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Universidad Nacional Autónoma De México UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO FACULTAD DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES ZARAGOZA DINÁMICA NUTRIMENTAL Y CULTIVO DE Cuitlauzina pendula EN EL BOSQUE MESÓFILO DE MONTAÑA DE LAS SIERRAS TRIQUI-MIXTECA T E S I S que para obtener el título de B I Ó L O G A P R E S E N T A ANALILIA JOAQUÍN ORTIZ Director de tesis: M. en C. Ramiro Ríos Gómez UNIDAD DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SISTEMÁTICA VEGETAL Y SUELO Proyecto apoyado por DGAPA-PAPIIT IN 225210-3 México D. F. Febrero 2014 AGRADECIMIENTOS A la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México a través de la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza por abrirme sus puertas para realizar mi formación profesional. A la Dirección General de Asuntos del Personal Académico, Programa de Apoyo para la Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, convenio IN225210-3 por el apoyo económico para la realización de este trabajo. A mi director de tesis M. en C. Ramiro Ríos Gómez, por todo su apoyo, porque siempre tiene las palabras adecuadas para cada momento, por los consejos que tanto me han ayudado académica y personalmente, por su amistad, por todo, gracias infinitas!! Al Dr. Eloy Solano Camacho, por sus observaciones para la mejora de este trabajo, por las enseñanzas en campo y por hacer más ameno el trabajo en las salidas. Al M. en C. Jorge Alberto Gutiérrez Gallegos, porque aún después del abandono, siempre me apoyaste, por tus aportaciones para la mejora de este trabajo, por las enseñanzas compartidas y por tu amistad, mil gracias. A la Dra. Esther Matiana García Amador y Dr. Gerardo Cruz Flores, gracias por sus comentarios y aportaciones para el enriquecimiento de este trabajo. Al M. en C. Armando Cervantes Sandoval por apoyarme con el análisis estadístico, por sus consejos y por la tranquilidad y confianza que siempre me transmite. M. en C. Ma. Magdalena Ayala Hernández por el apoyo en la determinación taxonómica de ejemplares botánicos, así mismo, Arturo Hernández Flores en la determinación de briofitas. DEDICATORIA A mi mamá: Adulfa Ortiz Santiago, por ser el ejemplo más claro de fortaleza, lucha, dedicación y amor, por su apoyo, su confianza y porque día con día me demuestra que siempre se pueden hacer mejor las cosas. A mis hermanos: Francisco, Carlos, Juan, Rocio y Verónica, por ser el mejor ejemplo de esfuerzo y trabajo, por su infinito apoyo económico y emocional, porque siempre han estado conmigo, aun cuando no lo merezco; este trabajo es fruto de su esfuerzo y el mío, los quiero mucho!! A mis sobrinos: Claudia, Alfonso, Mitzi, Luis, Joselyn y Gabriel, porque cada uno es para mí un motivo para salir adelante, porque siempre están conmigo y porque deseo que esto los motive y en su momento, cada uno lo haga de mejor manera. A mis cuñados Alma y Andrés, por ser parte de mi familia, por su cariño y apoyo. Bióloga Janett Pérez López por tu amistad, tus consejos y porque gracias a ti, la biología se convirtió en mi vida. A mis amigos Carlos y Orlando Villanueva, Fabiola Hernández, Deyanira Cardona, Alejandra Pichardo y Kathia Trejo porque aún en la distancia, siempre están conmigo. A Edgar Hernández Vergara por tu infinita amistad, por tus consejos siempre tan atinados y oportunos y porque pase lo que pase, sé que siempre estás conmigo (E.V.A). A mis amigas de la facultad: Vero Juárez, Paty Libertad, Elizabeth Díaz, Janeth Gómez, Inés Góngora, Laura Cortés, Gina y Paty Aguirre, por su amistad sincera, verdadera e incondicional, por tantos momentos buenos y malos que compartimos. Asimismo a mi hermanito Pedro, gracias por todo. A mis compañeros que hicieron tan amenas las salidas a Oaxaca, por su apoyo en el trabajo de campo y en algunos casos, por esas noches de karaoke: Gaby, Merari, Carmelo, Bety, Mario, Ezequiel, Aminta, Roberto, Gina, Pamela, Nora, Cecilia, Arturo y Alonso. A mis compañeros de laboratorio Gaby Rojas, Arlene, Marina, Bere, Carmina, Fidel, Moisés, Francisco y Eduardo. CONTENIDO Página RESUMEN 1 I INTRODUCCIÓN 2 II MARCO TEÓRICO 3 2.1 Boque mesófilo de montaña 3 2.2 Familia Orchidaceae 4 2.3 Morfología 5 2.4 Ecofisiología de orquídeas epífitas 8 2.5 Uso potencial de abonos y fertilizantes orgánicos 10 2.6 Taxonomía de Cuitlauzina pendula 11 2.7 Estudios previos 13 III OBJETIVOS 15 3.1 Objetivo general 15 3.2 Objetivos particulares 15 IV HIPÓTESIS 15 V METODOLOGÍA 16 5.1 Área de estudio y sitios de muestreo 16 5.2 Áreas de distribución y muestreo de Cuitlauzina pendula 18 5.3 Descripción del hábitat y muestreo de sustrato 18 5.4 Submuestras 18 5.5 Muestreo de agua 19 5.6 Cultivo de Cuitlauzina pendula 20 5.6.1 Llenado de maceta 20 5.6.2 Diseño experimental 20 5.6.3 Tratamientos 21 5.7 Análisis nutrimental de sustrato y tejido vegetal 22 5.7.1 Nitrógeno total 22 5.7.2 Fósforo 22 5.7.3 Potasio 23 5.7.4 Calcio y magnesio 23 5.8 Análisis nutrimental de agua 23 5.8.1 Nitrógeno 23 5.8.2 Fósforo total 23 5.8.3 Calcio 24 5.8.4 Magnesio 24 5.8.5 Potasio 24 VI RESULTADOS 25 6.1 Áreas donde se registran poblaciones de Cuitlauzina pendula en el área de 25 i estudio 6.2 Aspectos ecológicos del hábitat de Cuitlauzina pendula 27 6.3 Epífitas asociadas y composición del sustrato 29 6.4 Contenido nutrimental en el sustrato 31 6.4.1 Análisis de correlación (nutrimentos en sustrato) 36 6.5 Concentración de nutrimentos en tejido vegetal 38 6.6 Nutrimentos en agua de escurrimiento a partir del sitio donde se establece 42 Cuitlauzina pendula 6.6.1 Análisis de correlación (nutrimentos en agua) 47 6.7 Movimiento de los nutrimentos en el hábitat de Cuitlauzina pendula 48 6.8 Cultivo de Cuitlauzina pendula 51 VII DISCUSIÓN 56 7.1 Hábitat de Cuitlauzina pendula 56 7.2 Composición del sustrato y contenido nutrimental 57 7.2.1 Análisis de correlación (nutrimentos en el sustrato) 61 7.3 Contenido nutrimental en tejido vegetal 64 7.4 Nutrimentos en agua de escurrimiento a partir del sitio donde se establece 67 la orquídea 7.4.1 Análisis de correlación (nutrimentos en agua) 70 7.5 Cultivo de Cuitlauzina pendula 71 VIII CONCLUSIONES 74 IX RECOMENDACIONES 75 X REFERENCIAS 76 ii FIGURAS Página 1. Cuitlauzina pendula: (A) ejemplar herborizado, (B) inflorescencia, (C) flor y (D) fruto 13 2. Ubicación del área de estudio; en verde oscuro la comunidad San Andrés Chicahuaxtla 17 y en rojo, el sitio de muestreo 3. Sistema para la captación de agua en Quercus crassifolia, forofito de Cuitlauzina 19 pendula 4. Llenado de maceta (A, B y C) para el cultivo de Cuitlauzina pendula 20 5. Diseño experimental del cultivo de Cuitlauzina pendula 21 6. Distribución de Cuitlauzina pendula, en rojo, los sitios en donde se registraron 26 poblaciones de esta especie 7. Hábitat de Cuitlauzina pendula (A, B y C) y corteza de Quercus crassifolia (D), en San 28 Andrés Chicahuaxtla, Putla Villa de Guerrero, Oaxaca 8. Porcentaje de epífitas asociadas y componentes del sustrato de Cuitlauzina pendula 29 9. Composición del sustrato en el primer muestreo: a epífitas asociadas y b componentes 30 del sustrato 10. Composición del sustrato en el segundo muestreo: a epífitas asociadas y b 30 componentes del sustrato 11. Concentración de los nutrimentos estudiados en epífitas asociadas y componentes del 34 sustrato de Cuitlauzina pendula: nitrógeno (A), fósforo (B), calcio (C), potasio (D) y magnesio (E) 12. Contenido de nitrógeno en los órganos de Cuitlauzina pendula 40 13. Contenido de fósforo en los órganos de Cuitlauzina pendula 40 14. Contenido de calcio en los órganos de Cuitlauzina pendula 41 15. Contenido de potasio en los órganos de Cuitlauzina pendula 41 16. Contenido de magnesio en los órganos de Cuitlauzina pendula 42 17. Concentración de nutrimentos en agua de escurrimiento en Quercus crassifolia, 45 forofito de Cuitlauzina pendula 18. Dinámica del nitrógeno en el hábitat de Cuitlauzina pendula 49 19. Dinámica del fósforo en el hábitat de Cuitlauzina pendula 49 20. Dinámica del calcio en el hábitat de Cuitlauzina pendula 50 21. Dinámica del potasio en el hábitat de Cuitlauzina pendula 50 22. Dinámica del magnesio en el hábitat de Cuitlauzina pendula 51 23. Crecimiento de pseudobulbos en el cultivo de Cuitlauzina pendula 52 24. Crecimiento de hojas en el cultivo Cuitlauzina pendula 53 25. Crecimiento de brotes en el cultivo Cuitlauzina pendula 53 26. Crecimiento de pedúnculos en el cultivo Cuitlauzina pendula 54 27. Crecimiento de flores (a), desarrollo de frutos (b), durante el cultivo de Cuitlauzina 55 pendula iii CUADROS Página 1. Tratamientos para el diseño experimental utilizados en el cultivo de Cuitlauzina 22 pendula 2. Áreas de distribución de Cuitlauzina pendula, en San Andrés Chicahuaxtla, Putla 25 Villa de Guerrero, Oaxaca 3. Concentración de nutrimentos en sustrato, expresados en ppm y su equivalencia en 32 porcentaje de las submuestras (epífitas asociadas y componentes del sustrato) en ambos muestreos realizados en el hábitat de Cuitlauzina pendula 4. Concentración promedio de los nutrimentos del sustrato 33 5. Concentración total de los cinco nutrimentos estudiados, expresados en partes por 33 millón 6. Correlación entre los nutrimentos cuantificados en epífitas asociadas y componentes 37 del sustrato de Cuitlauzina pendula 7. Correlación entre P, Ca, K y Mg de las epífitas asociadas y sustrato 38 8. Concentración de nutrimentos en Cuitlauzina pendula, expresado en partes por 39 millón y su equivalencia en porcentaje 9. Nutrimentos en agua de escurrimiento en Quercus crassifolia, forofito de 44 Cuitlauzina pendula, expresados en ppm y su equivalencia en porcentaje 10. Correlación de nutrimentos cuantificados en agua de escurrimiento 48 11.
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