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Notes

CHAPTER 1 1. See S. Paranavitana, 'Aryan Settlements: The Sinhalese', in , History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part I (, 1959), p. 84. 2. See his ' and the Aryanization of Ceylon', The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. 1, No.3 (January 1952), p. 67. 3. See G. C. Mendis, The Early History of Ceylon (Colombo, 1946), p. 3. 4. See C. W. Nicholas, 'Agriculture and Irrigation', in History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part I; pp. 553-8. 5. For further details see Walpola Rahula, History of Buddhism in Ceylon: The , 3rd Century B.C.-10th Century A.D. (Colombo, 1956). 6. See S. Paranavitana, 'Triumph of Dutthagamani', in History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part I, pp. 151-61. 7. See C. W. Nicholas, 'Civil Wars and the Emergence of Parakramabahu the Great' and 'The Reign of Parakramabahu 1', in History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part II (Colombo, 1960), pp. 442-86. 8. See S. Natesan, 'The Northern Kingdom', in History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part II, pp. 691-702, and S. Arasaratnam, Ceylon (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964), pp. 98-116. 9. For further information and an excellent account of the negotiations see K. W. Goonewardena, The Foundations of Dutch Power in Ceylon 1638-1658 (Amsterdam, 1958), especially pp. 12-22. 10. For further information see S. Arasaratnam, Dutch Power in Ceylon (1658-1687) (Amsterdam, 1958). 11. 0 p. cit. See also Arasaratnam, 'The Administrative Organisation of the Dutch East India Company in Ceylon', The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 8, Nos 1 and 2, pp. 1-13. 12. For additional information see T. Vimalananda (ed.), Buddhism in Ceylon under the Christian Powers and the Educational and Religious Policy of the British Government in Ceylon 1797-1832 (Colombo, 1963). 13. See K. M. de Silva (ed.), Letters on Ceylon 1846-50: The Administra- tion of Viscount Torrington and the 'Rebellion' of 1848 (Colombo, 1965), especially the excellent account in pp. 5-31. 14. See G. C. Mendis (ed.), The Colebrook-Cameron Papers: Documents on British Colonial Policy in Ceylon 1796-1833, Vols. I and II (London, 1956), especially his Introduction, pp. ix-lxiv in Vol. I. 15. For complete information on the coffee industry in Ceylon during the British period, see I. H. Van Den Driesen's unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, entitled 'Some Aspects of the History of the Coffee Industry in Ceylon'. 16. For further information see S. Rajaratnam, 'The Ceylon Tea Industry, 1886-1931', The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 310 Politics in 1947-1973 4, no. 2 (July-December 1961), pp. 169-202, and S. Rajaratnam, 'Plant- ation Rubber Industry in Ceylon', UnifJ6Tsity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XX, No.1 (April 1962), pp. 96--124. 17. For further information see R. N. Kearney, Communalism and Language in the Politics of Ceylon (Durham, North Carolina, 1967). 18. See my 'The Crewe-McCallum Reforms 1912-1921', The Ceylon 'Jour- nal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1 (January 1959), pp. 84-120, and my 'The Finance Committee under the Manning Constitu- tion of 1924', Unir:ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XVIII, Nos 3 and 4 (July-October 1960), pp. 223-55. 19. Ibid. 20. For details see the Report of the Special Commission on the Constitution of Ceylon (Cmd 3131). Also referred to as the Donoughmore Report. 21. For an analysis of the Donoughmore constitution see I. D. S. Weerawar- dena, GOf)ernment and Politics in Ceylon (1931-1946) (Colombo, 1951), and S. Namasivayam, The Legislatures of Ceylon, 1928-1948 (London, 1950). 22. Op. cit. 23. Sir Andrew Caldecott's 'Reforms Despatch of 1938', also referred to as Ceylon Sessional Paper XXVIII of 1938. 24. See Sir Ivor Jennings, The Constitution of Ceylon, 3rd ed. (Bombay, 1953), p. x. 25. Also referred to as Sessional Paper XIV of 1944. 26. Ceylon: Report of the Commission on Constitutional Reform (London, reprinted 1955), (Cmd 6677). Also referred to as the Soulbury Report. 27. For the details of the agreement see Jennings, Constitution of Ceylon, pp. 252-79.

CHAPTER 2 1. Central Bank of Ceylon, Surf)ey of Ceylon's Finances 1953 (Colombo 1954), and Central Bank of Ceylon, Surf)ey of Ceylon's Consumer Finances 1963 (Colombo, 1964). See also Dr M. A. Fernando's 'Employ- ment in the Rural Sector', Ceylon , 30 May 1971, and 'The Educated Unemployed', Ceylon Daily News, 2 June 1971. Both articles are extracts from a Central Bank Survey published in the Central Bank Bulletin (April 1971). 2. For detailed information, see D. L. Jayasuriya, 'Developments in Uni- versity Education: The Growth of the University of Ceylon (1942-1965)', University of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XXIII (April-October 1965) Nos 1 & 2, pp. 83-153. Also Sir Ivor Jennings, 'Race, Religion and Economic Opportunity in the University of Ceylon', Unif)ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. II (November 1944), pp. 1-13, S. J. Tambiah, 'Ethnic Representa- tion in Ceylon's Higher Administrative Service 1870-1946', Unif)ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XIII (April-July 1955), pp. 113-34, M. A. Strauss, 'Family Characteristics and Occupational Choices of University Entrants as Clues to the Social Structure of Ceylon', Unif)ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. IX (April-July 1951), pp. 125-35 and Bryce Ryan, 'Status Achievement, and Education in Ceylon: An Historical Perspective', Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XX, No.4 (August 1961), pp. 463-76. 3. The figures are taken from Surf)ey of Ceylon's Consumer Finances 1963, and from Dr M. A. Fernando's articles referred to in note 1 above. Notes 311 4. The figures are from the first-ever collection of statistics of personnel in the puhlic service released by the Treasury on 22 August 1970. See Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 23 August 1970. Note, there were in August 1970, 7,508 administrative, professional and technical officers, 94,567 teachers, 35,167 minor employees and 77,275 in labour grades (ibid.). 5. Survey of Ceylon's Finances 1963, p. 61. 6. p. 67. 7. For a summary of the results of this survey, see Ceylon Observer Maga- zine Edition, 9 April 1972. 8. See table 40 (p. 65) for information on the percentages of income re- ceivers and table 88 (p. 125) for information on dissavers. 9. See also Department of Census and Statistics, Survey of Rural Indebted- ness in Ceylon 1957 (Colombo, 1959). This survey estimated the total indebtedness in the rural areas at Rs 516 million or about Rs 424 per rural family, a figure which at that time constituted about 34 per cent of annual income or 9 per cent of the value of property owned by the family. Even in 1957 the greater percentage of loans was taken for con- sumption purposes. 44.1 per cent of the Rs 516 million borrowed was from friends and relatives. 39.03 per cent of loans in the 1963 Survey (p. 127) was from friends. 10. The Betrayal of Buddhism (Report of the Unofficial Buddhist Commit- tee of Inquiry) (Balangoda, 1955), p. 27. 11. Ibid. 12. Poya days coincide with the waxing and waning of the moon and are of religious significance to the Buddhists. 13. Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), Vol. 23, column 684. 14. Leslie Goonewardene in a contribution in Sinhalese to the L.S.S.P. souvenir of 1970 entitled 'New Outlook of the L.S.S.P.' which was reproduced in English translation in the Ceylon Daily News, 21 Decem- ber 1970. 15. Sections 8 to 11 of the constitution. 16. Section 7 of the constitution provides for Sinhalese as the official lan- guage of Sri Lanka and it is part of the constitution. Section 8(2) pro- vides that regulations for the use of the 'shall not in any manner be interpreted as being a provision of the constitution but shall be deemed to be subordinate legislation', etc. 17. See S. U. Kodikara, Indo-Ceylon Relations since Independence (Colombo, 1965), p. 111. Note, at its ninth annual sessions in April 1949, the C.I.C. condemned the provisions of the as 'humiliating, discriminatory and anti-social' and the qualifications re- quired under the Indian and Pakistani Residents (Citizenship) Act as being 'complex and involved, and beyond the capacity of workers with little or no education' (ibid.). The latter assertion was, considering the educational and literacy standards of the Indian population, factually correct. 18. Kodikara, p. 114, footnote 26. 19. Ibid., pp. 113-14. 20. Ibid., pp. 124--5. 21. Ibid., pp. 125-7. 22. Particularly, Sri Lanka failed to persuade the government of India to abandon the concept of ''. Also, certain actions on the part of the in the implementation of the agreement 312 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 of October 1954 gave rise to serious complaints from the government of India. 23. See statement by Bandaranaike in the S.L.F.P. organ, Free Lanka, 16 February 1955. 24. See press communique issued by Ministry of Defence and External Affairs, Ceylon Daily News, 23 July 1970. From (after the U.F. government took office to February 1973, 86,687 Indians were granted Indian citizenship (till December 1972) of whom 58,276 were repatriated to India (till January 1973) while 36,740 were granted Sri Lanka citizenship (till January 1973). See text of press conference by the deputy minister of defence and foreign affairs in Ceylon Daily News, 22 February 1973. Note, the U.F. government and the Ceylon Daily News in its editorial of 19 February 1973 alleged that the 'national government' had been lax in implementing the Indo-Ceylon Agreement of October 1964 in view of the U.N.P.'s alliances with the C.W.C. and the F.P. For a refutation of this charge see 'U.N.P. and Indo-Ceylon Pact' by Dudley Senanayake and the editor's reply to Senanayake in Ceylon Daily News, 23 February 1973. 25. For the details see Ceylon Daily News, 28 August 1970, 8 March 1972 and 14 March 1972. 26. Report of the Special Commission on the Constitution of Ceylon (Donoughmore Report). Cmd 3131, pp. 105-6. 27. See Census of Ceylon 1946 (Colombo, 1950). 28. Report of the Kandyan Peasantry Commission, Sessional Paper XVIII of 1951, paragraph 296. 29. Census of Ceylon, 1946. 30. Report of the Kandyan Peasantry Commission, paragraph 309. 31. Survey of Ceylon's Consumer Finances 1963,. p. 89. 32. Ibid. 33. Ibid., table 16, p. 37. 34. See note 28. 35. See Final Report of the National Education Commission, 1961, Sessional Paper XVII of 1962, paragraph 38. See also paragraphs 39-42. 36. For a detailed account on Sinhalese caste structure, see Bryce Ryan, Caste in Modern Ceylon: The Sinhalese System in Transition (New Brunswick, N.J., 1953). 37. Soulbury Report, paragraph 273. 38. Report of the First Delimination Commission, Sessional Paper XII of 1946, paragraph 32. 39. Ibid., paragraph 81. 40. Ibid., paragraph 30. 41. Ibid. 42. See E. D. L. Siriwardena, Education for Racial Integration in Ceylon, unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Ceylon, p. 67. 43. Ibid., p. 104. 44. See, for instance, the speeches of Sir P. Arunachalam, one of the fore- most of the Ceylon Tamil leaders in the first quarter of the twentieth century, in S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike (ed.), The Hand Book of the 1919-1928 (Colombo, 1928), pp. 70-97 and 118-43. 45. See Donoughmore Report, pp. 90-1. 46. Soulbury Report, paragraph 259. 47. For a detailed account see Michael Banks, 'Caste in ', pp. 61-77 Notes 313 in E. R. Leach (ed.), Aspects of Caste in South India, Ceylon and North- West Pakistan, Vol. 2 (Cambridge, 1960). 48. Report of the First Delimitation Commission, paragraph 31. 49. Quoted by I. D. S. Weerawardena in his 'The General Elections in Ceylon, 1952', Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. II, Nos 1 and 2, p. 128. 50. For the full text of the appeal, see Ceylon Daily News, 15 June 1970. 51. For further information see The Bauddha Jatika Balavegaya (the National Organisation for the Protection of Buddhism), Catholic Action: A Reply to the Catholic Union of Ceylon (Colombo, 1963). See also statement by L. H. Mettananda, President of the Balvegaya, denouncing Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike for appointing Roman Catho- lics to a number of important positions in the public services, in Ceylon Daily News, 30 July 1956. 52. See Ceylon Daily News, 22 July 1970. 53. Ibid. 54. See ibid., 2 and 18 November 1970. See also comments by Badiuddin Mahmud in ibid., 14 November 1970. 55. See the statement issued by the general secretary of the I.S.F. in ibid., 18 November 1970.

CHAPTER 3 1. See Ceylon Obserfler Magazine Edition, 12 March 1972, for statistics compiled by the Ministry of Planning and Employment for its medium- term development plan. 2. See National Planning Council, The Ten-Tear Plan (Colombo, 1959), p. 19, Table V (Workforce Projections, 1956-81). For further informa- tion see Central Bank of Ceylon, Surfley of Ceylon's Consumer Finances, 1963 (Colombo, 1964), 'Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Under-Employment in Ceylon 1959-60', International Labour Refliew (March 1963), Report to the GOflernment of Ceylon on Rural Employ- ment Problems (ILO: Geneva, 1965), R. K. Srivastava, S. Selvaratnam and V. Ambalavanar, Unemploymen in Ceylon - A Possible Line of Action, Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs (November 1967) and R. K. Srivastava, S. Selvaratnam and A. T. P. L. Abeykoon, Ceylon Labour Force Projections 1968-78, Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs (October 1968). For a recent tetailed analysis refer to Inter- national Labour Office, The Report of an Inter-Agency Team, Matching Employment Opportunities and Expectations: A Programme of Action for Ceylon (Geneva, 1971), International Labour Office, The Technical Papers of an Inter-Agency Team, Matching Employment Opportunities and Expectations: A Programme of Action for Ceylon (Geneva, 1971) and Birge Moller, Employment Approaches to Economic Planning in Deflelopinf( Countries with Special Reference to the Deflelopment Plan- ning of Ceylon (Sri Lanka) (Scandinavian Institute of Asian Studies Monograph Series No.9: Stockholm, 1972). 3. See Human Resource Deflelopment and Utilisation: A Note on Techni- cal Assistance, Needs and Possibilities in Ceylon, Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, paragraph 2.8, nd. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid., paragraph 2.6. 314 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 6. For the details, see communique issued by the Ministry of Planning and Employment in Ceylon Daily News, 13 March 1972. 7. See the statement of the Minister of Education on his proposed educa- tional reforms in Ceylon Daily News, 29 July 1971, and for additional information, Ceylon Daily News, 8 January 1972. 8. Ceylon Daily News, 29 July 1971. 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. Ibid. See also text of press interview by the minister of education in Ceylon Obserf1er Magazine Edition, 28 November 1970. 12. Report of the Planning Committee on Education; Health, Housing and Manpower (Colombo, May 1967), p. 40. Note, health services in general put up per capita expenditure on health from Rs 15.40 in 1960-1 to Rs 16.00 in 1967-8; see Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, Econo- mic Def1elopment 1966-68: Ref1iew and Trends (Colombo, August 1967), p.69. 13. The Ten-Tear Plan, p. 316. 14. I. R. Duben (U.N.D.P. Special Fund Social Planner), Policy, Problems and Shortcomings, Priorities and Technical Assistance Af1ailable in Social Infrastructure (cyclostyled) paragraph 4.1, n.d. 15. See report of proceedings of the House of Representatives on 17 Febru- ary 1972 in Ceylon Daily News, 18 February 1972. 16. Note, the principal Act was the Rent Restriction Act No. 29 of 1948 which consolidated and improved earlier laws that existed from 1942. Amendments were made in 1953, 1961, 1964 and 1966. It was felt that a comprehensive and consolidated Act as that of 1972 would be prefer- able to a series of amendments to the existing Act of 1948 as amended on the occasions mentioned. The latter course would have made cross- references complicated and difficult. 17. The Departmeilt of National Planning, The Short-Term Implementation Programme (Colombo, 1962), p. 278. 18. Ibid., p. 33. 19. Report of the Transport Commission, Sessional Paper XXIII, 1967, paragraph 78. 20. The Department of National Planning, The Def1elopment Programme 1964-1965 (Colombo, 1964), p. 49. 21. Ibid. 22. See Report of I.B.R.D. team headed by Manfred G. Blobel in Ceylon Daily News, 11 May 1971. 23. Report of the Land Utilisation Committee, Sessional Paper XI, 1968, paragraphs 104-6. 24. Ibid., paragraph 125. 25. Ibid., paragraph 126. 26. The Short-Term Implementation Programme, pp. 68 (Table IIA) and 122. 27. Ibid., p. 122. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid. 30. Ibid.; p. 3, footnote 1. 31. Ibid. 32. Ibid., paragraph 12. 33. Report of the Land Utilisation Committee, paragraph 73. 34. See L. De Silva, 'A Critical Evaluation of Agricultral Policy 1960-68', Notes 315 p. 97 in Staff Studies, Central Bank of Ceylon, Vol. 1, No. 1 (April 1971). Note, a survey carried out by the Investigation Unit of the Water Resources Board reported that paddy lands 'are owned by peasants in several isloated parcels, varying in sizes, located not at one place but at several different places under the same scheme' and it recorded an instance where 2,176i acres were owned and occupied by 815 owners in 3,641 different parcels, and of this, more than one-third (750 acres) remained uncultivated. See I. Collonege, 'Land Fragmentation: A Solu- tion', in Ceylon Daily News, 11 April 1971. See also G. Obeyesekere, Land Tenure in Village Ceylon (Cambridge, 1967) for an account of the joint ownership of land prevalent in southern Sri Lanka. 35. Report of the Land Utilisation Committee,. paragraph 52. 36. Administration Report of the Commissioner of Agrarian Services 1966- 1967, paragraph 61. 37. See D. S. Senanayake, Agriculture and Patriotism (Colombo; Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Limited, 1935). C. P. de Silva made the remarks referred to in conversations with politicians and civil servants. 38. Report of the First Delimitation Commission, Sessional Paper XIII, 1946, p. 84 and Report of the Delimitation Commission, Sessional Paper XV, 1959, p. 123. 39. Report of the Taxation Inquiry Commission, Sessional Paper X, 1968, paragraph 10 1. 40. Ibid., paragraph 305. 41. Report on Development and Taxation in the Plantation Industries (unpublished), p. 13. 42. Planning Secretariat, Six Tear Programme of Investment 1954/55-1959/ 1960 (Colombo, 1955), pp. 240-1. See also I.B.R.D., The Economic Development of Ceylon (Colombo, 1952), Vols I and II. 43. See his 'Observations on the Problem of Economic Development in Ceylon', in National Planning Council, Papers by Visiting Economists (Colombo, 1959), p. 28. 44. In 'The Tasks of Economic Planning in Ceylon', ibid., p. 75. 45. In 'Industrial Organisation and Economic Development', ibid., p. 95. 46. Ibid. 47. Note, as early as 1952 the I.B.R.D. mission to Ceylon observed the trend 'of calling for more industry as a means of providing employment' and it noted quite rightly that it would be better to utilise employable labour in a meaningful way in any programme of industrialisation than merely to consider it as a charge on the public revenues to be disposed of in whatever way possible. The Economic Development of Ceylon; pp. 265-7. 48. A survey of industrial production conducted by the Department of Census and Statistics in 1970 calculated Sri Lanka's average private sector labour productivity at 7.3 units as against 4.2 units average labour productivity in the public sector. Labour productivity is defined as 'the value added per employee in units of Rs 1,000'. See 'Survey of Industrial Production', completed by the Department of Census and Statistics in December 1970 in Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 20 December 1970. 49. Budget Speech 1970-71 (Colombo, October 1970), p. 67. 50. Ibid., p. 68. 51. The Department of National Planning, The Development Programme 1964-1965 (Colombo, 1964), p. 46. 316 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 52. Ibid. 53. N. S. Karunatilake, 'Recent Developments in the Economy and their Impact on Ceylon's Industrialisation', in Industrial Development Board, Research and Industry (Colombo, 1970), p. 37. 54. Ibid., p. 41. 55. The foreign exchange entitlement scheme provided for multiple rates of exchange for certain transactions. It involved the payment of premium rates of exchange for hard currency in respect of specified transactions stipulated by the government. 56. Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, Government Policy on Private Foreign Investment (Colombo, 1966). 57. Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report of the Monetary Board to the Minister of Finance for the rear 1970, p. 44. 58. Ibid., p. 49. 59. N. S. Karunatilake, 'Recent Developments .. .', p. 54. 60. See N. M. Perera, Budget SPeech 1970-71, p. 35. Also, N. M. Perera, The Economy of Ceylon: Trends and Prospects (Government of Ceylon, November 1971) (mimeographed), pp. 23-33. 61. The Ten-rear Plan, p. 104. 62. See I.B.R.D., Report of the Prospects for Tourist Development in Ceylon (Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs; Colombo, March 1968) and Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report for the rear 1970, p. 199. 63. The statistical data in this section has been obtained from the annual Administrative Reports of Commissioners in charge of the co-operative movement, from budget speeches, as well as from other state docu- ments relating to the movement. 64. T. B. Ilangaratna, Economic and Social Progress 1956-62 (Supplement to the Budget Speech 1963) (Colombo, 1963), p. 57. 65. N. M. Perera, Budget SPeech 1970-71, p. 11. 66. See Foreign Aid,- Tables I and VI, pp. 35 and 42. 67. N. M. Perera, Budget Speech. 68. Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report of the Monetary Board to the Minister of Finance for the rear 1969, p. 13. 69. p. 3. 70. Donald R. Snodgrass, Ceylon: An Export Economy in Transition (Illinois, 1966), p. 110. 71. (Minister of Finance), The Budget and Eco- nomic Development (Colombo, 1961), pp. 9 and 13. 72. p. 35. 73. The Short-Term Implementation Programme, p. 5. 74. V. Kanesalingam, 'Industrial Policy and Development in Ceylon', in Research and Industry, p. 68. 75. See I.B.R.D. and I.D.A., The Problem of Foreign Exchange and Long- Term Growth of Ceylon (Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs; Colombo, January 1968), paragraph 11. 76. See I.B.R.D. and I.D.A., Recent Economic Trends in Ceylon (Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs; Colombo, September 1966), para- graph 44. Also, The Dcvelopment Programme 1966-67 (Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs; Colombo, July 1966), pp. 1-9. 77. Ministry of Planning and Employment, The Five rear Plan 1972-1976 (Colombo, November 1971). 78. For the details see Ceylon Daily News, 10 November 1971. 79. For a summary of the report see Ceylon Daily News,- 22 March 1972. Notes 317 80. See Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report of the Monetary Board to the Minister of Finance for the Tear 1971.

CHAPTER 4 1. For a diligent exposItIon by a westerner see Richard F. Gombrich, Precept and Practice: Traditional Buddhism in the Rural Highlands of Ceylon (Oxford, 1971). The chapters 'Total Responsibility in Theory and Practice' (pp. 214---43) and 'The Ethic of Intention' (pp. 244-68) are particularly useful. 2. Sir Frederick Rees, one of the members of the Soulbury Commission, makes an oblique reference to this (confirmed in a conversation with the writer) in 'The Soulbury Commission, 1944-45', The Ceylon His- torical Journal,. Vol. 5, Nos 1-4, pp. 23-48, when he wrote (p. 45) 'the rather subtle methods adopted by Sir Oliver Goonetilleke were much more obvious than he himself realised' (note, Sir Oliver Goonetil- leke and D. S. Senanayake were the two persons, according to Sir Ivor Jennings, solely responsible for obtaining independence for Ceylon, see his The Constitution of Ceylon, 3rd ed. (Bombay, 1953), p. x). Sir Charles Jeffries, in his Sir Oliver E. Goonetilleke (Pall Mall; London, 1969), p. 76, refers to the remarks of Rees and reports 'I suspect that he [Goonetil- leke] realised it well enough and could not care less'. J. L. Fernando in his column 'Then and Now' in (Sunday edition), 1 February 1959, wrote revealingly: 'Later came even delicate hints that there would be under the set-up of independent Sri Lanka an attractive job of a governor-generalship. The suggestions were delicately expressed but freely made to more than one person - to Sir Henry Moore, even to the fire-eating Sir Geoffrey Layton and My Lord Soulbury himself. D. S. Senanayake was not much good at putting across these subtle magnetic appeals but he had a trained one-man brains trust to attend to such arrangements.' Note, the late J. L. Fernando was one of Sri Lanka's top journalists and a close confidant of D. S. Senanyake. The 'one-man brains trust' was none other than Goonetilleke. Sir Henry Moore was British governor of Ceylon immediately prior to independence and became Ceylon's first governor-general. Admiral Layton was wartime comman- der-in-chief of Ceylon. 3. See Cmd 3131 (Donoughmore Report) pp. 126-7. 4. Ibid. 5. For the report of an illuminating discussion between Dr N. M. Perera and Hector Abhayavardhana on this subject, see 'Radicalisation in Ceylon', Maral, Vol. III, No.5 (February 1961), pp. 35-48. 6. See Survey of Ceylon's Consumer Finances 1963, pp. 61-106, for fur- ther information. 7. Ibid. 8. For the most thorough and analytical examination of parties in Ceylon see Calvin A. Woodward, The Growth of a Party System in Ceylon (Providence, 1969). 9. For a detailed account of D. S. Senanayake's pioneering zeal in this sphere see The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. 5, Nos 1-4. 10. For a detailed examination see my 'Oppositional Politics in Ceylon (1947-1968)', Government and Opposition,. Vol. 4, No.1, pp. 54-69. 11. See, for instance, speech by Sir on 9 June 1950 in Ceylon Daily News, 12 June 1950. 318 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 12. D. S. Senanayake died a few weeks before the opening of the Exhibition. 13. For his speech on 'the middle path', see The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. 5, Nos 1-4, pp. 110-14. 14. For the account of the causes of the V.N.P.'s defeat, etc. see I. D. S. Weerawardena, The Ceylon General Election 1956 (Colombo, 1960). Also W. Howard Wriggins, Ceylon: Dilemmas of a New Nation (Princeton, N.J., 1960), pp. 326-69. 15. See Wriggins, Ceylon, and Donald E. Smith, 'The Sinhalese Buddhist Revolution', in Donald E. Smith (ed.), South Asian Politics and Religion (Princeton, 1966). 16. For further details see Chapter 6. 17. Ceylon Daily News: Parliaments of Ceylon 1960 (Colombo, n.d.), p. 195. 18. From the V.N.P. manifesto for the March 1960 general election. 19. See Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report of the Monetary Board to the Minister of Finance for the year 1969. 20. See text of letter addressed to Dudley Senanayake by in the , 13 October 1970. 21. This memorandum was privately circulated to members of the V.N.P.'s working committee in February 1971. It was made available to the writer by a member of the working committee. The details were how- ever also given wide publicity in the local press. 22. See report of J. R. Jayawardene's speech in the House of Representa- tives in Ceylon Daily News, 4 December 1971. 23. For the full text of the resolution see ibid., 20 December 1971. 24. For details on the injunction see ibid., 18 April 1972 and 3 June 1972, and for information on the resolution of the differences between Senana- yake and Jayawardene, see ibid., 1 June 1972. 25. See ibid., 16 July 1951. 26. See Tribune, 22 September 1961. 27. See I. D. S. Weerawardena, 'The General Elections in Ceylon, 1952', The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. 2, Nos 1-2, pp. 109-78, for further information. 28. See Ceylon Faces Crisis (Federal Party Pamphlet: Colombo, 1957), for details of this pact. 29. For a vivid and authentic account of these riots, see T. Vittachi, Emer- gency '58: the story of the Ceylon race riots (London, 1958). 30. Paragraph 3 of the M.E.P. manifesto of 1956. 31. For further details see my 'The Role of the Governor-General in Ceylon', Modern Asian Studies, Vo!' II, No.3 (1968). 32. For the details see my 'The Governor-General and the Two Dissolutions of Parliament, December 5, 1959 and April 23, 1960', The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 3, No. 2 (July-December 1960). 33. S. Ponniah's, Satyagaraha and the Freedom MOlJement of the Tamils in Ceylon (Jaffna, Ceylon, 1963), provides the fullest account of the events of 1961. 34. For the full details see statement by Felix R. Dias Bandarnaike in Par- liamentary Debates (House of Representatives), Vol. 46, cols 1490-529. See also S. V. Kodikara, 'Communalism and Political Modernisation in Ceylon', in Modern Ceylon Studies, Vol. 1, No.1, pp. 94-114, especially pp. 108-9. 35. See Sessional Paper IX of 1964 - Interim Report of the Press Commission and Sessional Paper XI of 1964 - Final Report of the Press Commission. Notes 319 36. See my 'Buddhism and Politics, 1960-65', in Smith (ed.), South Asian Politics and Religion. 37. See my 'Ceylon: A New Government Takes Office', Asian SurfJey, Vol. XI, No.2, pp. 177-84. 38. See Ceylon Daily News, 5 June 1950. 39. The details are recounted in Leslie Goonewardene's A Short History of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Colombo, 1960). 40. These views were expressed in a pamphlet entitled The Present Political Situation which Gunnawardene presented to his party in January 1971- Parts of this were reproduced in Ceylon Daily News, 9 January 1971 and The Times Weekender, 11 January 1971. 41. See the statement issued by the Central Committee of the C.P. in Ceylon Daily News, 18 September 1970. 42. See Leslie Goonewardene, p. 42. 43. Ceylon Daily News, 14 August 1953. 44. Made available to the writer. 45. See political pamphlet by Dr Colvin R. de Silva, Their Politics and Ours (Colombo, 1954). 46. See text of the resolution adopted at a plenary meeting of the Central Committee of the C.P. on 31 May 1959, in 25 Tears of the Ceylon Com- munist Party (Colombo, 1968), pp. 74-5. 47. See text of resolution adopted at the meeting of the Central Committee of the C.P. on 22 June 1964 in ibid., pp. 98-100. 48. See Leslie Goonewardene, Short History, pp. 34-9. Also Doric De Souza, 'Parliamentary Democracy in Ceylon', Toung Socialist, No.1, pp. 18-25, andNo.3,pp.125-39. 49. See official statement issued by Leslie Goonewardene, secretary of the L.S.S.P. at the time, in Ceylon Daily News, 3 January 1952. 50. See Weerawardene, 'The General Elections in Ceylon 1952'. 51. From the secret circular of 27 January 1954 entitled Report on the Political Situation. 52. Dr Colvin R. de Silva, Their Politics and Ours. 53. See the test of the L.S.S.P. manifesto entitled What We Stand For (Colombo, 1959). 54. See Ceylon Daily News, 6 November 1947. 55. See Ceylon Daily News, 8 February 1951 56. See Leslie Goonewardene's statement in Ceylon Daily News, 3 January 1952. 57. See de Silva, Their Politics and Ours. 58. See note 40 above. 59. See report of press conference by Philip Gunawardene in , 3 October 1970. 60. Best expressed in the pages of 25 Tears of the Ceylon Communist Party. Also refer Basil Perera, - A Profile (Colombo, 1967), pp.55-79. 61. See Dr N M. Perera, '35 Years After', in Ceylon Daily News, 22 Decem- ber 1970. 62. See interview given by Dr Colvin R. de Silva to the Ceylon ObserfJer Magazine Edition entitled '35 Years of the L.S.S.P.: Overthrowing Capitalism our New Challenge' in its issue of 20 December 1970. But for a critical view of the L.S.S.P.'s change of policy see George J. Lerski, 'The Twilight of Ceylonese ', Pacific Affairs, Vol. 3 (Autumn 1970). 320 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 63. See note 41 above. 64. See Leslie Goonewardene, 'New Outlook of the L.S.S.P.', in Ceylon Daily News, 21 December 1970. See also V. Karalasingham, 'An L.S.S.P. Viewpoint: What Should be Today's Slogans', in Ceylon Daily News, 2 September 1970 and the full text of the resolution of the Central Com- mittee of the L.S.S.P. in Ceylon Daily News, 2 September 1971. 65. See (Mrs) V. K. Jayawardene, The Rise of the Labour Movement in Ceylon (Durham, North Carolina, 1972), and R. N. Kearney, Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon (Berkeley, 1971). 66. See text of letter to the editor by Sanmugathasan in The Ceylon Daily Mirror, 1 May 1970. 67. See Ceylon Observer, 12 August 1970. 68. For the full text see Ceylon Daily News, 8 August 1970. See also press statement issued by Sanmugathasan in Ceylon Daily News, 18 February 1971, in which he denounced 'U.S. imperialism' in Laos and the U.F. government for not condemning 'this brazen act of aggression'. 69. See news caption 'Tampoe on the Great Betrayal', in Ceylon Daily News, 22 August 1970. 70. For a fuller account see my 'Ceylon: The People's Liberation Front and the Revolution that Failed', Pacific Community, January 1972. Also Dr W. A. 's, 'The April Revolt in Ceylon', Asian Survey, March 1971. 71. About 75 per cent of the P.L.F. regulars were from the 18-20 age group. See report of a press conference by the comman- der, General Attygalla, in The New York Times, 22 April 1971. 72. For the text of the minister's speech see Ceylon Daily News, 30 April 1971. 73. For the text of the P.L.F.'s blueprint for the seizure of power in this fashion see the Ceylon Daily Mirror, 31 July 1970. 74. See statement issued by the three T.C. M.P.s declaring their unanimous decision to support the U.F. government in Ceylon Observer; Magazine Edition, 2 April 1971. Note, one of the these M.P.s, V. Ananthasangari (Kilinochchi), withdrew from the U.F. later and joined the T.U.F. 75. For a complete account of the origins and activities up to 1966 of the F.P. see my 'The Tamil Federal Party in Ceylon Politics', Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies, Vol. IV, No.2, pp. 117-37. 76. Ibid. 77. See S. Ponniah, pp. 54-77. 78. For the details of these talks see ibid., pp. 137-44. 79. For the text of the memorandum see The Times of Ceylon, 18 Septem- ber 1970. Also for Chelvanayakam's views see report of the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly in Ceylon Daily News, 21 May 1971. 80. See report in Ceylon Daily News, 24 March 1972. 81. Unlike the F.P., the C.W.C. did not insist on a written signed agree- ment. Instead they gave the prime minister a typed note containing the agreed conclusions and preferred to leave it to his good faith to imple- ment these (based on interview with C.W.C. officials). 82. Refer V. K. Jayawardene, The Rise of the Labour Movement in Ceylon, and Kearney, Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon. 83. See Central Bank of Ceylon, Annual Report of the Monetary Board to the Minister of Finance for the year 1970. 84. For the details see Ceylon Daily News, 1 August 1971. 85. See Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition; 5 December 1971. Notes 321 86. See full text of statement in Ceylon Daily News, 29 November 1971. 87. The text of the statement condemning the Bill was made available to the writer by an office-bearer in the Civil Rights Movement. For the full text of the statement condemning the Criminal Justice Commissions Bill, see Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 2 April 1972.

CHAPTER 5 1. See his The Constitution of Ceylon, 3rd ed. (Bombay, 1953), p. 147. 2. In 'I Remember Ceylon', Times of Ceylon Annual 1963, Colombo. 3. In the last days of his governor-generalship the writer was present at a private function where Sir Oliver told some of the guests that he had tried his best to 'serve' five prime ministers who functioned during his term of office. 4. For further details see my 'The Role of the Governor-General in Ceylon', in Modern Asian Studies, Vol. II, No.3 (1968), pp. 193-220. 5. Ibid. Also Sir Charles Jeffries, Sir Oliver E. Goonetilleke (London, 1969), pp. 155-6. 6. Jennings, Constitution of Ceylon, p. 171. 7. See J. L. Fernando, Three Prime Ministers of Ceylon - An 'Inside Story' (Colombo, 1963), pp. 39-40. 8. Private information. Also ibid., pp. 52-3 and 68-9. 9. See B. P. Peiris, 'Memoirs', in the , 20 February 1966. B. P. Peiris was secretary to the cabinet at this time. 10. See my 'The Governor-General and the Two Dissolutions of Parliament, December 5, 1959 and April 23, 1960', The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 3, No.2 (July-December 1960), pp. 187-207, for further information. 11. Ibid. 12. For a critical assessment of this action see S. A. de Smith, The New Commonwealth and its Constitutions (London, 1964), pp. 84-5. 13. (a) On 12 December 1959, the executive committee of the S.L.F.P. elected C. P. de Silva president of the party and authorised him to request the governor-general to remove the prime minister, W. Dahana- yake, from office and to appoint him (C. P. de Silva) prime minister. A 'prayer' on these lines was submitted to the governor-general by C. P. de Silva, but Sir Oliver Goonetilleke declined to take any action on it (for the full text of the 'prayer', see Ceylon Observer (Sunday edition), 13 December 1959). (b) In after Mrs Bandaranaike's ruling coalition had suffered losses at the general election and she delayed ten- dering her resignation owing to the fact that no party had secured an overall majority, it was suggested in local political circles that the gover- nor-general should exercise his constitutional right of dismissal. His Excellency did not, however, have to consider the question, for Mrs Bandaranaike tendered her resignation shortly afterwards. The Ceylon Daily News Parliament of Ceylon 1965, Colombo, n.d. (p. 24) states that the governor-general consulted the crown's law officers and the latter advised that Mrs Bandaranaike be told that unless she resigned, she would be dismissed. 14. See Peiris, 'Memoirs', Sunday Mirror, 5 and 12 June 1966. 15. See my 'The Governor-General and the Two Dissolutions of Parliament'. 322 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 16. Private information, mentioned to the writer by a member of the Dudley Senanayake cabinet at the time. 17. See my 'Ceylonese Cabinet Ministers - Their Political, Economic and Social Background, 1947-1960', Ceylon Economist, Vol. 5, No. 1. 18. For the text of the 'prayer', see Ceylon Observer (Sunday edition), 13 December 1959. 19. For details see my 'The Cabinet System in Ceylon 1947-1959', in The Indian Tear Book of International Affairs 1959, pp. 397-431. 20. For the text of the prime minister's letter to Mr Suntharalingam asking for an explanation as to why he left the Chamber while a division was being taken on the Bill and Mr Suntharalingam's statement on his resig- nation sec Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives) Vol. 5, columns 599-605. 21. The memorandum, dated 14 April, 1948, was made available to the writer by the courtesy of the private secretary to the minister of local government at the time. 22. For the documentation on these conflicts, see my 'The Cabinet System in Ceylon 1947-1959'. 23. See Sir John Kotelawala, An Asian Prime Minister's Story (London, 1956), p. 130. 24. The minister expressed disagreement with the 'language of the area' clause in the Indo-Ceylon Agreement of June 1954 agreed to between the prime ministers of both countries; see Ceylon Daily News, 19 January 1954, and opposition to the cabinet's decision of having Sinhalese as the only official language of Ceylon, see text of interview in Ceylon Daily News, 20 January 1956. 25. For the prime minister's explanation of the boycott, etc. see Parliamen- tary Debates (House of Representatives), Vol. 36, columns 12-13. 26. From a confidential memorandum by Bandaranaike to the Parliamentary Joint Select Committee on Constitutional Reform made available to the writer by S. J. V. Chelvanayakam M.P. who was a member of this committee. 27. For the details see my 'The Governor-General and the Two Dissolutions of Parliament'. 28. Ibid. 29. See Jennings' reference to this in his 'The House of Representatives', in Ceylon Daily News supplement of 27 November 1947. 30. Section 27(1) of the constitution. 31. See Ceylon Daily News, 4 October 1947, Ceylon Observer, 7 October 1947, and Times of Ceylon, 11 October 1947. 32. Ceylon Daily News, 13 October 1947. 33. Leslie Goonewardene, A Short History . .., p. 42. 34. For an account of the complicated manoeuvres which preceded the elec- tion see Ceylon Daily News; 19 April 1956. These were checked with S. ]. V. Chelvanayakam M.P. by the writer and are correct. 35. See Ceylon Daily News, 6 November 1947. 36. Ibid. 37. See Leslie Goonewardene, op. cit., pp. 37-51. 38. See 25 Tears of the Ceylon Communist Party, p. 45, where it is stated that the C.P. 'made the right-opportunist mistake of wrongly assessing the nature of the newly-formed V.N.P. and thinking that it could also play a part in a against imperialism. This mistake was openly admitted and corrected by the C.P. within a few months.' Notes 323 39. For further information see my 'Oppositional Politics in Ceylon (1947- 1968)', Government and Opposition, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter 1969), pp. 54-69. 40. See for instance the press release issued by the opposition on 11 January 1949 and the statement of the leader of the opposition in the Ceylon Daily News of 24 November 1950. 41. For the full text of the directive issued by the chief government whip calling on members of the government parliamentary group to vote against motions brought by the opposition irrespective of their merits, see Ceylon Daily News, 3 June 1948. . 42. See Ceylon Daily News, 12 June 1950. 43. Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), 11 June 1954, columns 1122-204. 44. See his press statement in Ceylon Daily News, 7 March 1971. 45. See Ceylon Daily News; Independence Supplement, 4 February 1953. 46. Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), 27 November 1953, column 1136. 47. For Bandaranaike's views on the part he should play in solving the Indian question and his role in these talks, see Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), 5 March 1954, column 1136, also column 3267. 48. Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), 21 June 1955, column 175. 49. Ibid.; columns 175-6. 50. Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), 4 May 1956, column 416. 51. Interview with F.P. M.P.s. 52. For the details of these campaigns, etc. see S. Ponniah. 53. Ceylon: Report of the Commission on Constitutional Reform (Soulbury Report), Cmd 6677, paragraph 278 (ii). 54. Ibid., paragraph 278 (iii). 55. Section 40(1). 56. Section 40(2). 57. See Report of the First Delimitation Commission, Sessional Paper XIII of 1946. 58. See Report of the Delimitation Commission, Sessional Paper XV of 1959. 59. The Burgher returned was a leading C.P. man (Pieter Keuneman) who was returned on a party vote rather than because of the fact that he was a member of the Burgher community. 60. The Constitution of Ceylon, p. 214. 61. Ibid., p. 52. 62. See my 'The Public Service Commission and Ministerial Responsibility: Experience', Public Administration; Vol, 46 (Spring 1968), pp. 81-93. 63. Ibid. 64. For a detailed description see my 'Public Administration in Ceylon', in S. S. Hsueh (ed.), Public Administration in South and Southeast Asia (Brussels, 1962), pp. 199-240. 65. For the details of this circular, see Ceylon Daily News, 21 July 1971. 66. See report of the minister's speech in ibid., 25 December 1971. 67. For the text of the address see ibid., 24 December 1971. 68. See his speech in ibid.; 30 November 1970. 324 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 69. See communique issued by the Ministry of Housing and Construction in ibid., 31 May 1971. 70. See statement by the pennanent secretary, Ministry of Planning and Employment, in ibid., 9 December 1971. 71. From the U.F. manifesto. 72. A hall in the capital city, Colombo. 73. For the full text, see Ceylon Daily News" 20 July 1970. 74. Ibid. 75. For further details, see ibid., 14 December 1969. 76. For the full text of the broadcast, see Ceylon Observer, 11 September 1970. 77. For the full text, see Ceylon Daily News, 20 July 1970. 78. See the explanation of procedure by the minister of constitutional affairs in ibid., 29 January 1971. 79. See the text of the letter written by the minister of constitutional affairs to the editor, ibid., published in its issue of 29 January 1971. 80. Ibid., 18 January 1971. 81. Ibid. 82. For the text of the resolution, see ibid., 29 June 1971. 83. See statement issued by S. J. V. Chelvanayakam M.P. on behalf of the F.P. parliamentary group in ibid., 29 June 1971. 84. For further details see text of letter written by C. X. Martyn M.P. for Jaffna to S. J. V. Chelvanayakam M.P. in ibid., 25 May 1971. 85. See text of letter by S. J. V. Chelvanayakam M.P. to C. X. Martyn M.P. in The Times Weekender, 30 July 1971. 86. See Ceylon Daily News, 26 June 1971. 87. Ibid., 7 December 1971. 88. See text of interview by the minister to the Ceylon Observer in Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 2 January 1971. 89. For the full text of the statement, see Ceylon Daily News, 22 May 1972. 90. See ibid., 30 December 1971. 91. On a reading of the constitution and the views expressed by the presi- dent of the first panel of three judges of the Constitutional Court which examined the objections raised against the U.F. government's Press Coun- cil Bill, the National State Assembly presumably has the right to over- ride an adverse opinion of the court by utilising the procedure required for amending the constitution. However, the president of the first panel stated that he hoped 'the Assembly will respect our views and will not pass the Bill with a two-thirds majority' if the court held that sections of the Bill were in conflict with the constitution. See report of the pro- ceedings of the court in Ceylon Daily News, 24 November 1972. The first president (T. S. Fernando) is a man of considerable judicial eminence and integrity and is also the president of the highest court in Sri Lanka - the Court of Appeal. 92. Section 45(4) of the constitution authorises the president to act in such a manner as to ensure public security and the preservation of public order. 93. The first panel of three judges of the Constitutional Court comprising T. S. Fernando (president), J. A. L. Cooray and H. Deheragoda was selected on 16 November 1972 to hear petitions filed against the Press Council Bill by eight citizens of Sri Lanka and the leader of the opposi- tion. In the course of the hearings, a constitutional crisis developed on the question whether the court should give its decision within the four- Notes 325 teen-day time limit prescribed under Section 65 of the constitution for Bills not deemed urgent in the national interest. It was the view of a distinguished Queen's Council (S. Nadesan) appearing before the court on behalf of the Civil Rights Movement of Ceylon that the fourteen-day limit was not 'imperative'. The president of the court (T. S. Fernando) agreed with this submission (see Ceylon Daily News, 25 November 1972). The court accordingly continued to .hear submissions beyond the four- teen-day limit. The matter was raised in the National State Assembly on 6 December 1972 and the minister of public administration, local govern- ment, home affairs and justice (Felix Dias Bandaranaike) expressed the personal opinion that the court should convey its opinion within the fourteen-day time limit, adding however that if the court asked for an extension to the time limit imposed, he hoped some arrangement could be worked out to grant such an extension (for the proceedings in the National State Assembly, see Ceylon Daily News, 7 December 1972). On 7 December, the Speaker of the National State Assembly informed the Assembly that the court had not given its decision as provided for under section 65 of the constitution and announced that the Assembly will proceed with the Press Council Bill under standing orders and pro- visions contained in Chapter IX of the constitution (see Ceylon Daily Newsl 8 December 1972). A debate on the Speaker's announcement and the constitutional issues arising therefrom followed on 12 and 13 Decem- ber on a request made by the leader of the opposition. The latter argued that fundamental rights were involved. Government spokesmen criti- cised the judges of the court for their failure to give a decision within the time limit prescribed (for the proceedings see Ceylon Daily News of 13 and 14 December 1972). On 14 December (1972) the three judges of the Constitutional Court involved resigned. On 4 January 1973, the government moved the second reading of the Press Council Bill. Leading opposition members raised objections to the procedure, especially as no decision on it had been given by the Consti- tutional Court, the judges concerned having resigned. The procedural objections were debated on 4, 5 and 19 January. R. Premadasa M.P. on behalf of the opposition went further and argued that the court which heard objections to the Bill had not been properly constituted since it had not gazetted its rules of procedure as constitutionally required (for the details see Ceylon Daily News of 5 and 6 January 1973). On 19 January the Speaker gave his ruling upholding the objection of R. Pre- madasa M.P. (for the text of the ruling see Ceylon Daily News, 20 January 1973). He therefore held that the Bill would have to go before a new court. The Speaker ruled that the court was obliged to give its ruling within the time limits prescribed by the constitution (ibid.). On 2 February 1973 a new court of three judges sat to hear the ob- jections to the Press Council Bill. The president of the court (Mr Justice ) announced that a decision would be given within the fourteen-day time limit. The court accordingly communicated their decision to the Speaker on 12 February. On 22 February the Speaker communicated the decision of the court to the National State Assembly. The court had pronounced that all the objections raised against the Bill were invalid (see Ceylon Daily News, 23 February 1973). 94. As provided for under section 94(3) of the constitution. 95. Most of the occasions prescribed have been taken by the framers from 326 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 the propositions cited by the writer in his 'The Governor-General and the Two Dissolutions of Parliament'. 96. See ibid. for the details.

CHAPTER 6 1. Sir John Kotelawala, An Asian Prime Minister's Story (London, 1956), p. 127. 2. See letter addressed by the minister of communications to the secretary for the Ceylon Committee for Human Rights in Bangladesh in Ceylon Daily News, 28 October 1971. 3. Ibid. 4. See note issued by the Ministry in Ceylon Daily News, 16 May 1971. 5. See two valuable articles which appeared in the Ceylon Daily News, both under the pseudonym 'Asoka'; 'Ceylon and the Indian Ocean' (25 November 1970) and 'Ceylon in the Nuclear Area' (29 November 1970). 6. See The New Tork Times, 22 April 1971. 7. See ibid., 14 April 1971. 8. See 'Advertising Supplement of the Ceylon Police Department', Ceylon Daily News, 10 April 1971. 9. Ibid. 10. See ibid., 13 November 1971. 11. See statement of the prime minister in ibid. I 1 December 1971. 12. For the detailed figures of expenditure on the armed forces, see ibid., 6 November 1971. 13. For further details see statement by the prime minister in ibid., 15 March 1972. 14. See ibid., 24 February 1972. These boats are fitted with anti-aircraft, anti-submarine, anti-surface armaments as well as sophisticated navi- gation, communication and detection equipment. They are capable of medium range sea operations at high speed. 15. An agreement to operate these fortnightly charter flights to the Maldives was signed between the commander of the Ceylon air force and the director of the Maldavian National Trading Corporation in December 1971. See ibid., 2 December 1971. 16. For example during the three-month period September to November 1971, the air force through these operations earned 52,000 US dollars. See statement by the prime minister in ibid., 15 March 1972. 17. One of the highest officers of the Indian army (then retired) told the author in 1971 that 'Operation Ceylon' would not take more than three days. A better equipped aggressor would of course take less time. 18. See Leslie Goonewardene (minister of communications), 'New Outlook of the L.S.S.P.', in Ceylon Daily News, 21 December 1970. 19. For the details of this agreement, see Jennings, The Constitution of Ceylon (3rd ed.), (Bombay, 1953), pp. 252-4. The agreement came into effect as from the date on which Sri Lanka obtained independence - 4 February 1948. 20. See speech of S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike on 17 June 1952, in Towards a New Era: Selected SPeeches of s. w. R. D. Bandaranaike made in the Legislature of Ceylon 1931-1959, compiled by G. E. P. De S Wickremaratne (Colombo, 1961), p. 816. 21. Ibid., p. 803. 22. Ibid., p. 819. Notes 327 23. Ibid., p. 815. 24. See G. H. Jansen, Afro-Asia and Non-Alignment (London, 1966), p. 93. 25. See my 'The People's Liberation Front: The Revolution that Failed', in Pacific Community, January 1972. Also Saeed Naqvi, 'Ceylon's Long Night and After', in The Statesman Weekly, 22 May 1971. 26, See editorial entitled 'India and Ceylon', in Ceylon Daily Newsf 29 June 1970. 27. The external affairs agreement provides for mutual consultations be- tween the governments of the Commonwealth, and for Sri Lanka if the need arises, to utilise British channels of diplomatic 'communica- tion as well as the vast storehouse of information that the Foreign and Commonwealth Relations Offices have at their disposal'. For further information see Jennings, The Constitution of Ceylon, pp. 140-2, 254- 276. 28. Sir John Kotelawala, An Asian Prime Minister's Story (London, 1956), p. 112. 29. Ibid. 30. See report of debate in the Constituent Assembly in Ceylon Daily News, 22 July 1970. 31. Towards a New Era, pp. 813-14. 32. See The Foreign Policy of Ceylon: Extracts from Statements by the late Prime Minister, Mr. S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike and Texts of Joint Statements issued by him and Visiting Heads of State (3rd ed., revised and enlarged) (Colombo, 1961), pp. 23-5. 33. Ibid.f 34. Ibid. 35. Ibid., p. 18, 36. Speech delivered on the occasion of the handing over of the naval base at by Britain on 15 October 1957, ibid., p. 20. 37. Sir Charles Jeffries, A Biography of Sir Oliver E. Goonetilleke (London, 1969), p. 125. 38. Even as late as in 1970, the Trotskyist minister of finance (Dr N. M. Perera) had occasion to repeat this charge. See Ceylon Daily News, 16 November 1970. These balances represented the moneys owing to Sri Lanka in respect of expenditure by H.M. forces in Sri Lanka during the war. Dr Perera argued that Sri Lanka had supplied export produce, in particular rubber, which was in short supply after the Japanese occupation of Malaysia and the Netherland East Indies at prices well below what they should have fetched on the basis of the laws of supply and demand. 39. For the full text of Mrs Bandaranaik~'s speech, see Ceylon Daily News, 22 January 1971. 40. For the full text of this speech, see ibid., 16 November 1971. 41. For further details see ibid., 16 December 1971. 42. Ibid. 43. Ibid.f 24 August 1971. 44. See Annual Report of the Colombo Plan Council for Technical Co- operation in South and South-East Asia, 1970-71, in ibid., 16 February 1972. 45. Ibid. 46. Ibid. 47. See text of Mrs Bandaranaike's address on the occasion of the 20th anniversary celebrations of the Colombo Plan in ibid., 2 July 1971. 328 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 48. See , 29 August 1970, and Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, Foreign Aid (Colombo, 1969) for further details. 49. See Foreign Aid, pp. 16-17. 50. See Ceylon Daily News, 27 August 1971. See also the report of a press interview given by the permanent secretary, Ministry of Planning, in ibid., 12 April 1972 and the report of the press conference by the minister of foreign and internal trade in ibid., 4 April 1972. 51. Ibid., 8 February 1972. 52. See 'Postscript' facing p. 196 in Kotelawala. 53. See Jansen, p. 161. 54. Ibid. 55. See report of the proceedings of the House of Representatives in Ceylon Daily News, 1 December 1971. 56. Ibid. 57. Ibid. 58. See the text of his address to the U.N. General Assembly, New York, on 22 November 1956 in The Foreign Policy of Ceylon, pp. 5-9. 59. Mrs Bandaranaike wrote to heads of government of all U.N. countries soliciting their support for Ceylon's candidate: see Ceylon Daily News, 3 June 1971. 60. For the full text of Mrs Bandaranaike's speech, see ibid., 13 October 1971. 61. Ibid. 62. For the full text see ibid., 20 January 1971. 63. See ibid., 19 April 1972. 64. The figures in this paragraph are obtained from the Annual Report of the Central Bank for 1970, the Budget Speech 1970-71 by Dr N. M. Perera, and B. A. D. Wijewardene's 'Official External Debt and the Debt Servicing Capacity of Ceylon', in Staff Papers, pp. 111-29. 65. Wijewardene, 'Official External Debt .. .' pp. 113-14. 66. For the full text of these Letters of Intent, see the Budget Speech 1970-71, pp. 6-10. 67. See Ceylon Daily News, 28 March, 1972. 68. Ibid. 69. See Foreign Aid, table 1, p. 35. 70. The figures have been obtained from ibid., pp. 29-30 and table 7 facing p.42. 71. Ibid. 72. See I.B.R.D.-I.D.A., The Problem of Foreign Exchange and Long-Term Growth of Ceylon (Colombo: Ministry of Planning and Economic Affairs, 1968), paragraph 10. 73. The data is collected from Foreign Aid, and newspaper reports. 74. Quoted in Ceylon Daily News, 26 October 1970. 75. See ibid., 21 July 1970. 76. See text of press communique from the Ministry of Defence and External Affairs in ibid., 30 July 1970. 77. See Kotelawala, p. 139. 78. See Dr N. M. Perera's statement in Ceylon Daily News, 14 August 1971. 79. See report of press interview given by the minister of foreign and inter- nal trade to the Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 11 March 1971. 80. For the details see Ceylon Daily News, 2 March 1971. R1. For a very useful analysis on how beneficial to Ceylon trade has been Notes 329 with the communist states, see the article entitled 'Our Trade with Socialist Countries' by T. Pathmanahan in ibid., 7 April 1971. 82. See ibid., 8 April 1971. 83. Jansen, p. 55. Ceylon was not an independent state nor had she progressed even towards the limited self government envisaged under the Soulbury Constitution which was to take effect in October 1947. D. S. Senanayake nevertheless was for all intents and purposes acknowledged as the Ceylonese leader and chief minister by the imperial authorities. Bandaranaike could therefore be regarded as his represen- tative. 84. See speech on external affairs made on 17 June 1952 as leader of the opposition in Towards a New Era, p. 808. 85. Ibid. 86. Ibid., p. 809. 87. See Jayawardene's speech at the U.N. Day dinner in Ceylon Daily News, 25 October 1952, and at the annual general meeting of the Ceylon Merchants' Chamber in ibid.i 30 October 1952. 88. See Kotelawala, p. 130. 89. Ibid., pp. 139 and 140. 90. Ibid., p. 172- 91. Ibid., p. 127. 92. See ibid., pp. 184-94. 93. Ibid., p. 185. It was his view that the Taiwanese should be allowed to work out their own destinies without coercion from the nationalists or the communists. 94. See Towards a New Era, p. 834. 95. See, e.g. Weerawardena, Ceylon General Election 1956, pp. 74, 77 and 149. 96. See The Foreign Policy of Ceylon, pp. 14-15. 97. See Bandaranaike's address at the Chinese Commodity Exhibition in Colombo on 18 March 1958 and his address to the Ceylon Chamber of Commerce on 27 March 1958 in ibid., pp. 65-9. 98. For the text of these statements, refer ibid., pp. 101-22. 99. See J. P. Anand, 'Sino-Ceylonese Relations', The Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses Journal, vol. 3, no. 3 (January 1971), p. 329. 100. See Ceylon Daily News, 27 May 1971 for the full text of the letter. 101. See text of an exclusive interview Mrs Bandaranaike gave the editor of the Ceylon Observer, The Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 10 Octo- ber 1971; also text of interview by Mrs Bandaranaike to Frank Giles (The Sunday Times, London) also published in Ceylon Daily News, 5 November 1971. Also refer text of a letter sent by Sri Lanka's ambas- sador in Peking to Mrs Bandaranaike on a conversation he is reported to have had with Chou En-Iai which was read out by the minister of posts and telecommunications in the Senate in Ceylon Daily News, 18 June 1971. The ambassador is reported to have written that Chou En-Iai was 'highly concerned about the developments in Sri Lanka, especially with regard to the suspicions that Chinese arms were being smuggled in crates that were delivered at the construction site of the Bandaranaike Memorial Hall' and had also 'expressed regret that China was unable to provide military aid to Sri Lanka as Chinese ships carry- ing arms to Tanzania had left Colombo before Sri Lanka's request was made'. The Chinese prime minister had further stated that China 330 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 disapproved of the theories of the Che Guevara and had denounced the insurrectionists as counter-revolutionaries. 102. See text of Mrs Bandaranaike's interview to the editor, Ceylon ObserIJer, The Ceylon ObserIJer Magazine Edition; 10 October 1971.

CHAPTER 7 1. See Rajni Kothari, 'The Congress "System" in India', Asian SurIJey, 4 (), pp. 1161-73, W. H. Morris-Jones, 'Dominance and Dissent: Their Inter-relations in the Indian Party System', GOIJernment and Opposition, 1 (August 1966), pp. 451-66, and his GOIJernment and Politics of India (London, 1964), chapter V. 2. See The National Operations Council, The May 13 Tragedy: A Report (, 1969). 3. See his The Idea of Nationalism: A Study in its Origins and Back- ground (New York, 1961). 4. See his Nationalism and Social Communication (Massachusetts, 1953), p.164. 5. See Ananda Guruge's edition of the speeches, essays and letters of the foremost of Sinhalese Buddhist nationalists, Anagarika Dharmapala, in Return to Righteousness (Colombo, 1965) and D. C. Vijayavardhana's thought-provoking and seminal work on Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism, The ReIJolt in the Temple: Composed to Commemorate 2500 Tears of the Land, the Race and the Faith (Colombo, 1953). R. Kearney's Com- munalism and Language in the Politics of Ceylon (Durham, North Carolina, 1968) gives a detailed and excellent analysis of Sinhalese nationalism from British times to developments in the post independence years. 6. See his chapter 'The integrative revolution: Primordial sentiments and civil politics in the new states', in Clifford Geertz (ed.), Old Societies and New States: The Quest for Modernity in Asia and Africa (New York, 1963), pp. 105-57. 7. Ibid. 8. Princeton, New Jersey, 1960. 9. London, 1963. 10. Durham, North Carolina, 1967. 11. See his Political Parties: A BehaIJioural Analysis (Chicago, 1964), pp. 1-13 for further details. 12. See his Political Parties (Glencoe: Illinois, 1949), pp. 374--6. 13. Ibid. 14. See his Political Parties (London and New York, 1954). Bibliographical Note

H. A. r. Goonetilleke's monumental two-volume work, A Biblio- graphy of Ceylon: A systematic guide to the literature on the land, people, history and culture published in Western Languages from the sixteenth century to the present day (Switzerland, 1970) makes any notes on the literature of politics superfluous. But some select references may be helpful to the discriminating reader in need of ready material. No detailed information on the is necessary, because it is not an integral part of this work other than the interest we have focused on 's constitutional evolution from colonial status to independence under the British auspices. Parts I and IT of Volume I of the University of Ceylon, History of Ceylon (Colombo, 1959 and 1960) are the most useful sources for information from earliest times to 1505; while general works such as Ludowyk's The Story of Ceylon (London, 1962) and Arasarat- nam's Ceylon (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964) provide a continuous account from earliest times to the present day. Lennox Mills's Ceylon under British Rule 1795-1832 (London, 1933) and G. C. Mendis's Ceylon under the British (Colombo, 1952) are useful for their sections on constitutional development, while Pakeman's Ceylon (London, 1964) and Ludowyk's The Modern History of Ceylon (London, 1966) are excellent for their sections on political developments in the British and post-indepen- dence phases up to the early sixties. Namasivayam's The Legislatures of Ceylon (London, 1951) is particularly good on the analysis of constitutional progress from the 1920s up to and including the Donoughmore period, while Weerawardena's Government and Politics in Ceylon (1931-1946) is the best on the Donoughmore constitution. The two constitu- tional documents Command 3131, Report of the Donoughmore Commission, 1928, and Command 6677, Report of the Soulbury 332 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Commission, are particularly useful, and Jeffries's Ceylon: The Path to Independence (London, 1962) provides inside informa- tion on the subject in question. . Kotelawala's An Asian Prime Minister's Story (London, 1956), Fernanado's Three Prime Ministers of Ceylon: An 'Inside Story' (Colombo, 1963) and Jeffries's A Biography of Sir Oliver E. Goonetilleke (London, 1969) are good biographical material containing relevant political information. The best on the are Jennings's The Consti- tution of Ceylon (3rd edition, Bombay, 1953), Wriggins's Ceylon: the Dilemmas of a New Nation (Princeton, 1960), Farmer's Ceylon: A Divided Nation (London, 1963), Smith's chapters on political Buddhism in post-1956 Ceylon in his (editor) South Asian Politics and Religion (Princeton, 1966) pp. 453-509, Singer's The Emerging Elite: A Study of Political Leadership in Ceylon (Durham, North Carolina, 1968), Lerski's Origins of Trotskyism in Ceylon (Stanford, 1968), Woodward's Growth of a Party Sys- tem in Ceylon (Providence, 1968), Kearney's Trade Unions and Politics in Ceylon (Berkeley, 1971) and Kumari Jayawardene's The Rise of the Labour Movement in Ceylon (Durham, North Carolina, 1972). Studies on general elections, providing evidence and analyses of political events at the time and their results, are available in Jennings, 'The Ceylon General Election of 1947' in University of Ceylon Review, Vol. VI, No.3 (July 1948), pp. 133-95, Weera- wardena, 'The General Elections in Ceylon, 1952' in Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. II, Nos 1 and 2 (July, October 1952), pp. 111-78, and Weerawardena, Ceylon General Election 1956 (Colombo 1960). Party manifestos, the bio-data of winning can- didates and election statistics are to be found in the Ceylon Daily News, Parliament of Ceylon for 1947, 1956 (none was produced for 1952),1960,1965 and 1970. Useful additional bibliographical information can be obtained from Wriggins, pp. 471-83, and Woodward, pp. 323-32. Index

administration, the organisation of Anuradhapura, 7, 8 the, 226-30 Appointed Members of the House advisory committees, 148, 149, 179, of Representatives, 201-2, 203, 230, 233 206 Africa, Central and East, 270 Aquinas University College, 54 Afro-Asian, group, 269; main- armed services, 145,274 stream, 267; non-aligned nations, army, 273 285; powers, 147; Society, 185; Arunachalam, Sir P., 48 states, 276 Asia Foundation, 290 Aid Sri Lanka Consortium of Asian Development Bank, 122, 288 Powers, 117, 281, 288, 301 Asian Relations Conference in New air force, 273, 274 Delhi (1947), 297 airports, Katunayake (Bandara- Asoka,7 naike international), 73, 269, 277; Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ratmalana, 73, 269 Limited, 176 Albania, 163 Aswan Dam, 287 alignment and nonalignment, 294- Attha, 178 302 attorney-general, 224, 250, 251, 256 All Ceylon Buddhist Congress, 21, Attygalle, -General D. S., 272 183 Australia, 58, 87, 278, 281, 288, 293 All Ceylon Malay Association, 13 Avebury, Lord, 186 All Ceylon Moors' Association, 13 Awami League, 269 Amerasinghe, H. S., 284 ayurveda (indigenous medicine), 23, American, and British navies, 270; 71 Globemasters, 269, 298; aid, 301; Aziz, Abdul, 169 mIssIOnary organisations, 48; stockpile releases (rubber), 293 balance of payments, 105, 109, 111, Amnesty International, 185 122, 131, 133, 138, 282, 292 Amparai , 79 Balasuriya, Father Tissa, 54 An Asian Prime Minister's Story Bandaranaike, Felix Dias, 139, 144, (Sir John Kotelawala), 295 145, 200, 203 ancient civilisations, 6 Bandaranaike, Mrs Sirima, 27, 35, ande cultivation, 40 45, 52, 98, 115, 139, 144, 145, Anglo-American bloc, 275, 276, 295 149, 154, 157, 161, 163, 167, 168, Anglo-French Suez adventure, 285 177, 184, 187, 190, 192, 194, 195, animism, 7 197, 198, 201, 202, 203,213, 227, Antarctic, 270, 271 234, 235, 267, 277, 280, 283, 284, 334 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Bandaranaike, Mrs Sirima - cant. 38; interests, 132; military bases, 285 286, 290, 291, 296, 300, 301, 140; monarchy, 191; nationality, 302 191; Parliament, 190, 191; plan- Bandaranaike, S. W. R. D., 13, 19, 21, ters, 29; Queen, 191; rule, 58; 25, 26, 34, 35, 45, 50, 65, 83, 91, sovereign, 192; Treasury, 279 114, 115, 133, 134, 139, 140, 141, Britishers, 11, 15, 103 142, 143, 144-, 153, 157, 158, 179, B.S.P., 31, 151 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 196, 197, Buddha Jayanti, 22 198, 200, 202, 203, 209, 213, 214, Buddha Sasana Commission, 23 215, 267, 268, 275, 279, 283, 288, Buddha, the, 268; Temple of the 291, 295, 297, 299, 300 Sacred Tooth of the, 22 Bandung, 133, 298, 300; Confer- Buddhism, 7, 22, 24, 52, 53, 65, ence, 299 125, 143, 148, 182, 239, 242, 244-, Bangladesh, 185,275,277,280 246, 268; propagation of, 22; Bank of Ceylon, 98, 101, 144- theravada, 7, 125 Basham, A. L., 6 Buddhist, army officers, 272; cause, Basic Resolution, 4(1)v, 241; 23, 11; clery, 182; ethos, 1; laity, 183; 240; 24 and 25, 240 militants, 20, 23; monks, 128, Basic Resolutions, thirty eight, 235, 182; organisations, 146; public 239,242 and clergy, 146; question, 21; , 56 view of gaining merit, 1-2 Bauddha Jatika Balavegaya (B.J.B.), Buddhist Committee of Inquiry, 21, 183,184 22, 143 Bay of Bengal, 8 Buddhist Theosophical Society, 183 Belgrade, 300 Burgher Political Association, 13 Between Two Worlds (Sir John Burghers, 11, 12, 15, 58, 238 Kotelawala), 295 Burma, 22, 33, 272, 276, 283, 294, Bhasa Peramuna, 140 301 bilateral trade agreements, 300 Business Undertakings (Acquisition) bilateral trade and payments agree- Act, 119 ments, 291, 292 Blobel, Manfred, 76, 288 cabinet, 41, 43, 45, 53, 118, 137, B.L.P.I., 151, 152, 155, 157,212 143, 144, 152, 158, 164, 190, 194- board of ministers, 12, 13, 126, 127, 202, 226, 242, 298; 'boycott' of 189, 201; pan-Sinhalese, 13, 48 meetings of, 200; of ministers, Bogor Conference, 298 245, 252, 256, 257, 258,260, 261, Bolshevik elements, 162 262, 264; ministers, 203 Bonn, 302 Cairo, 300 Brahmanism, 7 Calcutta, 270 Bribery Commissioner v. Ranasinghe Cambodia, 300 (66 N.L.R. 73), 207 Campion, Gilbert, 208 Britain, 58, 87, 131, 132, 140, 150, Canada,58,73,281,288 267, 271, 274, 275, 279, 281, 282, Cape Town, 270 288, 290, 294, 295, 297, 300, 302 caste, 221; considerations, 229; British, colonial administration, 61, groups, 182; 197, 206; non- 99; companies, 86; constitutional goigama, 39, 46, 216; representa- history, 126; crown, 235; govern- tion in cabinets, 196; Sinhalese ment, 132, 195, 279; influences, rivalries, 43-6 Index 335 casteism, Ceylon Tamil, 52-3 alists, 126; unofficial members, Catholics, 23, 196 11, 126 'Catholic Action', 20, 55 Ceylon's strategic situation, 269-71 census, 62; of 1871, 61; of 1953, Chelvanayakam, S. J. V., 167, 168 220; of 1971,61 chief justice, 262 Central Bank, 83, 101, 102, 106, China, 8, 87, 163, 199, 270, 271, 108, 110, 112, 117; Annual 276, 277, 280, 283, 285, 288, 291, Report 1970, 88, 97; Survey of 293, 294, 297, 298, 299, 300, 307, 1953, 16; Survey of 1963, 16, 40 308 central province, 39,40,41 Chinese government, 273; interests, Ceylon-China Friendship Associa- 270; military action in Tibet, tion, 185 285 Ceylon Citizenship Act (1948), 30, Chola, kingdom, 7; occupation, 8 207,220 Cholas,8 Ceylon (Constitutional) Amendment Chou En-Lai, 300, 302 Act (1970), 179 Christian, denominational bodies, Ceylon Hotels Corporation, 98 64; misionary endeavours, 38; Ceylon Independence Act (1947), voters, 54 14, 190 Christians, 15, 20, 53-5, 182, 184, Ceylon Indian Congress (C.I.C.), 195 13, 29, 31, 48, 168; boycott, 32 , 54 Ceylon Mercantile Union, 162 citizenship, 30, 33, 35, 155; amend- Ceylon Moors, 15, 55, 206 ments to acts (1949-53), 32, 43; Ceylon Moors' Association, 185 by descent, 30, 31; by registra- Ceylon Muslim League, 13, 130, 185 tion, 30, 31; Indian, 34, 35, 37, Ceylon National Congress, 11, 48, 164; issue, 166; legislation, 1948 126 and 1949, 164, 219; question, 34; Ceylon-North Korea Friendship rights, 29, 35, 156, 168; Sri Association, 185 Lanka, 34, 35, 36, 207, 249 Ceylon (Parliamentary Elections) civil aviation, 73 Amendment Act, No. 48 of 1949, Civil Rights Movement, 186 30-1, 207 civil service, 10 Ceylon Peace Council, 185 cocoa, 293 Ceylon Tamil, communalism, 20; coconut, 11, 72, 79, 94, 163; cum- political groupings, 86; political mingi (disease), 294; products, 87, leaders, 274 88, 128, 293, 294 Ceylon Tamils, 15, 16, 29, 41, 47, coffee, 10, 77; Brazilian, 11; disease 48,51,52,85, 125, 132, 134, 145, (hemileia vastatrix), 11 168, 185, 196, 206, 216, 219, 238, Cold War, 153, 276, 297 274 Colebrooke-Cameron Royal Com- Ceylon Tourist Board, 98 mission of Inquiry, 10, 38 Celon Trade Union Federation, 161 collective responsibility, 198, 257 Ceylon University College, 13 Colombo, 58, 73, 129, 130, 154, 174 Ceylon Volunteer Force, 273 194, 228, 268, 271, 273, 280, 298 Ceylon Workers' Congress (C.W.C), Colombo Conference, first (April 23,27,36,137,147, 165, 166, 168, 1954), 283, 296 177, 181, 238 , 154 Ceylonese, middle class, 11; nation- Colombo Municipal elections, 157 336 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Colombo Plan Exhibition, 133 Co-operative Development Bank colonisation, 50; schemes, 77, 78, Bill, 1957, 83, 199 79,81,82 Co-operative Ordinance (1936), 99 commercial banks, 102-3, 117, 149, Co-operative Societies Ordinance 286 (1912), 99 Commission on the Organisation, Co-operative Wholesale Establish- Staffing and Operative Methods ment, 144-5 of Government Departments, 228 Cooray, Archbishop Thomas, 54 commissioner for the registration of council, executives, 10; legislative, Indian and Pakistani residents, 32 10, in 1909, 1920, 1923, 11, 126; Common Programme, 147, 148, London County, 12 151, 157, 181,230 Council of ministers, 239 Commonwealth, 130, 132, 133, 140, coup d'etat, 145, 160; abortive 191, 268, 278, 279, 280, 282, 286, (January 1962), 192, 272 296, 300; conference of Prime Court of Appeal, 149, 186,253 Ministers, 1956, 191; connection, credit institutions, 101-3 295; countries, 208; Head of the, Criminal Justice Commission Bill 191; membership, 281; prefer- (April 1972), 186 ence, 292; Press Association, 278 Crown Lands Encroachment Ordi- communal tensions, 13 nance of 1840, 10 , 308 Cuba, 89, 163, 271 communist, bloc, 296; countries, cultivation committees, 84 291, 292, 300; states, 267, 268: Cyprus, 284 states of Eastern , 291, Czechoslovakia, 285 292, 300; world, 268 Communist Party (Maoist), 161, 180 Dacca, 269 Communist Party (C.P.) (Moscow), Dahanayake, W., 57, 140, 144, 157, 27, 31, 55, 137, 139, 145, 147, 194, 196, 197, 200, 202 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 159, Dalada Maligawa (Temple of the 161, 177, 178, 181, 187, 211, 212, Sacred Tooth of the Buddha), 5 213, 214, 235, 238, 242, 296 Davasa group of newspapers, 177 Communist Party (C.P.)-V.L.S.S.P. D.D.T. spraying campaigns, 61 united front, 153, 156 death rate, 70 communists (Moscow), 127, 268, defence agreement, 14, 132, 270, 301 275,279 Congo crisis, 284 defence of Sri Lanka, 272-7 conservative parties, 129 delimitation commission, 217, 218, constituencies, multi-member, 36, 53 219, 220, 258; first, 45; of 1946, constituent assembly, 52, 148, 149, 222 168, 190, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, democracy, participatory, 230-4 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 259 Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Constitutional Court, 239, 245, 250- 148 252, 259, 264 democratic socialism, 136 Control of Employment Bill, 36 democratic socialist ministers, 143 co-operative, banks, 143; movement, Democratic Workers' Congress 63, 99-101, 103; societies, 78, (D.W.C.), 37, 165, 166, 168, 169, 102, 148 181 Co-operative Commission Act, 101 Denmark, 288 Index 337 department, of agriculture, 233; of 135; Sinhalese- and Tamil-, 17- cultural affairs, 23, 184; of 18 national planning, 76, 115, 116 education, 64-9; 'new education deputy ministers, 257 policy', 67-8 Deutsch, Karl, 304 Egypt, 287 devaluation, 111 Eire, 271 Devanampiya Tissa, 7 Elara,7 Development Programme 1964-65, Eldersveld, S., 305 76,92 electoral demarcation, 154, 216-22, Development Programme 1966-67, 257 119 elites, English-educated, 188, 304; Dharmasamaja Party (D.P.), 169, 170 English-educated political, 187; Dicey, A. V., 208 indigenous oriented, 15; Sinhalese Diego Garcia, 270, 280, 284-5 political, 49; Sinhalese- and dissolution of Parliament, 197, 200, Tamil-speaking, 188 202, 254, 256 employees councils, 148, 230 district councils, 184, 204, 244 Employees Provident Fund Act, 18 divisional development councils, employment, 16, 17-18,62,82,148, 149,228,230,233-4 149 divisional revenue officer, 228, 229, 'England-returneds', 126 233 English, language, 42, 67,208,240; Donoughmore, Commission, 29,48; speakers, 188 constitution, 13, 30, 39, 99, 104, English East India Company, 9 126, 127, 131, 189,208,227; Earl European Association, 13 of, 12; executive committees, 12, Europeans, 12 200,201; model, 200; phase, 131; Export-Import Bank, 102 reforms, 12, 29; system, 12, 201 exports, 86-90, 106 Draft Scheme of 1944, 14, 189,216 external affairs agreement, 14, 132, Dravida Munnethra Kazhagam 278 (D.M.K.) (Ceylon), 185 external debt, 286 Dravidian, stock, 6; 'peril', 4 Dravidistan (conjectured south In- Farmer, B. H., 305 dian sovereign state), 275 Federal Party (F.P.), 23, 27, 32, 36, dry zone, 131 49, 50, 51, 52, 132, 133, 134, 137, dual administration, 10 142, 143, 147, 164-8, 177, 178, Dutch, 8, 56, 58, 229, 269, 297; 181, 190, 215-16, 234, 238, 240, influences, 38; power, 9; Protes- 241, 243; agreement with Dudley tantism, 9; rule, 9, 38 Senanayake, March 1965, 167; Dutthagamani, 7 anti-sri campaign of, 166; pact Duverger, Maurice, 306 (or agreement) with S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike, July 1957, 165, eastern province, 86 169, 240-1; proscribed, 166; Economic and Social Progress satyagraha, 142, 216; 'Tamil 1956-62 (T.B. Ilangaratna), 107 only' campaign of, 167 economic groupings, 175-85 federalism, 168 economic planning, 112-22 Fernando, Meryl, 162 educated, English-, 17-18, 24, 47, Fernando, Sam. P.C., 167,204 125-6, 129, 155; Sinhalese-, 24, Fernando, T. S., 186 338 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 foreign aid, 268, 285-90 Goonewardene, Leslie, 160, 269 foreign exchange, 99, 105, 111, 117, Gopallawa, William, 43, 192 128, 274; budget, 307; earnings, government, H.M., 14; imperial, 13; 104; reserves, 96; restrictions, 105 UN.P. (D. S. Senanayake, 1947- foreign exchange entitlement 1952), 14, 31, 113, 140, 276; scheme, 111 UN.P. (Dudley Senanayake, foreign investment, 120; private, 96 1952-3), 153, 160, 203, 291; foreign trade, 290-4 UN.P. (Sir John Kotelawala. framework legislation, 201 1953-6), 22, 33, 113, 114, 153, France, 288 283, 291; M.E.P. (S. W. R. D. franchise, restrictive, 11; universal, Bandaranaike, 1956-9), 35, 65, 1, 12, 48, 126 72, 74, 85, 91, 92, 93, 98, 104, free education, 131 105, 106, 108, 114, 119, 133, 137, French troops, 269 138, 152, 157, 159, 160, 161, 189, fundamental rights, 239, 244, 248- 215, 270, 299; UN.P. (Dudley 249 Senanayake, March-July 1960), 194, 298; S.L.F.P. (Mrs Sirima Galbraith, J. K., 92 Bandaranaike, 1960-5), 21, 23, Gal Oya Development Board, 79 27, 36, 42, 51, 72, 85, 92, 93, Gal Oya scheme, 79 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 210, Gan,270 215, 244, 266, 285, 288; U.N.P. Gandhi, Mrs Indira, 277, 282 dominated 'National' (Dudley Ganges Basin, 271 Senanayake, 1965-70), 23, 27, 36, Geertz, Clifford, 304 42, 51, 67, 72-3, 84, 85, 96, 102, Gem Corporation, 121 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 117, 119, general election, 1936, 13; August- 137, 149, 152, 158, 162, 164, 167, September 1947, 14, 29, 31, 170, 177, 179, 196, 198, 201, 227, 244, 206; 1952, 22, 54, 165, 170, 206, 272, 287, 288, 291, 292, 294; 219; 1956, 171, 206, 211, 282; UN.P. (1947-56, 1965-70), 22, March 1960, 134, 135, 144, 171, 24, 91, 112, 120, 132, 134, 136, 200, 209, 211, 220; July 1960, 145, 146, 147, 153, 164, 189, 214, 134, 166, 172, 194, 197, 209, 212; 230, 267, 276, 285, 291, 306; 1965, 54, 136, 152, 161, 168, 169, U.F. (Mrs Sirima Bandaranaike, 172, 209, 212; campaign, March- 1970- ), 24, 27, 37, 50, 52, 57, May 1970, 177; May 1970, 55, 63, 71, 94, 97, 104, 120, 139, 148, 137, 149, 154, 161, 164, 173, 177, 151, 159, 160, 163, 177, 178, 180, 183, 190, 209, 212, 234, 287 185, 186, 190, 201, 202, 206, 227, geography, area and natural relief, 228, 230, 234, 236, 237, 238, 240, 5-6; principal towns, 5; tempera- 243,244,247,288,290,301,302 tures, 5-6; wet seasons, 6 government agent, 227, 228, 229, German Democratic Republic, 148, 233; assistant, 227, 229 288,290,301,302 governor-general, 145, 191, 193, Ghana, 301 194, 197, 199, 202, 204, 224, 225, Gloucester, Duke of, 193 226, 253, 255, 279 G.N.P., 109, 112, 122 'government of national safety', Goa, 275 145, 272 Goonetilleke, Sir Oliver, 14, 192, Government Parliamentary Group, 193, 194, 199, 253, 279 143,201,202-4,205 Index 339 Government Sponsored Corpora- 199; shopkeepers, 99, 100; troops, tions Act (1955), 91 277; vote, 168 grama seva niladharis, 230 Indian and Pakistani Residents 'grow more food campaign', 111, (Citizenship) Act, No. 3 of 1949, 274 30,31,198,207,220 Gunasena family, 176 Indian constitution, Article 5, 34; Gunawardena, Philip, 83, 140, 143, Article 8, 34 151, 152, 154, 158, 159, 195, 199, Indian High Commission, 34 200 Indian Ocean, 271, 280, 302; as a nuclear free zone, 284 hartal of 12 August 1953, 153, 214; Indian Tamils, 15, 16, 28, 29, 34, one-day, 160 37,42,43, 50, 103, 125, 130, 132, headman, chief, 229; superior, 229; 155, 156, 164, 165, 185, 206, 216, village, 229 219, 220, 222, 238, 257, 258, 259, health, 69-70 274,275 high commisioner for India in Sri Indians in Ceylon, 12,30,31,33,34, Lanka, 32 35, 183, 207; as a Fifth Column, Higher Education Act (1966), 67 274; similar to Sudeten Germans Higher Education Act (1972), 150 in Czechoslovakia, 274 Hinduism, 52; brahmanical, 43 Indo-Ceylon Agreement (January housing, 70-1 1954),33-4 House of Commons (British), 208 Indo-Ceylon Agreement (October House of Representatives, 14, 25, 1964, also referred to as Sirima- 42, 45, 130, 141, 168, 186, 189, Shastri Pact), 35-6, 37, 168, 198, 190, 194, 195, 199, 203, 204, 205, 215, 258 206-11, 215, 234, 256, 299 Indo-Ceylon Agreement Implemen- Hungary, 296 tation Act (1967), 36-7 Hyderabad,275 Indo-Ceylon Implementation Bill, 42 I.B.R.D., 66, 76, 80, 286, 287, 288; Indo-China, 269, 298 mission to Ceylon, 113, 114; , 269, 276, 283, 297, 301 mission report (1952), 91 Indo-Pakistan War of 1971, 280 I.B.R.D.-I.D.A. mission to Ceylon, Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship 117 (August 1971), 277 I.D.A., 66, 80, 286, 287, 288 Industrial Development Board, 66, Ilangaratna, T. B., 107,144 96 I.M.F., 109, 286, 287, 308; draw- industrial dispute, 178 ings, 105 industrial production, 97 immigration, illicit, 33, 273 industrial tribunals, 178 imports, 106 industrialisation, 141 income distribution, 18 industry, private and public sectors, indebtedness, 19 90-7 India, 78, 84, 92, 126, 191,269, 271, International Commission of Jurists, 274, 276, 277, 278, 280, 281, 282, 185 283,288,294,301,302 International Islamic Institute, 185 Indian, community, 207; estate kan- Interpretation (Amendment) Bill ganies, 29; general staff, 277; (April 1972), 186 helicopters, 277; question 28-38, Iraq, 293 340 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Iriyagolle, I.M.R.A., 140 42; ministers, 43; parliamentary irrigation engineering, 7 representation, 43; peasant, 40 I.S.F., 185 Karachi, 269 Islamabad, 277 Kashmir, 275 Israel, 149, 151,285,290,301 Kautilya (the Indian Machiavelli), Italy, 288 277 Kearney, R. N., 305 Jaffna, 8,9,49,52,53,273 Keith, Berriedale, 208 Jainism,7 Kelani, river, 222; valley, 154, 237 Jakarta, 270 Kenya, 278 Janata commissioner, 230-1, 232 Kerensky, 213 Japan, 87,281,288,298 Keuneman group (C.P.), 178 Jayasuriya, A. P., 197, 199 Keuneman, Pieter, 152, 187 Jayasuriya, F. R., 169 Khan Ayub, 272 Jayawardene, J. R., 131, 132, 136, Khan Yahya, 280 138, 139, 193, 195, 198, 199, 281, King George VI, 193 283, 297. 298 Kishi, Nobusuke, 300 Jennings, Sir Ivor, 13, 190, 193, 208, K.M.T. nationalists, 299 221 Kochikade, 273 Joint Council of Trade Union Kohn, Hans, 303 Organisations (J.C.T.U.O.), 181 Konesar Temple (in Trincomalee), Jordan, 149 168 Judicial Committee of the Privy Korea, Democratic Republic of, 301 Council, 149, 190, 207, 237 Korean War, 64, 87,131,291 Judicial Services Advisory Board, Kotelawala, Sir John, 26, 33, 113, 262,263 131, 133, 163, 191, 193, 197, 198, Judicial Services Disciplinary Board, 199, 203, 214, 215, 266, 267, 268, 262,263 269, 274, 275, 278, 282, 283, 295, judiciary, 242, 245, 265 298,299 junior minister, 196 Kumaranatunga, Munidasa, 184 ].V.P., 137, 169, 170 Labour Party, 29 _ Kaldor, Nicholas, 91 Lake House press (or group), 134, Kalpitiya, 273 146,176,177,183 , kingdom of (also referred to land army, 63 as Maha Nuwara), 8, 9, 10, 38; Land Ceilings Act (1972), 120 wars with, 8 land development, 76-85; schemes, Kandyan, Convention, 10; law, 39; 107 rebellion of 1817-18, 10; rebel- Lange, Oscar, 91 lion of 1848, 10 'language of the area', 34 Kandyan peasantry commission, language question, 135, 182, 246-7 41 Lanka Swadhina Party, 213 Kandyan peasantry rehabilitation, Laski, H. ]., 208 commissioner for, 41 leader of the opposition, 158, 194, Kandyan Sinhalese, 28, 38-43, 192, 214,299 195,219,220,222,238,257; con- leadership of the opposition, 212 stituencies, 29; electoral strength, left united front, 153 29; elites, 42; income, 40-1; lobby, left unity, 151-4 Index 341 left wing, parties, 20, 53, 104, 129, May, Erskine, 208 145, 208, 209, 219, 245, 275 Mendis, G. C., 6 legislation, to lessen burden on can- M.E.P., 21, 22, 69, 137, 143, 145, didates and parties, 209-10 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 183, Letters of Intent, 287 211, 213, 291; election manifesto, literacy rate, 65 141 Local Authorities Elections (Amend- M.E.P. (), 153, ment) Act (1970), 179 154, 155, 157, 158, 174 L.P.P., 144, 200 Methodist Church in Ceylon, 54 L.S.S.P., 25, 31, 137, 140, 145, 146, Mettananda, L. H., 55, 170, 184 147, 149, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, Michels, Robert, 305 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 177, 180, 'middle path', 28 187, 200, 211, 212, 213, 214, 215, minister of, agriculture, 83, 203; 235,238,242,245,296 agriculture and food, 298; com- L.S.S.P. government, 156, 158 munications, 269; constitutional L.S.S.P.(R), 161, 162, 180 affairs, 235, 239, 241, 242, 243; Lumumba University, 161, 302 education, 67; finance, 93, 95, Lusaka Conference (1970), 301 103, 113, 120, 144, 145, 149, 183, 237, 281, 288, 292, 296; indus- Madagascar, 270 tries, 200; internal and foreign Madras, 27, 29, 31, 58, 168; Legis- trade, 286, 290, 293; justice, 205; lative Assembly, 31 local government, 201; local Magama,7 government, public administra- Mahabodhi Society, 183 tion and home affairs, 231 Mahaveli, 80; Diversion Board, 80; minister of industries, statement of diversion project, 148, 287, 288 policy (1957), 92 Mahinda,7 Ministry of, Defence and External Mahmud, Badiuddin, 57 Affairs, 98, 270, 273; Education, Mahmud's 'tea party', 57 65; Home Affairs, 41; Industries, Malaya, 33 96, 97, 233; Planning and Eco- Malays, 15, 185, 206 nomic Affairs, 66, 118, 227; Plan- Malaysia, 8, 303 ning and Employment, 119, 122, Maldives, 274 234; Plantation Industries, 121, , 56 151; Public Administration, 227; Mao badges, 289 State, 98 Maoist, elements, 152; inspired, 302 Moore, Sir Henry Monck Mason, maritime, , 9; provinces, 10 14 Marxian policies, 155, 162 mother tongue, 20 , 131, 151, 159,266 mudalalis (shopkeepers), 130 Marxist, 129, 134, 174; allies, 147, Mudanayake v. Sivagnanasunderam 212; constituencies, 132; objec- (53 N.L.R. 25, 1952), 207 tives, 159; opposition, 132, 140, multi-member electoral districts, 214; parties, 19, 140, 149, 178, 258 180, 212, 266, 296; political Muslim, divorce courts, 247; lobby, leaders, 267 185; vote, 285 Marxist-Leninist movement, 161 Muslims, 9, 12, 15, 41, 55-7, 130, Marxists, 54, 136, 139, 146, 187, 185, 195, 206, 216, 238, 288; in 214, 301, 306; in Parliament, 214 Sinkiang, 288 342 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Nagas, 6 northern and eastern provinces, 27, Nasser, General, 272 50, 51, 164, 166, 168, 216, 240, national apprenticeship scheme, 63 241,247 National Assembly, 239 North Korea, 149 National Council of Higher Educa- North Korean embassy in Colombo, tion,67 302 National Development Bank, 102 north-western province, 40 National Education Commission, 42 national income, 128 officers of state, 12 National Planning Gouncil, 114, official language, 42, 58, 166, 246; 115 implementation of, 27 national press, 130 Official Language Act (1956, also National Savings Bank, 102 referred to as 'Sinhala Only' National Seminary in Kandy, 54 Act), 50, 142, 165 National Security Council, 273 Opposition, 211-16, 243 National Service Regiment, 273 opposition parties, 196, 202 National State Assembly, 50, 169, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 251, 252, 'package deal', 120-1, 150 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 261, paddy, 77,83,107, 111, 113; Japan- 262, 263, 264 ese method of cultivating, 78; national youth service council, 63 land, 79; yields, 85 nationalisation, 141, 142, 145, 147; Paddy Lands Act (1958), 40, 83-4 of bus companies, 74; of petro- Paddy Lands Bill (1958), 142, 199 leum trade, 121 Paddy Marketing Act (1972), 150 nationalism, Buddhist, 22, 59; In- Paddy Marketing Board Act (1972), dian, 28 121 native chiefs, 228-30 Pakistan, 185, 191, 269, 272, 276, Nato powers, 270 277,281,283,294,302; East, 269; Navarangahala Hall, 234 International Air Lines, 269; navy, 273 West, 269 Neguib, General, 272 Pakistani, air force, 269; planes, 269 Nehru, 28, 29, 32, 33, 35, 277, 283, Parakrama Bahu the Great, 8 295,300 Paris, 117, 288 neutralism, 131, 291, 295, 299, parity of status for Sinhalese and 302 Tamil, 133, 164, 165, 240 New Delhi, 29, 34, 215, 275, 277, Parliament, 24, 36, 55, 71, 92, 101, 297 131, 132, 141, 142, 146, 147, 156, Ne Win, General, 272 158, 160, 169, 180, 189, 193, 194, New York Times, 272 200, 201, 202, 204-11, 213, 216, New Zealand, 278, 281 220, 222, 226, 230, 234, 235, 236, nikaya, amarapura, 43; ramanya, 241,249, 287, 299 44; siam, 43, 44 parliamentary joint select commit- Nissanka, H. Sri, 213 tee, 141, 190 no-contest polIs agreement, 152, 212 parliamentary secretaries, 196, 201, nominal executive, 191-4,245 211 nonaligned path, 147 Peace Corps, 290 nonalignment, 298, 300 Pearson Report, 286 north central province, 287 Peking, 277 Index 343 People's Bank, 101, 102 141, 142-3, 145, 167, 191, 192, people's banks, 144 194, 195, 196, 198, 200, 201, 204, people's committees, 148, 149,230-2 205, 214, 224, 225, 234, 235, 236, per capita income, 105, 109, 112 237, 239, 253, 254, 255-7, 260, Perera, Festus, 137 262, 264, 266, 267, 276, 278, 295, Perera, N. M., 93, 153, 157, 158, 298, 299, 305 159, 183, 187, 214, 237 prime minister's assassination, 144, permanent secretaries, 202, 223, 157,200 226,227 Principles of State Policy, 239,241, Persian Gulf, 270 248, 249 petroleum companies, American professional organisations, 181-2 and British owned, 301; foreign, Progress Through Stability (March 290 1958), 134, 135 Pillai, Father Joachim, 54 Protestant, churches, 184; mission- Plan, Five-Year (1971), 70, 94, 119, ary organisations, 19 150; Ten-Year, 70, 92, 94, 98, , 38 114, 115, 116 Protestants, 53, 55, 196 planning secretariat, 115 Provisional Revolutionary Govern- P.L.F., 46, 152, 158, 161, 162-3, ment of the Republic of South 185; insurrection, 46, 76, 122, Vietnam, 149,301 138, 150, 180, 230, 243, 272, 302, public industrial corporations, 93 306; insurrectionary forces, 277 public officers agreement, 14 Poland, 87, 291, 293 Public Security Act (1947), 132, police, 145 179, 249, 254, 255 police force, 273 Public Service Commisson, 43, 223, Polonnaruva, 8 224,225,255,257,261 Ponnambalam, G. G., 163, 164 Public Services, 223-6 population, 61-3, 127, 128, 129 Puri, Y. K., 37 portfolio of, communications, 149; , 56 defence and external affairs, 195; employment, 63; finance, 149; Queen, 192, 204; of Ceylon, 191 health and local government, 139; Queen Elizabeth, 193, 278 justice, 195, 205; industries, 97; industry and fisheries, 195; plan- Rahman, Mujibur, 269 tation industries, 235; plantation Rajadi Rajasinha, 9 industries and constitutional rajakariya, 9 affairs, 149 Rajaratne, Mrs Kusuma, 169 ports, 72, 73, 268, 270, 271, 279 Rajaratnes, 169 Portuguese, 8; influences, 38;. rule, Rajasinha II, 8 8-9, 38 'reasonable use of the Tamil lan- power supply, 75-6 guage', 142 poya weekend, 23, 137 regional councils, 166, 244 'Premier Stakes', 199 Registration of Temple Lands Ordi- President, 237, 239, 253-5, 256, nance (1856), 40 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 264 religion, 246 press, 176-8 religious edifices, 7 press commission, 146 religious organisations, Buddhist, prime minister, 119, 137, 138, 140, Hindu, Muslim, 64 344 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Rent Act 1972), 71 ombo, 68; nationalisation, 21, 23, repatriation, 36; compulsory, 36 144, 108; separate, 47 Report on Development and Taxa- SEATO,298 tion on the Plantation Industries, second chamber, 14 89 secretaries to ministries, 256 'Report on the Political Situation', secretary, chief, 12; financial, 12; 153 legal, 12 Report of the Tea Commission, 88; Section 29 of the Ceylon Constitu- Interim Report, 88 tion of 1947-72, 21, 132, 189, representation, 12; 'balanced', 49; 206,248 communal, 12; territorial, 48 sectoral development corporations, Republican Constitution of May 97 1972,24,50,234-64 Secunderabad, 271 Resolution, see 'Basic Resolution' Senanayake, D. S., 13, 14, 22, 49, revolutionary left, 161-3 85, 86, 99, 113, 130, 131, 132, rice, 79, 105, 127, 133, 160; imports, 133, 139, 156, 164, 177, 187, 191, 111 193, 197, 202, 266, 267, 268, 274, rice-rubber barter agreement (1952), 275, 278, 279, 281, 295, 296, 297 87, 199, 283, 293, 298 Senanayake, Dudley, 22, 32, 33, 50, rice subsidy, 64, 203 131, 133, 134, 135, 137, 139, 146, River Valleys Development Board, 166, 167, 168, 169, 177, 184, 187, 79 190, 191, 193, 195, 197, 198, 202, Roman Catholic, bishops, 55; 204, 215, 227, 241, 243, 256, 266, Church, 20, 23, 54, 137, 184; 267, 275, 285, 287, 295, 300, 301 missionary organisations, 19; Senanayake, R. G., 174, 199,298 priesthood, 54 Senanayake-Jennings, draft, 13 Roman Catholicism, 38 Senate, 42, 149, 169, 194, 195, 196, Roman-Dutch laws, 9, 38 204-6, 237 , 269 Senators, appointed, 205; elected, Royal Titles Act (1953), 191 205 rubber, 11, 39, 72, 79, 87, 88, 94, Sethusamudran Canal, 73 128, 131, 136, 163, 293, 294, Shastri, Lal Bahadur, 277 407 Shop and Office Employees Act rural banks, 102 (1954), 18 Russian interests, 270 Short-Term Implementation Pro- gramme, 1961-2 to 1963-4, 92, , 40 95,115,116 Saivism,7 Short-Term Implementation Pro- Samarakoddy, Edmund, 162 gramme, 1962,82 Sanchi, Buddha relics from, 22 Silva, C. P. de, 46, 86, 144, 146, San Francisco Conference on the 154, 194, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201 Japanese Peace Treaty, 297 Silva, Colvin R. de, 156, 163, 187, Sanmugathasan, N., 152, 161 235, 236, 237 Santiago, 286 Silva, K. D. de, 146 Sapumal,8 Silva, P. H. William de, 143, 152, school system, multi-lateral, 65; 200 multi-purpose, 65 Silva, T. U. de, 55 schools, British-oriented, 126; Col- , 270, 280, 286, 294; con- Index 345 ference, 280; market, 87 Sivagnanasunderam, N., 207 Sinhala Maha Sabha, 13, 48, 130 Six-Year Plan, 1947-8 to 1953-4, Sinhalese, 12, 53, 85, 206, 241, 246; 113 Buddhists, 7, 15, 16, 125, 135, Six-Year Programme of Investment, 146, 162, 304; low country, 9, 16, 1954-5 to 1959-60,91 38,39,41, 238 S.L.F.P., 19, 20, 26, 28, 33, 35, 54, Sinhalese, chauvinism, 129; extrem- 57, 83, 115, 116, 117, 123, 135, ists, 142; language movement, 25; 139-51, 155, 160, 161, 165, 166, militants, 28, 142, 155; militancy, 168, 169, 177, 178, 180, 187, 194, 304; nationalism, 11, 132, 174; 196, 199, 200, 209, 211, 212, 213, nationalist OpInIOn, 34, 177; 214, 235, 237, 238, 242, 266, 277, nationalists, 35, 304; political 296,301,304,305 parties, 130 S.L.F.P.-L.S.S.P. coalition, 152,167 Sinhalese, colonists, 86; literary S.L.F.P.-L.S.S.P. government groups, 184; middle class, 47 (June 1964), 162, 177, 183 Sinhalese, the language of the courts Smith, S. A. de, 208 of justice, 27; the language of S.M.P., 169, 174 parliamentary business, 27; the social services, 104, 105, 115, 150 sole official language, 20, 24, 26, socialist democracy, 248 203 socialist study circle, 147, 236 Sinhalese Buddhist, civilisation, socio-economic survey of April 1972, 146; culture, 23; ginger group, 18-19 169; grievances, 19; groups, 166, Soekarno, 300 305; nationalist OpInIOn, 25; Soulbury, Lord, 14, 191, 192, 193, nationalists, 185; position, 55; 199 pressure groups, 133; qualities, Soulbury, Commission, 29, 44, 49, 265; rights, 174 53; commissioners, 205, 207; con- Sinhalese Buddhists, 7, 15, 16, 125, stitution, 49, 189; Report, 14 135, 146, 162, 304 South Africa, 33, 87, 280,293 Sinhalese-Buddhist-Muslim distur- south India, 25, 47; Dravidian mil- bances of 1915, 1,47 lions, 15; Dravidian sovereign Sinhalese Buddhist-oriented social- state of, 165 ism, 129 south Indian invaders, 46 Sinhalese-Ceylon Tamil relations, Soviet, action in Hungary, 285; 46-52 assistance, 287; foreign policy, Sinhalese letter sri, 143 151; intervention, 275; revision- Sinhalese and Tamil as official lan- ists, 161; 'social imperialism', 161 guages, 142, 197,239,240 Soviet bloc, 152, 159, 283, 302 'Sinhalese only', 133, 142 Soviet Union, 87, 213, 271, 276, Sinhalese-Tamil riots of 1958, 1, 282, 288, 291, 293, 294, 296, 297, 142 300, 302 Sino-Indian War, 301 Soviets, 161, 270, 288 Sino-Malay problem, 303 Speaker, 189, 208, 245, 250, 251, Sino-Soviet conflict, 152 252,255,259,264 Sirima-Shastri pact, see under specialised interests, 182 'Indo-Ceylon agreement (1964)' Spender, Percy, 132-3, 281, 298 Siriwardena, C. D. S., 55 Sri Lanka Petroleum Corporation, Siroky, Viliam, 300 121 346 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 Sri Vikrama Rajasinha, 10 Tamil Language (Special Provi- , 127, 151, 153 sions) Act (1958), 26, 51, 143, 247 State Agricultural Corporation, 150 Tamil Nadu, 275 State Council, 12, 13, 14, 126, 208, Tamil Regulations, 27, 50, 51, 148, 221 198,247 State Engineering Corporation, 233 Tamils, 27, 53, 129; of Ceylon and State Film Corporation, 121 south India, 25 state industrial corporations, 107 Tampoe, Bala, 162, 180 State Industrial Corporations Act, Tanzania, 278 92 Task Force Illicit Immigration state of emergency, 166, 216, 259 (T.A.F.I.I.), 273 State Services, 260-1 Taxation Inquiry Commission, 89 State Services Advisory Board, 257, T.C., 13, 31, 36, 50, 132, 137, 163- 260,261 164, 168, 238, 243 State Services Disciplinary Board, tea, 11, 39, 64, 72, 77, 79, 87, 88, 260,261 94, 128, 163, 292, 293, 307; in- State Trading Corporation (Conso- dustry,87 lexpo), 121 tea plantations, British-owned, 307 , stateless', 34 territorial principle, 12 Steering and Subjects Committee Thailand, 294 (Constituent Assembly), 238, 239, 'The Five Lectures', 162 242 'the Present Political Situation', sterling balances, 131, 279 158 strikes, 72, 178; one-day general The U.N.P. in Opposition, 1970, strike (1959), 160 138 Suez Canal, 72, 268, 270 Third International, 151 Supreme Court, 207, 262 Thondaman, S., 168, 169 Survey of Private Investment in throne speech, 195, 197 Ceylon, 1964,90 Times Group, 176, 177 swabasha, 128; majority, 142; edu- Tiruchelvam, M., 167 cated intelligentsia, 142 Tito, 300 Switzerland, 284; Ceylon as an tombos, 9 Asian, 295; of Asia, 276 tourism, 98-9 Syria, 293 Tourist Development Act (1968), 98 trade and aid agreements, 140 Taiwan, 299 Trade Union (Amendment) Act Tambapanni, 6 (1948), 132 Tamil, kingdom, 125; political trade unionism, 72, 151, 160-1 parties, 28, 30; separatism, 125; trade unions, 178-81, 230, 233; subnationalism, 165 left wing, 192; trade union Tamil groupings, 209 struggles, 214 Tamil language, 7, 26, 27, 28,50,51 'traditional homelands of the Tamil 142, 155, 167, 199, 203, 240, 241, speaking peoples', 50 247; for prescribed administra- traditional left, 151-61 tive purposes, 27; in the adminis- transport system, 71-2 trative and judicial spheres, 27; Treasury, 226 in the 1972 constitution, 50; of Trotskyism, 127, 308 administration, 168; use of, 26 Trotskyist, 131, 146, 151, 268, 301; Index 347 candidates, 153; leaders, 29; par- Vaithianathan, Sir Kanthiah, 199 liamentarians, 149; parties, 55, Vereenigde Oostindische Cam- 152, 155 pagnie (United East India Com- T.U.F., 168 pany),9 'twenty-one demands', 154 Vidyalankara, 22, 23 Vidyodaya Pirivena, 23, 65 U.A.R., 149, 272, 285, 293, 301, 302 Vietnam, 285 Uda Walauwe project, 80 Vijaya,6 U.F., 27, 37, 147, 149, 154, 159, Vitanage, Gunaseela, 55 162, 164, 169, 181, 182, 212, 213, V.L.S.S.P., 140, 143, 151, 152, 157, 234, 235, 241, 256, 287, 288; 199 leaders, 285 Uganda, 278 wages board, 178 U.L.F., 145, 154, 160, 161 Walauwe project, 79 U.L.F.-S.L.F.P. coalition govern- Waste Lands Ordinance (1897), 40 ment, negotiations for a, 154 water tax, 287 unemployment, 38, 62, 63, 66, 96, West Germans, 290 128 West Germany, 87, 149-50, 288, under-employment, 38, 63, 96 293, 294 unions, Marxist, 72 western province, 48 , 208, 279 westernised intelligentsia, 267 , 280, 282, 283, 285, westernised middle and upper 298; General Assembly, 284; sec- layers, 11 retary-general of the, 280, 284; Westminster, 208 Security Council, 149, 284, 301; Westminster model, 187, 189 Sri Lanka in the, 282-5 What we Believe, September 1963, United Socialist Party, 151 134, 136 United States, 87, 113, 161, 271, WHO,297 287, 288 290, 293, 295, 298, 302 Wickremasinghe, S.A., 152, 187 universities, 66, 150 Wickremasinghe group (C.P.), 152 university, Tamil-medium, 164 Wijewardena family, 176 University of Ceylon, 16, 66, 127, Wijeweera, Rohana, 161, 163, 302 131 workers' councils, 149, 232-3 U.N.P., 14, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 49, workforce, 63 50, 54, 90, 91, 92, 93, 123, 130- World Bank, 109, 148,301,308 139, 140, 142, 147, 154, 155, 177, Wriggins, W. Howard, 304 180, 182, 187, 190, 203, 206, 209, 211, 212, 214, 232, 234, 237, 238, Yakkhas, 6 240, 241, 242, 243, 276, 277, 278, 'Yamuna', 213 282, 283, 292, 296, 304, 305 Young Men's Buddhist Association, U.N.P.'s working committee, 139 183 , 39, 41 youth settlement schemes, 63, 78 Yugoslavia, 288, 291, 302 vaddas, 6 Yugoslavs, 296