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A Proposal for a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Autoconfigurable Mesh Network Routing Protocol Based on Proactive Source Routing / Julio Humberto León Ruiz

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A Proposal for a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) Autoconfigurable Mesh Network Routing Protocol Based on Proactive Source Routing / Julio Humberto León Ruiz UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Julio Humberto León Ruiz A proposal for a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) autoconfigurable mesh network routing protocol based on Proactive Source Routing (Proposta de um protocolo de roteamento autoconfigurável para redes mesh em Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) baseado em Proactive Source Routing) Campinas 2016 UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE CAMPINAS Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação Julio Humberto León Ruiz A proposal for a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) autoconfigurable mesh network routing protocol based on Proactive Source Routing (Proposta de um protocolo de roteamento autoconfigurável para redes mesh em Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) baseado em Proactive Source Routing) Thesis presented to the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering of the Univer- sity of Campinas in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor, in the area of Telecommunications and Telematics. Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Engen- haria Elétrica e Computação da Universi- dade Estadual de Campinas como parte dos requisitos exigidos para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica na área de Telecomunicações e Telemática. Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Yuzo Iano ESTE EXEMPLAR CORRESPONDE À VER- SÃO FINAL DA TESE DEFENDIDA PELO ALUNO JULIO HUMBERTO LEÓN RUIZ, E ORIENTADA PELO PROF.DR.YUZO IANO Campinas 2016 Agência(s) de fomento e nº(s) de processo(s): CAPES Ficha catalográfica Universidade Estadual de Campinas Biblioteca da Área de Engenharia e Arquitetura Rose Meire da Silva - CRB 8/5974 León Ruiz, Julio Humberto, 1985- L553p Le_A proposal for a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) autoconfigurable mesh network routing protocol based on proactive source routing / Julio Humberto León Ruiz. – Campinas, SP : [s.n.], 2016. Le_Orientador: Yuzo Iano. Le_Tese (doutorado) – Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação. Le_1. Redes Bluetooth. 2. Tecnologia Bluetooth. 3. Redes sem fio em malha. 4. Redes de sensores sem fio. I. Iano, Yuzo,1950-. II. Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação. III. Título. Informações para Biblioteca Digital Título em outro idioma: Proposta de um protocolo de roteamento autoconfigurável para redes mesh em Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) baseado em proactive source routing Palavras-chave em inglês: Bluetooth networks Bluetooth technology Wireless mesh networks Wireless sensor networks Área de concentração: Telecomunicações e Telemática Titulação: Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica Banca examinadora: Yuzo Iano [Orientador] Osamu Saotome Ricardo Barroso Leite Luiz César Martini Talia Simões dos Santos Data de defesa: 19-10-2016 Programa de Pós-Graduação: Engenharia Elétrica Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) COMISSÃO JULGADORA - TESE DE DOUTORADO Candidato: Julio Humberto León Ruiz | RA: 089281 Data da Defesa: 19 de Outubro de 2016 Título da Tese: “A proposal for a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) autoconfigurable mesh network routing protocol based on Proactive Source Routing”. Prof. Dr. Yuzo Iano (Presidente, FEEC/UNICAMP) Prof. Dr. Osamu Saotome (ITA) Prof. Dr. Ricardo Barroso Leite (IFSP – Hortolândia) Prof. Dr. Luiz César Martini (FEEC/UNICAMP) Prof. Dra. Talia Simões dos Santos (FT/UNICAMP) A ata de defesa, com as respectivas assinaturas dos membros da Comissão Julgadora, encontra-se no processo de vida acadêmica do aluno. To the loving memory of my father, Humberto León. Acknowledgements I would like to thank God, my mother, my brother, and my father —may he rest in peace— who gave me all of their time, love, and support, which were essential to me to accomplish this and all my achievements so far. I am also very thankful to my dearest Lía, which accompanied me through the entire road to the PhD. Her support and love have always kept me going until this very moment. I am grateful to Dr. Yuzo Iano whose guidance enabled me to complete this thesis. I would like to show my gratitude to my friends and colleagues Cibele and Abel, whose support and aid helped me in obtaining the results for this work. I would also like to express my thanks to Mauro Miyashiro who believed in this project and made possible the partnership between the LCV and Eldorado Institute. Finally, special thanks to my dear friend and mentor, Dr. Guillermo Kemper, for introducing me to Academia and encouraging me to become a scientist. I must express my gratitude to the CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior) programme for the financial support and the academic incen- tive that enabled the realisation of this thesis. Abstract Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) is spreading rapidly towards creating smart environments. Home automation, intra-vehicular interaction, and wireless sensor net- works (WSN) are among the most popular applications discussed in IoT literature. One of the most available and popular wireless technologies for short-range opera- tions is Bluetooth. In late 2010, the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) launched the Bluetooth 4.0 Specification, which brings Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) as part of the specification. BLE characterises as being a very low power wireless technology, capable of working on a coin-cell or even by energy scavenging. Nevertheless, the nature of Bluetooth (and BLE) has always been a connection-oriented communication in a Master/Slave configuration. Several studies exist showing how to create mesh networks for Classic Bluetooth, called Scatternets, by utilizing some nodes as slaves to relay data between Masters. However, BLE didn’t support role changing until the 4.1 Specification released in 2013. The capability of a wireless technology to create a Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (MANET) is vital for supporting the plethora of sensors, peripherals, and devices that could co- exist in any IoT environment. This work focuses on proposing a new autoconfiguring dynamic address allocation scheme for a BLE Ad-Hoc network, and a network map discovery and maintenance mechanism that doesn’t require role changing, thus being possible to implement it in 4.0 compliant devices as well as 4.1 or later to develop a MANET. Any ad-hoc routing protocol can utilise the proposed method to discover, keep track, and maintain the mesh network node topology in each of their nodes. Keywords: Bluetooth Networks, Bluetooth Technology, Wireless Mesh Networks, Wire- less Sensor Networks. Resumo A Internet das Coisas (Internet of Things – IoT) visa a criação de ambientes inteligentes como domótica, comunicação intra-veicular e redes de sensores sem fio (Wireless Sen- sor Network – WSN), sendo que atualmente essa tecnologia vem crescendo de forma rápida. Uma das tecnologias sem fio utilizada para aplicações de curta distância que se encon- tra mais acessível à população, em geral, é o Bluetooth. No final de 2010, o Bluetooth Special Interest Group (Bluetooth SIG), lançou a especificação Bluetooth 4.0 e, como parte dessa especificação, tem-se o Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE). O BLE é uma tecnologia sem fio de baixíssimo consumo de potência, que pode ser alimentada por uma bateria tipo moeda, ou até mesmo por indução elétrica (energy harvesting). A natureza do Bluetooth (e BLE) é baseada na conexão do tipo Mestre/Escravo. Muitos estudos mostram como criar redes mesh baseadas no Bluetooth clássico, que são conhe- cidas como Scatternets, onde alguns nós são utilizados como escravos com o objetivo de repassar os dados entre os mestres. Contudo, o BLE não tinha suporte para a mudança entre mestre e escravo até o lançamento da especificação Bluetooth 4.1, em 2013. A capacidade de uma tecnologia sem fio para IoT de criar uma rede ad-hoc móvel (Mo- bile Ad-hoc Network – MANET) é vital para poder suportar uma grande quantidade de sensores, periféricos e dispositivos que possam coexistir em qualquer ambiente. Este trabalho visa propor um novo método de autoconfiguração para BLE, com descoberta de mapa de roteamento e manutenção, sem a necessidade de mudanças entre mestre e escravo, sendo compatível com os dispositivos Bluetooth 4.0, assim como com os 4.1 e mais recentes. Qualquer protocolo de mensagens pode aproveitar o método proposto para descobrir e manter a topologia de rede mesh em cada um dos seus nós. Palavras-chaves: Redes Bluetooth; Tecnologia Bluetooth; Redes sem fio em malha; Wire- less Sensor Networks. List of Figures Figure 1.1 – Gartner’s Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies, 2015 . 22 Figure 2.1 – Architecture of IoT . 26 Figure 2.2 – Bluetooth Smart Branding . 33 Figure 2.3 – Configurations between Bluetooth versions and device types . 34 Figure 2.4 – Hardware Configurations . 35 Figure 2.5 – Connection-based Topology . 36 Figure 2.6 – Mixed Topology of Bluetooth 4.0+ . 37 Figure 2.7 – Scatternet Topology . 38 Figure 2.8 – BLE States . 39 Figure 2.9 – BLE Stack . 40 Figure 2.10–BLE Frequency Channels . 43 Figure 2.11–BLE Packet Format . 43 Figure 2.12–BLE Advetising Packet . 43 Figure 2.13–BLE Advetising Packet Header . 44 Figure 2.14–Passive vs. Active Scanning . 44 Figure 2.15–Scanning and Advertising . 45 Figure 2.16–Types of Ad-hoc Routing . 47 Figure 3.1 – PACMAN modular architecture . 57 Figure 3.2 – Messages exchanged in D2HCP when joining the network . 60 Figure 3.3 – BLE Reservation Protocol Messages . 63 Figure 3.4 – BLE Reservation Database Field . 67 Figure 4.1 – Undirected Graph Example . 73 Figure 4.2 – BFST (rooted at node 1) of G in Figure 4.1 . 74 Figure 4.3 – Example of a Binary Tree . 77 Figure 4.4 – LCRS Representation of BFST1 ...................... 77 Figure 4.5 – BLE PSR message format . 78 Figure 5.1 – Advertising Events . 85 Figure 5.2 – Basic Test Mesh Network generated in MATLAB . 86 Figure 6.1 – Simple Mesh Network Simulation . 88 Figure 6.2 – Simulation Mesh Networks . 89 Figure 6.3 – Mesh #1 final BFSTs . 90 Figure 6.4 – Mesh #2 final ID allocation . 92 Figure 6.5 – Mesh #2 final BFSTs . 92 Figure 6.6 – Mesh #3 final ID allocation .
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