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Assessment of Physico-Chemical...Pdf ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SHALLOW WELL WATER IN KAWANGWARE LOCATION, NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA BETH WAITHERA NJIRAINI (N50/CE/26874/2011) A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE IN THE SCHOOL OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY SEPTEMBER, 2020 DECLARATION This research project is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other university or for any other award Signature: …………………………………. Date: ………………………………… Beth Waithera Njiraini N50/CE/26874/2011) SUPERVISORS We confirm that the work reported in this thesis was carried out by the candidate under our supervision Signature: …………………………………. Date: ………………………………… Dr. Gladys Gathuru Department of Environmental Science Kenyatta University Signature …………………………………. Date ………………………………… Dr. Ezekiel Ndunda Department of Environmental Science Kenyatta University ii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to: My husband, Andrew and my sons; Joseph, Denzel and Ethan for their support during the course of my studies. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Over and above everything, praise is to the Almighty Jehovah God for the great plans He has for me. Special appreciation go to my supervisors Dr. Gladys Gathuru and Dr. Ezekiel Ndunda for their tireless supervision and guidance that helped me to remain focused on my topic in due course gathering so much knowledge. Special thanks to Mr. Alaro, Mr Nganga and Ms Lillian, Technician in the Microbiology Department Kenyatta University, Ken Kirel, Benjamin Gichohi, and Mathew Theuri Technician in Kenyatta University Environmental Science laboratory for their overwhelming support. I would also like to recognize Mr. Mungai and Cleopas Munene in assisting me in identify sampling point in the field and without them accessing these sampling locations would not have been possible. Finally, I wish to appreciate my friends Madam Racheal Atieno from Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA) and Peter Kamande in the Masters class for their encouragement and support. God bless you all. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION.................................................................................................................. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... ix LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................x ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ........................................................................ xi ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... xii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................1 1.1 Background to the Study ............................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem .............................................................................................. 4 1.3 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................. 5 1.3.1 Overall Objective ........................................................................................................5 1.3.2 Specific Objectives .....................................................................................................6 1.4 Research Hypotheses .................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Conceptual Framework ................................................................................................. 6 1.6 Scope and Justifications ................................................................................................ 8 1.7 Definition of Terms....................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ...............................................................10 2.1 Ground Water.............................................................................................................. 10 2.2 Shallow Wells Pollution ............................................................................................. 12 2.3 Physico-chemical properties of groundwater .............................................................. 15 v 2.3.1 Turbidity ...................................................................................................................16 2.3.2 Total dissolved solid .................................................................................................17 2.3.3 pH ..............................................................................................................................17 2.3.4 Temperature ..............................................................................................................18 2.3.5 The electrical conductivity ........................................................................................19 2.3.6 Total hardness ...........................................................................................................19 2.3.7 Sulphates ions ...........................................................................................................20 2.3.8 Nitrates ions .............................................................................................................20 2.2.9 Phosphate ions ..........................................................................................................21 2.3.10 Lead ions .................................................................................................................21 2.3.11 Iron ions ..................................................................................................................22 2.3.12 Cadmium ions .........................................................................................................22 2.3.13 Zinc ions..................................................................................................................23 2.3.14 Sodium ions ............................................................................................................23 2.3.15 Potassium ions ........................................................................................................23 2.4 Indicator micro-organisms .......................................................................................... 23 2.4.1 Total coliform bacteria (TC) .....................................................................................24 2.4.2 Faecal coliform bacteria (FC) ...................................................................................24 2.5 Water quality and Sanitation in relation to waterborne diseases ................................ 25 2.5.1 Diarrheal Disease ......................................................................................................26 2.5.2 Cholera ......................................................................................................................26 2.5.3 Bacillary dysentery (Shigellosis) ..............................................................................27 2.5.4 Typhoid fever ............................................................................................................27 vi 2.6 Gaps Identified in literature ........................................................................................ 28 CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..............................................29 3.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................... 29 3.2 General information of the study area ........................................................................ 29 3.3 The Design of the Study ............................................................................................. 32 3.4 Sampling and Sampling procedure ............................................................................. 32 3.4.1 Sample Selection and Sample Size. ..........................................................................32 3.4.2 Sampling procedure ..................................................................................................33 3.5 Physico-chemical Analysis ......................................................................................... 33 3.5.1 In-situ measurements ................................................................................................34 3.5.2 Laboratory analysis for chemical analysis ................................................................35 3.5.3 Total metal determination using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) .......37 3.5.4 Microbiological Analysis ..........................................................................................38 3.6 Data Analysis .............................................................................................................. 39 CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ....................................................40 4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................
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