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Notes CHAPTER 1 1. See S. Paranavitana, 'Aryan Settlements: The Sinhalese', in University of Ceylon, History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part I (Colombo, 1959), p. 84. 2. See his 'Prince Vijaya and the Aryanization of Ceylon', The Ceylon Historical Journal, Vol. 1, No.3 (January 1952), p. 67. 3. See G. C. Mendis, The Early History of Ceylon (Colombo, 1946), p. 3. 4. See C. W. Nicholas, 'Agriculture and Irrigation', in History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part I; pp. 553-8. 5. For further details see Walpola Rahula, History of Buddhism in Ceylon: The Anuradhapura Period, 3rd Century B.C.-10th Century A.D. (Colombo, 1956). 6. See S. Paranavitana, 'Triumph of Dutthagamani', in History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part I, pp. 151-61. 7. See C. W. Nicholas, 'Civil Wars and the Emergence of Parakramabahu the Great' and 'The Reign of Parakramabahu 1', in History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part II (Colombo, 1960), pp. 442-86. 8. See S. Natesan, 'The Northern Kingdom', in History of Ceylon, Vol. I, Part II, pp. 691-702, and S. Arasaratnam, Ceylon (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1964), pp. 98-116. 9. For further information and an excellent account of the negotiations see K. W. Goonewardena, The Foundations of Dutch Power in Ceylon 1638-1658 (Amsterdam, 1958), especially pp. 12-22. 10. For further information see S. Arasaratnam, Dutch Power in Ceylon (1658-1687) (Amsterdam, 1958). 11. 0 p. cit. See also Arasaratnam, 'The Administrative Organisation of the Dutch East India Company in Ceylon', The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 8, Nos 1 and 2, pp. 1-13. 12. For additional information see T. Vimalananda (ed.), Buddhism in Ceylon under the Christian Powers and the Educational and Religious Policy of the British Government in Ceylon 1797-1832 (Colombo, 1963). 13. See K. M. de Silva (ed.), Letters on Ceylon 1846-50: The Administra- tion of Viscount Torrington and the 'Rebellion' of 1848 (Colombo, 1965), especially the excellent account in pp. 5-31. 14. See G. C. Mendis (ed.), The Colebrook-Cameron Papers: Documents on British Colonial Policy in Ceylon 1796-1833, Vols. I and II (London, 1956), especially his Introduction, pp. ix-lxiv in Vol. I. 15. For complete information on the coffee industry in Ceylon during the British period, see I. H. Van Den Driesen's unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, entitled 'Some Aspects of the History of the Coffee Industry in Ceylon'. 16. For further information see S. Rajaratnam, 'The Ceylon Tea Industry, 1886-1931', The Ceylon Journal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 310 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 4, no. 2 (July-December 1961), pp. 169-202, and S. Rajaratnam, 'Plant- ation Rubber Industry in Ceylon', UnifJ6Tsity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XX, No.1 (April 1962), pp. 96--124. 17. For further information see R. N. Kearney, Communalism and Language in the Politics of Ceylon (Durham, North Carolina, 1967). 18. See my 'The Crewe-McCallum Reforms 1912-1921', The Ceylon 'Jour- nal of Historical and Social Studies, Vol. 2, No. 1 (January 1959), pp. 84-120, and my 'The Finance Committee under the Manning Constitu- tion of 1924', Unir:ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XVIII, Nos 3 and 4 (July-October 1960), pp. 223-55. 19. Ibid. 20. For details see the Report of the Special Commission on the Constitution of Ceylon (Cmd 3131). Also referred to as the Donoughmore Report. 21. For an analysis of the Donoughmore constitution see I. D. S. Weerawar- dena, GOf)ernment and Politics in Ceylon (1931-1946) (Colombo, 1951), and S. Namasivayam, The Legislatures of Ceylon, 1928-1948 (London, 1950). 22. Op. cit. 23. Sir Andrew Caldecott's 'Reforms Despatch of 1938', also referred to as Ceylon Sessional Paper XXVIII of 1938. 24. See Sir Ivor Jennings, The Constitution of Ceylon, 3rd ed. (Bombay, 1953), p. x. 25. Also referred to as Sessional Paper XIV of 1944. 26. Ceylon: Report of the Commission on Constitutional Reform (London, reprinted 1955), (Cmd 6677). Also referred to as the Soulbury Report. 27. For the details of the agreement see Jennings, Constitution of Ceylon, pp. 252-79. CHAPTER 2 1. Central Bank of Ceylon, Surf)ey of Ceylon's Finances 1953 (Colombo 1954), and Central Bank of Ceylon, Surf)ey of Ceylon's Consumer Finances 1963 (Colombo, 1964). See also Dr M. A. Fernando's 'Employ- ment in the Rural Sector', Ceylon Daily News, 30 May 1971, and 'The Educated Unemployed', Ceylon Daily News, 2 June 1971. Both articles are extracts from a Central Bank Survey published in the Central Bank Bulletin (April 1971). 2. For detailed information, see D. L. Jayasuriya, 'Developments in Uni- versity Education: The Growth of the University of Ceylon (1942-1965)', University of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XXIII (April-October 1965) Nos 1 & 2, pp. 83-153. Also Sir Ivor Jennings, 'Race, Religion and Economic Opportunity in the University of Ceylon', Unif)ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. II (November 1944), pp. 1-13, S. J. Tambiah, 'Ethnic Representa- tion in Ceylon's Higher Administrative Service 1870-1946', Unif)ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. XIII (April-July 1955), pp. 113-34, M. A. Strauss, 'Family Characteristics and Occupational Choices of University Entrants as Clues to the Social Structure of Ceylon', Unif)ersity of Ceylon Ref)iew, Vol. IX (April-July 1951), pp. 125-35 and Bryce Ryan, 'Status Achievement, and Education in Ceylon: An Historical Perspective', Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. XX, No.4 (August 1961), pp. 463-76. 3. The figures are taken from Surf)ey of Ceylon's Consumer Finances 1963, and from Dr M. A. Fernando's articles referred to in note 1 above. Notes 311 4. The figures are from the first-ever collection of statistics of personnel in the puhlic service released by the General Treasury on 22 August 1970. See Ceylon Observer Magazine Edition, 23 August 1970. Note, there were in August 1970, 7,508 administrative, professional and technical officers, 94,567 teachers, 35,167 minor employees and 77,275 in labour grades (ibid.). 5. Survey of Ceylon's Finances 1963, p. 61. 6. p. 67. 7. For a summary of the results of this survey, see Ceylon Observer Maga- zine Edition, 9 April 1972. 8. See table 40 (p. 65) for information on the percentages of income re- ceivers and table 88 (p. 125) for information on dissavers. 9. See also Department of Census and Statistics, Survey of Rural Indebted- ness in Ceylon 1957 (Colombo, 1959). This survey estimated the total indebtedness in the rural areas at Rs 516 million or about Rs 424 per rural family, a figure which at that time constituted about 34 per cent of annual income or 9 per cent of the value of property owned by the family. Even in 1957 the greater percentage of loans was taken for con- sumption purposes. 44.1 per cent of the Rs 516 million borrowed was from friends and relatives. 39.03 per cent of loans in the 1963 Survey (p. 127) was from friends. 10. The Betrayal of Buddhism (Report of the Unofficial Buddhist Commit- tee of Inquiry) (Balangoda, 1955), p. 27. 11. Ibid. 12. Poya days coincide with the waxing and waning of the moon and are of religious significance to the Buddhists. 13. Parliamentary Debates (House of Representatives), Vol. 23, column 684. 14. Leslie Goonewardene in a contribution in Sinhalese to the L.S.S.P. souvenir of 1970 entitled 'New Outlook of the L.S.S.P.' which was reproduced in English translation in the Ceylon Daily News, 21 Decem- ber 1970. 15. Sections 8 to 11 of the constitution. 16. Section 7 of the constitution provides for Sinhalese as the official lan- guage of Sri Lanka and it is part of the constitution. Section 8(2) pro- vides that regulations for the use of the Tamil language 'shall not in any manner be interpreted as being a provision of the constitution but shall be deemed to be subordinate legislation', etc. 17. See S. U. Kodikara, Indo-Ceylon Relations since Independence (Colombo, 1965), p. 111. Note, at its ninth annual sessions in April 1949, the C.I.C. condemned the provisions of the Ceylon Citizenship Act as 'humiliating, discriminatory and anti-social' and the qualifications re- quired under the Indian and Pakistani Residents (Citizenship) Act as being 'complex and involved, and beyond the capacity of workers with little or no education' (ibid.). The latter assertion was, considering the educational and literacy standards of the Indian population, factually correct. 18. Kodikara, p. 114, footnote 26. 19. Ibid., pp. 113-14. 20. Ibid., pp. 124--5. 21. Ibid., pp. 125-7. 22. Particularly, Sri Lanka failed to persuade the government of India to abandon the concept of 'statelessness'. Also, certain actions on the part of the government of Sri Lanka in the implementation of the agreement 312 Politics in Sri Lanka 1947-1973 of October 1954 gave rise to serious complaints from the government of India. 23. See statement by Bandaranaike in the S.L.F.P. organ, Free Lanka, 16 February 1955. 24. See press communique issued by Ministry of Defence and External Affairs, Ceylon Daily News, 23 July 1970. From May 1970 (after the U.F. government took office to February 1973, 86,687 Indians were granted Indian citizenship (till December 1972) of whom 58,276 were repatriated to India (till January 1973) while 36,740 were granted Sri Lanka citizenship (till January 1973). See text of press conference by the deputy minister of defence and foreign affairs in Ceylon Daily News, 22 February 1973. Note, the U.F. government and the Ceylon Daily News in its editorial of 19 February 1973 alleged that the Dudley Senanayake 'national government' had been lax in implementing the Indo-Ceylon Agreement of October 1964 in view of the U.N.P.'s alliances with the C.W.C.
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