Octopamine and Experience-Dependent Modulation of Aggression in Crickets
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Emerging Evidence for a Central Epinephrine-Innervated A1- Adrenergic System That Regulates Behavioral Activation and Is Impaired in Depression
Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28, 1387–1399 & 2003 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/03 $25.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Perspective Emerging Evidence for a Central Epinephrine-Innervated a1- Adrenergic System that Regulates Behavioral Activation and is Impaired in Depression ,1 1 1 1 1 Eric A Stone* , Yan Lin , Helen Rosengarten , H Kenneth Kramer and David Quartermain 1Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA Currently, most basic and clinical research on depression is focused on either central serotonergic, noradrenergic, or dopaminergic neurotransmission as affected by various etiological and predisposing factors. Recent evidence suggests that there is another system that consists of a subset of brain a1B-adrenoceptors innervated primarily by brain epinephrine (EPI) that potentially modulates the above three monoamine systems in parallel and plays a critical role in depression. The present review covers the evidence for this system and includes findings that brain a -adrenoceptors are instrumental in behavioral activation, are located near the major monoamine cell groups 1 or target areas, receive EPI as their neurotransmitter, are impaired or inhibited in depressed patients or after stress in animal models, and a are restored by a number of antidepressants. This ‘EPI- 1 system’ may therefore represent a new target system for this disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology (2003) 28, 1387–1399, advance online publication, 18 June 2003; doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300222 Keywords: a1-adrenoceptors; epinephrine; motor activity; depression; inactivity INTRODUCTION monoaminergic systems. This new system appears to be impaired during stress and depression and thus may Depressive illness is currently believed to result from represent a new target for this disorder. -
FSI-D-16-00226R1 Title
Elsevier Editorial System(tm) for Forensic Science International Manuscript Draft Manuscript Number: FSI-D-16-00226R1 Title: An overview of Emerging and New Psychoactive Substances in the United Kingdom Article Type: Review Article Keywords: New Psychoactive Substances Psychostimulants Lefetamine Hallucinogens LSD Derivatives Benzodiazepines Corresponding Author: Prof. Simon Gibbons, Corresponding Author's Institution: UCL School of Pharmacy First Author: Simon Gibbons Order of Authors: Simon Gibbons; Shruti Beharry Abstract: The purpose of this review is to identify emerging or new psychoactive substances (NPS) by undertaking an online survey of the UK NPS market and to gather any data from online drug fora and published literature. Drugs from four main classes of NPS were identified: psychostimulants, dissociative anaesthetics, hallucinogens (phenylalkylamine-based and lysergamide-based materials) and finally benzodiazepines. For inclusion in the review the 'user reviews' on drugs fora were selected based on whether or not the particular NPS of interest was used alone or in combination. NPS that were use alone were considered. Each of the classes contained drugs that are modelled on existing illegal materials and are now covered by the UK New Psychoactive Substances Bill in 2016. Suggested Reviewers: Title Page (with authors and addresses) An overview of Emerging and New Psychoactive Substances in the United Kingdom Shruti Beharry and Simon Gibbons1 Research Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry UCL School of Pharmacy -
MDPV Bath Salts Test
One Step Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Drug of Abuse Test MATERIALS Analytical Sensitivity The cut-off concentration of the One Step Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Drug of Abuse Test is determined to be 1,000ng/mL. (Dip Card) Materials Provided: Test was run in 30 replicates with negative urine and standard control at ±25% cut-off and ±50% cut-off concentration levels. Test results ● Dip cards are summarized below. For Forensic Use Only ● Desiccants ● Package insert Test Result INTENDED USE Percent of Cut-off n Materials Required But Not Provided: Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Concentration in ng/mL The One Step Methylenedioxypyrovalerone Drug of Abuse Test is a lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay for the ● Specimen collection container Negative Positive qualitative detection of Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in human urine specimen at the cut-off level of 1,000ng/mL. This ● Disposable gloves 0% Cut-off assay is intended for forensic use only. ● Timer 30 30 0 This assay provides only a preliminary qualitative test result. A more specific confirmatory reference method, such as Liquid (No Drug Present) chromatogra -50% Cut-off phy tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) must be use in INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE] 30 30 0 order to obtain a confirmed analytical result. (500ng/mL) 1) Remove the dip card from the foil pouch. -25% Cut-off 30 30 0 BACKGROUND 2) Remove the cap from the dip card. Label the device with patient or control identifications. (750ng/mL) 3) Immerse the absorbent tip into the urine sample for 5 seconds. Urine sample should not touch the plastic device. Cut-off ‘Bath salts’, a form of designer drugs, also promoted as ‘plant food’ or ‘research chemicals’, is sold mainly in head shops, on 4) Replace the cap over the absorbent tip and lay the dip card on a clean, flat, and non-absorptive surface. -
Octopamine and Tyramine Regulate the Activity of Reproductive Visceral Muscles in the Adult Female Blood-Feeding Bug, Rhodnius Prolixus Sam Hana* and Angela B
© 2017. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2017) 220, 1830-1836 doi:10.1242/jeb.156307 RESEARCH ARTICLE Octopamine and tyramine regulate the activity of reproductive visceral muscles in the adult female blood-feeding bug, Rhodnius prolixus Sam Hana* and Angela B. Lange ABSTRACT Monastirioti et al., 1996). Octopamine and tyramine signal via The role of octopamine and tyramine in regulating spontaneous G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), leading to changes in second contractions of reproductive tissues was examined in the messenger levels. The recently updated receptor classification α β female Rhodnius prolixus. Octopamine decreased the amplitude of (Farooqui, 2012) divides the receptors into Oct -R, Oct -Rs β β β spontaneous contractions of the oviducts and reduced RhoprFIRFa- (Oct 1-R, Oct 2-R, Oct 3-R), TYR1-R and TYR2-R. In general, β α induced contractions in a dose-dependent manner, whereas tyramine Oct -Rs lead to elevation of cAMP while Oct -R and TYR-Rs lead to 2+ only reduced the RhoprFIRFa-induced contractions. Both octopamine an increase in Ca (Farooqui, 2012). and tyramine decreased the frequency of spontaneous bursal The movement of eggs in the reproductive system of contractions and completely abolished the contractions at Rhodnius prolixus starts at the ovaries, the site of egg maturation. 5×10−7 mol l−1 and above. Phentolamine, an octopamine receptor Upon ovulation, mature eggs are released into the oviducts antagonist, attenuated the inhibition induced by octopamine on the (Wigglesworth, 1942). Eggs are then guided, via oviductal oviducts and the bursa. Octopamine also increased the levels of peristaltic and phasic contractions, to the common oviduct, where cAMP in the oviducts, and this effect was blocked by phentolamine. -
Can Hepatic Coma Be Caused by a Reduction of Brain Noradrenaline Or Dopamine?
Gut: first published as 10.1136/gut.18.9.688 on 1 September 1977. Downloaded from Gut, 1977, 18, 688-691 Can hepatic coma be caused by a reduction of brain noradrenaline or dopamine? L. ZIEVE AND R. L. OLSEN From the Department ofMedicine, Minneapolis Veterans Hospital, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, and Department of Chemistry, Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA SUMMARY Intraventricular infusions of octopamine which raised brain octopamine concentrations more than 20 000-fold resulted in reductions in brain noradrenaline and dopamine by as much as 90% without affecting the alertness or activity of normal rats. As this reduction of brain catechol- amines is much greater than any reported in hepatic coma, we do not believe that values observed in experimental hepatic failure have aetiological significance for the encephalopathy that ensues. Though catecholaminergic nerve terminals represent dopamine and noradrenaline had no discernible only a small proportion of brain synapses (Snyder et effect on the state of alertness of the animals. al., 1973), the reduction in brain dopamine or nor- adrenaline by the accumulation of false neuro- Methods transmitterssuch as octopamine or of aromaticamino acids such as phenylalanine or tyrosine has been ANIMALS suggested as a cause of hepatic coma (Fischer and Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 300 and Baldessarini, 1971; Dodsworth et al., 1974; Fischer 350 were g prepared by the method of Peterson and http://gut.bmj.com/ and Baldessarini, 1975; Munro et al., 1975). The Sparber (1974) for intraventricular infusions of following data have been cited in support of this octopamine. Rats of 250-400 g were used as controls. -
Intrinsic Cardiac Catecholamines Help Maintain Beating Activity in Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocyte Cultures
0031-3998/04/5603-0411 PEDIATRIC RESEARCH Vol. 56, No. 3, 2004 Copyright © 2004 International Pediatric Research Foundation, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Intrinsic Cardiac Catecholamines Help Maintain Beating Activity in Neonatal Rat Cardiomyocyte Cultures ARUNA R. NATARAJAN, QI RONG, ALEXANDER N. KATCHMAN, AND STEVEN N. EBERT Department of Pediatrics [A.R.N.], Department of Pharmacology [Q.R., A.N.K., S.N.E.], Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, U.S.A. ABSTRACT In the present study, we identify intrinsic cardiac adrenergic indicate that intrinsic cardiac catecholamines help to maintain (ICA) cells in the neonatal rat heart using immunofluorescent beating rates in neonatal rat cardiomyocyte cultures via stimula- ␣  histochemical staining techniques with antibodies that specifi- tion of 1- and -adrenergic receptors. This information should cally recognize the major enzymes in the catecholamine biosyn- help to increase our understanding of the physiologic mecha- thetic pathway. ICA cells are most concentrated near the endo- nisms governing cardiovascular function in neonates. (Pediatr cardial surface of ventricular myocardium, but are also found Res 56: 411–417, 2004) sporadically throughout the heart. In primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, ICA cells are closely associated with clusters Abbreviations of cardiomyocytes. To investigate a potential role for intrinsi- ICA, intrinsic cardiac adrenergic cally produced catecholamines, we recorded beating rates in the TH, tyrosine hydroxylase presence and absence of the catecholamine-depleting agent re- DBH, dopamine -hydroxylase serpine or the adrenergic receptor blockers prazosin and timolol PNMT, phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase using videomicroscopy and photodiode sensors. Our results TRITC, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate show that beating rates slow significantly when endogenous DOPS, dihydroxyphenylserine catecholamines are depleted or when their action is blocked with DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium  ␣ either a -oran 1-adrenergic receptor antagonist. -
Structure-Cytotoxicity Relationship Profile of 13 Synthetic Cathinones In
Neurotoxicology 75 (2019) 158–173 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Neurotoxicology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/neuro Structure-cytotoxicity relationship profile of 13 synthetic cathinones in differentiated human SH-SY5Y neuronal cells T ⁎ Jorge Soaresa, , Vera Marisa Costaa, Helena Gasparb,c, Susana Santosd,e, Maria de Lourdes Bastosa, ⁎ Félix Carvalhoa, João Paulo Capelaa,f, a UCIBIO, REQUIMTE (Rede de Química e Tecnologia), Laboratório de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal b BioISI – Instituto de Biossistemas e Ciências Integrativas, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal c MARE - Centro de Ciências do Mar e do Ambiente, Escola Superior de Turismo e Tecnologia do Mar, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, Portugal d Centro de Química e Bioquímica (CQB), Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal e Centro de Química Estrutural, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal f FP-ENAS (Unidade de Investigação UFP em Energia, Ambiente e Saúde), CEBIMED (Centro de Estudos em Biomedicina), Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Portugal ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Synthetic cathinones also known as β-keto amphetamines are a new group of recreational designer drugs. We Synthetic cathinones aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of thirteen cathinones lacking the methylenedioxy ring and establish a Classical amphetamines putative structure-toxicity profile using differentiated SH-SY5Y cells, as well as to compare their toxicity to that Cytotoxicity of amphetamine (AMPH) and methamphetamine (METH). Cytotoxicity assays [mitochondrial 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2- SH-SY5Y cells thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and lysosomal neutral red (NR) uptake] per- Structure-toxicity relationship formed after a 24-h or a 48-h exposure revealed for all tested drugs a concentration-dependent toxicity. -
Octopamine Regulates Sleep Indrosophilathrough Protein Kinase A-Dependent Mechanisms
The Journal of Neuroscience, September 17, 2008 • 28(38):9377–9385 • 9377 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Octopamine Regulates Sleep in Drosophila through Protein Kinase A-Dependent Mechanisms Amanda Crocker and Amita Sehgal Department of Neuroscience, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104 Sleep is a fundamental process, but its regulation and function are still not well understood. The Drosophila model for sleep provides a powerful system to address the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying sleep and wakefulness. Here we show that a Drosophila biogenic amine, octopamine, is a potent wake-promoting signal. Mutations in the octopamine biosynthesis pathway produced a pheno- type of increased sleep, which was restored to wild-type levels by pharmacological treatment with octopamine. Moreover, electrical silencing of octopamine-producing cells decreased wakefulness, whereas excitation of these neurons promoted wakefulness. Because protein kinase A (PKA) is a putative target of octopamine signaling and is also implicated in Drosophila sleep, we investigated its role in the effects of octopamine on sleep. We found that decreased PKA activity in neurons rendered flies insensitive to the wake-promoting effects of octopamine. However, this effect of PKA was not exerted in the mushroom bodies, a site previously associated with PKA action on sleep. These studies identify a novel pathway that regulates sleep in Drosophila. Key words: Drosophila; octopamine; sleep; locomotion; norepinephrine; biogenic amine; arousal Introduction The only arousal-promoting signal identified in Drosophila is Sleep is a core process that spans genetically diverse eukaryotes dopamine (Andretic et al., 2005; Kume et al., 2005). from mammals to arthropods (Tobler, 2005). -
Recent Trends in the Quantification of Biogenic Amines in Biofluids
Journal of Clinical Medicine Review Recent Trends in the Quantification of Biogenic Amines in Biofluids as Biomarkers of Various Disorders: A Review Alina Plenis 1,* , Ilona Ol˛edzka 1 , Piotr Kowalski 1 , Natalia Mi˛ekus 1,2 and Tomasz B ˛aczek 1 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medical University of Gda´nsk,Hallera 107, 80-416 Gda´nsk, Poland; [email protected] (I.O.); [email protected] (P.K.); [email protected] (N.M.); [email protected] (T.B.) 2 Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Gda´nsk,Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308 Gda´nsk,Poland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Fax: +48-58-349-16-35 Received: 4 April 2019; Accepted: 6 May 2019; Published: 9 May 2019 Abstract: Biogenic amines (BAs) are bioactive endogenous compounds which play a significant physiological role in many cell processes like cell proliferation and differentiation, signal transduction and membrane stability. Likewise, they are important in the regulation of body temperature, the increase/decrease of blood pressure or intake of nutrition, as well as in the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins, hormones and alkaloids. Additionally, it was confirmed that these compounds can be considered as useful biomarkers for the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of several neuroendocrine and cardiovascular disorders, including neuroendocrine tumours (NET), schizophrenia and Parkinson’s Disease. Due to the fact that BAs are chemically unstable, light-sensitive and possess a high tendency for spontaneous oxidation and decomposition at high pH values, their determination is a real challenge. Moreover, their concentrations in biological matrices are extremely low. -
Cocaine: Pharmacology, Effects, and Treatment of Abuse
Cocaine: Pharmacology, Effects, and Treatment of Abuse U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES • Public Health Service • Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration Cocaine: Pharmacology, Effects, and Treatment of Abuse Editor: John Grabowski, Ph.D. Division of Clinical Research National Institute on Drug Abuse NIDA Research Monograph 50 1984 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Public Health Service Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration National Institute on Drug Abuse 5600 Fishers Lane Rockville, Maryland 20857 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 NIDA Research Monographs are prepared by the research divisions of the National Institute on Drug Abuse and published by its Office of Science The primary objective of the series is to provide critical reviews of research problem areas and techniques, the content of state-of-the-art conferences, and integrative research reviews. Its dual publication emphasis is rapid and targeted dissemination to the scientific and professional community. Editorial Advisors MARTIN W. ADLER, Ph.D. SIDNEY, COHEN M.D. Temple University School of Medicine LosAngeles, California Philadelphia, Pennsylvania SYDNEY ARCHER, Ph.D. MARY L. JACOBSON Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute National Federation of Parents for Troy, New York Drug Free Youth RICHARD BELLEVILLE, Ph.D. Omaha, Nebraska NB Associates, Health Sciences Rockville, Maryland REESE T. JONES, M.D. KARST J. BESTMAN Langley Porter Neuropsychiatric Institute San Francisco, California Alcohol and Drug Problems Association of North America Washington, D.C. DENISE KANDEL, Ph.D. GILBERT J. BOVTIN, Ph.D. College of Physicians and Surgeons of Cornell University Medical College Columbia University New York, New York New York, New York JOSEPH V. -
Methedrine, Neo-Synephrine, Paredrine, and Pholedrine
Br Heart J: first published as 10.1136/hrt.6.4.214 on 1 October 1944. Downloaded from CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE PRESSOR ACTIVITY OF METHEDRINE, NEO-SYNEPHRINE, PAREDRINE, AND PHOLEDRINE BY FREDERICK PRESCOTT From the Wellcome Research Institution, London Received October 10, 1944 Recently a number of pressor drugs of the adrenaline type have come into clinical use for the treatment of low blood pressure following surgical procedures, spinal anxsthesia, circu- latory collapse, and surgical and traumatic shock. For therapeutic purposes the ideal pressor drug should be effective by the intramuscular or intravenous route; it should act rapidly; it should produce a sustained elevation of blood pressure, so that frequent injections of the drug are not necessary; and it should have no undesirable effects on the cardiovascular system and no untoward side effects. Adrenaline and ephedrine were the first drugs to be used clinically to raise the blood pressure in cases of operative shock. Their limitations, however, are nowv well known. Adrenaline may do more harm than good beca4se in thera- peutic doses intrayenously it causes a considerable rise of blood pressure, e.g. 200 mm. to 300 mm. of mercury, with a precipitous fall after a few minutes to a level lower than before. Similarly ephedrine, which for dependable results must be given intravenously, produces a http://heart.bmj.com/ sharp rise of blood pressure that lasts only for ten to twenty minutes. Other pressor drugs have been introduced with a more sustained action. In most of the studies reported on these, however, no definite criteria seem to have been employed in their evaluation, nor have the conditions of administration been standardized. -
Catecholamines and the Hydroxylation of Tyrosine in Synaptosomes Isolated from Rat Brain (DOPA/Tyramine/Dopamine/Norepinephrine/Octopamine) M
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 68, No. 10, pp. 2370-2373, October 1971 Catecholamines and the Hydroxylation of Tyrosine in Synaptosomes Isolated from Rat Brain (DOPA/tyramine/dopamine/norepinephrine/octopamine) M. KAROBATH Psychiatric Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass. 02114 Communicated by Seymour S. Kety, July 16, 1971 ABSTRACT Tyrosine hydroxylase activity of synapto- removing transmitters from an extraneuronal location at the somes isolated from rat brain was examined. A modified synapse, then incubation of synaptosomes with catechol- tritium-displacement assay was used, which allowed the measurement of tyrosine hydroxylase activity without the amines should inhibit the formation of DOPA from tyrosine. addition of either inhibitors of the metabolism of the The experiments demonstrate that tyrosine hydroxylase hydroxylated products or added exogenous cofactor. The activity is affected by catecholamine uptake. The concentra- enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by the addition of tions required to inhibit the synthesis of catechols are in the exogenous catecholamines and 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenyl- M. alanine. Aromatic amines other than catechols did not range of 10-7 markedly influence tyrosine hydroxylase activity. These MATERIALS AND METHODS in vitro findings support the hypothesis that synthesis of catecholamines is regulated by a mechanism of end- [3,5-H]HifTyrosine (Tracerlab) was purified by column chro- product inhibition at the tyrosine hydroxylase step. matography. Catechol impurities were absorbed on alumina and tritiated water and anions were removed by Synaptosomes are pinched-off nerve endings with relatively columns (8), by non-neuronal elements (1, 2). They absorption on Dowex-50 resin. Tyrosine was eluted from little contamination Dowex-50 with 25 ml of 4 N HCl; after distillation of the eluate contain the enzymes necessary for the synthesis of dopamine (v/v) from tyrosine (3, 4).