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Récits De Voyages Dans L'orient Européen

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Récits De Voyages Dans L'orient Européen Récits de voyages dans l’Orient européen, De la Valachie, de la Moldavie et de la Transylvanie à la Roumanie (1780-1921) en allemand, anglais, français, italien, accompagné d’un Choix concernant la Bulgarie et de Sources complémentaires : récits de séjour, mémoires et souvenirs, lettres, études historiques, géographiques, politiques, sociales, guides Essai de bibliographie descriptive, par Daniel Lançon, mars 2020, UMR Litt&arts, Université Grenoble Alpes Note introductive Cette bibliographie rassemble des récits personnels, témoignages d’une expérience viatique ou de séjour : voyages d’agrément (touristiques) ; voyages d’étude géologiques, géographiques, religieux, politiques, anthropologiques, ethnologiques … (commandés par des institutions publiques ou privées)1 ; voyages de correspondants de guerre (1806-12 ; 1828 ; 1854-56 ; 1877-78) ; souvenirs et mémoires de voyageurs/voyageuses et de résidents ou résidentes (épouses ou filles de diplomates) ; récits de séjour d’enseignants, de journalistes, de diplomates, de précepteurs/secrétaires des Princes régnants ; lettres de voyage. Ont été ajoutées les références de dessins et gravures publiés par des artistes en voyage2. La longue durée retenue s’ouvre par l’entrée dans l’ère des premières modernités sociales et politiques, accompagnées de l’augmentation importante des récits de séjour dans les années 17803, et se clôt au moment de la naissance des États-nations roumains et bulgares, la première guerre mondiale et la disparition des provinces de « Turquie d’Europe » de l’Empire ottoman, entre 1913 et 1919. 1 Voyages savants (Wissenschaftliche Reise) ou de recherche (Forschungsreise). Ils figurent en plus petits caractères, en retrait. 2 Peu de récits émanent d’écrivains de vocation, devenus célèbres ou non (Loti, Andersen, About…). La plupart des voyageurs/voyageuses publient leurs ouvrages avec d’autres objectifs, qu’ils soient anthropologues, archéologues, architectes, artistes (peintres, dessinateurs, illustrateurs), avocats, botanistes, commerçants à l’international, diplomates, économistes, enseignants, géographes, géologues, gouvernants (reine…), historiens, hommes ou femmes politiques, ingénieurs, journalistes envoyés par leurs organes de presse, médecins, militaires en transit ou engagés dans des campagnes guerrières (roumaine, russe, ottomane), naturalistes, religieux, etc. De rares récits de voyage émanent d’auteures roumaines/d’auteurs roumains d’origine ou d’adoption : Dora d’Istria, Carmen Sylva, Alexandru Vlahoutza. Les essais politiques d’auteurs du pays, souvent publiés en français, sont par contre nombreux, en particulier aux moments clés de l’émergence des États-nations. 3 Peu nombreux sont les récits et études des années soixante-dix du XVIIIe siècle : Jean-Louis Carra, Histoire de la Moldavie et de la Valachie ; avec une dissertation sur l’état actuel de ces deux provinces, Société typographique des deux ponts, 1777, 370 p., réédité Neuchâtel, Société Typographique, 1781 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Bauer, Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur la Valachie, Brauener, 1778, 286 p. – Mémoires historiques et géographiques sur la Valachie…, par Monsieur de B***, Francfort, Leipsic, Henri-Louis Broenner, 1778 – Franz Josef Sulzer, Geschichte des transalpinischen Daciens, das ist der Walachey, Moldau und Bessarabiens. Im Zusammenhange mit der Geschichte des übrigen Daciens als ein Versuch einer allgemeinen dacischen Geschichte mit kritischer Freyheit entworfen, 3 vol., Wien, 1781-82. 1 Des pages de narration viatique se trouvent parfois insérées dans les récits de séjour/de résidence, dans les mémoires personnels et autres ouvrages de souvenirs, parfois largement rétrospectifs. Certains auteurs d’étude font état, dans les préfaces ou introductions de leurs ouvrages, d’un tel glissement vers l’énonciation viatique à la première personne et l’assument comme tel. La coprésence de types d’ouvrages littérairement composites s’impose donc. Les itinéraires suivis par les voyageurs sont variés : depuis l’Europe de l’ouest, l’Europe du nord, l’Empire russe ou l’Empire ottoman. Il peut s’agir d’un voyage (aller ou retour) sur le Danube jusqu’à la mer Noire à destination de Constantinople, de Jérusalem ou de la Perse (essentiellement parcours des frontières Occident/Orient) ; à destination de Bucarest ou de Jassy ; par voie terrestre en Transylvanie, dans les « Principautés » (Moldavie, Valachie), en Dobrudja, en Bulgarie. Les voyages et séjours dans les régions de Transylvanie et de Dobroudja (au sens large), la première ayant appartenu à l’Empire austro-hongrois, la seconde à l’Empire ottoman (province de Bulgarie), sont incluses dans cette bibliographie. Certains récits ont été publiés parfois bien après l’année du voyage de leur auteur dans l’Orient européen, parfois par les descendants ou des éditeurs. Ils sont insérés dans la bibliographie au moment du séjour du voyageur/de la voyageuse et non de leur publication lorsque le décalage paraît trop important (plus d’une vingtaine d’années). La place occupée par les études, essais et brochures politiques ou religieuses (insérés en petits caractères au fil des années) pourrait paraître trop importante au regard des récits de voyage stricto sensu mais ces sources contextuelles nourrissent parfois les écrits des voyageurs/voyageuses qui lisent certes leurs guides (Joanne, Murray, Baedeker, Meyers) avant et pendant leurs voyages, mais également certaines de ces études tout en s’informant auprès des personnes rencontrées qui connaissent par ailleurs souvent parfaitement leurs langues. * L’établissement de cette bibliographique a été rendu possible grâce aux bibliothèques numériques actuellement à disposition, à l’entreprise anthologique contemporaine menée en Roumanie et à diverses sources anciennes et contemporaines : ° Bibliothèques numériques : (1) Gallica (BNF, livres, revues, journaux) ; (2) Hathi Trust (USA, livres, revues) ; (3) Archive.org (USA, livres) ; (4) catalogues de la Biblioteca Nationala Romaniei, de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, de la Bibliothèque Nationale suisse, de la British Library ; (5) études contemporaines en ligne concernant les récits de voyage dans l’Orient européen ou s’appuyant sur eux ; (6) Voyages and travels in the Near East made during the XIX Century. Being a part of a larger Catalogue of Works on Geography, Cartography, Voyages and Travels in the Gennadius Library in Athens, compiled and provided with a Preface and Index by Shirley Howard Webber, Librarian, Princeton, New Jersey, 1952 ; (7) « IV. Descrieri de Calatorii », Bibliografia Istorica a României sec. XIX, tome I, Cornelia Bodea (dir.), Bucuresti, Institul de Istorie « N. Iorga », Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, 1972, p. 59-111. ° Anthologie : Călători străini despre Ţările Române in secolul al XIX-lea : serie nouă. [Voyageurs étrangers dans les Pays roumains au XIXe siècle, nouvelle série], 16 vol., Bucuresti, Editura Academici Române, 2004-2015. ° Sources anciennes : 2 (1) Joseph Marie Quérard, La Roumanie, Moldavie, Valachie et Transylvanie, la Serbie, le Monténégro et la Bosnie, essai de bibliothèque française historique de ces principautés, Paris, 1857 ; (2) Georges Bengesco, Bibliographie franco-roumaine du XIXe siècle, t. 1 (ouvrages), Bruxelles, Paul Lacomblez, 1897 ; du même auteur : (3) Essai d’une notice bibliographique sur la question d’Orient. Orient européen, 1821- 1897, Bruxelles, P. Lacomblez ; Paris, H. Le Soudier, 1897 ; (4) List of Works in the New York Public Library relating to the near Eastern Question and th Balkan States including European Turkey and Modern Greece, New York, 1910. N.B. 1 : Cette bibliographie s’appuie notamment sur une recherche par mots-clés (liste ci-après), ce qui a permis d’identifier de nombreux récits – même brefs – publiés dans des ouvrages ou des périodiques dont les titres ne sont pas très évocateurs, sources qui ne figurent pas dans les répertoires usuels. Sans être bien sûr exhaustif, ce répertoire des récits de voyage vise à être l’un des plus complets à ce jour (en allemand, anglais, français et italien). Liste : Bucarest ; Bucharest ; Bukarest – Bulgarie ; Bulgaria ; Bulgarien – Danube – Dobroudja ; Dobrudja ; Dobrudscha ; Dobrogea – Galatz – Giurgevo ; Giurgewo – Iassy ; Iassi, Jassy – Kustenje ; Kustendje ; Kustendjie – Moldavie ; Moldavia ; Moldau – Orsova – Plevna – Roumanie ; Roumania ; Romania ; Rumänien – ; Rustschuk – Silistria – Sophia ; Sofia – Sulina – Valachie ; Wallachia ; Walachei – Varna – Widdin ; Vidin. N. B. 2 : sont à trouver la trentaine de récits écrits en russe et non traduits à ce jour dans des langues ouest-européennes, publiés entre 1790 et 1910, généralement à Moscou ainsi, sans doute que les rares sources en hongrois, en polonais et en turc. ----------------------- 1782 ° « Mémoires du Duc de Caraman. Voyage en Turquie », Revue contemporaine, juin 1853, voir p. 201-210 pour le séjour de 1782-1783 à Bucarest. Louis Charles Victor Riquet de Caraman est diplomate français, notamment à Constantinople. 1785 ° Alexandre-Maurice Blanc de Launette, Comte d’Hauterive : « Journal inédit d’un voyage de Constantinople à Jassy, capitale de la Moldavie dans l’hiver de 1785 », publié avec des notes géographiques et historiques par M. A. Ubicini, Revue de géographie, août 1877, p. 120-132 ; octobre 1877, p. 274-287. L’auteur français est secrétaire du Prince régnant de Moldavie (Alexandre Mavrocordato) à Jassy entre 1785 et 1787. ° Baron François de Tott : « (« En Moldavie ») », Mémoires sur les Turcs et les Tartares, tome I, Paris, 1785,
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