUC capacity strengthening FWUC capacity strengthening training training • Interim report on the water flow • Schedule for remaining water flow measurement measurement • Confirmation on schedule of • Submission of Interim Report 2 remaining water flow measurement 4th February 22, 2019 • Confirmation on the overall • Overall content and format of final content and format of final report and final outputs report and final outputs • Delivery schedule of final outputs • Confirmation on delivery • Submission of Final Report Draft schedule of final outputs

1) Survey leader attended all meetings. 2) For items not specified in the TOR, discussion with the project was made in the meetings.

CHAPTER 2 SURVEY ON FARMLAND OWNERS IN KANDIENG STATION SCHEME

2.1. Survey Methodology

Prior to the implementation of this survey work, the survey team formulated a work plan and met with the Project to discuss the survey schedule and survey methods on July 3, 2018. Before conducting the field work, the survey team also met with Pursat PDWRAM and relevant FWUCs in the FWUC-Net meeting held on August 6, 2018, to inform them of the survey work plan and request for their cooperation.

In the course of implementation of the field work, the team worked closely with Kandieng Station FWUC committee and relevant village chiefs. The team requested the village chiefs to visit the farmland plots of which they have information of the owners with the team to identify their owners. Besides the farmland owners’ information, the team also collected information on the major changes of the farmland uses and farmland boundaries.

Maps and lists of farmland plots studied in the Phase 3 survey were prepared and used in the process of identifying the farmland owners. In addition to the maps and lists of farmland plots, the team also used Google Map as a tool to manage the surveyed farmland plots.

For the farmland plots of which the village chiefs could not identify their owners, the team requested the other village residents who have deep knowledge about the area, as recommended by the village chiefs, to take part in the survey.

During the field work, with cooperation from Kandieng Commune Chief, the team acquired parts of land holder list from the Kandieng District Office of Provincial Department of Land Management, Urbanization, Construction and Cadaster (PDLMUCC). The acquired land holder list was used to confirm the land owner information. After collecting owner information of all target farmland plots, the team met and confirmed with the FWUC committee and relevant village on the farmland owners’ information.

Figure 3: The survey team visiting the farmland with the chief of Yos Village (Aug 8, 2018) 5

The confirmed final information of the farmland owners was organized and inputted into GIS map. All farmland plot codes were updated and each farmland owner identified in this survey was given an owner code, and as a survey output, a farmland owner list and an updated farmland plot list were formulated. 2.2. Result of Survey on Farmland Owners in Kandieng Station Scheme Through the field survey, 830 households were identified as the owners of farmland located in Kandieng Station Scheme. Among the identified households, 713 households are the residents of the 14 villages that are parts of the scheme, while the remaining 117 households are residing in other places outside of the 14 villages. Table 4 shows the numbers of households whose farmland plots are located in Kandieng Station Scheme. The detail information of each household (Khmer Language), which include the names of husbands and wives, marital status (in case of sole proprietorship), the numbers and areas of farmland plots in their possession and their villages where they reside, is shown in Appendix 2.

Each identified farmland owner (s) is given an owner’s code. All farmland owner codes have the same five-character format “XXXXX”. The first two characters are Khmer alphabets indicating the village where the owner (s) resides, while the final three characters are numbers indicating the owner’s number. For example, “KK001” (កក001 in Khmer) indicates that the owner (s) is Resident No. 001 of Kandieng Knong Village.

During the field survey, the team also collected the latest information about the farmland uses. Table 5 below briefly shows the updated information of farmland plots in Kandieng Station Scheme. In total, there are 3,962 farmland plots (565.43ha) in Kandieng Station Scheme. Among all of the surveyed farmland plots, 3,945 plots (561.78ha) are paddy fields, while the remaining 17 plots (3.64ha) are other crop fields.

Each farmland plot is also given a plot code which corresponds to the village and block it locates. It should be noted that the plot codes do not show the information of the plot owners. All plot codes have the same seven-character format “XX-XX-XXX”. The first two characters are Khmer alphabets indicating the village where the plot locates; the following two characters are two-digit number indicating the block number; and the final three characters are three-digit number indicating the plot number. For example, “KK-01-001” (កក-01-001 in Khmer) means Plot No. 001 of Block 01 of Kandieng Knong Village.

Figure 4: Updated farmland map of Kandieng Station Scheme 6

Table 4: Number of farmland owners in each village of Kandieng Station Scheme

No. of Marital Status Village of Residence Households Single Married Widow Widower Kandieng Knong 60 18 30 11 1 Keo Chey 65 13 38 11 3 Kandieng 46 4 33 9 - Kampong Roka 21 - 13 8 - Kampong Krosang Leu 67 12 44 8 3 Bongkoul 52 5 37 9 1 Prey Kdey Kandal 42 7 27 8 - Prey Kdey Kraom 87 14 42 28 3 Prey Kdey Leu 30 9 15 4 2 Yos 33 3 21 9 - Steung Kraom 39 1 25 13 - Sathani 79 6 57 13 3 Svay Yeang 50 5 33 9 3 Steung Leu 42 6 27 8 1 Other 117 9 93 11 4 Total 830 112 535 159 24

Table 5: Updated farmland plots and areas in each village in Kandieng Station Scheme

Paddy Other Crop Total Village Name No. of No. of No. of Area (ha) Area (ha) Area (ha) Plots Plots Plots Kandieng Knong 401 51.30 - - 401 51.30 Keo Chey 445 55.44 5 1.70 450 57.14 Kandieng 550 81.38 1 0.20 551 81.59 Kampong Roka 145 18.19 - - 145 18.19 Kampong Krosang Leu 269 38.28 - - 269 38.28 Bongkoul 130 23.35 1 0.08 131 23.43 Prey Kdey Kandal 304 35.12 1 0.01 305 35.14 Prey Kdey Kraom 287 34.04 4 0.82 291 34.86 Prey Kdey Leu 189 22.50 1 0.14 190 22.64 Yos 346 55.34 3 0.44 349 55.78 Steung Kraom 134 19.58 - - 134 19.58 Sathani 437 77.43 - - 437 77.43 Svay Yeang 205 29.24 - - 205 29.24 Steung Leu 103 20.59 1 0.25 104 20.84 Other 3945 561.79 17 3.64 3962 565.43

CHAPTER 3 STRENGTHENING OF FWUC CAPACITY IN PURSAT PROVINCE

A training program was formulated and conducted to strengthen the target FWUCs’ operation and management capacity. Basically, this FWUC capacity strengthening training was conducted in two selected irrigation schemes, namely Boeung Kansaeng Scheme and Kandieng Station Scheme. However, in addition to the FWUCs from the two selected schemes, four other FWUCs, namely Anlong Svay FWUC, Kampang FWUC, Romlich FWUC and Wat Leap FWUC, were also invited to participate in this training program.

Figure 5: Group photo with training participants in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme (Aug 30, 2018)

Figure 6: Group photo with training participants in Kandieng Station Scheme (Sep 6, 2018)

The training program comprises of four main courses followed by one review session. The overall training program focuses on four main subjects: (i) Irrigation Service Planning, (ii) Operation and Maintenance (O&M) of Irrigation System, (iii) Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) Collection and Conflict Resolution, and (iv) 8

Administration and Accounting Management.

This training program has been conducted by Meiho Engineering Inc., in association with Irrigation Service Center (ISC). Prior to the implementation of the training, a site reconnaissance was made on July 9-11, 2018 to collect the latest information on the target scheme’s irrigation facilities such as irrigation canals and major irrigation structures, as well as to better understand about the current status of FWUC establishment in each target scheme.

The latest information of the target schemes collected through the site-reconnaissance is used as inputs for formulation of training materials for the whole training program. Before each training course, draft training materials were formulated and submitted to the Project for comments and approval. The finalized training materials are shown in Appendix 3.

3.1. Training on Irrigation Service Planning

The training on Irrigation Service Planning in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme was conducted on August 7-8, 2018 at Wat Thmey Pagoda in O Tapaong Commune of Bakan District, Pursat province. Besides the ten members from Boeung Kansaeng FWUC, five members from Anlong Svay FWUC and five members from Kampang FWUC also took part in this two-day training.

Following the training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme, the same training course was conducted in Kandieng Station Scheme on August 9-10, 2018 at Kandieng Commune Office in Kandieng Commune, Kandieng District, Pursat Province. Twelve members from Kandieng Stations FWUC, four from Romlich FWUC and four from Wat Leap FWUC participated in the training.

In principle, both training courses were implemented on the same agenda although some detail contents were adjusted to meet each scheme’s actual condition. Table 6 below shows the content of this training course.

On Day 1, the training focused mainly on the objectives of irrigation system operation, the overview of irrigation system and its beneficiaries, and principles for irrigation system operation in the first half of the day. In this training, Boeung Kansaeng irrigation system and Kandieng Station irrigation system were primarily used as the model irrigation systems to be discussed and studied the training program.

In the second half of Day 1, the training aimed to help the participants to understand about the water sources, water flow directions and land use in the model irrigation systems, which are basic knowledge necessary for discussion on the principles for water allocation, the importance of irrigation planning and the necessity of determination of irrigation areas.

On Day 2, the training emphasized on the duties and responsibilities of the FWUC committee in managing and allocating irrigation water for its members, the importance of communication with relvant water users, the management of irrigation areas and FWUC members, and budget planning for irrigation system operation and management.

Table 6: Contents of training course on Irrigation Service Planning

Training Day Training Content - Objectives of irrigation system operation - Overview of irrigation system and its beneficiaries - Principles of irrigation system operation Day 1 - Water sources, water flow directions and land use - Principles of water allocation - Irrigation planning and determination of irrigation area - FWUC committee’s duties and responsibilities - Communication with water users Day 2 - Management of irrigation area and FWUC members - Budget planning for irrigation system operation and management 9

The training methods used in this training program are in-class lectures, group discussion and role-play. After a detail explanation of the objectives of the training course and the objectives of irrigation system operation, all participants were assigned to work in groups to discuss and to present about the current situation of the model irrigation systems.

After all participants got the basic knowledge about the model irrigation systems and the importance of irrigation planning, they practiced on determination of the irrigation area, calculation of amount of available water and amount of water required for irrigation in each cropping season, and some water allocation rules that should be discussed and determined by the FWUC committee.

Main activities of training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme

During the two-day training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme, the participants discussed to identify the irrigation areas where water can be irrigated from the scheme’s current irrigation canals by utilizing the farmland map produced in Phase 3 survey. By pointing out by the participants from relevant villages, the participants were able to identify and calculate the area where water could be taken through existing irrigation canals. As shown in Figure 7, the area of 373 ha was identified as the area that could feasibly receive water from the scheme’s current irrigation system. The participants also practiced calculation of irrigation area in accordance with the amount of available water in the reservoir (with the assumption of reservoir area).

In addition to determination of irrigation area, the participants also discussed on some major water allocation principles. With guidance from the trainers, the participants decided that the FWUC shall install a water level gauge at the end of each canal and determine the water level in the canals before allowing the farmers to take the water from the canals to their paddy fields. As the result of the discussion, the participants agreed that the farmers should be allowed to take the water after the water level at the end of the canal reaches 0.5m during water shortage period.

However, due to time limitation, in this training, the participants were unable to discuss more detail criteria or rules for water allocation that the FWUC needs to determine. Therefore, each participant was suggested to discuss these matters among their FWUC committee to determine more concrete rules and regulations for water allocation in their own schemes, such as the number of pumps that should be allowed to pump the water at the same time and the time each farmer should be allowed to make the pumping.

Figure 7: Map of feasible irrigation areas that can receive water from existing irrigation system of Boeung Kansaeng Scheme identified in the training 10

Figure 8: Training on irrigation service planning (Aug 8, 2018)

Figure 9: Practice on calculation of irrigation area based on the water level of reservoir (Aug 8, 2018)

Figure 10: Role-play on communication with water users (Aug 8, 2018)

Main activities of training in Kandieng Station Scheme

In the training at Kandieng Station Scheme, the participants practiced on determination of potential area for dry season cropping using the same method as the training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme. It should be noted that dry season cropping had never been made in this scheme prior to this training. Figure 11 below shows the area that Kandieng Station Irrigation System could irrigate in the dry season, as the result of the discussion among the participants in the training.

By using the farmland map of the scheme produced in the Phase 3 survey, the participants identified 152 ha of potential area for dry season cropping in 8 villages that could feasibly take water from the existing irrigation system to irrigate in the dry season. Based on the identified dry season irrigation area, the participants also practiced dividing the identified area into 13 small block (approx. 10 ha per block) for water allocation and learned the necessity of setting basic rules for water pumping such as limiting the number of pumps, formulation of pumping schedule and determination of water level in the canals before allowing the farmers to pump.

Unlike Boeung Kansaeng Scheme’s irrigation system, Kandieng Station Scheme does not have a reservoir. On the other hand, it has a floating-type pump station. Based on the information provided by Pursat PDWRAM on the pump’s capacity, the participants practiced calculation of pumping cost per hectare for irrigation in the dry season. As the result of the calculation, the participants found that pumping to irrigate one hectare of paddy field for the dry season cropping costs 72,000 Riel – 120,000 Riel, depending on the rotary speed of the pump machines. This pumping cost does not include the pumping cost for pumping the water from the canals to each paddy field.

Figure 11: Map of potential irrigation area for dry season cropping in Kandieng Station Scheme

Figure 12: Training on irrigation service planning at Kandieng Commune Office (Aug 9, 2018) 13

Figure 13: Practice on determination of potential irrigation area for dry season cropping (Aug 9, 2018)

Figure 14: Group discussion on the duties and responsibilities of FWUC committee (Aug 10, 2018)

3.2. Training on Operation and Maintenance of Irrigation System

This second training course focused mainly on necessary maintenance work that a FWUC should do to ensure the long-life of its irrigation system. The training on this subject includes both in-class lecture and field demonstration.

The training in each target irrigation scheme was conducted for a three-day period. Table 7 shows the contents of this training course. On Day 1, the participants learned about the management of information of irrigation system, key principles for operation of irrigation system (particularly on the operation of intake gates) and planning for O&M of irrigation system.

On Day 2, the participants learned about the importance of regular inspection of irrigation system, the necessity of collection of damage information on irrigation canals and irrigation structures through in-class lectures and field practice. Based on the result of the field practice on irrigation system inspection and information collection, the participants discussed to evaluate the damages they identified and to prioritize maintenance work, and learned some key techniques for maintenance work for damaged irrigation canals.

On Day 3, the participants engaged in the actual maintenance work on the damages they identified on Day 2, followed by an in-class lecture on additional maintenance techniques and planning of time and budget for O&M activities for the whole irrigation systems.

The training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme was conducted at the same location as the first training course on August 28 – 30, 2018. The training session in Kandieng Station Scheme was conducted on September 4 – 6, 2018, but the training venue was changed to the Kandieng headquarter of Cambodian People Party (CPP).

Table 7: Contents of the training session on irrigation service planning

Training Date Training Content - Management of information of irrigation system - Operation of irrigation system (intake gates) Day 1 - Principles for maintenance of irrigation system - Planning for O&M of irrigation system

- Collection of information on damages of irrigation system - Field practice on information collection Day 2 - Evaluation on the damages of irrigation system - Maintenance activities for irrigation system (damages on canals)

- Field practice on maintenance of irrigation system Day 3 - Maintenance activities for irrigation system (continue)

Main activities of training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme

In Boeung Kansaeng Scheme, after the lecture on Day 1, the participants were divided into three groups for field practice. The field activities on Day 2 included: 1. marking on the gates of all intakes and turnout structures, 2. installing the water level staff gauge in the reservoir, and 3. inspection and collection of damage information of the scheme’s main canals. The purpose of marking on the gate structures and installing the water level staff gauge in the reservoir was to effectively control the gate opening of the intake and turnout structures, and to make effective irrigation plan and water allocation plan based on the water level of the available water in the reservoir.

After marking on the gate structures and installing the water level staff gauge in the reservoir, the three groups were assigned to collect information on the damages on the scheme’s three main canals. Through the field practice on collection of damage information, the participants found seven major damages on the main canals which required urgent maintenance. Table 8 below shows details of the each damage location.

Table 8: Identified major damages on irrigation system of Boeung Kansaeng Scheme

Location Priority Damage Detail Size or Scale Maintenance Plan

Hollows on 2nd check structure of L3.5m x W1.2m x 2+463 1 Aug 30, 2018 Main Canal 1(4 locations) D1.0m Severely Damage on gate of 3rd turnout 1+378 2 deteriorated and Aug 30-Sep 5, 2018 structure on Main Canal 1 rusted Heavy grass blocking 5th secondary - 3 100m Sep 1-7, 2018 canal Hollows on 4th turnout structure on L2.0m x W0.2m x Aug 30-Sep 15, 1+378 4 Main Canal 1 D1.0m 2018 Lack of grass to protect both - 5 L200m x W0.5m Aug 30-Sep10, 2018 embankment of Main Canal 2 Land erosion of the left L150.0m x W3.0m 0+150 6 Feb – Apr 2019 embankment of Main Canal 3 x D0.3m 0+206 Lowered right canal dike of Main L400.0m x W3.0m 7 Feb – Apr, 2019 1+050 Canal 3 x D0.3m

Figure 15: In-class demonstration of operation of irrigation system (Aug 28, 2018)

Among the identified damages, three damages (marked as Priority 1, 2, and 5 in Table 8) were considered critical and suitable for the field demonstration on Day 3. All of the participants took part in the field activities to fix the hollows on the 2nd check structure on Main Canal 1 (Priority 1). However, the repair of the damage gate of the 3rd turnout structure on Main Canal 1 (Priority 2) and grass planting to protect the canal embankment of Main Canal 2 (Priority 5) required professional service and additional manpower.

Figure 16: Marking on intake gate structure to control gate opening (Aug 29, 2018)

Figure 17: Inspection and collection of damage information on Main Canal 3 (Aug 29, 2019)

Figure 18: Repairing hollows on 2nd check structure on Main Canal 1 (Aug 30, 2018)

Main activities of training in Kandieng Station Scheme

Following the training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme, the training in Kandieng Station Scheme was conducted on the same flow and focused on the same training contents. The participants learned about the management of information of irrigation system and principles of operation and maintenance of irrigation system on Day 1.

On Day 2, the participants practiced on inspection and collection of damage information of Kandieng Station Scheme’s main canal. As the result of the inspection, the participants identified 11 locations on the scheme’s main canal with major damages which required urgent maintenance. All identified damaged locations have similar damage characteristics which were misshape/collapse and hollowing of the canal dikes caused by inappropriate soil quality and insufficient compacting work during canal construction.

Based on the inspection and collection of damage information of Kandieng Station Scheme’s main canal, on Day 3 all the participants were divided into two groups. Each group was assigned to do three maintenance activities: 1. marking on the gate of the check-structures and turnout structures for control of gate opening, 2. repairing misshaped/hollowed canal dikes at two selected locations, and 3. lubricating the gate structures, based on the lessons learned on Day 2.

After the field practice, the participants also discussed and practiced formulation of the FWUC’s action plan and budget plan for irrigation system operation in the upcoming dry season (Nov 2018 – Feb 2019).

Figure 19: Lecture on repairing of damage canal dikes (Sep 5, 2018)

Figure 20: Inspection and collection of damage information on the main canal (Sep 6, 2018) 19

Figure 21: Marking on turnout structure for controlling of gate opening (Sep 6, 2018)

Figure 22: Practice on maintenance of collapsed and hollowed canal embankment (Sep 6, 2018) 20

Figure 23: Practice on grass planting to protect the canal embankment (Sep 6, 2018)

Figure:

Figure 24: Practice on lubricating gates of turnout structures (Sep 6, 2018)

Figure 25: Action plan discussed in the training (Sep 6, 2018)

3.3. Training on Irrigation Service Fee Collection and Conflict Resolution

The training on Irrigation Service Fee (ISF) Collection and Conflict Resolution was conducted for the duration of two days, on September 18-19, 2018 in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme and on September 20-21, 2018 in Kandieng Station Scheme. Table 9 shows the contents of the training on this subject.

On Day 1, the training focused on principles and procedure for determination of ISF, ISF collection planning and collector allocation, and budget planning for ISF collection. Each point was explained in detail with practical examples of ISF collection systems at other well-functioning irrigation schemes. Fundamentally, on Day 1, the participants learned why ISF is important, how it is determined and calculated, when it shall be collected, and who should be the collectors. In addition, the participants also learned about any expenses incurs during the ISF collection process, from invoice/receipt printing expenses to allowances for the collectors, which the FWUC committee needs to consider in the budget planning for ISF collection.

On Day 2, the training emphasized on the invoice/receipt preparation for the ISF collection, management of collected ISF, evaluation and reporting of ISF collection result, and conflict resolution. The participants practiced filling the invoice/receipt, updating the farmers’ information, determination of the maximum amount an ISF collector could keep with him and where it should be paid and kept. They also learned about how the result of ISF collection should be evaluated and reported to the stakeholders. Finally, the participants were given the lessons on possible obstacles facing the ISF collectors during the collection process, and how each issue should be addressed and resolved based on the trainers’ practical experiences with other FWUCs.

Table 9: Contents of the training on ISF Collection and Conflict Resolution

Training Day Training Content - Principles and procedure for determination of ISF Day 1 - ISF collection planning and collector allocation - Budget planning for ISF collection - Invoice/receipt preparation for ISF collection - Management of collected ISF Day 2 - Evaluation and reporting on ISF collection - Conflict resolution 22

Figure 26: Training on ISF collection and conflict resolution in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme (Sep18, 2018)

Main activities of the training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme

Starting from the objectives of ISF collection, the participants discussed on who should be responsible for ISF payment. After discussion, they agreed that the users of the farmland in the scheme, whether they are the farmland owners or they borrow it from the owners, shall bear the responsibilities for ISF payment.

The participants also discussed to determine the criteria for ISF exemption and deduction. For instance, the farmland users whose crops were completely damaged by any causes, those who did not/could not receive the water irrigated from the scheme’s irrigation system, and those who did not use the farmland for cropping shall be exempted from ISF payment.

In addition, the farmland users who produced less than 2 tons of rice per hectare, those who received insufficient water from the irrigation system, and those who exceptionally used less water shall bear less responsibility in ISF payment. On the other hand, holding poor household status, being a member of the FWUC committee/commune council/village representative, being handicapped, being a senior citizen, etc., shall not be considered as criteria for ISF exemption or deduction.

The participants also determined where, how and who should collect ISF by voting. As the result of the voting, the participants determined that, for effective ISF collection, the farmland users shall pay ISF to the block/village leaders at the block/village leaders’ houses. The participants also decided on the maximum amount and period of time each collector could keep the collected ISF. It was decided that each ISF collector could not keep more than 500,000 Riels with him, and must transfer the collected ISF to the FWUC committee within 5 days after collection.

The participants decided that the collector team shall comprise of at least one commune council member, one village representative/chief, one FWUC committee member, and one block leader. Each collector shall receive bonuses for their work, corresponding to the amount of ISF they successfully collected (4% for the commune council member and the village representative/chief, and 6% for the FWUC committee member and the block leader). 23

The participants also practiced filling sample invoice/receipt when collecting ISF, and updating the farmer information in their member list using the sample format recommended in the training.

To help prepare the participants for future ISF collection, this training session also included some common issues that might occur during the process of ISF collection and their possible solution. Sixteen patterns of issues/conflicts were given as examples issues/conflicts. The participants were also assigned to perform role-play to deepen their understanding on the conflicts and their resolutions.

Figure 27: Participants voting to determine the ISF collection procedure (Sep 18, 2018)

Figure 28: Role-play by the participants on conflict resolution in ISF collection 24

Figure 29: Sample receipt filled by a participant in the training (Sep 19, 2018)

Main activities of training in Kandieng Station Scheme

The training in Kandieng Station Scheme is the same as the training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme in terms of training agenda and detail contents. On Day 1, after understanding the meaning and the purpose of ISF, the participants discussed about who should be responsible for ISF payment and where they shall make the payment. As the result of the discussion, the participants agreed that the farmland users shall make the payment at the block/village representatives’ houses.

The participants also discussed about the criteria for ISF exemption and deduction. The participants determined that the farmland users whose crops are completely damaged, and those who do not use the farmland for cropping shall be exempted from ISF payment. Like the participants in the Boeung Kansaeng Scheme, the participants in Kandieng Station Scheme also determined the same criteria for ISF exemption.

Regarding the ISF collector team structure, the participants agreed that the collector team should comprise of four people: one commune council member, one village chief, one FWUC committee member and one block/village representative.

In addition to the ISF team members, the participants also discussed about the bonuses which the collectors should receive for their work in ISF collection. As the result, they determined that the commune council member, the village chief, the block/village representative and the FWUC committee member who engage in the ISF collection work shall respectively receive 4%, 3%, 5% and 3% of the ISF amount they successfully collected.

On Day 2, the participants practiced updating the farmland owner information and filling invoice and receipt for ISF payment. They also studied about how the collected ISF should be kept and the jurisdiction of each collector when collecting ISF. Furthermore, the participants also learned about the possible conflicts that can occur in the process of ISF collection through role-play performance and learned about practical solutions to such conflicts from the trainers’ experience in other irrigation schemes.

Figure 30: Training on ISF collection and conflict resolution in Kandieng Station Scheme (Sep 21, 2018)

Figure 31: Practice updating of member information in the FWUC member list (Sep 21, 2018) 26

3.4. Training on Administration and Accounting Management

The training on Administration and Accounting Management in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme was conducted on October 16-17, 2018 at Wat Thmey Pagoda in O Tapaong Commune of Bakan District, Pursat Province. Like the previous three training courses, besides members from Boeung Kansaeng FWUC, key members from Anlong Svay FWUC committee and Kampang FWUC committee also took part in this two-day training course.

Following the training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme, the same training course was conducted in Kandieng Station Scheme on October 18-19, 2018 at Cambodian People Party office (Day 1) and Kandieng commune office (Day 2) in Kandieng Commune, Kandieng District, Pursat Province. Committee members from Kandieng Stations FWUC, Romlich FWUC and Wat Leap FWUC participated in this training course.

The 4th training course was initially planned to focus on the administration and accounting management. However, with the request from the Project during the first interim report meeting on September 25, 2018, additional session on water conflict resolution was included in this course. Table 10 below shows the contents of this final training course.

On Day 1, the training mainly focused on water conflict prevention and resolution on the first half of the day. On the second half, the training emphasized on general administration management, which included formal letter writing, which is an important administration tool for effective communication.

On Day 2, the training took a closer look at administration management, starting from FWUC office preparation and management, to document and equipment inventory management, to staff assignment and work schedule planning. The Day 2 training also focused on budget planning for administration work, accounting document preparation, financial report formulation, monitoring of cash-flow and evaluation of FWUC’s financial condition.

Table 10: Contents of the training on administration and accounting management

Training Day Training Content

- Understanding types of water conflicts - Prevention of water conflicts Day 1 - Water conflict resolution (with other schemes and within own scheme) - General administration management

- FWUC office preparation and management - Document and equipment inventory management - Staff assignment and work schedule planning Day 2 - Budget planning for FWUC operation - Accounting document preparation - Financial report preparation - Monitoring of cash flow and evaluation of FWUC’s financial condition

Main activities of training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme

On the first day of the training, after getting the participants to understand the possible water conflicts between two or more irrigation schemes and water conflicts within their own schemes, the participants were divided into two groups to discuss on the frequent water conflicts they have encountered and possible solutions to those water conflicts. After discussion, each group assigned one group representative to present the outcome of their group discussion before learning some practical measures for water conflict prevention and solution from the trainers. In this part, the trainer stressed the importance of the presence and execution of specific irrigation plans which the FWUC needs to establish before and during the cropping season.

Besides water conflict prevention and solution, the participants also learned about the cycle of administration management which comprises of four phases: 1. planning, 2. preparation, 3. leading/implementing and 4. checking. In addition, the participants also learned about the difference between leadership and management before getting to know about formal letter and contract writing.

On the second day, the participants learned about basic administration affairs that the FWUC committee needs to do daily, weekly, monthly and yearly, starting from general office arrangement, equipment and facility inventory management and document management. In this part, the Japanese 5S practice was also introduced to help the participants learn effective office organizing tools with practical examples of office management systems.

Finally, the participants learned about accounting management, starting from the importance and benefits of having a good accounting system and financial practice. The trainers introduced various accounting and financial tools to the participants using actual accounting documents and materials from other FWUCs as examples, to help the participants get the whole picture of the accounting process which their FWUC committees needs to practice in order to ensure the transparency and sustainability of their FWUC operation.

From daily expense ledger entry to financial report formulation, the participants studied how the FWUC committee members, especially the FWUC accountant (or treasurer), should understand and practice to effectively manage the FWUC incomes and expenses as well as the assets which the FWUC possesses.

Figure 32: Group discussion on the frequent water conflicts and their solutions (Oct 16, 2018)

Figure 33: Training on office and document management (Oct 17, 2018)

Figure 34: Training on office and document management using 5S practice (Oct 17, 2018)

Main activities of training in Kandieng Station Scheme

The training in Kandieng Station Scheme followed the same agenda as the training in Boeung Kansaeng Scheme. On the first day, the training mainly focused on the prevention and solution of water conflicts, followed by the objectives and overview of general office management. On the second days, the training took a closer look at major tasks of the FWUC committee in administration and accounting management, starting from office preparation to financial report formulation.

Figure 35: Training on water conflict prevention and resolution (Oct 18, 2018)

Figure 36: Presentation of the result of group discussion on water conflict resolution (Oct 18, 2018) 30

Figure 37: Training on accounting management (Oct 19, 2018)

3.5. Training Review and Evaluation

This final session aimed to help the participants of the four training courses which had been conducted since August 2018 to review their lessons learned and to evaluate the overall training program. This half-day review session was conducted at each target FWUC individually on November 26-28, 2018, following the schedule in Table 11. In total, 36 participants who had received all or some of the completed training courses took part in this final review session.

Starting from the review of the training on irrigation service planning, major lessons taught in each training course were reviewed and clarified. After the review of each training course, the participants were requested to participate in the training evaluation survey.

Table 11: The schedule of the training review and evaluation session No. of Day Target FWUCs Location participants Boeung Kansaeng FWUC 9 Wat Thmey, O Tapaong Commune Nov 26 Anglong Svay FWUC 5 Sourao Mosque, Romlich Commune

Romlich FWUC 4 Romlich FWUC Office, Romlich Commune Nov 27 Kampang FWUC 4 Kampang FWUC Office, Svay Daunkeo Com.

Wat Leap FWUC 3 Wat Leap FWUC Office, Meteuk Commune Nov 28 Kandieng Station FWUC 11 CPP Office, Kandieng Commune

Figure 38: Review session for Boeung Kansaeng FWUC (Nov 26, 2018)

Figure 39: Review session for Anlong Svay FWUC (Nov 26, 2018) 32

Figure 40: Review session for Romlich FWUC (Nov 27, 2018)

Figure 41: Review session for Kampang FWUC (Nov 27, 2018)

Figure 42: Review session for Wat Leap FWUC (Nov 28, 2018)

Figure 43: Review session for Kandieng Station FWUC (Nov 28, 2018) 34

Result of Training Evaluation Survey

As shown in Appendix 4, the training evaluation survey questionnaire comprises of 20 questions. The detail result of the survey is shown in Appendix 5.

Based on the survey result, 72% of the participants have received training courses with the same or similar subjects prior to this training program. In this training program, half of the participants attended all courses without absence, while the other half attended some or all of the courses with at least one-day absence. Being busy with work and being uninformed of the training date were given as the reasons for their absence. In response to the question “How did the four Not at all 0% training courses respond to the needs of your FWUC?”, 61% of the participants rated the overall training courses “Very much” and 39% rated “Fair”. Furthermore, 33% of the participants said they had gained a lot of new knowledge from this training Fair 39% program, while the remaining 67% said that they had gained new knowledge at a fair level. Very much 61% Regarding the difficulty of the training contents, less than 10% of the participant rated “Difficult”, while the others considered the training “Fair” and “Easy”. Based on the participants’ evaluation, 97% considered the trainers to have high-level and fair Figure 44: Participants' responses to the question level of knowledge and skills for the training, and all "How did the four training courses respond to the rated the trainers’ training methods “Good” and needs of your FWUC?” “Fair”.

For the course arrangement and the flow of the lessons in each course, the timing of the training implementation, the time lag (2-4 weeks) between courses, and the training materials, all of the participants rated “Good” and “Fair”. However, regarding the training duration (2-3 days) for each course and the training location, 8% said that the training duration was too short and 6% considered the training location was too far for them to travel.

Question 15 and following questions are optional multiple-answer questions. They aimed to identify the lessons or subjects the participants thought they well understood, what they hadn’t understood yet, and how they wanted to apply the lesson learned in their community work, as well as the subjects they were interested in for future training program.

Based on the survey result, the lesson that the majority of the participants thought they understood well after taking the training is “irrigation system maintenance”. On the other hand, the lesson that they thought they hadn’t understood well is “administration and accounting management”. Other subjects such as irrigation service planning, ISF collection and conflict resolution received divided results.

The evaluation result above links to the duration of the training and the complexity of the subjects. The training course on O&M of irrigation system was conducted one day longer than the other courses and included field practice which was considered very helpful for the participants to fully understand the subjects. The training course on administration and accounting management, on the other hand, was conducted on the duration of 1.5 days, half day shorter than other courses, even though the accounting subject is considered relatively more difficult comparing with other subjects.

Question 17 asks about how the participants wanted to apply the lesson learned to the work in their FWUC. In response to this question, the answers from the participants include the applications of the lessons learned in irrigation system maintenance, irrigation planning, conflict resolution, administration and accounting management.

Question 18 requested the participants to give their feedback and comments on any missing point that the training program should have. “The trainers were too fast” and “the training location was too far” were 35 raised as constructive comments for future training program.

Question 19 aimed to identify the subjects that the participants wanted to learn in the future training program. In response to this question, the same subjects in this training program were given. In addition, other subjects such as leadership and communication were also raised as the subjects of their interest for future training. It was also suggested by the participants that the review session should be held once per month.

The final question asked the participants to describe their requests and suggestion they had for the project, MOWRAM and PDWRAM. The requests and suggestions received from the participants include the request for the training to be taken place more frequently at each FWUC’s location, continuous support for their FWUC after the training, and the suggestion to conduct the training for 3 days for each course with a field trip at the end of the program. In addition to the requests and suggestion above, the participants also requested MOWRAM and PDWRAM for rehabilitation of their irrigation systems.

Result of the training

Although the capacity of the FWUC committee members who took part in the training is still limited and in need of further guidance, after the training, Boeung Kansaeng FWUC and Kandieng Station FWUC have considered the following plans to be implemented in the upcoming dry season (November 2018 – February 2019) as trials with the support from MOWRAM and PDWRAM. - Boeung Kansaeng FWUC, with support from the project, plans to conduct meetings with the scheme’s farmers to inform them about the registration for FWUC membership as well as the ISF amount they are obligated to pay for the irrigation service in the near future. According to the FWUC chief, the FWUC plans to provide irrigation service to 305 ha for this dry season cropping. In the plan, the amount of 60,000 Riel per hectare for one season will be collected and used for operation and maintenance of the scheme’s irrigation system based on discussion within the FWUC committee. The FWUC plans to begin ISF collection in February 2019. - Kandieng Station FWUC is also adopting an irrigation plan for this upcoming dry season. According to the chief of Kandieng Station FWUC, the FWUC plans to provide irrigation service by pumping water from Pursat River for the irrigation area of 50 ha as a trial. Approx. 20 households, who are interested in dry season cropping and whose paddy fields are close to the canals, are expected to be parts of this irrigation service trial. The pumping test has been completed in early December, and showed that the pump machine functioned well. To receive this irrigation service, the registered farmers will pay 250,000 Riels per hectare to the FWUC, which plans to collect it after the first service.

Recommendation for future training program

Based on the result of the training evaluation survey above, the following recommendations should be considered to help the participants apply the lessons learned to their work more effectively and to produce a better training program for FWUC capacity strengthening in the future. - Post-training support and regular follow-ups should be provided to each FWUC for a proper period of time to help the FWUC committee apply the lessons learned throughout the training program to their actual work in their FWUCs. For instance, the FWUC committees of Boeung Kansaeng FWUC and Kandieng Station FWUC have developed rough plans for irrigation service in the upcoming dry season. However, the implementation of the plans is likely impossible, unless the project, PDWRAM and MOWRAM continue to provide necessary support and regular follow-ups to the FWUC committee. - A review session on the four training courses should be conducted on a regular basis to help the participant get the most from this training program. Due to the time limitation for each training course, the participants had faced some difficulties in understanding some subjects comprehensively. Therefore, a review session should be conducted once per month (at least once in every three months) to give them the opportunities to review on the lessons learned and to fully understand it through practical advice and explanation from experienced trainers.

- Another intensive course on accounting should be conducted for selected FWUC committee members (the FWUC treasurer in particular) who are in charge of the accounting work. Accounting is a complicated subject that requires longer time than other subjects. Yet, it is a fundamental tool for the FWUC’s financial management. Therefore, another intensive accounting course is necessary to strengthen the capacity of the FWUC’s accountant/ treasurer. - For future training program, ages and physical conditions should be considered and given more attention in the selection of participants to ensure the effectiveness and efficiency of the program. In this training program, over 60% of the participants are 50 years old and older, while 30% are over 60 years of age. Based on observation, the participants who are below 50 years of age were likely to be more active than those who are 50 years old or older in the group discussion activities and field practice, and had better memories of the lessons learned. In this regard, in addition to the position held in the FWUC committee and availability to participate in the training, ages and physical conditions should also be considered as parts of selection criteria to determine training participants. - If having sufficient time and budget, each FWUC should receive the training individually. As the result of this survey, the two FWUCs have developed their plans for upcoming dry season cropping. This is due to the training at their places and the use of their irrigation systems as the case study throughout the whole training program, giving them greater chances to easily study and formulate their irrigation service plans.

Below 30 3% - The training should be conducted at the FWUC

home location or somewhere close to the scheme. 30 - 39 17%

Distant training location imposes difficulties for 40 - 49 19% the participants to travel to participate and can 50 - 59 31% lead to their absence from the training. In

addition, conducting the training at each FWUC’s 60 - 69 22%

location helps the participants to better 70 and up 8% understand the training subjects by looking

closely at their own irrigation schemes as the 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%

most practical study cases for the whole training program. Figure 45: Age ranges of the training participants - If time allows, field exercise and practice for all the subjects should be added in the future training program. As shown in the evaluation survey result above, most of the participants understood the training on irrigation system maintenance better than any other subjects. This is due to the field practice of the lesson that helped the participants experience and get deeper understanding of the lesson

CHAPTER 4 WATER FLOW MEASUREMENT

4.1. Methodology for Water Flow Measurement

The water flow measurement has been conducted based on MOWRAM’s guidelines for discharge measurement as instructed by the Project at three observation points in Bomnak, Pursat Province. The guidelines for discharge measurement is detailed in “Manual on Discharge Measurement by Current Meter and Floats” prepared by JICA short-term expert Mr. KODAMA Masayuki under RBWRU Project in September 2015.

To conduct the measurement, the survey team used the measurement tools such as current meter, portable staff and inflatable boat lent by the project. At each target location, a cross section of the rivers/canals with most stable flow was selected, and the width of the rivers/canals was measured to determine the velocity lines. The velocity lines were spaced with the intervals detailed in Table 12. For the discharge measurement at the three observation points, the water surface was less than 20 m; therefore, the velocity lines were also the water depth lines.

The water depth and water flow were measured two times at each measurement point. Depending on the water depth, water flow measurement by the current meter was conducted at different observation depths by using different methods as described in Table 13. After the discharge data was collected, the total discharge, total water area and average velocity were calculated.

Table 12: Interval of velocity lines

Width of water surface Spacing of Velocity Lines No. of Velocity Lines Less than or equal 10 m 10% to 15% of water surface 6 to 10 10 - 20 m 2 m 5 to 10 20 - 40 m 4 m 5 to 10 40 - 60 m 6 m 7 to 10 60 - 80 m 8 m 8 to 10 80 - 100 m 10 m 8 to 10 100 - 150 m 12 m 9 to 13 150 - 200 m 20 m 8 to 10 More than 200 m 30 m 8 to 15

Table 13: Methods for obtaining mean velocity at a vertical line

Applicable range of Ratio of observation Equation to obtain Method water depth (D) depth to depth of water mean velocity (Vm) One point method 0.3 < 0.6 0.6D V = V (Six-tenth method) m 0.6D 푚 퐷 ≤ 푚 Two-point method 0.6 < 3.0 0.2D and 0.8D Vm = (V0.2D+V0.8D)/2

0.6푚 < 퐷 ≤ 3.0푚 if it푚 is impossible퐷 ≤ to푚 Two-tenth method place the meter at the 0.2D Vm = 0.87V0.2D 0.8D or 0.6D due to high velocity

Vm= Three-point method 3.0m < D 6.0 m 0.2D, 0.6D and 0.8D (V0.2D+2V0.6D+V0.8D)/4 ≤ Vm= 0.3m, 0.2D, 0.6D, 0.8D Five-point method 6.0 < 0.1(V +3V +3V + and 0.3m from bed s 0.2D 0.6D 푚 퐷 2V0.8D+Vbed

4.2. Result of Water Flow Measurement

Table 14, Table 15 and Table 16 show the result of the water flow measurement conducted at Bomnak observation points every month from October 2018 to February 2019. The detail result of the measurement can be found on the discharge measurement forms used by the survey team for the water flow measurement in Appendix 6.

The water level at Bomnak River (mainstream) observation point fell from 1.3m in October 2018 to 0.9m in November, and then bounced back to 1.3m in December before falling to its lowest point at 0.56m in February 2019.

The correlation between water level and discharge volume cannot be proven by the result of this observation. This can be explained by the operation of Bomnak Headworks and intake structures and water pumping for domestic use located downstream of Bomnak River (mainstream) observation point.

Based on the water flow measurement result, there was a noticeable change of the riverbed of Bomnak River at Bomnak River (mainstream) observation point. This change can be explained by the sand pumping activity conducted downstream of Bamnak River (mainstream) observation point.

Figure 46: The survey team conducting water flow measurement at Bomnak River (mainstream) observation point (Feb 15, 2018)

Figure 47: Bomnak River (mainstream) observation point viewed from upstream (Feb 15, 2019)

Figure 48: Water level staff gauge at Bomnak River (mainstream) observation point (Feb 15, 2019)

Figure 49: Cross section of Bomnak River (mainstream) (Oct 17, 2018) Table 14: Result of water flow measurement at Bomnak River (mainstream) observation point Total Measurement Water Level at Water Level at Total Water Average Discharge Date Start (m) End (m) Area (m2) Velocity (m/s)* (m3/s) 2018/10/17 1.30 1.20 12.298 0.622 7.643 2018/11/15 0.90 0.95 8.263 0.474 3.913 2018/12/18 1.30 1.30 18.256 0.139 2.529 2019/1/17 0.64 0.64 4.800 0.387 1.857 2019/2/15 0.56 0.56 4.900 0.258 1.262

Table 15: Result of water flow measurement at Bomnak right main canal observation point

Total Measurement Water Level at Water Level at Total Water Average Discharge Date Start (m) End (m) Area (m2) Velocity (m/s)* (m3/s) 2018/10/17 0.70 0.48 3.486 0.381 1.327 2018/11/15 0.78 0.87 4.058 0.559 2.267 2018/12/18 0.85 0.87 5.663 0.239 1.351 2019/1/17 0.27 0.29 2.378 0.01 0.023 2019/2/15 0.04 0.04 1.135 0.135 0.153

Table 16: Result of water flow measurement at Bomnak left main canal observation point

Total Measurement Water Level at Water Level at Total Water Average Discharge Date Start (m) End (m) Area (m2) Velocity (m/s)* (m3/s) 2018/10/17 0.28 0.28 5.060 0.129 0.652 2018/11/15 0.13 0.13 2.539 0.044 0.112 2018/12/18 0.40 0.40 5.386 0.182 0.982 2019/1/17 0.41 0.45 5.250 0.155 0.813 2019/2/15 0.42 0.42 5.475 0.118 0.647 * Average Velocity (m/s) = Total Discharge (m3/s) / Total Water Area (m2)

CHAPTER 5 MEETING WITH PDWRAM AND RELEVANT FWUCS

During the course of implementation of this survey work, three meetings were conducted in Pursat Province. The first meeting was a part of site reconnaissance conducted on July 9-11 to collect necessary information of Boeung Kansaeng Scheme and Kandieng Station Scheme to be used for formulation FWUC capacity building training materials. In the site reconnaissance, only key officers of PDWRAM and FWUC committees met individually with the survey team to provide basic information regarding the current conditions of the two irrigation schemes such as information on the storage capacity of Boeung Kansaeng Reservoir and pumping capacity of Kandieng Station’s pump station.

The second meeting was FWUC-Net meeting, conducted on August 6, 2018 at Pursat PDWRAM. The purpose of this meeting was to inform the Pursat FWUC-Net members of the survey plan, FWUC capacity building training schedule and training plan, and to request for their cooperation in implementing the survey and the training program. In this meeting, all members of Pursat FWUC-Net were invited to participate.

The third meeting was conducted on January 22, 2019, after all FWUC capacity building training sessions were completed. The purpose of this meeting was to share with all members of Pursat FWUC-Net of the FWUC capacity building training contents, major activities and to give some recommendations for future training program. All members of Pursat FWUC-Net were invited to participate in this meeting. The presentation materials used in the FWUC-Net meetings are shown in Appendix 7.

Figure 50: FWUC-Net meeting held at Pursat PDWRAM (Aug 6, 2018)

Figure 51: FWUC-Net meeting held at Pursat PDWRAM (Jan 22, 2019)

Figure 52: Chief of Boeung Kansaeng FWUC sharing training experience in FWUC-Net meeting (Jan 22, 2019)