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An Overview of the IEEE 1901 and ITU-T G.Hn Standards

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An Overview of the IEEE 1901 and ITU-T G.Hn Standards HONG LAYOUT 5/19/11 4:06 PM Page 183 ACCEPTED FROM OPEN CALL Medium Access Control for Power Line Communications: An Overview of the IEEE 1901 and ITU-T G.hn Standards Md. Mustafizur Rahman, Choong Seon Hong, and Sungwon Lee, Kyung Hee University Jaejo Lee, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute Md. Abdur Razzaque and Jin Hyuk Kim, Kyung Hee University ABSTRACT techniques have made it possible to use power lines for high-speed communications, so that Power lines are becoming increasingly popu- products are today available on the market for lar for high-speed communications, while at the various PLC applications. In 2005, the IEEE same time reliable communications over them Communications Society formed the 1901 work- poses several unique challenges. Recently, two ing group (P1901 WG), which was tasked with standardization bodies, the Institute of Electrical creating an international technical standard for and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and the Inter- high-speed (>100 Mb/s at the physical layer) national Telecommunication Union (ITU), communication through AC electric power lines addressed in their IEEE 1901 and ITU-T G.hn in order to bring PLC products into a common standards, respectively, both the medium access network framework. control and the physical layer specifications of The HomeGrid Forum [4], a global and non- power line communications. In this article, we profit trade group, and its members have been provide an overview of these standards from the supporting and contributing to G.hn specifica- media access control technology perspective, and tion of the International Telecommunication the similarities and dissimilarities between the Union’s Telecommunication standardization IEEE 1901 and ITU-T G.hn standards are dis- sector (ITU-T). The goal of G.hn is to unify cussed, as well as potential performance issues. connectivity of digital content and media We use a top-down approach to analyze the fea- devices by providing a wired home network tures and technologies of the standards. over telephone, coaxial, and data-grade cable networks, as well as residential power line INTRODUCTION wiring to supply data at rates of up to 1 Gb/s. Thus, it addresses key concerns of service pro- Home networking is a term that encompasses viders, electronic manufacturers, and con- numerous important applications, such as indoor sumers alike [2]. The goal of the ITU-T G.hn wired LAN services with broadband Internet standard was to define the physical (PHY, layer access for both residential and commercial areas. 1) and link (layer 2) layers for home-wired net- These applications include smart home appli- works; this work culminated in the ITU-T Rec- ances and security, in-home audio/video stream- ommendations G.9960 and G.9961 specifying ing, and other applications such as traffic and the physical and data link layers of G.hn, street light controlling [1, 2]. respectively [5, 6]. The unified technology is Power line communication (PLC) is a good desirable to reduce the cost and complexity of candidate for home networking because of the installation and to allow cross-device communi- availability of power lines in almost every exist- cation and functionalities. With the G.hn stan- ing infrastructure. However, achieving good per- dard, ITU enables service providers to deploy formance over the power lines poses unique new offerings, including Internet Protocol tele- challenges to modem designers [3]. Several tech- vision (IPTV) more cost effectively. It also nical problems are faced when using power line allows manufacturers in the consumer electron- networks as the medium for high-speed data ics market to provide powerful devices for con- communication, because these networks were necting a variety of entertainment, home initially designed to distribute electric power at automation, and security products throughout very low frequencies (50 Hz or 60 Hz) [1]. Power the house, thus simplifying consumer purchas- line cables are usually found to be unshielded ing and installation processes. In this article, and therefore generate and are subject to elec- the description of G.hn relates to power line tromagnetic interference. However, recent devel- operations only. opments in data-modulation and transmission Both home networking standards discussed IEEE Communications Magazine • June 2011 0163-6804/11/$25.00 © 2011 IEEE 183 HONG LAYOUT 5/19/11 4:06 PM Page 184 IEEE 1901 Feature and Technology ITU–T G.hn FFT-PHY Wavelet-PHY Channel Access Fundamental Technology CSMA/CA CSMA/CA TDMA, CSMA/CA Contention-based Scheme CSMA/CA CSMA/CA CSMA/CA RTS/CTS Reservation Optional Optional Optional Access Priorities 4 8 4 Virtual Carrier Sensing Yes Yes Yes Contention-free Scheme TDMA TDMA TDMA Persistent Access Yes Yes Yes Access Administration Beacon Based Beacon Based MAP Based Quality of Service Supported Supported Supported Security Security Framework DSNA/RSNA PSNA/RSNA AKM Encryption Protocol CCMP CCMP CCMP Burst Mode Operation Uni-/bi-directional Not supported Bi-directional Addressing Scheme Modes Uni-, Multi-, and Broadcast Uni-, Multi-, and Broadcast Uni-, Multi-, and Broadcast Space (per domain) 8-bit 8-bit 8-bit Framing Aggregation Supported Supported Supported Fragmentation and Reassembly Table 1. Features and technologies of the current PLC MAC standards at a glance. Table 2 describes possible applications for ITU-T IEEE ITU-T G.hn and IEEE 1901. ITU-T G.hn tar- gets to high-rate broadband in-home, low-rate High-rate Broadband Access No 1901 broadband in-home, and low-rate low-frequency narrowband. And IEEE targets high-rate broad- High-rate Broadband In-home G.hn (50/100 MHz) 1901 band access and high-rate in-home applications. However, the New Standards Committee Low-rate Broadband In-home G.hn (25 MHz) No (NesCom) of the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved a revision to the scope of the Project Low-rate, Low-frequency Authorization Request (PAR) that clarifies the G.hnem (500 kHz) 1901 (500kHz) Narrowband usability of the P1901 standard for Smart Grid applications, for transportation platforms (vehi- Table 2. Application areas of PLC MAC standards. cle) applications, and for broadband over power line (BPL) devices operating on DC lines. The low rate profiles of ITU-T G.hn enable above, although designed from different per- scalable design supporting multiple bandwidths, spectives, share some common core technolo- and this technology supports seamless communi- gies and functionalities, because their design cations between low-end and high-end devices. goals are based on current market demand for A new project called “Home Networking Aspects standards to support several high-definition of Energy Management” was started by ITU-T television (HDTV) and standard definition tele- in association with the International Electrotech- vision (SDTV) streams, voice over IP (VoIP), nical Commission (IEC) and Joint Coordination and data traffic (i.e., Internet services, gaming Activity on Home Networking (JCA-HN) to pro- etc.). To enable handling of such different types duce G.hnem in January 2010. The main goal of of traffic, both standards provide contention- G.hnem is to define low complexity home net- free and contention-based channel access, Qual- working devices for home automation, home ity of Service (QoS) provisioning, and security, control, electrical vehicles, and Smart Energy among other features. Some of the features applications. The G.hnem standard was expected offered are based on the same core technolo- to be completed by February 2011. gies, while others use different technologies. The organization of standard documents in The medium access control (MAC) features the two protocols is fundamentally different, as supported by IEEE 1901 and ITU-T G.hn are shown in Table 3. While ITU-T PLC targets summarized in Table 1. coaxial cables, phone lines, and power lines as The fundamental difference between the communications media, IEEE PLC only targets two technologies is their application domains. power lines. 184 IEEE Communications Magazine • June 2011 HONG LAYOUT 5/19/11 4:06 PM Page 185 CHANNEL ACCESS ITU-T PLC IEEE PLC In accessing channels, both IEEE 1901 and ITU-T G.hn provide non-prioritized and prioritized PHY Layer Single (OFDM) Dual (OFDM/ Wavelet) contention-based services for best effort and QoS-required traffic, while contention-free MAC Layer Single (OFDM) Dual (OFDM/ Wavelet) access is provided for QoS-guaranteed traffic as well. The fundamental access technology differs Target Medium Coax, Phone line, Power line Power line between the protocols; both IEEE 1901 (using CSMA/CA) and IUT-T G.hn (using CSMA/CA G.hn (MAC-G.9961) G.hn (PHY-G.9960) IEEE 1901 and TDMA) adopt synchronized access by bea- Standard Docs. con/MAP. G.cx (Coexistence-G.9972) (MAC/PHY/Coexistence) G.hnem (Narrowband) MAC CHANNEL Table 3. Organization of standard documents. PLC MAC protocols arrange access to the media by continuous MAC cycles. The MAC cycle is usually synchronized with the AC line cycle, but it can be synchronized with any external source. The MAC 1901. First, there is no beaconing in the G.hn cycle in IEEE 1901 has three regions for three types standard. Instead, a Medium Access Plan (MAP) of channel access, as shown in Fig. 1. The local is used to describe a MAC cycle. The local administrator device (BSS Manager or BM) starts a administrator, namely the Domain Manager or new MAC cycle by transmitting beacon(s) during DM, transmits at least one MAP in a MAC cycle the beacon period. The beacons contain the start that defines the transmission opportunities time of the other two periods in the cycle. In the (TXOP) of the following (one or several) MAC contention period (CP), a station accesses the chan- cycles. Second, the MAP in G.hn schedules nel after a contention through CSMA/CA and back- TXOPs in a TDMA fashion, as shown in Fig.
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