A State of the Art Paper on Improving Salt Extraction from Lake Katwe Raw Materials in Uganda
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Geological Controls on Brine Discharge in Itumbula Salt Dam Within the Rukwa Rift in Momba District, Tanzania
Tanzania Journal of Science 47(2): 552-567, 2021 ISSN 0856-1761, e-ISSN 2507-7961 © College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, 2021 Geological Controls on Brine Discharge in Itumbula Salt Dam within the Rukwa Rift in Momba District, Tanzania Mwita S. Maswi*, Octavian Minja and Chakutema Batwenge Geological Survey of Tanzania (GST) P. O. Box 903, Dodoma, Tanzania *Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Co-authors’ e-mails: [email protected], [email protected] Received 7 Aug 2020, Revised 24 Apr 2021, Accepted 3 May 2021, Published May 2021 DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v47i2.12 Abstract The Itumbula salt dam of the Rukwa Rift Basin is a depression formed through extraction of spring-derived salt crystals. Brine yield by springs which is the primary cause of significant amounts of salt in the dam required further geological investigations to understand yield controls. In this study, detailed field geological investigations in the salt dam and its surroundings were conducted to ascertain brine discharge controls. These included documentation of lithology and surface manifestations of brine deposition. Geophysical methods (i.e. magnetic and electric surveys) for studying geologic structures associated with brine deposits, and laboratory analysis of cations and anions (e.g. chlorides, bicarbonates or sulphates) essential to characterize composition of waters were also performed. The information on the springs discharge rate was retrieved from the previous studies. The magnetic profile revealed a very low magnetic anomaly across the salt dam, trending NW to SE direction, which is interpreted to be the main structure that controls fluid movements in the dam. -
1 Salt Production in the Southeastern Caddo
SALT PRODUCTION IN THE SOUTHEASTERN CADDO HOMELAND by PAUL NORMAN EUBANKS IAN W. BROWN, COMMITTEE CHAIR ASHLEY A. DUMAS MARYSIA GALBRAITH KEITH JACOBI VERNON J. KNIGHT JR. A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Anthropology in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2016 1 Copyright Paul N. Eubanks 2016 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 ABSTRACT During the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, the Drake’s Salt Works Site Complex, located in the southeastern Caddo Indian Homeland, was a major hub of the salt trade. Elsewhere, in eastern Texas and southern Arkansas, the Caddo had already been making salt for at least several centuries before utilizing Drake’s Salt Works. While some salt was produced in northwestern Louisiana prior to sustained European contact, it is argued here that much of the salt in this region was made with the aim of exploiting and profiting from the European demand for salt and salt-treated commodities, such as animal hides and meat. Despite this demand, there is little evidence that salt making was more than a seasonal or short-term activity at Drake’s Salt Works. Although Drake’s Salt Works contains half a dozen extant salt licks, only two, the Upper Lick and the Little Lick, appear to have been utilized to any noticeable extent before the salt works were taken over by Euro-Americans around the beginning of the nineteenth century. Prior to this time, historical and ethnohistoric data suggest that the Upper and Little licks likely were used by small groups of predominantly female salt makers. -
Regional Thematic Expert Meeting on Cultural Landscapes in Africa
LA CONVENTION DU PATRIMOINE MONDIAL ET LES PAYSAGES CUL TURELS EN AFRIQUE REUNION D'EXPERTS - TIWI, KENYA 9-14 MARS 1999 THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION AND CUL TURAL LANDSCAPES IN AFRICA EXPERT MEETING- TIWI, KENYA 9-14 MARCH 1999 Editors Mechtild Rossler Galia Saouma-Forero Graphic editing: Barbara Brink Cover design : Silvia Gasparetto © UNESCO 2000 ISBN 2-906901-24-5 CRATerre Paysages Culturels en Afrique I Cultural Landscapes in Africa REUNION REGIONALE D'EXPERTS SUR LA THEMATIQUE DES PAYSAGES CULTURELS EN AFRIQUE REGIONAL THEMA TIC EXPERT MEETING ON CUL TURAL LANDSCAPES IN AFRICA TABLE DES MATIERES I TABLE OF CONTENTS Table des matieres / Table of Contents................................... ............................ ..... 1 - 2 ILLUSTRATIONS................................................................................................ 3 M. Le Berre Liste des auteurs / List of Contributors .................................................. , . .. ........ ... .. 4 Introduction / Introduction..................................................................................... 5 M. Rossler I G. Saouma-Forero I R.Hoft REFLEXIONS SUR LA MISE EN CEUVRE DE LA CONVENTION DU 6 PATRIMOINE MONDIAL ET LES PAYSAGES CULTURELS EN AFRIQUE REFLECTIONS ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION & THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPES IN AFRICA Mise en reuvre des categories de paysages culturels................................................. 7 - 15 The implementation of the World Heritag6 cUltural landscape categories M. Rossler La Strategie globale -
Salt Production and Salt Trade in the Makgadikgadi Pans
The African e-Journals Project has digitized full text of articles of eleven social science and humanities journals. This item is from the digital archive maintained by Michigan State University Library. Find more at: http://digital.lib.msu.edu/projects/africanjournals/ Available through a partnership with Scroll down to read the article. Pula: Botswana Journal of African Studies vol. 15 no. 1 Salt production and salt trade in the Makgadikgadi Pans Kabelo Matshetshe Salt has long been traded far and wide in Africa. The many Iron Age sites around the Makgadikgadi Pans may have been settled for this purpose. Indeed, these pans are still used for salt production and trade, and this paper describes the traditianal methods still in use. Alas, these leave few material traces: it will be difficult to find direct evidence of past salt production at Makgadikgadi. Salt is one of the natural resources that has been important to man. Today, between a third and a half of the sodium we consume is added during cooking or at the table (Warlaw & Insel, 1990). Since the effects of excessive salt use are not immediate, there has been a ~eneral tendency to take in more salt than the human body needs, and this has been largely influenced by appetite for the taste of the commodity (Swales, 1993). It must be appreciated that table salt is not the only salt. Other sources of salt exist in the natural context and their purity and quality differs. The value of salt has not only been recognized in Western civilization. In Africa for instance, large scale exploitation of salt has been documented (Roberts, 1973; Connah, 1991, 1996; Davison, 1993). -
Industrial Heritage Analysis
Global Strategy Studies Industrial Heritage Analysis World Heritage List and Tentative List Michael Falser (Austria) Stagiaire 15.8.-15.10.2001 UNESCO World Heritage Centre Asia-Pacific Region Minja Yang Table of Contents 0. Overview - Aim of Work 4 1. The UNESCO World Heritage 4 1.1. Convention, World Heritage Committee, Advisory Bodies, World Heritage List and Tentative List 4 1.2. The UNESCO World Heritage Centre and its Mandate 5 2. The World Heritage List and Global Strategy 6 2.1. The World Heritage List and Global Strategy 6 2.2. Trends, Analysis, Issues, Lacuna to address 6 3. Industrial Heritage 9 3.1. Definition 9 3.2. Industrial Heritage on the World Heritage List 9 3.3. Proposed Classification System (HEAR) 13 3.4. Classification and Introduction of the Industrial World Heritage Sites 14 4. Analysis of the Tentative List 16 4.1. Definition of the Tentative List and The Operational Guidelines 16 4.2. Classification of Industrial Heritage on the Tentative List 16 4.3. Classification by Region 17 4.3.1. Africa Region 17 4.3.1.1. Table and Map - Description 17 4.3.1.2. Trends 18 4.3.1.3. Highlights 18 4.3.2. Arab States Region 19 4.3.2.1. Table and Map - Description 19 4.3.2.2. Trends 19 4.3.2.3. Highlights 20 2 4.3.3. Asia / Pacific Region 21 4.3.3.1. Table and Map - Description 21 4.3.3.2. Trends 22 4.3.3.3. Highlights 22 4.3.4. Europe / North America Region 23 4.3.4.1. -
Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment for the Development of Katwe and Kibiro Geothermal Prospects, Uganda
GEOTHERMAL TRAINING PROGRAMME Reports 2005 Orkustofnun, Grensásvegur 9, Number 3 IS-108 Reykjavík, Iceland PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF KATWE AND KIBIRO GEOTHERMAL PROSPECTS, UGANDA MSc thesis Department of Geology and Geography, Faculty of Science University of Iceland by Godfrey Bahati Department of Geological Survey and Mines Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development P.O. Box 9, Entebbe UGANDA United Nations University Geothermal Training Programme Reykjavík, Iceland Report 3 Published in October 2005 ISBN 9979-68-171-3 This MSc thesis has also been published in June 2005 by the Department of Geology and Geography, University of Iceland ii INTRODUCTION The Geothermal Training Programme of the United Nations University (UNU) has operated in Iceland since 1979 with six month annual courses for professionals from developing countries. The aim is to assist developing countries with significant geothermal potential to build up groups of specialists that cover most aspects of geothermal exploration and development. During 1979-2004, 318 scientists and engineers from 39 countries have completed the six month courses. They have come from Asia (44%), Africa (26%), Central America (14%), and Central and Eastern Europe (16%). There is a steady flow of requests from all over the world for the six month training and we can only meet a portion of the requests. Most of the trainees are awarded UNU Fellowships financed by the UNU and the Government of Iceland. Candidates for the six month specialized training must have at least a BSc degree and a minimum of one year practical experience in geothermal work in their home countries prior to the training. -
Anguilla and the Art of Resistance
W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2002 Anguilla and the art of resistance Jane Dillon McKinney College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons, American Studies Commons, Latin American History Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation McKinney, Jane Dillon, "Anguilla and the art of resistance" (2002). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623402. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-9n2k-6t30 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Reproduced with with permission permission of ofthe the copyright copyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibited without without permission. permission. NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with with permission permission of ofthe the copyright copyright owner. owner. Further Further reproduction reproduction prohibited prohibited without without permission. permission. ANGUILLA AND THE ART OF RESISTANCE A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and M an- in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Jane Dillon McKinney 2002 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. -
Assessment of Physico-Chemical...Pdf
ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SHALLOW WELL WATER IN KAWANGWARE LOCATION, NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA BETH WAITHERA NJIRAINI (N50/CE/26874/2011) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IN THE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY SEPTEMBER, 2020 DECLARATION This research project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university or for any other award Signature: …………………………………. Date: ………………………………… Beth Waithera Njiraini N50/CE/26874/2011) SUPERVISORS We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision Signature: …………………………………. Date: ………………………………… Dr. Gladys Gathuru Department of Environmental Science Kenyatta University Signature …………………………………. Date ………………………………… Dr. Ezekiel Ndunda Department of Environmental Science Kenyatta University ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to: My husband, Andrew and my sons; Joseph, Denzel and Ethan for their support during the course of my studies. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Over and above everything, praise is to the Almighty Jehovah God for the great plans He has for me. Special appreciation go to my supervisors Dr. Gladys Gathuru and Dr. Ezekiel Ndunda for their tireless supervision and guidance that helped me to remain focused on my topic in due course gathering so much knowledge. Special thanks to Mr. Alaro, Mr Nganga and Ms Lillian, Technician in the Microbiology Department Kenyatta University, Ken Kirel, Benjamin Gichohi, and Mathew Theuri Technician in Kenyatta University Environmental Science laboratory for their overwhelming support. I would also like to recognize Mr. Mungai and Cleopas Munene in assisting me in identify sampling point in the field and without them accessing these sampling locations would not have been possible. -
Geothermal Development in Eastern Africa
GEOTHERMAL DEVELOPMENT IN EASTERN AFRICA Recommendations for power and direct use Copyright © IRENA 2020 Unless otherwise stated, this publication and material herein are the property of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) and are subject to copyright by IRENA. Material in this publication may be freely used, shared, copied, reproduced, printed and/or stored, provided that all such material is clearly attributed to IRENA and bears a notation of copyright (©IRENA) with the year of copyright. Material contained in this publication attributed to third parties may be subject to third-party copyright and separate terms of use and restrictions, including restrictions in relation to any commercial use. Citation: IRENA (2020), Geothermal Development in Eastern Africa: Recommendations for power and direct use, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. ISBN 978-92-9260-268-0 About IRENA The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) is an intergovernmental organisation that supports countries in their transition to a sustainable energy future, and serves as the principal platform for international co-operation, a centre of excellence, and a repository of policy, technology, resource and financial knowledge on renewable energy. IRENA promotes the widespread adoption and sustainable use of all forms of renewable energy, including bioenergy, geothermal, hydropower, ocean, solar and wind energy, in the pursuit of sustainable development, energy access, energy security and low-carbon economic growth and prosperity. www.irena.org -
Resource Exploitation and Population Aggregation: the Case of Kibiro
Resource exploitation and population aggregation: the case of Kibiro Graham Connah Abstract In 1894 Major Thruston, a British officer, described Kibiro on the south-eastern shore of Lake Albert, in Uganda, as 'the only manufacturing town in Unyoro', consisting 'of about a thousand grass huts closely huddled together'. The reason for this aggregation of population was that the women of Kibiro had developed a method of extracting salt, from alluvial deposits adjacent to hot springs at the bottom of the Western Rift Valley, that allowed sustainable exploitation of a renewable resource. This method involved leaching recycled earth that had absorbed saline moisture from exposed areas of the deposits, called 'salt-gardens'. These were very different from the salt-pans used at Lakes Katwe and Bunyampaka, also in the Western Rift. As well as being sustainable, the Kibiro technique raised the low salt content of the springs to a level where the resulting brine could be economically boiled and also reduced the magnesium content of the finished salt. The women of Kibiro still produce salt in this way and the considerable accumulation of domestic and industrial deposits at this place has been shown by archaeological excavation to have built up over a period of 700-800 years. Kibiro, therefore, represents a case where population concentrated at one point because of the continued successful exploitation of a particularly valuable resource. The material evidence excavated from this place suggests a Nilotic or Central Sudanic element in the basically Bantu population and suggests that in this instance small-scale industrial urbanization was taking place from early in the present millennium. -
Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals in Uganda
Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals in Uganda Volume 1 March, 2018 Programme Partners: ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme. Implemented in Partnership with UNDP www.developmentminerals.org Baseline Assessment of Development Minerals in Uganda Volume 1 March, 2018 Programme Partners: ACP-EU Development Minerals Programme. Implemented in Partnership with UNDP www.developmentminerals.org Acknowledgements: Special thanks to the Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development (MEMD), Directorate of Geological Survey and Mines, the District Local Government Ofcials, and the many ASM community members – women and Copyright © 2018 by the United Nations men miners, trades and small enterprise owners Development Programme – who provided signifcant input throughout the feld mission. The study benefted greatly from UNDP Uganda the support of: Maximin Emagna, ACP Secretariat; Plot 11, Yusuf Lule Road, Nakasero Sergio Piazzardi, European Commission, P.O Box 7184, Kampala, Uganda International Cooperation and Development; Degol Tel: (+256) 417-112100 Hailu, Godefroid Bigirimana, Asan Amza, Nicholas www.developmentminerals.org Burunde, Wilson Kwamya and the operational and support staff at UNDP; and fnally the members of the Uganda Country Working Group of the ACP-EU All rights reserved. No part of this publication Development Minerals Programme who provided may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or crucial input and suggestions: Data Gabriel (Chair), transmitted, in any form or by means, electronic, Vincent Kedi (Programme Focal -
Salt in Prehistoric Europe Prehistoric in Salt
Harding Salt in Prehistoric Europe Prehistoric in Salt Salt in Prehistoric Europe Salt was a commodity of great importance in the ancient past, just as it is today. Its roles in promoting human health and in making food more palatable are well-known; in peasant societies it also plays a very important role in the preservation of foodstuffs and in a range of industries. Uncovering the evidence for the ancient production and use of salt has been a concern for historians over many years, but interest in the archaeology of salt has been a particular focus of research in recent times. This book charts the history of research on archaeological salt and traces the story of its Salt in Prehistoric Europe production in Europe from earliest times down to the Iron Age. It presents the results of recent research, which has shown how much new evidence is now available from the different countries of Europe. The book considers new approaches to the archaeology Anthony Harding of salt, including a GIS analysis of the oft-cited association between Bronze Age hoards and salt sources, and investigates the possibility of a new narrative of salt production in prehistoric Europe based on the role of salt in society, including issues of gender and the control of sources. The book is intended for both academics and the general reader interested in the prehistory of a fundamental but often under-appreciated commodity in the ancient past. It includes the results of the author’s own research as well as an up-to-date survey of current work.