DOCSLIB.ORG

Tryptamine in the Brain and Tryptamine on the Spinal Cord

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tryptamine in the Brain and Tryptamine on the Spinal Cord d tion. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. (In cord was isolated from afferent input by a section of s press) the dorsal roots, indicating a direct spinal cord action e 2. Klainer, L. M., Chi, Y.-M., Friedberg, S. L. et al. (8). This facilitatory action was blocked by cyprohep- 5 Adenyl eyclase. IV. The effects of neurohormones tadine; whereas phenoxybenzamine blocked the facti- on the formation of adenosine 3', 5'-phosphate by itatory effects of methoxamine, showing that trypt- ) preparations from brain and other tissues. J. Biol. aminergic and noradrenergic processes are distin- Chem., 237:1239-1243, 1962. guishable in the cat and tile dog (1, 8). Tile C-fiber 3. Kebabian, J. W., Petzold, G. L., and Greengard, reflex in the acute decerebrate spinal cat, a nocicep- P. Dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase in cau- rive reflex related to the flexor reflex in the cbronic date nucleus of rat brain and its similarities to the spinal dog, is facilitated by LSD and tryptamine {9). • dopamine receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., This effect was blocked by cyproheptadine and ' 69:2145-2149,1972. methysergide.Tryptamine administered close arteri- ally to the spinal cord in smaller doses also facili- tated the C-fiber reflex, indicating a direct action of Tryptamine in the Brain and tryptamine on the spinal cord. L-tryptophan also facilitates the C-fiber reflex, and this seems to be a Spinal Cord: Its Role in the LSD consequence of increased activity of tryptaminergic Response .... neurons rather than serotoninergic neurons in the C- fiber reflex pathway since its actions are antagonized W. R. Martin, M.D.,* J. W. Sloan, B.S.,* by a-methyl-DOPA and cyproheptadine but not by parachlorophenylalanhle (pCPA) (10). Additional sup- D. B. Vaupei, Ph.D.* et al. port for this hypothesis was obtained when it was found that 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) did not The administration of tryptamine to the chronic facilitate the C-fiber reflex (10). spinal dog produces a syndrome characterized by facilitation of the flexor reflex, evocation of the Tryptamine levels are slightly higher in white stepping reflex, body temperature increase, pulse matter than in gray matter, suggesting that tryptam- rate increase, respiratory rate increase, and dilation ine could be present in both long axons and of the pupils (1). The syndrome is similar to that interneurons. Furthermore, changes in regional trypt- produced by LSD and the LSD-like hallucinogens, amine concentrations were seen resulting from mescaline, psilocin, and DOM. Also, many of these transection of the spinal cord (4). Increases in effects are produced by LSD-like hallucinogens in tryptamine concentrations above the transection in man. Intravenously infused tryptamine produces the mesencephalon, cerebellum, pons medulla, and LSD-like effects in man i2). spinal cord resulted from a retrograde damming of Tryptamine is widely distributed throughout the tryptamine with proximal accunmlation in axons and _ central nervous system of several species including cell bodies. Thus, tryptamine from cells that project ] -'- man, steer, cat, dog, guinea pig. and rat (3,4). The from snpraspinal sites probably have stone modula- J cerebral cortex, caudate, hippocampus, hypothala- tory effect on spinal reflexes. In support of this mus, and thalamus of the dog release tryptamine hypothesis, it was fi)und that L-tryptophan, which (5,6). Pentobarbital anesthesia decreases and mono- facilitated the C-fiber reflex in the acute spinal cat amine oxidase inhibition increases tryptamine re- (10) and the flexor reflex in the acute spinal dog. has lease; whereas, intravenous infusion of tryptamine no effect in the chronic spinal dog (1). This was that increased blood levels from 9 ng/ml to 4000 believed to be due to a degeneration of descending ng/ml did not significantly increase tryptamine re- tryptaminergic pathways with a consequent atrophy covered in perfusates, of the mechanism tbr converting L-tryptophan to Tolerance to the effects of LSD in the chronic tryptamine presynaptically at tryptaminergic syn- spinal dog and cross tolerance to tryptamine could apses. Conversely, LSD was fimnd to have a greater be demonstrated (7). facilitatoryeffect in the chronic spinal rat than in the Spinal cord studies of tryptamine were extended tl, acute spinal rat (11). This could be exl, lained by the segmental and C-fiber reflexes of the acute increased sensitivity of tryptamine receptors due to decerebrate spinal cat. Tryplamine increased the denervation. These ohservations argue that there are mono- and pnlysynaptic retlcxes when tilt: Sl,iual spinal cord descending facilitatory tryptaminergic pathways, and I,SD-like hallucinogens vause reflex * Divisio(,fnR...... h, Add_,:,io,R....... hq:_,,,_,,NIDa.L_,_,o,, K_n,_ky facilitation by acting as tryptaminergic agonists. 31 Because of the marked effect of LSD on feeling l l. Nozaki, M., and Bell, J. A. Responses of flexor states, perception, and thought processes and its reflex to LSD, tryptamine, 5-HTP, methoxamine, relationship to tryptaminergic processes, it has been and d-amphetamine in acute and chronic spinal concluded that the function of tryptaminergic neu- rats. Fed. Proc. (In press) rons could have psychiatric importance. Excessively 12. Martin, W. R., and Hewett, B. L. (Unpublished low activity of tryptaminergic neurons could c,mtrib- observations) ute to hypophoria which is common among narcotic addicts and alcoholics (12), while overly active tryptaminergic neurons could contribute to thought Session II disorders and perceptual distortions. Octopamine: Normal Occurrence References in Centraland Peripheral Nerves of Rats* 1. Martin, W. R., and Eades, C. G. The action of tryptamine on tile dog spinal cord and its relationship to tile agonistic actions of LSD-like Perry B. Molinoff, M.D.** psychotogens. Psychopharmacologia ( Berl ) , 17:242-257, 1970. In 1948, Erspamer (1) showed that extracts of the 2. Martin, W. R., and Sloan, J. W. Effects of posterior salivary gland of Octopus vulgaris had infused tryptamine in man. Psychopharmacolo- hypertensive effects on blood pressure after the gia(BerO, 18:231-237, 1970. extracts were irradiated with ultraviolet light in the 3. Martin, W. R., Sloan, J. W., Christian, S.T., presence of air. He named the parent substance and Clements, T. It. Brain levels of tryptamine, octopamine and identified it as 1-p-hydroxyphenyl- Psychopharmacologia (BerO, 24:331-346, 1972. ethanolamine. Kakimoto and Armstrong carried out 4. Sloan, J. W., Martin, W. R., Clements, T. It., et extensive studies of the phenolic acids in mammalian al. Factors influencing brain and tissue levels of urine (2,3). They found large amounts of an acid lryptamine: Species, drugs, and lesions. J. Neu_ which they tentatively identified as _p-hydroxyman- rochem., 24:523-532, 1975. delic acid, and they reasoned that it could be derived 5. Martin, W. R., Sloan, J. W., Buchwald, W.F., from octopamine. Chromatographic techniques were and Bridges, S. R. The demonstration of trypt- used to identify octopamine in the urine of rabbits amine in regional perfusates of the dog brain, that has been pretreated with iproniazid, an Psychopharmacologia (Berl), 37:189-198, 1974. inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Using similar tech- 6. Sloan, J. W., Martin, W. R., and Buchwald, W. niques, Kakimoto and Armstrong (2,3) detected octop- F., Tryptamine in perfilsates of acutely decere- amine in the urine of humans and rabbits. Although brated dog. Fed. Proc., 34:307, 1975. octopamine was fimnd in various organs of rabbits 7. Martin, W. R., and Eades, C. G. Cross toler- treated with monoamine oxidase inhibitors, it was ance to tryptamine in the LSD-tolerant dog. not detected in tissue extracts of untreated animals. Psychopharmacologia (Bed), 27:93-98, 1972. The discovery that octopamine is a normal constit- 8. Vaupel, D. B., and Martin, W. R. Interaction of uent of mammalian tissues under some conditions oxotremorine with atropine, chlorpromazine, cy- led to several investigations of its biosynthesis (4-6). proheptadine, imipramine, and phenoxybenz- The administration of labeled tyramine led to the amine on the flexor reflex of the chronic spinal fi_rmation of octopamine which accumulated in adren- dog. Psychopharmacologia (Berl), 30:13-26, ergically innervated tissues. The ability of rat 1973. salivary glands to retain aH-octopaminewas de- 9. Bell, J. A., and Martin, W. R. Studies of creased by about 90 percent following denervation, tryptamine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) suggesting that the conversion and retention of on cutaneous C-fiber and polysynaptic reflexes octopamine takes place in adrenergic nerve terminals in the cat. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 190:492- (7). Following the administration of :;H-tyramine, 3[-1- 500, 1974. octopamine accumulated in sympathetic storage 10. Bell, J. A., Martin, W. R., Sloan, J. W., and granules (8). It was released by stimulation of the Buchwald, W. F. The effect of L-tryptophan on spinal cord C-fiber reflexes. J. Pharmacol. Exp. *Supported by theUSPttSiNS102_)6}. Ther. (In press) **_p_,m_,toreh..... Io_y.U,_,_,_ ,,fC,,Io_,,.I_..... CoUo,._o 32 , _.................. ..... r l_ _ ............ IlL_ I _..........1 Ill.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MDPV Bath Salts Test
    One Step Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Drug of Abuse Test MATERIALS Analytical Sensitivity The cut-off concentration of the One Step Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Drug of Abuse Test is determined to be 1,000ng/mL. (Dip Card) Materials Provided: Test was run in 30 replicates with negative urine and standard control at ±25% cut-off and ±50% cut-off concentration levels. Test results ● Dip cards are summarized below. For Forensic Use Only ● Desiccants ● Package insert Test Result INTENDED USE Percent of Cut-off n Materials Required But Not Provided: Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Concentration in ng/mL The One Step Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Drug of Abuse Test is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay for the ● Specimen collection container Negative Positive qualitative detection of Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in human urine specimen at the cut-off level of 1,000ng/mL. This ● Disposable gloves 0% Cut-off assay is intended for forensic use only. ● Timer 30 30 0 This assay provides only a preliminary qualitative test result. A more specific confirmatory reference method, such as Liquid (No Drug Present) chromatogra -50% Cut-off phy tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) must be use in INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE] 30 30 0 order to obtain a confirmed analytical result. (500ng/mL) 1) Remove the dip card from the foil pouch. -25% Cut-off 30 30 0 BACKGROUND 2) Remove the cap from the dip card. Label the device with patient or control identifications. (750ng/mL) 3) Immerse the absorbent tip into the urine sample for 5 seconds. Urine sample should not touch the plastic device. Cut-off ‘Bath salts’, a form of designer drugs, also promoted as ‘plant food’ or ‘research chemicals’, is sold mainly in head shops, on 4) Replace the cap over the absorbent tip and lay the dip card on a clean, flat, and non-absorptive surface.
    [Show full text]
  • Octopamine and Tyramine Regulate the Activity of Reproductive Visceral Muscles in the Adult Female Blood-Feeding Bug, Rhodnius Prolixus Sam Hana* and Angela B
    © 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2017) 220, 1830-1836 doi:10.1242/jeb.156307 RESEARCH ARTICLE Octopamine and tyramine regulate the activity of reproductive visceral muscles in the adult female blood-feeding bug, Rhodnius prolixus Sam Hana* and Angela B. Lange ABSTRACT Monastirioti et al., 1996). Octopamine and tyramine signal via The role of octopamine and tyramine in regulating spontaneous G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), leading to changes in second contractions of reproductive tissues was examined in the messenger levels. The recently updated receptor classification α β female Rhodnius prolixus. Octopamine decreased the amplitude of (Farooqui, 2012) divides the receptors into Oct -R, Oct -Rs β β β spontaneous contractions of the oviducts and reduced RhoprFIRFa- (Oct 1-R, Oct 2-R, Oct 3-R), TYR1-R and TYR2-R. In general, β α induced contractions in a dose-dependent manner, whereas tyramine Oct -Rs lead to elevation of cAMP while Oct -R and TYR-Rs lead to 2+ only reduced the RhoprFIRFa-induced contractions. Both octopamine an increase in Ca (Farooqui, 2012). and tyramine decreased the frequency of spontaneous bursal The movement of eggs in the reproductive system of contractions and completely abolished the contractions at Rhodnius prolixus starts at the ovaries, the site of egg maturation. 5×10−7 mol l−1 and above. Phentolamine, an octopamine receptor Upon ovulation, mature eggs are released into the oviducts antagonist, attenuated the inhibition induced by octopamine on the (Wigglesworth, 1942). Eggs are then guided, via oviductal oviducts and the bursa. Octopamine also increased the levels of peristaltic and phasic contractions, to the common oviduct, where cAMP in the oviducts, and this effect was blocked by phentolamine.
    [Show full text]
  • Can Hepatic Coma Be Caused by a Reduction of Brain Noradrenaline Or Dopamine?
    Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.18.9.688 on 1 September 1977. Downloaded from Gut, 1977, 18, 688-691 Can hepatic coma be caused by a reduction of brain noradrenaline or dopamine? L. ZIEVE AND R. L. OLSEN From the Department ofMedicine, Minneapolis Veterans Hospital, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and Department of Chemistry, Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA SUMMARY Intraventricular infusions of octopamine which raised brain octopamine concentrations more than 20 000-fold resulted in reductions in brain noradrenaline and dopamine by as much as 90% without affecting the alertness or activity of normal rats. As this reduction of brain catechol- amines is much greater than any reported in hepatic coma, we do not believe that values observed in experimental hepatic failure have aetiological significance for the encephalopathy that ensues. Though catecholaminergic nerve terminals represent dopamine and noradrenaline had no discernible only a small proportion of brain synapses (Snyder et effect on the state of alertness of the animals. al., 1973), the reduction in brain dopamine or nor- adrenaline by the accumulation of false neuro- Methods transmitterssuch as octopamine or of aromaticamino acids such as phenylalanine or tyrosine has been ANIMALS suggested as a cause of hepatic coma (Fischer and Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 300 and Baldessarini, 1971; Dodsworth et al., 1974; Fischer 350 were g prepared by the method of Peterson and http://gut.bmj.com/ and Baldessarini, 1975; Munro et al., 1975). The Sparber (1974) for intraventricular infusions of following data have been cited in support of this octopamine. Rats of 250-400 g were used as controls.
    [Show full text]
  • Octopamine Regulates Sleep Indrosophilathrough Protein Kinase A-Dependent Mechanisms
    The Journal of Neuroscience, September 17, 2008 • 28(38):9377–9385 • 9377 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Octopamine Regulates Sleep in Drosophila through Protein Kinase A-Dependent Mechanisms Amanda Crocker and Amita Sehgal Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Sleep is a fundamental process, but its regulation and function are still not well understood. The Drosophila model for sleep provides a powerful system to address the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying sleep and wakefulness. Here we show that a Drosophila biogenic amine, octopamine, is a potent wake-promoting signal. Mutations in the octopamine biosynthesis pathway produced a pheno- type of increased sleep, which was restored to wild-type levels by pharmacological treatment with octopamine. Moreover, electrical silencing of octopamine-producing cells decreased wakefulness, whereas excitation of these neurons promoted wakefulness. Because protein kinase A (PKA) is a putative target of octopamine signaling and is also implicated in Drosophila sleep, we investigated its role in the effects of octopamine on sleep. We found that decreased PKA activity in neurons rendered flies insensitive to the wake-promoting effects of octopamine. However, this effect of PKA was not exerted in the mushroom bodies, a site previously associated with PKA action on sleep. These studies identify a novel pathway that regulates sleep in Drosophila. Key words: Drosophila; octopamine; sleep; locomotion; norepinephrine; biogenic amine; arousal Introduction The only arousal-promoting signal identified in Drosophila is Sleep is a core process that spans genetically diverse eukaryotes dopamine (Andretic et al., 2005; Kume et al., 2005). from mammals to arthropods (Tobler, 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Trends in the Quantification of Biogenic Amines in Biofluids
    Journal of Clinical Medicine Review Recent Trends in the Quantification of Biogenic Amines in Biofluids as Biomarkers of Various Disorders: A Review Alina Plenis 1,* , Ilona Ol˛edzka 1 , Piotr Kowalski 1 , Natalia Mi˛ekus 1,2 and Tomasz B ˛aczek 1 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gda´nsk,Hallera 107, 80-416 Gda´nsk, Poland; [email protected] (I.O.); [email protected] (P.K.); [email protected] (N.M.); [email protected] (T.B.) 2 Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gda´nsk,Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gda´nsk,Poland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Fax: +48-58-349-16-35 Received: 4 April 2019; Accepted: 6 May 2019; Published: 9 May 2019 Abstract: Biogenic amines (BAs) are bioactive endogenous compounds which play a significant physiological role in many cell processes like cell proliferation and differentiation, signal transduction and membrane stability. Likewise, they are important in the regulation of body temperature, the increase/decrease of blood pressure or intake of nutrition, as well as in the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, hormones and alkaloids. Additionally, it was confirmed that these compounds can be considered as useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of several neuroendocrine and cardiovascular disorders, including neuroendocrine tumours (NET), schizophrenia and Parkinson’s Disease. Due to the fact that BAs are chemically unstable, light-sensitive and possess a high tendency for spontaneous oxidation and decomposition at high pH values, their determination is a real challenge. Moreover, their concentrations in biological matrices are extremely low.
    [Show full text]
  • Catecholamines and the Hydroxylation of Tyrosine in Synaptosomes Isolated from Rat Brain (DOPA/Tyramine/Dopamine/Norepinephrine/Octopamine) M
    Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 68, No. 10, pp. 2370-2373, October 1971 Catecholamines and the Hydroxylation of Tyrosine in Synaptosomes Isolated from Rat Brain (DOPA/tyramine/dopamine/norepinephrine/octopamine) M. KAROBATH Psychiatric Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass. 02114 Communicated by Seymour S. Kety, July 16, 1971 ABSTRACT Tyrosine hydroxylase activity of synapto- removing transmitters from an extraneuronal location at the somes isolated from rat brain was examined. A modified synapse, then incubation of synaptosomes with catechol- tritium-displacement assay was used, which allowed the measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase activity without the amines should inhibit the formation of DOPA from tyrosine. addition of either inhibitors of the metabolism of the The experiments demonstrate that tyrosine hydroxylase hydroxylated products or added exogenous cofactor. The activity is affected by catecholamine uptake. The concentra- enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by the addition of tions required to inhibit the synthesis of catechols are in the exogenous catecholamines and 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenyl- M. alanine. Aromatic amines other than catechols did not range of 10-7 markedly influence tyrosine hydroxylase activity. These MATERIALS AND METHODS in vitro findings support the hypothesis that synthesis of catecholamines is regulated by a mechanism of end- [3,5-H]HifTyrosine (Tracerlab) was purified by column chro- product inhibition at the tyrosine hydroxylase step. matography. Catechol impurities were absorbed on alumina and tritiated water and anions were removed by Synaptosomes are pinched-off nerve endings with relatively columns (8), by non-neuronal elements (1, 2). They absorption on Dowex-50 resin. Tyrosine was eluted from little contamination Dowex-50 with 25 ml of 4 N HCl; after distillation of the eluate contain the enzymes necessary for the synthesis of dopamine (v/v) from tyrosine (3, 4).
    [Show full text]
  • (LSD) Test Dip Card (Urine) • Specimen Collection Container % Agreement 98.8% 99
    frozen and stored below -20°C. Frozen specimens should be thawed and mixed before testing. GC/MS. The following results were tabulated: Method GC/MS MATERIALS Total Results Results Positive Negative Materials Provided LSD Rapid Positive 79 1 80 LSD • Test device • Desiccants • Package insert • Urine cups Test Dip card Negative 1 99 100 Materials Required But Not Provided Total Results 80 100 180 One Step Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Test Dip card (Urine) • Specimen collection container % Agreement 98.8% 99. % 98.9% • Timer Package Insert DIRECTIONS FOR USE Analytical Sensitivity This Instruction Sheet is for testing of Lysergic acid diethylamide. Allow the test device, and urine specimen to come to room temperature [15-30°C (59-86°F)] prior to testing. A drug-free urine pool was spiked with LSD at the following concentrations: 0 ng/mL, -50%cutoff, -25%cutoff, cutoff, A rapid, one step test for the qualitative detection of Lysergic acid diethylamide and its metabolites in human urine. 1) Remove the test device from the foil pouch. +25%cutoff and +50%cutoff. The result demonstrates >99% accuracy at 50% above and 50% below the cut-off For forensic use only. 2) Remove the cap from the test device. Label the device with patient or control identifications. concentration. The data are summarized below: INTENDED USE 3) Immerse the absorbent tip into the urine sample for 10-15 seconds. Urine sample should not touch the plastic Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Percent of Visual Result The One Step Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) Test Dip card (Urine) is a lateral flow chromatographic device.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphetamine, 3,4
    0026-895X/01/6006-1181–1188$3.00 MOLECULAR PHARMACOLOGY Vol. 60, No. 6 Copyright © 2001 The American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1304/951292 Mol Pharmacol 60:1181–1188, 2001 Printed in U.S.A. ACCELERATED COMMUNICATION Amphetamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, and Metabolites of the Catecholamine Neurotransmitters Are Agonists of a Rat Trace Amine Receptor JAMES R. BUNZOW, MARK S. SONDERS, SEKSIRI ARTTAMANGKUL, LAURA M. HARRISON, GE ZHANG, DENISE I. QUIGLEY, TRISTAN DARLAND, KATHERINE L. SUCHLAND, SHAILAJA PASUMAMULA, JAMES L. KENNEDY, SUSAN B. OLSON, R. ELLEN MAGENIS, SUSAN G. AMARA, and DAVID K. GRANDY Departments of Physiology & Pharmacology (J.R.B., S.A., L.M.H., G.Z., D.I.Q., T.D., K.L.S., S.P., S.B.O., R.E.M., D.K.G.) and Molecular and Medical Genetics (S.B.O., R.E.M), School of Medicine, the Vollum Institute (M.S.S., S.G.A.), and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (S.G.A.), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon; and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Canada (J.L.K.) Received August 21, 2001; accepted September 28, 2001 This paper is available online at http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org ABSTRACT The trace amine para-tyramine is structurally and functionally re- goline derivatives, adrenergic ligands, and 3-methylated metabo- lated to the amphetamines and the biogenic amine neurotrans- lites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are also good ago- mitters. It is currently thought that the biological activities elicited nists at the rat trace amine receptor 1 (rTAR1). These results by trace amines such as p-tyramine and the psychostimulant suggest that the trace amines and catecholamine metabolites amphetamines are manifestations of their ability to inhibit the may serve as the endogenous ligands of a novel intercellular clearance of extracellular transmitter and/or stimulate the efflux of signaling system found widely throughout the vertebrate brain and transmitter from intracellular stores.
    [Show full text]
  • Adrenergic-Like Octopamine Receptor Affects Locomotion and Reproduction of Tribolium Castaneum
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Knockdown of a β-Adrenergic-Like Octopamine Receptor Affects Locomotion and Reproduction of Tribolium castaneum Li-Sha Zheng 1,2,†, Xiao-Qiang Liu 1,3,†, Ge-Ge Liu 1, Qian-Qiao Huang 1, Jin-Jun Wang 1,2 and Hong-Bo Jiang 1,2,* 1 Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; [email protected] (L.-S.Z.); [email protected] (X.-Q.L.); [email protected] (G.-G.L.); [email protected] (Q.-Q.H.); [email protected] (J.-J.W.) 2 Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China 3 Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Tropical Crops, Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Haikou 570100, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-23-6825-0255; Fax: +86-23-6825-1269 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Abstract: The neurohormone octopamine regulates many crucial physiological processes in insects and exerts its activity via typical G-protein coupled receptors. The roles of octopamine receptors in regulating behavior and physiology in Coleoptera (beetles) need better understanding. We used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a model species to study the contribution of the octopamine receptor to behavior and physiology. We cloned the cDNA of a β-adrenergic-like octopamine receptor (TcOctb2R). This was heterologously expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and Citation: Zheng, L.-S.; Liu, X.-Q.; was demonstrated to be functional using an in vitro cyclic AMP assay.
    [Show full text]
  • Serotonin (5HT), Fluoxetine, Imipramine and Dopamine Target Distinct 5HT Receptor Signaling to Modulate Caenorhabditis Elegans Egg-Laying Behavior
    Copyright © 2005 by the Genetics Society of America DOI: 10.1534/genetics.104.032540 Serotonin (5HT), Fluoxetine, Imipramine and Dopamine Target Distinct 5HT Receptor Signaling to Modulate Caenorhabditis elegans Egg-Laying Behavior Catherine M. Dempsey, Scott M. Mackenzie, Andrew Gargus, Gabriela Blanco and Ji Ying Sze1 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4040 Manuscript received June 18, 2004 Accepted for publication November 22, 2004 ABSTRACT Drugs that target the serotonergic system are the most commonly prescribed therapeutic agents and are used for treatment of a wide range of behavioral and neurological disorders. However, the mechanism of the drug action remain a conjecture. Here, we dissect the genetic targets of serotonin (5HT), the selective 5HT reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) fluoxetine (Prozac), the tricyclic antidepressant imipramine, and dopamine. Using the well-established serotonergic response in C. elegans egg-laying behavior as a paradigm, we show that action of fluoxetine and imipramine at the 5HT reuptake transporter (SERT) and at 5HT receptors are separable mechanisms. Even mutants completely lacking 5HT or SERT can partially respond to fluoxetine and imipramine. Furthermore, distinct mechanisms for each drug can be recognized to mediate these responses. Deletion of SER-1, a 5HT1 receptor, abolishes the response to 5HT but has only a minor effect on the response to imipramine and no effect on the response to fluoxetine. In contrast, deletion of SER-4, a 5HT2 receptor, confers significant resistance to imipramine while leaving the responses to 5HT or fluoxetine intact. Further, fluoxetine can stimulate egg laying via the Gq protein EGL-30, independent of SER-1, SER-4, or 5HT.
    [Show full text]
  • Bitter Orange Peel and Synephrine
    American Botanical Council Bitter Orange Peel and Synephrine The following article is reprinted with permission from WholeFoods. Part 1 was published in the March 2004 issue of WholeFoods. Part 2 was published in the March 2005 issue. ©2005 American Botanical Council It was not printed or reprinted in HerbClip or HerbalGram, but we offer it to our readers as a web-only exclusive. Bitter Orange Peel and Synephrine: Part 1 Reprinted with permission from WholeFoods March 2004 issue (Part 2, published in March 2005 follows on this page). ©2005 American Botanical Council. By Mark Blumenthal The announcement in late December by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that it intends to issue regulations banning the sale of dietary supplements containing the controversial herb ephedra (Ephedra sinica) has stimulated a flurry of media articles about the sale, potential safety risks, and need for additional regulation of so-called “ephedra-free” dietary supplements and alternatives to ephedra supplements.* Articles on this subject have appeared in The New York Times, USA Today, the Los Angeles Times, Time magazine, and many other publications and electronic news outlets (e.g., CNN, major television networks and local newscasts) about these alternative products. I have been interviewed by many of the above in the two weeks subsequent to the FDA’s announcement of the proposed ban, as well as during the past year. One of the most frequently mentioned ingredients in all of these stories is bitter orange peel and its primary alkaloid, synephrine. During this post-ephedra ban announcement period, bitter orange has become increasingly controversial.
    [Show full text]
  • 65 © Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press MONOAMINE REPLACEMENT AFTER RESERPINE: CATECHOLAMINERGIC AGONISTS RESTORE MOTOR AC
    Brain Research, 202 (1980) 65-77 65 © Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press MONOAMINE REPLACEMENT AFTER RESERPINE: CATECHOLAMINERGIC AGONISTS RESTORE MOTOR ACTIVITY BUT PHENYLETHYLAMINE RESTORES ATROPINE-RESISTANT NEOCORTICAL LOW VOLTAGE FAST ACTIVITY C. I-I. VANDERWOLF,T. E. ROBINSON and B. A. PAPPAS Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C2 (Canada), ( T.E.R.) University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109 (U.S.A.) and ( B.A.P.) Carleton University, Ottawa, KI S 5B6 (Canada) (Accepted May 29th, 1980) Key words: reserpine -- monoamines -- motor activity -- atropine -- neocortical activity SUMMARY A large dose of reserpine abolishes an atropine-resistant form of neocortical low voltage fast activity (LVFA) which normally accompanies certain patterns of motor activity in rats. An attempt was made to reverse this effect by replacement of specific monoamines or by injection of suitable agonists in rats pretreated with reserpine (10 mg/kg). The following compounds, alone or in various combinations, failed to restore atropine-resistant LVFA in reserpinized rats even though spontane- ous motor activity was restored in many cases: L-DOPA (150--300 mg/kg) after pretreatment with an inhibitor of peripheral L-aromatic amino acid decarboxylase; 5- hydroxytryptophan (100-200 mg/kg); D-amphetamine (1-2 mg/kg); apomorphine (0.25-2.5 mg/kg); lysergic acid diethylamide (100-300/~g/kg); and clonidine (0.5-1.0 mg/kg). In contrast fl-phenylethylamine was quite effective in restoring atropine- resistant LVFA and its effects were not diminished by pretreatment with a-methyl-p- tyrosine (400 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (15 mg/kg) or trifluoperazine (5-10 mg/kg).
    [Show full text]