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A MONOGRAPH OF THE GENUS LOCKHARTIA (ORCHIDACEAE: ONCIDIINAE) By MARIO ALBERTO BLANCO-COTO A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Mario Alberto Blanco-Coto 2 To my parents, who have always supported and encouraged me in every way. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many individuals and institutions made the completion of this dissertation possible. First, I thank my committee chair, Norris H. Williams, for his continuing support, encouragement and guidance during all stages of this project, and for providing me with the opportunity to visit and do research in Ecuador. W. Mark Whitten, one of my committee members, also provided much advice and support, both in the lab and in the field. Both of them are wonderful sources of wisdom on all matters of orchid research. I also want to thank the other members of my committee, Walter S. Judd, Douglas E. Soltis, and Thomas J. Sheehan for their many comments, suggestions, and discussions provided. Drs. Judd and Soltis also provided many ideas and training through courses I took with them. I am deeply thankful to my fellow lab members Kurt Neubig, Lorena Endara, and Iwan Molgo, for the many fascinating discussions, helpful suggestions, logistical support, and for providing a wonderful office environment. Kurt was of tremendous help in the lab and with Latin translations; he even let me appropriate and abuse his scanner. Robert L. Dressler encouraged me to attend the University of Florida, provided interesting discussions and insight throughout the project, and was key in suggesting the genus Lockhartia as a dissertation subject. Mark W. Chase also provided much logistical support and productive discussions on the evolution of oncidioid orchids. The late Miguel Angel Soto Arenas was an unparalleled source of information on the Mexican species of Lockhartia. Kent Perkins provided invaluable assistance in requesting, managing, and returning specimen loans, and general advice on specimen annotation and curation. 4 Although some Lockhartia plants were already available at the Florida Museum of Natural History‘s research greenhouse at the beginning of my study, several institutions and individuals contributed additional living and/or preserved material that improved the project‘s sampling: Lankester Botanical Gardens (University of Costa Rica, Cartago, Costa Rica), the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens (Sarasota, Florida), the Missouri Botanical Garden (Saint Louis, Missouri), the Muenchen-Nymphenburg Botanical garden (Munich, Germany), the University of Washington Botany Greenhouse (Seattle, Washington), the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Surrey, England), Tropical Orchid Farm (Haiku, Hawaii), Ecuagenera Ltda. (Gualaceo, Ecuador), Patricia Harding (Lebanon, Oregon), and Marv Ragan (Jacksonville, Florida). Special thanks go to my colleagues Jorge Warner, Franco Pupulin, Diego Bogarín, Melania Fernández, Adam Karremans, and Robert and Kerry Dressler of Lankester Botanical Garden, for providing plant material, drawings, literature, logistical support from Costa Rica, and general assistance during my numerous visits to my home country. Thanks are due to Barbara S. Carlsward, who hosted me in her lab at Eastern Illinois University for work on the preparation of anatomical slides. Gretchen Ionta and Karen Kelley assisted me during the operation of the Scanning Electron Microscope at ICBR. Bernard Hauser kindly allowed me to use his dissecting and compound microscopes for making photographs of anatomical slides. DNA sequencing was performed by the ICBR core facility at the University of Florida. Thanks go to many other individuals who in one way or another provided logistical support and friendship in the field, lab, and/or herbarium away from Florida, or provided assistance from their respective localities: Richard Abbott, Germán Carnevali, Cássio 5 van den Berg, Phillip Cribb, Stig Dalström, Daniela Dutra, Marcela Fernández, Guenter Gerlach, Giovanny Giraldo, Eric Hágsater, Mike Heaney, Bruce Holst, Eric Hunt, Daniel Jiménez, Samantha Koehler, Carlos L. Leopardi, Andrés Maduro, Carlos O. Morales, Jeffrey Parker, Robert Pemberton, Darin Penneys, Pepe Portilla, Ixel Quesada, Ivón Ramírez, Gustavo Romero, Gerardo Salazar, Emily Serrano, Jyotsna Sharma, Katia Silvera, Rodrigo Singer, Samuel Sprunger, Hans Stadthagen, Fred Stauffer, Delsy Trujillo, Roberto Vásquez, and Carly Voight. Many herbaria, too numerous to mention here (but cited in the Taxonomic Revision [Chapter 3]) loaned specimens for study, sent specimen images, and/or allowed me to visit and annotate their collections. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, is especially acknowledged for providing a Kew-Latin America Research Fellowship that enabled me to visit their collections and those of several other important European herbaria. Big thanks are due to the American Orchid Society for a Furniss Foundation Graduate Student Fellowship, which provided essential support during three years of this project. The Botanical Society of America and the American Society of Plant Taxonomists provided seed grants through their respective graduate student award programs. I want to thank the former Botany Department, the Biology Department, and the Florida Museum of Natural History, for their financial and logistical support during the entire duration of my studies at the University of Florida. Last but not least, I want to thank my wonderful girlfriend, Cynthia Maria Silva, for her continuous support, encouragement, and help during the last three years of my dissertation work. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... 10 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 14 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 19 2 TAXONOMIC HISTORY ......................................................................................... 21 3 TAXONOMIC REVISION ........................................................................................ 30 Materials and Methods ............................................................................................ 31 Materials ........................................................................................................... 31 Herbarium Methods .......................................................................................... 31 Species Concepts and Circumscription ............................................................ 32 Phenology ........................................................................................................ 33 Distribution ....................................................................................................... 34 Taxonomic Treatment ............................................................................................. 35 Genus Lockhartia ............................................................................................. 35 Genus description ...................................................................................... 36 Key to the species of Lockhartia ................................................................ 38 Species Treatment ........................................................................................... 43 Lockhartia acuta (Lindl.) Rchb. f. ............................................................... 43 Lockhartia amoena Endrés & Rchb. f ........................................................ 50 Lockhartia bennettii Dodson ....................................................................... 58 Lockhartia cladoniophora Rchb. f. .............................................................. 61 Lockhartia compacta R. Vásquez & M.A. Blanco ....................................... 64 Lockhartia dipleura Schltr........................................................................... 66 Lockhartia endresiana M.A. Blanco ........................................................... 70 Lockhartia galeottiana A. Rich. ex Soto Arenas ......................................... 74 Lockhartia genegeorgei D.E. Benn. & Christenson .................................... 80 Lockhartia goyazensis Rchb. f. .................................................................. 84 Lockhartia grandibractea Kraenzl. ............................................................. 91 Lockhartia hercodonta Rchb. f. ex Kraenzl. ............................................. 100 Lockhartia imbricata (Lam.) Hoehne ........................................................ 109 Lockhartia ivainae M.F.F. da Silva & A.T. de Oliveira .............................. 123 Lockhartia latilabris C. Schweinf. ............................................................. 125 7 Lockhartia lepticaula D.E. Benn. & Christenson ....................................... 127 Lockhartia longifolia (Lindl.) Schltr. .......................................................... 129 Lockhartia lunifera (Lindl.) Rchb. f. .........................................................
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