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Excavations at Mariner House, in the City of London

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Excavations at Mariner House, in the City of London London and Middlesex Archaeological Society Transactions, 66 (2015), 137—97 MEDIEVAL CROSSED FRIARS AND ITS ROMAN TO POST-MEDIEVAL LANDSCAPE: EXCAVATIONS AT MARINER HOUSE, IN THE CITY OF LONDON Antonietta Lerz and Nick Holder With specialist contributions by Ian Betts, Lyn Blackmore, Brice Girbal, Tony Grey, Nigel Jeffries, James Morris, Alan Pipe, Beth Richardson, Karen Stewart, Amy Thorp, Roger Tomlin, Don Walker and Angela Wardle SUMMARY centuries. The construction of the retro-choir was in- complete when the friary was dissolved in 1. This site near the Tower of London produced arch- The article also identiþes the various medieval tene- aeological evidence of Roman occupation, the medieval ments acquired by the friars to create their priory. Evi- religious house of Crossed Friars, late 16th- to 17th- dence of the destruction of the priory during the Disso- century glass manufacture and a 19th-century tavern lution and the subsequent usage of the site was uncov- assemblage. ered, which included late 16th- and early 17th-century During the later 1st century AD two linear boundary façon de Venise style glass-working debris and a later ditches bisected the site, but there was little contempo- assemblage of material from the French Horn tavern. rary evidence of actual occupation. These ditches were both inþlled during the early nd century AD. Subse- INTRODUCTION quent Roman activity within this area consisted of the digging of scattered cess and rubbish pits, while a tim- Excavation on the site of Mariner House, ber-lined well contained eight complete ceramic vessels Crutched Friars (NGR 533443 180865) in the dating from the late nd to early rd century AD, one City of London was commissioned by Mint of which was inscribed with Greek grafþti. The site was Hotels in 2008. It is bounded by Crutched abandoned by the end of the 4th century AD and was Friars to the north, Walsingham House to the not reoccupied until the later 10th century. west at 35 Seething Lane, Savage Gardens to The location of the priory of the Crossed Friars has the east and by Pepys Street to the south (Fig long been indicated by the street name Crutched Friars 1). to the north of Tower Hill, but little was known of the Following a watching brief in 2006 and plan of the friary’s buildings. Recent excavations and investigation of two geotechnical pits in documentary research have enabled a reconstruction of 2007, excavation began in April 2008 in four the friary church and precinct buildings to be attempt- trenches located in the south-west, south-east ed. The earliest phase of the church (c.16Þ10 and north-west corners of the site. The areas consisted of a simple rectangular building which was around these trenches were then opened subsequently enlarged during the 14th, 1th and 16th up resulting in near-complete excavation 137 138 Antonietta Lerz and Nick Holder Fig 1. Site location also showing the areas of excavation and nearby sites (ARC1, FCC9, FSS4, PEP9, RAG, SEA, SEN91, S9A10, TR< (scale (left 1700, (right 100, (inset 10,000 and recording of the western, northern in the text appear in square brackets [10] and eastern perimeter of the site (Fig 1). DQG DFFHVVLRQHG þQGV DUH VKRZQ LQ DQJOHG A further four large trenches for pile caps brackets <20>. Land-use entities consist of were excavated near the southern boundary Buildings (B), Structures (S) and Open Areas of the site and a watching brief with selective 2$ VXFK DV þHOGV EDFN\DUGV RU JDUGHQV excavation was maintained on 17 more pile &HUWDLQFDWHJRULHVRIþQGVKDYHEHHQJLYHQ caps of varying size in the central part of illustration numbers preceded by a letter the site. Further small-scale excavation took denoting their category. Concordance tables place in the EDF substation located in the are provided for building material (<T1> etc north-east corner of the site in 2010 which for tile; Table 1), pottery (<P1> etc, Table completed the programme of archaeological 2) and bottle glass (<G1> etc, Table 3) investigation. Almost all the archaeological (see Appendix). The context and land-use deposits within the central portion of the site GHWDLOVFRQFHUQLQJPHWDOþQGVJODVVYHVVHOV were removed during the 1963 development, (other than bottles) and the glass-working when a very deep basement was constructed ZDVWH DUH LQFOXGHG LQ WKH þJXUH FDSWLRQV here. 7KHFOD\WREDFFRSLSHVKDYHEHHQFODVVLþHG The site archive will be deposited under according to Atkinson and Oswald’s (1969) the site code MCF06 in the Museum of FODVVLþFDWLRQ $2 5HJLVWHUHG þQGV KDYH London’s Archaeological Archive (LAA), retained their accession numbers for Mortimer Wheeler House, 46 Eagle Wharf reference. The analysis of the excavation Road, London N1 7ED, where it may be resulted in a series of specialist research consulted by prior arrangement. This archives which will be deposited as part of publication employs the standard MOLA the archive. The results of assessed strata and recording system; context numbers cited all assemblages of artefacts, environmental Medieval Crossed Friars and its Roman to Post-Medieval Landscape 139 and osteological remains were recorded House when the ‘course of small stream’ in on the MOLA Oracle database. This article WKHQDWXUDOJUDYHOVZDVLGHQWLþHGDVUXQQLQJ employs standard Museum of London codes on an east—west alignment (Marsden 1967, for ceramics and building materials; complete 214). However, no ‘stream bed’ deposits were lists of these codes, their expansions and date encountered during the recent excavations ranges are available online.1 Pottery ware and, furthermore, the north part of the site expansions and codes are cited in full when was found to be located on an area of higher þUVWPHQWLRQHGLQHDFKPDLQVHFWLRQRIWKH ground, rather than a stream valley. article and thereafter the code only is used. 1RSUH5RPDQGHSRVLWVZHUHLGHQWLþHGDW the site though a small number of worked NATURAL TOPOGRAPHY AND THE DQG EXUQW ÿLQWV UHFRYHUHG UHVLGXDOO\ IURP COURSE OF THE LORTEBURN Roman and medieval features may indicate (PERIOD 1) prehistoric activity at the site. The natural topography of the site and sur- EARLY ROMAN LAND MANAGEMENT, rounding area is formed of the Wolstonian AD 50—120 (PERIOD 2) Mucking Gravel Terrace (OA1, not illustrat- ed), capped by compacted brickearth (OA2, The earliest occupation on the site can be not illustrated), much of which had been dated to the mid-1st century AD when it truncated by the 1963 development. The was situated at the eastern extremity of the terrace gravels sloped down southwards Roman settlement. The local topography was from 10.17m to 9.55m OD across the site. shaped by two roads: the main extramural At Lloyd’s Register of Shipping to the north road from Aldgate (roughly along the line (site code FCC95; Bluer & Brigham 2006, 8; of Fenchurch Street; Fig 1) approximately Fig 1) the gravels were recorded mostly at 200m to the north, and the cardo Decumanus 9.8m OD, falling to 9.74m OD at Fenchurch Maximus which ran eastwards from the Street Station (site code FSS84; O’Connor- Basilica at Leadenhall skirting the site Thompson 1984; Fig 1). At Colchester roughly 15m to the south (Fig 2). Part of this House, to the south of Mariner House, the URDGDJUDYHOVXUIDFHÿDQNHGE\D9VKDSHG gravels were recorded at 9.3m OD (site code ditch and 2nd-century AD buildings, was PEP89; Sankey 1995, 1; Fig 1). found during excavation at Colchester The dip in the levels recorded to the north House south of modern Pepys Street (Sankey of the site is accounted for by the conjectured 1995, 20—8, 94, 118). alignment of a watercourse, known as the During the early Roman period the west- ß/RUWHEXUQà,WLVþUVWUHFRUGHGLQDGHHGRI ern half of the site was demarcated by two, 1288. It refers to a property in the parish of parallel linear ditches aligned north-west All Hallows Barking fronting on to Seething to south-east (S1 and S2; Fig 2). These Lane, the rear portion of which adjoined a were located approximately 22m apart and stream called the ‘Lorteburn’ (Bentley 1984, parallel with the projected line of the Roman 16). Evidence for a dendritic stream channel road to the south. A row of eight stakeholes in this area comes from sites located to the along the southern edge of Structure 1 ditch north and north-east (ibid). More recent may have supported a fence at its eastern observations at Lloyd’s Register of Shipping end. Both ditches produced pottery of a has proposed evidence for a second, possibly similar date: Structure 2 ditch is dated to c.AD seasonal branch to the stream which may still 70—120 by sherds of a Verulamium/London EH ÿRZLQJ XQGHUJURXQG LQ WKH )HQFKXUFK region mica-dusted ware (VRMI) bowl found Street area (Bluer & Brigham 2006, 8—9). LQ WKH SULPDU\ þOO ZKLOVW 6WUXFWXUH GLWFK The course of one of these stream produced a greater range of domestic wares channels has been projected to run across including Highgate Wood ware C (HWC) and the north-western corner of the Mariner La Graufesenque samian (SAMLG) vessels. House site before passing by Seething Faunal remains recovered from Structure 2 Lane (site code SEA88; Bentley 1984). This ditch included the bones of an adult horse projection is based on an observation made (Equus caballus). The distal end of the tibia in 1963 during the construction of Mariner had been gnawed by dogs suggesting that 140 Antonietta Lerz and Nick Holder Fig . The early Roman landscape AD 0Þ10 (Period (scale 1600 elements of this carcass had been left exposed Open Area 5 to the north, Open Area 4 in before burial. This is unusual as the rest of the centre and Open Area 3 to the south the Roman faunal remains discovered on site (Fig 2). Rubbish pits, cesspits and dumped appear to represent material discarded after GHSRVLWV ZHUH FKLHÿ\ FRQþQHG WR WKH DUHDV consumption.
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